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Rosas-Murrieta NH, Rodríguez-Enríquez A, Herrera-Camacho I, Millán-Pérez-Peña L, Santos-López G, Rivera-Benítez JF. Comparative Review of the State of the Art in Research on the Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and SARS-CoV-2, Scope of Knowledge between Coronaviruses. Viruses 2024; 16:238. [PMID: 38400014 PMCID: PMC10892376 DOI: 10.3390/v16020238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This review presents comparative information corresponding to the progress in knowledge of some aspects of infection by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) coronaviruses. PEDV is an alphacoronavirus of great economic importance due to the million-dollar losses it generates in the pig industry. PEDV has many similarities to the SARS-CoV-2 betacoronavirus that causes COVID-19 disease. This review presents possible scenarios for SARS-CoV-2 based on the collected literature on PEDV and the tools or strategies currently developed for SARS-CoV-2 that would be useful in PEDV research. The speed of the study of SARS-CoV-2 and the generation of strategies to control the pandemic was possible due to the knowledge derived from infections caused by other human coronaviruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS). Therefore, from the information obtained from several coronaviruses, the current and future behavior of SARS-CoV-2 could be inferred and, with the large amount of information on the virus that causes COVID-19, the study of PEDV could be improved and probably that of new emerging and re-emerging coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora H. Rosas-Murrieta
- Centro de Química, Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (A.R.-E.); (I.H.-C.); (L.M.-P.-P.)
| | - Alan Rodríguez-Enríquez
- Centro de Química, Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (A.R.-E.); (I.H.-C.); (L.M.-P.-P.)
- Posgrado en Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Irma Herrera-Camacho
- Centro de Química, Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (A.R.-E.); (I.H.-C.); (L.M.-P.-P.)
| | - Lourdes Millán-Pérez-Peña
- Centro de Química, Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (A.R.-E.); (I.H.-C.); (L.M.-P.-P.)
| | - Gerardo Santos-López
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Virología, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Metepec 74360, Mexico;
| | - José F. Rivera-Benítez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Ciudad de México 38110, Mexico;
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Tedjakusuma SN, Lester CA, Neuhaus ED, Dora EG, Gutierrez S, Braun MR, Tucker SN, Flitter BA. A Next-Generation Adenoviral Vaccine Elicits Mucosal and Systemic Immunogenicity and Reduces Viral Shedding after SARS-CoV-2 Challenge in Nonhuman Primates. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:132. [PMID: 38400116 PMCID: PMC10893453 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
As new SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to emerge and impact communities worldwide, next-generation vaccines that enhance protective mucosal immunity may have a significant impact on productive infection and transmission. We have developed recombinant non-replicating adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd5) vaccines delivered by mucosal administration that express both target antigen and a novel molecular adjuvant within the same cell. Here, we describe the immunogenicity of three unique SARS-CoV-2 rAd5 vaccine candidates and their efficacy following viral challenge in non-human primates (NHPs). Intranasal immunization with rAd5 vaccines expressing Wuhan, or Beta variant spike alone, or Wuhan spike and nucleocapsid elicited strong antigen-specific serum IgG and IgA with neutralizing activity against multiple variants of concern (VOC). Robust cross-reactive mucosal IgA was detected after a single administration of rAd5, which showed strong neutralizing activity against multiple VOC. Additionally, mucosal rAd5 vaccination increased spike-specific IFN-γ producing circulating T-cells. Upon Beta variant SARS-CoV-2 challenge, all the vaccinated NHPs exhibited significant reductions in viral load and infectious particle shedding in both the nasal passages and lower airways. These findings demonstrate that mucosal rAd5 immunization is highly immunogenic, confers protective cross-reactive antibody responses in the circulation and mucosa, and reduces viral load and shedding after SARS-CoV-2 challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Becca A. Flitter
- Vaxart, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (S.N.T.); (C.A.L.); (E.D.N.); (E.G.D.); (S.G.); (M.R.B.); (S.N.T.)
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3
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Hussain H, Ganesh A, Milane L, Amiji M. Lessons learned from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic; from nucleic acid nanomedicines, to clinical trials, herd immunity, and the vaccination divide. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:489-506. [PMID: 36890642 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2189697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In November 2019, the idea of a zoonotic virus crossing over to human transmission in a seafood market in Wuhan, China, and then soaring across the globe to claim over 6.3 million lives and persisting to date, seemed more like wild science fiction than a future reality. As the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic continues, it is important to hallmark the imprints the pandemic has made on science. AREAS COVERED This review covers the biology of SARS-CoV-2, vaccine formulations and trials, the concept of 'herd resistance,' and the vaccination divide. EXPERT OPINION The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has changed the landscape of medicine. The rapid approval of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines has changed the culture of drug development and clinical approvals. This change is already leading to more accelerated trials. The RNA vaccines have opened the market for nucleic acid therapies and the applications are limitless - from cancer to influenza. A phenomenon that has occurred is that the low efficacy of current vaccines and the rapid mutation rate of the virus is preventing herd immunity from being attained. Instead, herd resistance is being acquired. Even with future, more effective vaccines, anti-vaccination attitudes will continue to challenge the quest for SARS-CoV-2 herd immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aishwarya Ganesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lara Milane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mansoor Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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Gholizadeh O, Yasamineh S, Amini P, Afkhami H, Delarampour A, Akbarzadeh S, Karimi Matloub R, Zahedi M, Hosseini P, Hajiesmaeili M, Poortahmasebi V. Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of nanoparticles in the management of COVID-19: a comprehensive overview. Virol J 2022; 19:206. [PMID: 36463213 PMCID: PMC9719161 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01935-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported in Wuhan, China. Comprehensive strategies for quick identification, prevention, control, and remedy of COVID-19 have been implemented until today. Advances in various nanoparticle-based technologies, including organic and inorganic nanoparticles, have created new perspectives in this field. These materials were extensively used to control COVID-19 because of their specific attribution to preparing antiviral face masks, various safety sensors, etc. In this review, the most current nanoparticle-based technologies, applications, and achievements against the coronavirus were summarized and highlighted. This paper also offers nanoparticle preventive, diagnostic, and treatment options to combat this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Gholizadeh
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Yasamineh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parya Amini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Hamed Afkhami
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbasali Delarampour
- Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Sama Akbarzadeh
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mahlagha Zahedi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Parastoo Hosseini
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Hajiesmaeili
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Vahdat Poortahmasebi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world, which is the second after heart diseases. Adenoviruses (Ads) have become the promise of new therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. The objective of this review is to discuss current advances in the applications of adenoviral vectors in cancer therapy. Adenoviral vectors can be engineered in different ways so as to change the tumor microenvironment from cold tumor to hot tumor, including; 1. by modifying Ads to deliver transgenes that codes for tumor suppressor gene (p53) and other proteins whose expression result in cell cycle arrest 2. Ads can also be modified to express tumor specific antigens, cytokines, and other immune-modulatory molecules. The other strategy to use Ads in cancer therapy is to use oncolytic adenoviruses, which directly kills tumor cells. Gendicine and Advexin are replication-defective recombinant human p53 adenoviral vectors that have been shown to be effective against several types of cancer. Gendicine was approved for treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck by the Chinese Food and Drug Administration (FDA) agency in 2003 as a first-ever gene therapy product. Oncorine and ONYX-015 are oncolytic adenoviral vectors that have been shown to be effective against some types of cancer. The Chiness FDA agency has also approved Oncorin for the treatment of head and neck cancer. Ads that were engineered to express immune-stimulatory cytokines and other immune-modulatory molecules such as TNF-α, IL-2, BiTE, CD40L, 4-1BBL, GM-CSF, and IFN have shown promising outcome in treatment of cancer. Ads can also improve therapeutic efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapy (Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells). In addition, different replication-deficient adenoviral vectors (Ad5-CEA, Ad5-PSA, Ad-E6E7, ChAdOx1-MVA and Ad-transduced Dendritic cells) that were tested as anticancer vaccines have been demonstrated to induce strong antitumor immune response. However, the use of adenoviral vectors in gene therapy is limited by several factors such as pre-existing immunity to adenoviral vectors and high immunogenicity of the viruses. Thus, innovative strategies must be continually developed so as to overcome the obstacles of using adenoviral vectors in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sintayehu Tsegaye Tseha
- Lecturer of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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6
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Panneer Selvam S, Ramani P, R R, Sundar S, T A L. COVID-19 Vaccines and the Efficacy of Currently Available Vaccines Against COVID-19 Variants. Cureus 2022; 14:e24927. [PMID: 35706739 PMCID: PMC9187843 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is the seventh member of the Coronaviridiae family of viruses, which are thought to be transmitted by Chinese horseshoe bats. The virus undergoes mutations leading to variants such as B.1.1.7 (alpha), B.1.351 (beta), P.1 (gamma), and B.1.617 (delta), as well as the recent variant B.1.1.529 (omicron), which has around 30 deletions, making it a severely mutated form that lowers vaccination-induced protection. Vaccine efficacy is usually expressed as relative risk reduction, which is based on the ratio of attack rates with and without a vaccine, whereas absolute risk reduction is based on the entire population. Rather than two doses, recent research suggests that a third dose/booster dose may aid in protection against future variants. The constant influx of mutant variations is putting a strain on vaccine production. Despite the challenges, we are optimistic that the epidemic will be eradicated by achieving mass immunity and by ensuring that everyone receives vaccines at a faster rate.
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Marsay L, Dold C, Paterson GK, Yamaguchi Y, Derrick JP, Chan H, Feavers IM, Maiden MCJ, Wyllie D, Hill AV, Pollard AJ, Rollier CS. Viral vectors expressing group B meningococcal outer membrane proteins induce strong antibody responses but fail to induce functional bactericidal activity. J Infect 2022; 84:658-667. [PMID: 35245584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adenoviral vectored vaccines, with the appropriate gene insert, induce cellular and antibody responses against viruses, parasites and intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here we explored their capacity to induce functional antibody responses to meningococcal transmembrane outer membrane proteins. METHODS Vectors expressing porin A and ferric enterobactin receptor A antigens were generated, and their immunogenicity assessed in mice using binding and bactericidal assays. RESULTS The viral vectors expressed the bacterial proteins in an in vitro cell-infection assay and, after immunisation of mice, induced higher titres (>105 end-point titre) and longer lasting (>32 weeks) transgene-specific antibody responses in vivo than did outer membrane vesicles containing the same antigens. However, bactericidal antibodies, which are the primary surrogate of protection against meningococcus, were undetectable, despite different designs to support the presentation of the protective B-cell epitopes. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that, while the transmembrane bacterial proteins expressed by the viral vector induced strong and persistent antigen-specific antibodies, this platform failed to induce bactericidal antibodies. The results suggest that conformation or post-translational modifications of bacterial outer membrane antigens produced in eukaryote cells might not result in presentation of the necessary epitopes for induction of functional antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Marsay
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, CCVTM, Churchill Lane, Oxford OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Dold
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, CCVTM, Churchill Lane, Oxford OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin K Paterson
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Yuko Yamaguchi
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy P Derrick
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Chan
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Feavers
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Martin C J Maiden
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
| | - David Wyllie
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian V Hill
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, CCVTM, Churchill Lane, Oxford OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - Christine S Rollier
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, CCVTM, Churchill Lane, Oxford OX3 7LE, United Kingdom; Section of Immunology, Department of Biochemical sciences, School of Biosciences & Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Dorothy Hodgkin Building (AY), Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
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Liu J, Mao Q, Wu X, He Q, Bian L, Bai Y, Wang Z, Wang Q, Zhang J, Liang Z, Xu M. Considerations for the Feasibility of Neutralizing Antibodies as a Surrogate Endpoint for COVID-19 Vaccines. Front Immunol 2022; 13:814365. [PMID: 35572565 PMCID: PMC9092276 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.814365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To effectively control and prevent the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), suitable vaccines have been researched and developed rapidly. Currently, 31 COVID-19 vaccines have been approved for emergency use or authorized for conditional marketing, with more than 9.3 billion doses of vaccines being administered globally. However, the continuous emergence of variants with high transmissibility and an ability to escape the immune responses elicited by vaccines poses severe challenges to the effectiveness of approved vaccines. Hundreds of new COVID-19 vaccines based on different technology platforms are in need of a quick evaluation for their efficiencies. Selection and enrollment of a suitable sample of population for conducting these clinical trials is often challenging because the pandemic so widespread and also due to large scale vaccination. To overcome these hurdles, methods of evaluation of vaccine efficiency based on establishment of surrogate endpoints could expedite the further research and development of vaccines. In this review, we have summarized the studies on neutralizing antibody responses and effectiveness of the various COVID-19 vaccines. Using this data we have analyzed the feasibility of establishing surrogate endpoints for evaluating the efficacy of vaccines based on neutralizing antibody titers. The considerations discussed here open up new avenues for devising novel approaches and strategies for the research and develop as well as application of COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Liu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing, China
| | - Qunying Mao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Wu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing, China
| | - Qian He
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing, China
| | - Lianlian Bian
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Bai
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing, China
| | | | - Qian Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing, China
| | - Jialu Zhang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Xu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing, China
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Harris JE. The repeated setbacks of HIV vaccine development laid the groundwork for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. HEALTH POLICY AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 11:100619. [PMID: 35340773 PMCID: PMC8935961 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlpt.2022.100619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The decades-long effort to produce a workable HIV vaccine has hardly been a waste of public and private resources. To the contrary, the scientific know-how acquired along the way has served as the critical foundation for the development of vaccines against the novel, pandemic SARS-CoV-2 virus. We retell the real-world story of HIV vaccine research – with all its false leads and missteps – in a way that sheds light on the current state of the art of antiviral vaccines. We find that HIV-related R&D had more than a general spillover effect. In fact, the repeated failures of phase 2 and 3 clinical trials of HIV vaccine candidates have served as a critical stimulus to the development of successful vaccine technologies today. We rebut the counterargument that HIV vaccine development has been no more than a blind alley, and that recently developed vaccines against COVID-19 are really descendants of successful vaccines against Ebola, MERS, and SARS. These successful vaccines likewise owe much to the vicissitudes of HIV vaccine development. We then discuss how the failures of HIV vaccine development have taught us how adapt SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to immune escape from emerging variants. Finally, we inquire whether recent advances in the development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 might in turn further the development of an HIV vaccine - what we describe as a reverse spillover effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Harris
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Eisner Health, Los Angeles, CA 90015, USA
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10
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Xu Z, Ho M, Bordoloi D, Kudchodkar S, Khoshnejad M, Giron L, Zaidi F, Jeong M, Roberts CC, Park YK, Maslow J, Abdel-Mohsen M, Muthumani K. Techniques for Developing and Assessing Immune Responses Induced by Synthetic DNA Vaccines for Emerging Infectious Diseases. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2410:229-263. [PMID: 34914050 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1884-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are one of mankind's greatest medical advances, and their use has drastically reduced and in some cases eliminated (e.g., smallpox) disease and death caused by infectious agents. Traditional vaccine modalities including live-attenuated pathogen vaccines, wholly inactivated pathogen vaccines, and protein-based pathogen subunit vaccines have successfully been used to create efficacious vaccines against measles, mumps, rubella, polio, and yellow fever. These traditional vaccine modalities, however, take many months to years to develop and have thus proven less effective for use in creating vaccines to emerging or reemerging infectious diseases (EIDs) including influenza, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), West Nile virus (WNV), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses 1 and 2 (SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2). As factors such as climate change and increased globalization continue to increase the pace of EID development, newer vaccine modalities are required to develop vaccines that can prevent or attenuate EID outbreaks throughout the world. One such modality, DNA vaccines, has been studied for over 30 years and has numerous qualities that make them ideal for meeting the challenge of EIDs including; (1) DNA vaccine candidates can be designed within hours of publishing of a pathogens genetic sequence; (2) they can be manufactured cheaply and rapidly in large quantities; (3) they are thermostable and have reduced requirement for a cold-chain during distribution, and (4) they have a remarkable safety record in the clinic. Optimizations made in plasmid design as well as in DNA vaccine delivery have greatly improved the immunogenicity of these vaccines. Here we describe the process of making a DNA vaccine to an EID pathogen and describe methods used for assessing the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of DNA vaccines in small animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Xu
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michelle Ho
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Devivasha Bordoloi
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Makan Khoshnejad
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leila Giron
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Faraz Zaidi
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Joel Maslow
- GeneOne Life Science Inc., Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Kar Muthumani
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- GeneOne Life Science Inc., Seoul, South Korea.
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11
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Mohamed N, Hamad MA, Ghaleb AH, Esmat G, Elsabahy M. Applications of nanoengineered therapeutics and vaccines: special emphasis on COVID-19. IMMUNOMODULATORY EFFECTS OF NANOMATERIALS 2022. [PMCID: PMC9212255 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-90604-3.00003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicine provides innovative strategies that had significantly improved drug and gene delivery and allowed control over the engineering of therapeutics, diagnostics, vaccines, and other medical devices, for a diversity of medical applications. This review focuses on the current attempts to develop potent nanoengineered vaccines and therapeutics against coronaviruses, and the recent fabrication strategies and design principles to control acute infections from the escalating SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Nanomedical approaches provide versatile platforms that can be utilized to enhance the overall potency, safety, and stability of vaccines, thus augmenting the desired immune response. Their modulable conformational features of size, shape, surface charge, antigen display, and composition allow for precise tuning and optimization of the nanoconstructs for the management of a variety of diseases and pathological conditions. The ability to control the release of their encapsulated cargoes and the possibility of surface decoration with various moieties support the construction of multifunctional nanomaterials that ultimately boost and prolong the immune response elicited and/or therapeutic effects, selectively at the diseased tissues and target sites.
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12
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Yap C, Ali A, Prabhakar A, Prabhakar A, Pal A, Lim YY, Kakodkar P. Comprehensive literature review on COVID-19 vaccines and role of SARS-CoV-2 variants in the pandemic. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2021; 9:25151355211059791. [PMID: 34870090 PMCID: PMC8637774 DOI: 10.1177/25151355211059791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a rapid expansion in vaccine research focusing on exploiting the novel discoveries on the pathophysiology, genomics, and molecular biology of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Although the current preventive measures are primarily socially distancing by maintaining a 1 m distance, it is supplemented using facial masks and other personal hygiene measures. However, the induction of vaccines as primary prevention is crucial to eradicating the disease to attempt restoration to normalcy. This literature review aims to describe the physiology of the vaccines and how the spike protein is used as a target to elicit an antibody-dependent immune response in humans. Furthermore, the overview, dosing strategies, efficacy, and side effects will be discussed for the notable vaccines: BioNTech/Pfizer, Moderna, AstraZeneca, Janssen, Gamaleya, and SinoVac. In addition, the development of other prominent COVID-19 vaccines will be highlighted alongside the sustainability of the vaccine-mediated immune response and current contraindications. As the research is rapidly expanding, we have looked at the association between pregnancy and COVID-19 vaccinations, in addition to the current reviews on the mixing of vaccines. Finally, the prominent emerging variants of concern are described, and the efficacy of the notable vaccines toward these variants has been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Yap
- School of Medicine, National University of
Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Abulhassan Ali
- School of Medicine, National University of
Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Amogh Prabhakar
- School of Medicine, National University of
Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Akul Prabhakar
- School of Medicine, National University of
Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Aman Pal
- School of Medicine, National University of
Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ying Yi Lim
- School of Medicine, National University of
Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Pramath Kakodkar
- School of Medicine, National University of
Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland
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13
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Doherty J, Fennessy S, Stack R, O’ Morain N, Cullen G, Ryan EJ, De Gascun C, Doherty GA. Review Article: vaccination for patients with inflammatory bowel disease during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2021; 54:1110-1123. [PMID: 34472643 PMCID: PMC8653045 DOI: 10.1111/apt.16590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor immune responses are frequently observed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) receiving established vaccines; risk factors include immunosuppressants and active disease. AIMS To summarise available information regarding immune responses achieved in patients with IBD receiving established vaccines. Using this information, to identify risk factors in the IBD population related to poor vaccine-induced immunity that may be applicable to vaccines against COVID-19. METHODS We undertook a literature review on immunity to currently recommended vaccines for patients with IBD and to COVID-19 vaccines and summarised the relevant literature. RESULTS Patients with IBD have reduced immune responses following vaccination compared to the general population. Factors including the use of immunomodulators and anti-TNF agents reduce response rates. Patients with IBD should be vaccinated against COVID-19 at the earliest opportunity as recommended by International Advisory Committees, and vaccination should not be deferred because a patient is receiving immune-modifying therapies. Antibody titres to COVID-19 vaccines appear to be reduced in patients receiving anti-TNF therapy, especially in combination with immunomodulators after one vaccination. Therefore, we should optimise any established risk factors that could impact response to vaccination in patients with IBD before vaccination. CONCLUSIONS Ideally, patients with IBD should be vaccinated at the earliest opportunity against COVID-19. Patients should be in remission and, if possible, have their corticosteroid dose minimised before vaccination. Further research is required to determine the impact of different biologics on vaccine response to COVID-19 and the potential for booster vaccines or heterologous prime-boost vaccinations in the IBD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne Doherty
- Centre for Colorectal DiseaseSt. Vincent’s University Hospital & School of MedicineUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Sean Fennessy
- Centre for Colorectal DiseaseSt. Vincent’s University Hospital & School of MedicineUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Roisin Stack
- Centre for Colorectal DiseaseSt. Vincent’s University Hospital & School of MedicineUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Neil O’ Morain
- Centre for Colorectal DiseaseSt. Vincent’s University Hospital & School of MedicineUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Garret Cullen
- Centre for Colorectal DiseaseSt. Vincent’s University Hospital & School of MedicineUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Elizabeth J. Ryan
- Department of Biological SciencesHealth Research InstituteUniversity of LimerickLimerickIreland
| | - Cillian De Gascun
- National Virus Reference LaboratoryUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Glen A. Doherty
- Centre for Colorectal DiseaseSt. Vincent’s University Hospital & School of MedicineUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
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14
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Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic has substantially accelerated the demands for efficient vaccines. A wide spectrum of approaches includes live attenuated and inactivated viruses, protein subunits and peptides, viral vector-based delivery, DNA plasmids, and synthetic mRNA. Preclinical studies have demonstrated robust immune responses, reduced viral loads and protection against challenges with SARS-CoV-2 in rodents and primates. Vaccine candidates based on all delivery systems mentioned above have been subjected to clinical trials in healthy volunteers. Phase I clinical trials have demonstrated in preliminary findings good safety and tolerability. Evaluation of immune responses in a small number of individuals has demonstrated similar or superior levels of neutralizing antibodies in comparison to immunogenicity detected in COVID-19 patients. Both adenovirus- and mRNA-based vaccines have entered phase II and study protocols for phase III trials with 30,000 participants have been finalized.
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15
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Rahman MA, Islam MS. Early approval of COVID-19 vaccines: Pros and cons. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:3288-3296. [PMID: 34283001 PMCID: PMC8437465 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1944742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of safe and effective vaccines has been an overriding priority for controlling the 2019-coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. From the onset, COVID-19 has caused high mortality and economic losses and yet has also offered an opportunity to advance novel therapeutics such as DNA and mRNA vaccines. Although it is hoped that the swift acceptance of such vaccines will prevent loss of life, rejuvenate economies and restore normal life, there could also be significant pitfalls. This perspective provides an overview of future directions and challenges in advancing promising vaccine platforms to widespread therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Arifur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Md Sayeedul Islam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Japan
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16
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Wang X, Lei J, Li Z, Yan L. Potential Effects of Coronaviruses on the Liver: An Update. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:651658. [PMID: 34646834 PMCID: PMC8502894 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.651658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronaviruses that cause notable diseases, namely, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), exhibit remarkable similarities in genomic components and pathogenetic mechanisms. Although coronaviruses have widely been studied as respiratory tract pathogens, their effects on the hepatobiliary system have seldom been reported. Overall, the manifestations of liver injury caused by coronaviruses typically involve decreased albumin and elevated aminotransferase and bilirubin levels. Several pathophysiological hypotheses have been proposed, including direct damage, immune-mediated injury, ischemia and hypoxia, thrombosis and drug hepatotoxicity. The interaction between pre-existing liver disease and coronavirus infection has been illustrated, whereby coronaviruses influence the occurrence, severity, prognosis and treatment of liver diseases. Drugs and vaccines used for treating and preventing coronavirus infection also have hepatotoxicity. Currently, the establishment of optimized therapy for coronavirus infection and liver disease comorbidity is of significance, warranting further safety tests, animal trials and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wang
- Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Liver Surgery Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianyong Lei
- Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Liver Surgery Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Liver Surgery Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lunan Yan
- Liver Surgery Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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17
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Zhang J, Hu Z, He J, Liao Y, Li Y, Pei R, Fang X, Zeng P, Fan R, Ou Z, Deng J, Zhou J, Guan W, Min Y, Deng F, Peng H, Zhang Z, Feng C, Xin B. Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant interferon-armed RBD dimer vaccine (V-01) for COVID-19 in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase I trial. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1589-1597. [PMID: 34197281 PMCID: PMC8366678 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1951126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Safe and effective vaccines are still urgently needed to cope with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Recently, we developed a recombinant COVID-19 vaccine (V-01) containing fusion protein (IFN-PADRE-RBD-Fc dimer) as antigen verified to induce protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 challenge in pre-clinical study, which supported progression to Phase I clinical trials in humans. A Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase I clinical trial was initiated at the Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Gaozhou, China) in February 2021. Healthy adults aged between 18 and 59 years and over 60 years were sequentially enrolled and randomly allocated into three subgroups (1:1:1) either to receive the vaccine (10, 25, and 50 μg) or placebo (V-01: Placebo = 4:1) intramuscularly with a 21-day interval by a sentinel and dose escalation design. The data showed a promising safety profile with approximately 25% vaccine-related overall adverse events (AEs) within 30 days and no grade 3 or worse AEs. Besides, V-01 provoked rapid and strong immune responses, elicited substantially high-titre neutralizing antibodies and anti-RBD IgG peaked at day 35 or 49 after first dose, presented with encouraging immunogenicity at low dose (10 μg) subgroup and elderly participants, which showed great promise to be used as all-aged (18 and above) vaccine against COVID-19. Taken together, our preliminary findings indicate that V-01 is safe and well tolerated, capable of inducing rapid and strong immune responses, and warrants further testing in Phase II/III clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jikai Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Biological Products and Materia Medica, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyu Hu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng He
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyi Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Biological Products and Materia Medica, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Biological Products and Materia Medica, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongjuan Pei
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Fang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiyu Zeng
- Gaozhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Maoming, People's Republic of China
| | - Renfeng Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Biological Products and Materia Medica, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Ou
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Biological Products and Materia Medica, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinglong Deng
- Gaozhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Maoming, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Gaozhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Maoming, People's Republic of China
| | - Wuxiang Guan
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanqin Min
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Deng
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Peng
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Feng
- LivzonBio Inc., Zhuhai, People's Republic of China
| | - Baobao Xin
- LivzonBio Inc., Zhuhai, People's Republic of China
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18
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Malladi S, Patel UR, Rajmani RS, Singh R, Pandey S, Kumar S, Khaleeq S, van Vuren PJ, Riddell S, Goldie S, Gayathri S, Chakraborty D, Kalita P, Pramanick I, Agarwal N, Reddy P, Girish N, Upadhyaya A, Khan MS, Kanjo K, Bhat M, Mani S, Bhattacharyya S, Siddiqui S, Tyagi A, Jha S, Pandey R, Tripathi S, Dutta S, McAuley AJ, Singanallur N, Vasan SS, Ringe RP, Varadarajan R. Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of a Highly Thermotolerant, Trimeric SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain Derivative. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2546-2564. [PMID: 34260218 PMCID: PMC8996237 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies. We designed a trimeric, highly thermotolerant glycan engineered RBD by fusion to a heterologous, poorly immunogenic disulfide linked trimerization domain derived from cartilage matrix protein. The protein expressed at a yield of ∼80-100 mg/L in transiently transfected Expi293 cells, as well as CHO and HEK293 stable cell lines and formed homogeneous disulfide-linked trimers. When lyophilized, these possessed remarkable functional stability to transient thermal stress of up to 100 °C and were stable to long-term storage of over 4 weeks at 37 °C unlike an alternative RBD-trimer with a different trimerization domain. Two intramuscular immunizations with a human-compatible SWE adjuvanted formulation elicited antibodies with pseudoviral neutralizing titers in guinea pigs and mice that were 25-250 fold higher than corresponding values in human convalescent sera. Against the beta (B.1.351) variant of concern (VOC), pseudoviral neutralization titers for RBD trimer were ∼3-fold lower than against wildtype B.1 virus. RBD was also displayed on a designed ferritin-like Msdps2 nanoparticle. This showed decreased yield and immunogenicity relative to trimeric RBD. Replicative virus neutralization assays using mouse sera demonstrated that antibodies induced by the trimers neutralized all four VOC to date, namely B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, and B.1.617.2 without significant differences. Trimeric RBD immunized hamsters were protected from viral challenge. The excellent immunogenicity, thermotolerance, and high yield of these immunogens suggest that they are a promising modality to combat COVID-19, including all SARS-CoV-2 VOC to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer
Kumar Malladi
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit (MBU), Indian Institute
of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Unnatiben Rajeshbhai Patel
- Mynvax
Private Limited, ES12, Entrepreneurship Centre, SID, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Raju S. Rajmani
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit (MBU), Indian Institute
of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Randhir Singh
- Mynvax
Private Limited, ES12, Entrepreneurship Centre, SID, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Suman Pandey
- Mynvax
Private Limited, ES12, Entrepreneurship Centre, SID, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Sahil Kumar
- Virology
Unit, Institute of Microbial Technology,
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Sara Khaleeq
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit (MBU), Indian Institute
of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Petrus Jansen van Vuren
- Australian
Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shane Riddell
- Australian
Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Goldie
- Australian
Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia
| | - Savitha Gayathri
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit (MBU), Indian Institute
of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Debajyoti Chakraborty
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit (MBU), Indian Institute
of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Parismita Kalita
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit (MBU), Indian Institute
of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Ishika Pramanick
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit (MBU), Indian Institute
of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Nupur Agarwal
- Mynvax
Private Limited, ES12, Entrepreneurship Centre, SID, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Poorvi Reddy
- Mynvax
Private Limited, ES12, Entrepreneurship Centre, SID, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Nidhi Girish
- Mynvax
Private Limited, ES12, Entrepreneurship Centre, SID, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Aditya Upadhyaya
- Mynvax
Private Limited, ES12, Entrepreneurship Centre, SID, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Mohammad Suhail Khan
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit (MBU), Indian Institute
of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Kawkab Kanjo
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit (MBU), Indian Institute
of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Madhuraj Bhat
- Mynvax
Private Limited, ES12, Entrepreneurship Centre, SID, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Shailendra Mani
- Translational
Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Third Milestone, Gurugram-Faridabad
Expressway, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Sankar Bhattacharyya
- Translational
Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Third Milestone, Gurugram-Faridabad
Expressway, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Samreen Siddiqui
- Max Super
Speciality Hospital (A Unit of Devki Devi Foundation), Max Healthcare, Delhi 1100017, India
| | - Akansha Tyagi
- Max Super
Speciality Hospital (A Unit of Devki Devi Foundation), Max Healthcare, Delhi 1100017, India
| | - Sujeet Jha
- Max Super
Speciality Hospital (A Unit of Devki Devi Foundation), Max Healthcare, Delhi 1100017, India
| | - Rajesh Pandey
- Integrative
Genomics of Host-Pathogen (INGEN-HOPE) Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Shashank Tripathi
- Department
of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian
Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
- Centre
for Infectious Disease Research, Indian
Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Somnath Dutta
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit (MBU), Indian Institute
of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Alexander J. McAuley
- Australian
Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nagendrakumar
Balasubramanian Singanallur
- Australian
Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia
| | - Seshadri S. Vasan
- Australian
Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia
- Department
of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Rajesh P. Ringe
- Virology
Unit, Institute of Microbial Technology,
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Raghavan Varadarajan
- Molecular
Biophysics Unit (MBU), Indian Institute
of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
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19
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Shalash AO, Hussein WM, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. Key Considerations for the Development of Safe and Effective SARS-CoV-2 Subunit Vaccine: A Peptide-Based Vaccine Alternative. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100985. [PMID: 34176237 PMCID: PMC8373118 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is disastrous to global health and the economy. SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibits similar clinical symptoms and immunopathological sequelae to SARS-CoV infection. Therefore, much of the developmental progress on SARS-CoV vaccines can be utilized for the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Careful antigen selection during development is always of utmost importance for the production of effective vaccines that do not compromise recipient safety. This holds especially true for SARS-CoV vaccines, as several immunopathological disorders are associated with the activity of structural and nonstructural proteins encoded in the virus's genetic material. Whole viral protein and RNA-encoding full-length proteins contain both protective and "dangerous" sequences, unless pathological fragments are deleted. In light of recent advances, peptide vaccines may present a very safe and effective alternative. Peptide vaccines can avoid immunopathological pro-inflammatory sequences, focus immune responses on neutralizing immunogenic epitopes, avoid off-target antigen loss, combine antigens with different protective roles or mechanisms, even from different viral proteins, and avoid mutant escape by employing highly conserved cryptic epitopes. In this review, an attempt is made to exploit the similarities between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 in vaccine antigen screening, with particular attention to the pathological and immunogenic properties of SARS proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed O. Shalash
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQLD4072Australia
| | - Waleed M. Hussein
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQLD4072Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQLD4072Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQLD4072Australia
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQLD4072Australia
- School of PharmacyThe University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQLD4102Australia
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20
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Sadarangani M, Marchant A, Kollmann TR. Immunological mechanisms of vaccine-induced protection against COVID-19 in humans. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 21:475-484. [PMID: 34211186 PMCID: PMC8246128 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00578-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Most COVID-19 vaccines are designed to elicit immune responses, ideally neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Several vaccines, including mRNA, adenoviral-vectored, protein subunit and whole-cell inactivated virus vaccines, have now reported efficacy in phase III trials and have received emergency approval in many countries. The two mRNA vaccines approved to date show efficacy even after only one dose, when non-NAbs and moderate T helper 1 cell responses are detectable, but almost no NAbs. After a single dose, the adenovirus vaccines elicit polyfunctional antibodies that are capable of mediating virus neutralization and of driving other antibody-dependent effector functions, as well as potent T cell responses. These data suggest that protection may require low levels of NAbs and might involve other immune effector mechanisms including non-NAbs, T cells and innate immune mechanisms. Identifying the mechanisms of protection as well as correlates of protection is crucially important to inform further vaccine development and guide the use of licensed COVID-19 vaccines worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Sadarangani
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Tobias R Kollmann
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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21
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van Doremalen N, Fischer RJ, Schulz JE, Holbrook MG, Smith BJ, Lovaglio J, Petsch B, Munster VJ. Immunogenicity of low dose prime-boost vaccination of mRNA vaccine CV07050101 in non-human primates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.07.07.451505. [PMID: 34268507 PMCID: PMC8282095 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.07.451505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many different vaccine candidates against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of COVID-19, are currently approved and under development. Vaccine platforms vary from mRNA vaccines to viral-vectored vaccines, and several candidates have been shown to produce humoral and cellular responses in small animal models, non-human primates and human volunteers. In this study, six non-human primates received a prime-boost intramuscular vaccination with 4 µg of mRNA vaccine candidate CV07050101, which encodes a pre-fusion stabilized spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2. Boost vaccination was performed 28 days post prime vaccination. As a control, six animals were similarly injected with PBS. Humoral and cellular immune responses were investigated at time of vaccination, and two weeks afterwards. No antibodies could be detected two and four weeks after prime vaccination. Two weeks after boost vaccination, binding but no neutralizing antibodies were detected in 4 out of 6 non-human primates. SARS-CoV-2 S protein specific T cell responses were detected in these 4 animals. In conclusion, prime-boost vaccination with 4 µg of vaccine candidate CV07050101 resulted in limited immune responses in 4 out of 6 non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeltje van Doremalen
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Robert J Fischer
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jonathan E Schulz
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Myndi G Holbrook
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Brian J Smith
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jamie Lovaglio
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | | | - Vincent J Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
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22
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Kumar S. Heterogeneity in protocols for bronchoalveolar lavage & sub-genomic RNA evaluation in non-human primate studies of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates' evaluation. Indian J Med Res 2021; 153:702-703. [PMID: 34145087 PMCID: PMC8555600 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_4925_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Armed Forces Medical College, Command Hospital (Southern Command), Pune 411 040, Maharashtra, India
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23
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Mukhopadhyay L, Yadav PD, Gupta N, Mohandas S, Patil DY, Shete-Aich A, Panda S, Bhargava B. Authors' response. Indian J Med Res 2021; 153:703-704. [PMID: 34643572 PMCID: PMC8555597 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.318735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Labanya Mukhopadhyay
- Virology Unit, Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Pragya D Yadav
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Virology Unit, Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sreelekshmy Mohandas
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepak Y Patil
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anita Shete-Aich
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Samiran Panda
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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24
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Smith CC, Olsen KS, Gentry KM, Sambade M, Beck W, Garness J, Entwistle S, Willis C, Vensko S, Woods A, Fini M, Carpenter B, Routh E, Kodysh J, O'Donnell T, Haber C, Heiss K, Stadler V, Garrison E, Sandor AM, Ting JPY, Weiss J, Krajewski K, Grant OC, Woods RJ, Heise M, Vincent BG, Rubinsteyn A. Landscape and selection of vaccine epitopes in SARS-CoV-2. Genome Med 2021; 13:101. [PMID: 34127050 PMCID: PMC8201469 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early in the pandemic, we designed a SARS-CoV-2 peptide vaccine containing epitope regions optimized for concurrent B cell, CD4+ T cell, and CD8+ T cell stimulation. The rationale for this design was to drive both humoral and cellular immunity with high specificity while avoiding undesired effects such as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). METHODS We explored the set of computationally predicted SARS-CoV-2 HLA-I and HLA-II ligands, examining protein source, concurrent human/murine coverage, and population coverage. Beyond MHC affinity, T cell vaccine candidates were further refined by predicted immunogenicity, sequence conservation, source protein abundance, and coverage of high frequency HLA alleles. B cell epitope regions were chosen from linear epitope mapping studies of convalescent patient serum, followed by filtering for surface accessibility, sequence conservation, spatial localization near functional domains of the spike glycoprotein, and avoidance of glycosylation sites. RESULTS From 58 initial candidates, three B cell epitope regions were identified. From 3730 (MHC-I) and 5045 (MHC-II) candidate ligands, 292 CD8+ and 284 CD4+ T cell epitopes were identified. By combining these B cell and T cell analyses, as well as a manufacturability heuristic, we proposed a set of 22 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine peptides for use in subsequent murine studies. We curated a dataset of ~ 1000 observed T cell epitopes from convalescent COVID-19 patients across eight studies, showing 8/15 recurrent epitope regions to overlap with at least one of our candidate peptides. Of the 22 candidate vaccine peptides, 16 (n = 10 T cell epitope optimized; n = 6 B cell epitope optimized) were manually selected to decrease their degree of sequence overlap and then synthesized. The immunogenicity of the synthesized vaccine peptides was validated using ELISpot and ELISA following murine vaccination. Strong T cell responses were observed in 7/10 T cell epitope optimized peptides following vaccination. Humoral responses were deficient, likely due to the unrestricted conformational space inhabited by linear vaccine peptides. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we find our selection process and vaccine formulation to be appropriate for identifying T cell epitopes and eliciting T cell responses against those epitopes. Further studies are needed to optimize prediction and induction of B cell responses, as well as study the protective capacity of predicted T and B cell epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof C Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Kelly S Olsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Kaylee M Gentry
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Maria Sambade
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Wolfgang Beck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Jason Garness
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Sarah Entwistle
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Caryn Willis
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Steven Vensko
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Allison Woods
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Misha Fini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brandon Carpenter
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Eric Routh
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Julia Kodysh
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy O'Donnell
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Erik Garrison
- Genomics Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Adam M Sandor
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
| | - Jenny P Y Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
- Department of Genetics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Institute for Inflammatory Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for Translational Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jared Weiss
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Krzysztof Krajewski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Oliver C Grant
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Robert J Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Mark Heise
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA
- Department of Genetics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin G Vincent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA.
- Computational Medicine Program, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Curriculum in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Alex Rubinsteyn
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7295, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7295, USA.
- Department of Genetics, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Computational Medicine Program, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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25
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Vashishtha VM, Kumar P. Development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: challenges, risks, and the way forward. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:1635-1649. [PMID: 33270478 PMCID: PMC7754925 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1845524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic mandates the development of a safe and effective Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine. This review analyzes the complexities, challenges, and other vital issues associated with the development of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. A brief review of the immune responses (innate, antibody, and T-cell) to SARS-CoV-2, including immune targets, correlates of protection, and duration of immunity is presented. Approaches to vaccine development including different vaccine platforms, critical attributes of novel vaccine candidates, the status of the ongoing clinical trials, and the ways to speed up vaccine development are also reviewed. Despite a historical average success rate of only 6%, and a usual gestation period of 10-12 years for the development of a new vaccine, the world is on the verge of developing COVID-19 vaccines in an extraordinary short time span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin M. Vashishtha
- Department of Pediatrics, Mangla Hospital & Research Center, Shakti Chowk, Bijnor, India
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26
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Corbett KS, Werner AP, O' Connell S, Gagne M, Lai L, Moliva JI, Flynn B, Choi A, Koch M, Foulds KE, Andrew SF, Flebbe DR, Lamb E, Nurmukhambetova ST, Provost SJ, Bock KW, Minai M, Nagata BM, Van Ry A, Flinchbaugh Z, Johnston TS, Mokhtari EB, Mudvari P, Henry AR, Laboune F, Chang B, Porto M, Wear J, Alvarado GS, Boyoglu-Barnum S, Todd JPM, Bart B, Cook A, Dodson A, Pessaint L, Steingrebe K, Elbashir S, Andersen H, Wu K, Edwards DK, Kar S, Lewis MG, Bortiz E, Moore IN, Carfi A, Suthar MS, McDermott A, Roederer M, Nason MC, Sullivan NJ, Douek DC, Graham BS, Seder RA. Evaluation of mRNA-1273 against SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 Infection in Nonhuman Primates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34075375 DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.21.445189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Vaccine efficacy against the B.1.351 variant following mRNA-1273 vaccination in humans has not been determined. Nonhuman primates (NHP) are a useful model for demonstrating whether mRNA-1273 mediates protection against B.1.351. Methods Nonhuman primates received 30 or 100 µg of mRNA-1273 as a prime-boost vaccine at 0 and 4 weeks, a single immunization of 30 µg at week 0, or no vaccine. Antibody and T cell responses were assessed in blood, bronchioalveolar lavages (BAL), and nasal washes. Viral replication in BAL and nasal swabs were determined by qRT-PCR for sgRNA, and histopathology and viral antigen quantification were performed on lung tissue post-challenge. Results Eight weeks post-boost, 100 µg x2 of mRNA-1273 induced reciprocal ID 50 neutralizing geometric mean titers against live SARS-CoV-2 D614G and B.1.351 of 3300 and 240, respectively, and 430 and 84 for the 30 µg x2 group. There were no detectable neutralizing antibodies against B.1351 after the single immunization of 30 µg. On day 2 following B.1.351 challenge, sgRNA in BAL was undetectable in 6 of 8 NHP that received 100 µg x2 of mRNA-1273, and there was a ∼2-log reduction in sgRNA in NHP that received two doses of 30 µg compared to controls. In nasal swabs, there was a 1-log 10 reduction observed in the 100 µg x2 group. There was limited inflammation or viral antigen in lungs of vaccinated NHP post-challenge. Conclusions Immunization with two doses of mRNA-1273 achieves effective immunity that rapidly controls lower and upper airway viral replication against the B.1.351 variant in NHP.
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Harris PE, Brasel T, Massey C, Herst CV, Burkholz S, Lloyd P, Blankenberg T, Bey TM, Carback R, Hodge T, Ciotlos S, Wang L, Comer JE, Rubsamen RM. A Synthetic Peptide CTL Vaccine Targeting Nucleocapsid Confers Protection from SARS-CoV-2 Challenge in Rhesus Macaques. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:520. [PMID: 34070152 PMCID: PMC8158516 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has given rise to a COVID-19 pandemic. Several vaccines, conceived in 2020, that evoke protective spike antibody responses are being deployed in mass public health vaccination programs. Recent data suggests, however, that as sequence variation in the spike genome accumulates, some vaccines may lose efficacy. METHODS Using a macaque model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, we tested the efficacy of a peptide-based vaccine targeting MHC class I epitopes on the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. We administered biodegradable microspheres with synthetic peptides and adjuvants to rhesus macaques. Unvaccinated control and vaccinated macaques were challenged with 1 × 108 TCID50 units of SARS-CoV-2, followed by assessment of clinical symptoms and viral load, chest radiographs, and sampling of peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid for downstream analysis. RESULTS Vaccinated animals were free of pneumonia-like infiltrates characteristic of SARS-CoV-2 infection and presented with lower viral loads relative to controls. Gene expression in cells collected from BAL samples of vaccinated macaques revealed a unique signature associated with enhanced development of adaptive immune responses relative to control macaques. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that a room temperature stable peptide vaccine based on known immunogenic HLA class I bound CTL epitopes from the nucleocapsid protein can provide protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E. Harris
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, P&S 10-502, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Trevor Brasel
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Christopher Massey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.B.); (C.M.)
| | - C. V. Herst
- Flow Pharma Inc., 4829 Galaxy Parkway, Suite K, Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA; (C.V.H.); (S.B.); (P.L.); (T.B.); (R.C.); (T.H.); (S.C.); (L.W.)
| | - Scott Burkholz
- Flow Pharma Inc., 4829 Galaxy Parkway, Suite K, Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA; (C.V.H.); (S.B.); (P.L.); (T.B.); (R.C.); (T.H.); (S.C.); (L.W.)
| | - Peter Lloyd
- Flow Pharma Inc., 4829 Galaxy Parkway, Suite K, Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA; (C.V.H.); (S.B.); (P.L.); (T.B.); (R.C.); (T.H.); (S.C.); (L.W.)
| | - Tikoes Blankenberg
- Flow Pharma Inc., 4829 Galaxy Parkway, Suite K, Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA; (C.V.H.); (S.B.); (P.L.); (T.B.); (R.C.); (T.H.); (S.C.); (L.W.)
- Dignity Health Mercy Medical Center, Redding, CA 96001, USA;
| | - Thomas M. Bey
- Dignity Health Mercy Medical Center, Redding, CA 96001, USA;
| | - Richard Carback
- Flow Pharma Inc., 4829 Galaxy Parkway, Suite K, Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA; (C.V.H.); (S.B.); (P.L.); (T.B.); (R.C.); (T.H.); (S.C.); (L.W.)
| | - Thomas Hodge
- Flow Pharma Inc., 4829 Galaxy Parkway, Suite K, Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA; (C.V.H.); (S.B.); (P.L.); (T.B.); (R.C.); (T.H.); (S.C.); (L.W.)
| | - Serban Ciotlos
- Flow Pharma Inc., 4829 Galaxy Parkway, Suite K, Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA; (C.V.H.); (S.B.); (P.L.); (T.B.); (R.C.); (T.H.); (S.C.); (L.W.)
| | - Lu Wang
- Flow Pharma Inc., 4829 Galaxy Parkway, Suite K, Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA; (C.V.H.); (S.B.); (P.L.); (T.B.); (R.C.); (T.H.); (S.C.); (L.W.)
| | - Jason E. Comer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Reid M. Rubsamen
- Flow Pharma Inc., 4829 Galaxy Parkway, Suite K, Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA; (C.V.H.); (S.B.); (P.L.); (T.B.); (R.C.); (T.H.); (S.C.); (L.W.)
- The Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland Medical Center, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 96001, USA
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Koch T, Fathi A, Addo MM. The COVID-19 Vaccine Landscape. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1318:549-573. [PMID: 33973199 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63761-3_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The history of vaccine development spans centuries. At first, whole pathogens were used as vaccine agents, either inactivated or attenuated, to reduce virulence in humans. Safety and tolerability were increased by including only specific proteins as antigens and using cell culture methods, while novel vaccine strategies, like nucleic acid- or vector-based vaccines, hold high promise for the future. Vaccines have generally not been employed as the primary tools in outbreak response, but this might change since advances in medical technology in the last decades have made the concept of developing vaccines against novel pathogens a realistic strategy. Wandering the uncharted territory of a novel pathogen, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), we can learn from other human Betacoronaviridae that emerged in the last decades, SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV. We can identify the most likely target structures of immunity, establish animal models that emulate human disease and immunity as closely as possible, and learn about complex mechanisms of immune interaction such as cross-reactivity or antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). However, significant knowledge gaps remain. What are the correlates of protection? How do we best induce immunity in vulnerable populations like the elderly? Will the immunity induced by vaccination (or by natural infection) wane over time? To date, at least 149 vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2 are under development. At the time of writing, at least 17 candidates have already progressed past preclinical studies (in vitro models and in vivo animal experiments) into clinical development. This chapter will provide an overview of this rapidly developing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Koch
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. .,Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany. .,German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Anahita Fathi
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marylyn M Addo
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
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Russell FM, Greenwood B. Who should be prioritised for COVID-19 vaccination? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:1317-1321. [PMID: 33141000 PMCID: PMC8078651 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1827882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of COVID-19 vaccines is occurring at a rapid pace, with the potential for a vaccine to be available within 6 months. So who should be prioritized for vaccination when in the first instance, there will be insufficient supply to meet demand? There is no doubt that health-care workers in all settings should be vaccinated first, but who comes next will be a complex decision based on local epidemiology, societal values, and the ability of the vaccines to prevent both severe disease and to reduce transmission thereby eliciting herd protection. The decision on who to vaccinate should be equitable, highly contextualized, and based on the property of each vaccine. In some settings, the elderly may be prioritized, in others, it may be the population most likely to get infected and responsible for community spread. To support decision-making on who to be prioritized for vaccination requires urgent additional research on the epidemiology of COVID-19; preexisting immunity and who is responsible for transmission in a variety of settings; the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in children and pregnant women; and determining whether COVID-19 vaccines prevent asymptomatic infection and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Russell
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Asia-Pacific Health Research, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brian Greenwood
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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30
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Arashkia A, Jalilvand S, Mohajel N, Afchangi A, Azadmanesh K, Salehi‐Vaziri M, Fazlalipour M, Pouriayevali MH, Jalali T, Mousavi Nasab SD, Roohvand F, Shoja Z. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 spike (S) protein based vaccine candidates: State of the art and future prospects. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:e2183. [PMID: 33594794 PMCID: PMC7646037 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) which is responsible for a global pandemic that started in late 2019 in Wuhan, China. To prevent the worldwide spread of this highly pathogenic virus, development of an effective and safe vaccine is urgently needed. The SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV share a high degree of genetic and pathologic identity and share safety and immune-enhancement concerns regarding vaccine development. Prior animal studies with first generation (whole virus-based) preparations of SARS-CoV vaccines (inactivated and attenuated vaccine modalities) indicated the possibility of increased infectivity or eosinophilic infiltration by immunization. Therefore, development of second and third generation safer vaccines (by using modern vaccine platforms) is actively sought for this viral infection. The spike (S) protein of SARS-CoVs is the main determinant of cell entry and tropism and is responsible for facilitating zoonosis into humans and sustained person-to-person transmission. Furthermore, 'S' protein contains multiple neutralizing epitopes that play an essential role in the induction of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and protective immunity. Moreover, T-cell responses against the SARS-CoV-2 'S' protein have also been characterized that correlate to the IgG and IgA antibody titres in Covid-19 patients. Thus, S protein is an obvious candidate antigen for inclusion into vaccine platforms against SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. This manuscript reviews different characteristics of S protein, its potency and 'state of the art' of the vaccine development strategies and platforms using this antigen, for construction of a safe and effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- COVID-19/epidemiology
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19/virology
- COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
- COVID-19 Vaccines/biosynthesis
- COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Genetic Vectors/chemistry
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Genome, Viral/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunization Schedule
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Pandemics
- Patient Safety
- SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated
- Vaccines, DNA
- Vaccines, Subunit
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Arashkia
- Department of Molecular VirologyPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Somayeh Jalilvand
- Department of VirologySchool of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Nasir Mohajel
- Department of Molecular VirologyPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Atefeh Afchangi
- Department of VirologySchool of Public HealthTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | | | - Mostafa Salehi‐Vaziri
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Ref Lab)Pasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Mehdi Fazlalipour
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Ref Lab)Pasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | | | - Tahmineh Jalali
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Ref Lab)Pasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Seyed Dawood Mousavi Nasab
- Department of Research and DevelopmentProduction and Research ComplexPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Farzin Roohvand
- Department of Molecular VirologyPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Zabihollah Shoja
- Department of Molecular VirologyPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
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Stoddard M, Van Egeren D, Johnson KE, Rao S, Furgeson J, White DE, Nolan RP, Hochberg N, Chakravarty A. Individually optimal choices can be collectively disastrous in COVID-19 disease control. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:832. [PMID: 33931055 PMCID: PMC8085805 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10829-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The word 'pandemic' conjures dystopian images of bodies stacked in the streets and societies on the brink of collapse. Despite this frightening picture, denialism and noncompliance with public health measures are common in the historical record, for example during the 1918 Influenza pandemic or the 2015 Ebola epidemic. The unique characteristics of SARS-CoV-2-its high basic reproduction number (R0), time-limited natural immunity and considerable potential for asymptomatic spread-exacerbate the public health repercussions of noncompliance with interventions (such as vaccines and masks) to limit disease transmission. Our work explores the rationality and impact of noncompliance with measures aimed at limiting the spread of SARS-CoV-2. METHODS In this work, we used game theory to explore when noncompliance confers a perceived benefit to individuals. We then used epidemiological modeling to predict the impact of noncompliance on control of SARS-CoV-2, demonstrating that the presence of a noncompliant subpopulation prevents suppression of disease spread. RESULTS Our modeling demonstrates that noncompliance is a Nash equilibrium under a broad set of conditions and that the existence of a noncompliant population can result in extensive endemic disease in the long-term after a return to pre-pandemic social and economic activity. Endemic disease poses a threat for both compliant and noncompliant individuals; all community members are protected if complete suppression is achieved, which is only possible with a high degree of compliance. For interventions that are highly effective at preventing disease spread, however, the consequences of noncompliance are borne disproportionately by noncompliant individuals. CONCLUSIONS In sum, our work demonstrates the limits of free-market approaches to compliance with disease control measures during a pandemic. The act of noncompliance with disease intervention measures creates a negative externality, rendering suppression of SARS-CoV-2 spread ineffective. Our work underscores the importance of developing effective strategies for prophylaxis through public health measures aimed at complete suppression and the need to focus on compliance at a population level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debra Van Egeren
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kaitlyn E Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Smriti Rao
- Department of Economics, Assumption College, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Josh Furgeson
- International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Natasha Hochberg
- Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate CVnCoV induces high levels of virus-neutralising antibodies and mediates protection in rodents. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:57. [PMID: 33863911 PMCID: PMC8052455 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00311-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
mRNA technologies have recently proven clinical efficacy against coronavirus disease 2019 and are among the most promising technologies to address the current pandemic. Here, we show preclinical data for our clinical candidate CVnCoV, a lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated mRNA vaccine that encodes full-length, pre-fusion stabilised severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein. In contrast to previously published approaches, CVnCoV is exclusively composed of naturally occurring nucleotides. Immunisation with CVnCoV induced strong humoral responses with high titres of virus-neutralising antibodies and robust T-cell responses. CVnCoV vaccination protected hamsters from challenge with wild-type SARS-CoV-2, demonstrated by the absence of viral replication in the lungs. Hamsters vaccinated with a suboptimal dose of CVnCoV leading to breakthrough viral replication exhibited no evidence of vaccine-enhanced disease. Overall, data presented here provide evidence that CVnCoV represents a potent and safe vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2.
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Mukhopadhyay L, Yadav PD, Gupta N, Mohandas S, Patil DY, Shete-Aich A, Panda S, Bhargava B. Comparison of the immunogenicity & protective efficacy of various SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates in non-human primates. Indian J Med Res 2021; 153:93-114. [PMID: 33361645 PMCID: PMC8184077 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_4431_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES The COVID-19 pandemic has emerged as a global public health crisis and research groups worldwide are engaged in developing vaccine candidates to curb its transmission, with a few vaccines having progressed to advanced stages of clinical trials. The aim of this systematic review was to compare immunogenicity and protective efficacy of various SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates tested in non-human primate (NHP) models. METHODS Literature on effect of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in NHP models reported on PubMed and preprint platforms (medRxiv and bioRxiv) till October 22, 2020, was searched with the following terms: coronavirus vaccine, COVID-19 vaccine, SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, nonhuman primate, and rhesus macaque. RESULTS Our search yielded 19 studies, which reported immune response elicited by 18 vaccine candidates in NHP. All the vaccines induced detectable neutralizing antibody (NAb) titres in the serum of vaccinated animals, with some showing effective viral clearance from various organs. The vaccinated animals also showed nil to mild histopathological changes in their lungs compared to placebo groups in the trials that performed necropsy. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlighted onset of quick immunogenicity and protective efficacy of mRNA-1273, followed by Ad26.CoV2.S, NVX-CoV2373, BNT162b2, RBD and BBV152 vaccine candidates in preclinical trials as compared to the others. NHP data also showed correlation with clinical trial data available for a few vaccines. Preclinical trials of COVID-19 vaccine candidates in NHPs yielded promising results, with some candidates faring better than others.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pragya D. Yadav
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Virology Unit, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sreelekshmy Mohandas
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepak Y. Patil
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anita Shete-Aich
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Samiran Panda
- Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
Purpose of Review The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected lives of billions of individuals, globally. There is an urgent need to develop interventions including vaccines to control the ongoing pandemic. Recent Findings Development of tools for fast-tracked testing including small and large animal models for vaccine efficacy analysis, assays for immunogenicity assessment, critical reagents, international biological standards, and data sharing allowed accelerated development of vaccines. More than 300 vaccines are under development and 9 of them are approved for emergency use in various countries, with impressive efficacy ranging from 50 to 95%. Recently, several new SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged and are circulating globally, and preliminary findings imply that some of them may escape immune responses against previous variants and diminish efficacy of current vaccines. Most of these variants acquired new mutations in their surface protein (Spike) which is the antigen in most of the approved/under development vaccines. Summary In this review, we summarize novel and traditional approaches for COVID-19 vaccine development including inactivated, attenuated, nucleic acid, vector and protein based. Critical assessment of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses induced by vaccines has shown comparative immunogenicity profiles of various vaccines in clinical phases. Recent reports confirmed that some currently available vaccines provide partial to complete protection against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. If more mutated variants emerge, current vaccines might need to be updated accordingly either by developing vaccines matching the circulating strain or designing multivalent vaccines to extend the breadth.
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García-Arriaza J, Garaigorta U, Pérez P, Lázaro-Frías A, Zamora C, Gastaminza P, Del Fresno C, Casasnovas JM, Sorzano CÓS, Sancho D, Esteban M. COVID-19 vaccine candidates based on modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike induce robust T- and B-cell immune responses and full efficacy in mice. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02260-20. [PMID: 33414159 PMCID: PMC8092708 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02260-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, are urgently needed. We developed two COVID-19 vaccines based on modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vectors expressing the entire SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein (MVA-CoV2-S); their immunogenicity was evaluated in mice using DNA/MVA or MVA/MVA prime/boost immunizations. Both vaccines induced robust, broad and polyfunctional S-specific CD4+ (mainly Th1) and CD8+ T-cell responses, with a T effector memory phenotype. DNA/MVA immunizations elicited higher T-cell responses. All vaccine regimens triggered high titers of IgG antibodies specific for the S, as well as for the receptor-binding domain; the predominance of the IgG2c isotype was indicative of Th1 immunity. Notably, serum samples from vaccinated mice neutralized SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures, and those from MVA/MVA immunizations showed a higher neutralizing capacity. Remarkably, one or two doses of MVA-CoV2-S protect humanized K18-hACE2 mice from a lethal dose of SARS-CoV-2. In addition, two doses of MVA-CoV2-S confer full inhibition of virus replication in the lungs. These results demonstrate the robust immunogenicity and full efficacy of MVA-based COVID-19 vaccines in animal models and support its translation to the clinic.IMPORTANCE The continuous dissemination of the novel emerging SARS-CoV-2 virus, with more than 78 million infected cases worldwide and higher than 1,700,000 deaths as of December 23, 2020, highlights the urgent need for the development of novel vaccines against COVID-19. With this aim, we have developed novel vaccine candidates based on the poxvirus modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) strain expressing the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, and we have evaluated their immunogenicity in mice using DNA/MVA or MVA/MVA prime/boost immunization protocols. The results showed the induction of a potent S-specific T-cell response and high titers of neutralizing antibodies. Remarkably, humanized K18-hACE2 mice immunized with one or two doses of the MVA-based vaccine were 100% protected from SARS-CoV-2 lethality. Moreover, two doses of the vaccine prevented virus replication in lungs. Our findings prove the robust immunogenicity and efficacy of MVA-based COVID-19 vaccines in animal models and support its translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan García-Arriaza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Urtzi Garaigorta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Lázaro-Frías
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Zamora
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Gastaminza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Del Fresno
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Casasnovas
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Óscar S Sorzano
- Biocomputing Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Sancho
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
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Salguero FJ, White AD, Slack GS, Fotheringham SA, Bewley KR, Gooch KE, Longet S, Humphries HE, Watson RJ, Hunter L, Ryan KA, Hall Y, Sibley L, Sarfas C, Allen L, Aram M, Brunt E, Brown P, Buttigieg KR, Cavell BE, Cobb R, Coombes NS, Darby A, Daykin-Pont O, Elmore MJ, Garcia-Dorival I, Gkolfinos K, Godwin KJ, Gouriet J, Halkerston R, Harris DJ, Hender T, Ho CMK, Kennard CL, Knott D, Leung S, Lucas V, Mabbutt A, Morrison AL, Nelson C, Ngabo D, Paterson J, Penn EJ, Pullan S, Taylor I, Tipton T, Thomas S, Tree JA, Turner C, Vamos E, Wand N, Wiblin NR, Charlton S, Dong X, Hallis B, Pearson G, Rayner EL, Nicholson AG, Funnell SG, Hiscox JA, Dennis MJ, Gleeson FV, Sharpe S, Carroll MW. Comparison of rhesus and cynomolgus macaques as an infection model for COVID-19. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1260. [PMID: 33627662 PMCID: PMC7904795 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21389-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has been identified as the causative agent of the current COVID-19 pandemic. Animal models, and in particular non-human primates, are essential to understand the pathogenesis of emerging diseases and to assess the safety and efficacy of novel vaccines and therapeutics. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 replicates in the upper and lower respiratory tract and causes pulmonary lesions in both rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. Immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 are also similar in both species and equivalent to those reported in milder infections and convalescent human patients. This finding is reiterated by our transcriptional analysis of respiratory samples revealing the global response to infection. We describe a new method for lung histopathology scoring that will provide a metric to enable clearer decision making for this key endpoint. In contrast to prior publications, in which rhesus are accepted to be the preferred study species, we provide convincing evidence that both macaque species authentically represent mild to moderate forms of COVID-19 observed in the majority of the human population and both species should be used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of interventions against SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, accessing cynomolgus macaques will greatly alleviate the pressures on current rhesus stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Salguero
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Andrew D White
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Gillian S Slack
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Susan A Fotheringham
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Kevin R Bewley
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Karen E Gooch
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Stephanie Longet
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Holly E Humphries
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Robert J Watson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Laura Hunter
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Kathryn A Ryan
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Yper Hall
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Laura Sibley
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Charlotte Sarfas
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Lauren Allen
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Marilyn Aram
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Emily Brunt
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Phillip Brown
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Karen R Buttigieg
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Breeze E Cavell
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Rebecca Cobb
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Naomi S Coombes
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Alistair Darby
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Owen Daykin-Pont
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Michael J Elmore
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Isabel Garcia-Dorival
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Konstantinos Gkolfinos
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Kerry J Godwin
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Jade Gouriet
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Rachel Halkerston
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Debbie J Harris
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Thomas Hender
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Catherine M K Ho
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Chelsea L Kennard
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Daniel Knott
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Stephanie Leung
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Vanessa Lucas
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Adam Mabbutt
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Alexandra L Morrison
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Charlotte Nelson
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Didier Ngabo
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Jemma Paterson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Elizabeth J Penn
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Steve Pullan
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Irene Taylor
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Tom Tipton
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Stephen Thomas
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Julia A Tree
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Carrie Turner
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Edith Vamos
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nadina Wand
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Nathan R Wiblin
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Sue Charlton
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Xiaofeng Dong
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Bassam Hallis
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Geoffrey Pearson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Emma L Rayner
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Andrew G Nicholson
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Simon G Funnell
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Julian A Hiscox
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Infectious Diseases Horizontal Technology Centre (ID HTC), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mike J Dennis
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | | | - Sally Sharpe
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Miles W Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK.
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
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Majid S, Khan MS, Rashid S, Niyaz A, Farooq R, Bhat SA, Wani HA, Qureshi W. COVID-19: Diagnostics, Therapeutic Advances, and Vaccine Development. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 8:152-166. [PMID: 33614398 PMCID: PMC7883962 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-021-00157-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Human race is currently facing the wrath of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a highly transmittable and pathogenic RNA virus, causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the worst ever global pandemic. Coronaviruses (CoVs) have emerged as a major public health concern. Urgent global response to COVID-19 outbreak has been to limit spread of SARS-CoV-2 via extensive monitoring and containment. Various treatment regimens have been adopted to manage COVID-19, with known drugs and drug combinations used to decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19. Intensive research on various fronts including studying molecular and structural aspects of these viruses and unraveling the pathophysiology and mechanistic basis of COVID-19 aimed at developing effective prophylactic, therapeutic agents and vaccines has been carried out globally. Recent Findings No approved antiviral treatment except remdesivir exists for SARS-CoV-2 till date though novel drug targets have been identified. However, worldwide frantic and competitive vaccine development pharmaceutical race has borne fruit in the form of a number of promising candidate vaccines, out of which few have already received emergency use authorization by regulatory bodies in record time. Summary This review highlights the painstaking efforts of healthcare workers and scientific community to successfully address the COVID-19 pandemic—though damage in the form of severe illness, loss of lives, and livelihood has left a serious mark. Focusing on extensive research on various therapeutic options and antiviral strategies including neutralizing antibodies, potential drugs, and drug targets, light has been shed on various diagnostic options and the amazing vaccine development process as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabhiya Majid
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College Srinagar and Associated SMHS and Super Speciality Hospital and Research Centre, University of Kashmir Srinagar, Srinagar, J&K 190010 India
| | - Mosin S. Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College Srinagar and Associated SMHS and Super Speciality Hospital and Research Centre, University of Kashmir Srinagar, Srinagar, J&K 190010 India
| | - Samia Rashid
- Department of Medicine, Government Medical College Srinagar and Associated SMHS and Super Speciality Hospital, Srinagar, J&K 190010 India
| | - Ayesha Niyaz
- SHKM Government Medical College, Mewat, Haryana India
| | - Rabia Farooq
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, 67714 Saudi Arabia
| | - Showkat A. Bhat
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College Doda, Doda, J&K 182202 India
| | - Hilal A. Wani
- Department of Higher Education, Government of Jammu & Kashmir, Jammu, India
| | - Waseem Qureshi
- Registrar Academics, Government Medical College Srinagar, Srinagar, J&K 190010 India
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Pollet J, Chen WH, Versteeg L, Keegan B, Zhan B, Wei J, Liu Z, Lee J, Kundu R, Adhikari R, Poveda C, Villar MJ, de Araujo Leao AC, Rivera JA, Momin Z, Gillespie PM, Kimata JT, Strych U, Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME. SARS-CoV-2 RBD219-N1C1: A Yeast-Expressed SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Receptor-Binding Domain Candidate Vaccine Stimulates Virus Neutralizing Antibodies and T-cell Immunity in Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2020.11.04.367359. [PMID: 33173864 PMCID: PMC7654852 DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.04.367359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for an accessible and low-cost COVID-19 vaccine suitable for low- and middle-income countries. Here we report on the development of a SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) protein, expressed at high levels in yeast ( Pichia pastoris ), as a suitable vaccine candidate against COVID-19. After introducing two modifications into the wild-type RBD gene to reduce yeast-derived hyperglycosylation and improve stability during protein expression, we show that the recombinant protein, RBD219-N1C1, is equivalent to the wild-type RBD recombinant protein (RBD219-WT) in an in vitro ACE-2 binding assay. Immunogenicity studies of RBD219-N1C1 and RBD219-WT proteins formulated with Alhydrogel ® were conducted in mice, and, after two doses, both the RBD219-WT and RBD219-N1C1 vaccines induced high levels of binding IgG antibodies. Using a SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus, we further showed that sera obtained after a two-dose immunization schedule of the vaccines were sufficient to elicit strong neutralizing antibody titers in the 1:1,000 to 1:10,000 range, for both antigens tested. The vaccines induced IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-10 secretion, among other cytokines. Overall, these data suggest that the RBD219-N1C1 recombinant protein, produced in yeast, is suitable for further evaluation as a human COVID-19 vaccine, in particular, in an Alhydrogel ® containing formulation and possibly in combination with other immunostimulants.
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Chandrasekar SS, Phanse Y, Hildebrand RE, Hanafy M, Wu CW, Hansen CH, Osorio JE, Suresh M, Talaat AM. Localized and Systemic Immune Responses against SARS-CoV-2 Following Mucosal Immunization. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:132. [PMID: 33562141 PMCID: PMC7914464 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the USA and worldwide necessitates the development of multiple vaccines to combat the COVID-19 global pandemic. Previously, we showed that a particulate adjuvant system, quil-A-loaded chitosan (QAC) nanoparticles, can elicit robust immunity combined with plasmid vaccines when used against avian coronavirus. Here, we report on the immune responses elicited by mucosal homologous plasmid and a heterologous immunization strategy using a plasmid vaccine and a Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) antigens. Only the heterologous intranasal immunization strategy elicited neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage of mice, suggesting a protective vaccine. The same prime/boost strategy led to the induction of type 1 and type 17 T-cell responses and polyfunctional T-cells expressing multiple type 1 cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ, TNFα, IL-2) in the lungs and spleens of vaccinated mice. In contrast, the plasmid homologous vaccine strategy led to the induction of local mono and polyfunctional T-cells secreting IFN-γ. Outcomes of this study support the potential of QAC-nano vaccines to elicit significant mucosal immune responses against respiratory coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaswath S. Chandrasekar
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (S.S.C.); (R.E.H.); (M.H.); (C.-W.W.); (C.H.H.); (J.E.O.); (M.S.)
| | | | - Rachel E. Hildebrand
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (S.S.C.); (R.E.H.); (M.H.); (C.-W.W.); (C.H.H.); (J.E.O.); (M.S.)
| | - Mostafa Hanafy
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (S.S.C.); (R.E.H.); (M.H.); (C.-W.W.); (C.H.H.); (J.E.O.); (M.S.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Chia-Wei Wu
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (S.S.C.); (R.E.H.); (M.H.); (C.-W.W.); (C.H.H.); (J.E.O.); (M.S.)
| | - Chungyi H. Hansen
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (S.S.C.); (R.E.H.); (M.H.); (C.-W.W.); (C.H.H.); (J.E.O.); (M.S.)
| | - Jorge E. Osorio
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (S.S.C.); (R.E.H.); (M.H.); (C.-W.W.); (C.H.H.); (J.E.O.); (M.S.)
- Colombia Wisconsin One Health Consortium, Universidad Nacional Medellín, Calle 75#79a 5, Colombia
| | - M. Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (S.S.C.); (R.E.H.); (M.H.); (C.-W.W.); (C.H.H.); (J.E.O.); (M.S.)
| | - Adel M. Talaat
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (S.S.C.); (R.E.H.); (M.H.); (C.-W.W.); (C.H.H.); (J.E.O.); (M.S.)
- Pan Genome Systems, Madison, WI 53719, USA;
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Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a rapidly evolving situation. New discoveries about COVID-19 and its causative virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), continue to deepen the understanding of this novel disease. As there is currently no COVID-19 specific treatment, isolation is the most effective method to prevent transmission. Moreover, development of a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine will be instrumental in reinstating pre-COVID-19 conditions. As of 31 July 2020, there are at least 139 vaccine candidates from around the globe in preclinical evaluation, with another 26 undergoing clinical evaluation. This paper aims to review the basics of COVID-19, including epidemiology, basic biology of SARS-CoV-2, and transmission. We also review COVID-19 vaccine development, including animal models, platforms under development, and vaccine development in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada.,Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Xiongbiao Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
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Blair RV, Vaccari M, Doyle-Meyers LA, Roy CJ, Russell-Lodrigue K, Fahlberg M, Monjure CJ, Beddingfield B, Plante KS, Plante JA, Weaver SC, Qin X, Midkiff CC, Lehmicke G, Golden N, Threeton B, Penney T, Allers C, Barnes MB, Pattison M, Datta PK, Maness NJ, Birnbaum A, Fischer T, Bohm RP, Rappaport J. Acute Respiratory Distress in Aged, SARS-CoV-2-Infected African Green Monkeys but Not Rhesus Macaques. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33171111 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.18.157933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces a wide range of disease severity, ranging from asymptomatic infection to a life-threating illness, particularly in the elderly population and individuals with comorbid conditions. Among individuals with serious coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common and often fatal presentation. Animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection that manifest severe disease are needed to investigate the pathogenesis of COVID-19-induced ARDS and evaluate therapeutic strategies. We report two cases of ARDS in two aged African green monkeys (AGMs) infected with SARS-CoV-2 that had pathological lesions and disease similar to severe COVID-19 in humans. We also report a comparatively mild COVID-19 phenotype characterized by minor clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic changes in the two surviving, aged AGMs and four rhesus macaques (RMs) infected with SARS-CoV-2. Notable increases in circulating cytokines were observed in three of four infected, aged AGMs but not in infected RMs. All the AGMs had increased levels of plasma IL-6 compared with baseline, a predictive marker and presumptive therapeutic target in humans infected with SARS-CoV-2. Together, our results indicate that both RMs and AGMs are capable of modeling SARS-CoV-2 infection and suggest that aged AGMs may be useful for modeling severe disease manifestations, including ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert V Blair
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Animal Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Lara A Doyle-Meyers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Chad J Roy
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kasi Russell-Lodrigue
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | - Chris J Monjure
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Brandon Beddingfield
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kenneth S Plante
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Jessica A Plante
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Scott C Weaver
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Animal Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | | | - Nadia Golden
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | | | - Toni Penney
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Carolina Allers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Mary B Barnes
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | | | - Prasun K Datta
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Animal Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Nicholas J Maness
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Angela Birnbaum
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Tracy Fischer
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Rudolf P Bohm
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jay Rappaport
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Lopes-Pacheco M, Silva PL, Cruz FF, Battaglini D, Robba C, Pelosi P, Morales MM, Caruso Neves C, Rocco PRM. Pathogenesis of Multiple Organ Injury in COVID-19 and Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Front Physiol 2021; 12:593223. [PMID: 33584343 PMCID: PMC7876335 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.593223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, formerly 2019-nCoV) is a novel coronavirus that has rapidly disseminated worldwide, causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. As of January 6th, 2021, there were over 86 million global confirmed cases, and the disease has claimed over 1.87 million lives (a ∼2.2% case fatality rate). SARS-CoV-2 is able to infect human cells by binding its spike (S) protein to angiotensin-conversing enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is expressed abundantly in several cell types and tissues. ACE2 has extensive biological activities as a component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and plays a pivotal role as counter-regulator of angiotensin II (Ang II) activity by converting the latter to Ang (1-7). Virion binding to ACE2 for host cell entry leads to internalization of both via endocytosis, as well as activation of ADAM17/TACE, resulting in downregulation of ACE2 and loss of its protective actions in the lungs and other organs. Although COVID-19 was initially described as a purely respiratory disease, it is now known that infected individuals can rapidly progress to a multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. In fact, all human structures that express ACE2 are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or to the downstream effects of reduced ACE2 levels, namely systemic inflammation and injury. In this review, we aim to summarize the major features of SARS-CoV-2 biology and the current understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis, as well as its clinical repercussions in the lung, heart, kidney, bowel, liver, and brain. We also highlight potential therapeutic targets and current global efforts to identify safe and effective therapies against this life-threatening condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquéias Lopes-Pacheco
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Leme Silva
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- COVID-19 Virus Network, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Brasília, Brazil
- COVID-19 Virus Network, Brazilian Council for Scientific and Technological Development, Brasília, Brazil
- COVID-19 Virus Network, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ferreira Cruz
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- COVID-19 Virus Network, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Brasília, Brazil
- COVID-19 Virus Network, Brazilian Council for Scientific and Technological Development, Brasília, Brazil
- COVID-19 Virus Network, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denise Battaglini
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neuroscience, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Robba
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neuroscience, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neuroscience, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marcelo Marcos Morales
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- COVID-19 Virus Network, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Brasília, Brazil
- COVID-19 Virus Network, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Celso Caruso Neves
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- COVID-19 Virus Network, Brazilian Council for Scientific and Technological Development, Brasília, Brazil
- COVID-19 Virus Network, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Rieken Macedo Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-NanoSAÚDE/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- COVID-19 Virus Network, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Brasília, Brazil
- COVID-19 Virus Network, Brazilian Council for Scientific and Technological Development, Brasília, Brazil
- COVID-19 Virus Network, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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44
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Ni Y, Alu A, Lei H, Wang Y, Wu M, Wei X. Immunological perspectives on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of COVID-19. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2021; 2:1. [PMID: 34766001 PMCID: PMC7815329 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-020-00015-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2). COVID-19 can spread to the entire body and cause multiple organ failure. It is a daunting challenge to control the fast growing worldwide pandemic because effective prevention and treatment strategies are unavailable currently. Generally, the immune response of the human body triggered by viral infection is essential for the elimination of the virus. However, severe COVID-19 patients may manifest dysregulated immune responses, such as lymphopenia, lymphocyte exhaustion, exacerbated antibody response, cytokine release syndrome (CRS), etc. Understanding of these immunological characteristics may help identify better approaches for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of COVID-19 patients. As specific anti-viral agents are notoriously difficult to develop, strategies for modulating the immune responses by either developing novel vaccines or using immunotherapy hold great promise to improve the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghong Ni
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 P. R. China
| | - Aqu Alu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Hong Lei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Yang Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203 USA
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
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45
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Fougeroux C, Goksøyr L, Idorn M, Soroka V, Myeni SK, Dagil R, Janitzek CM, Søgaard M, Aves KL, Horsted EW, Erdoğan SM, Gustavsson T, Dorosz J, Clemmensen S, Fredsgaard L, Thrane S, Vidal-Calvo EE, Khalifé P, Hulen TM, Choudhary S, Theisen M, Singh SK, Garcia-Senosiain A, Van Oosten L, Pijlman G, Hierzberger B, Domeyer T, Nalewajek BW, Strøbæk A, Skrzypczak M, Andersson LF, Buus S, Buus AS, Christensen JP, Dalebout TJ, Iversen K, Harritshøj LH, Mordmüller B, Ullum H, Reinert LS, de Jongh WA, Kikkert M, Paludan SR, Theander TG, Nielsen MA, Salanti A, Sander AF. Capsid-like particles decorated with the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain elicit strong virus neutralization activity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:324. [PMID: 33436573 PMCID: PMC7804149 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is a global priority. Here, we develop two capsid-like particle (CLP)-based vaccines displaying the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. RBD antigens are displayed on AP205 CLPs through a split-protein Tag/Catcher, ensuring unidirectional and high-density display of RBD. Both soluble recombinant RBD and RBD displayed on CLPs bind the ACE2 receptor with nanomolar affinity. Mice are vaccinated with soluble RBD or CLP-displayed RBD, formulated in Squalene-Water-Emulsion. The RBD-CLP vaccines induce higher levels of serum anti-spike antibodies than the soluble RBD vaccines. Remarkably, one injection with our lead RBD-CLP vaccine in mice elicits virus neutralization antibody titers comparable to those found in patients that had recovered from COVID-19. Following booster vaccinations, the virus neutralization titers exceed those measured after natural infection, at serum dilutions above 1:10,000. Thus, the RBD-CLP vaccine is a highly promising candidate for preventing COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louise Goksøyr
- AdaptVac Aps, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Manja Idorn
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Sebenzile K Myeni
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, ZA, Leiden, 2333, Netherlands
| | - Robert Dagil
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VAR2pharmaceuticals, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoph M Janitzek
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Max Søgaard
- ExpreS2ion Biotechnologies Aps, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Kara-Lee Aves
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emma W Horsted
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sayit Mahmut Erdoğan
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tobias Gustavsson
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VAR2pharmaceuticals, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jerzy Dorosz
- ExpreS2ion Biotechnologies Aps, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | | | - Laurits Fredsgaard
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Paul Khalifé
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas M Hulen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Swati Choudhary
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VAR2pharmaceuticals, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Theisen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institute, 2300, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susheel K Singh
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institute, 2300, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Asier Garcia-Senosiain
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institute, 2300, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Linda Van Oosten
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Virology, 6700AA, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Gorben Pijlman
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Virology, 6700AA, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Tanja Domeyer
- ExpreS2ion Biotechnologies Aps, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Søren Buus
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Danmark
| | - Anette Stryhn Buus
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Danmark
| | - Jan Pravsgaard Christensen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Danmark
| | - Tim J Dalebout
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, ZA, Leiden, 2333, Netherlands
| | - Kasper Iversen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev Hospital, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Lene H Harritshøj
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Institut für Tropenmedizin, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, BP 242, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Henrik Ullum
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev Hospital, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Line S Reinert
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Willem Adriaan de Jongh
- AdaptVac Aps, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
- ExpreS2ion Biotechnologies Aps, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Marjolein Kikkert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, ZA, Leiden, 2333, Netherlands
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thor G Theander
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten A Nielsen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ali Salanti
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- VAR2pharmaceuticals, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Adam F Sander
- AdaptVac Aps, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark.
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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46
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Chugh H, Awasthi A, Agarwal Y, Gaur RK, Dhawan G, Chandra R. A comprehensive review on potential therapeutics interventions for COVID-19. Eur J Pharmacol 2021. [PMID: 33227287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.17374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is an infectious respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a new beta coronavirus that emerged in Wuhan, China. Being primarily a respiratory disease, it is highly transmissible through both direct and indirect contacts. It displays a range of symptoms in different individuals and thus has been grouped into mild, moderate, and severe diseases. The virus utilizes spike proteins present on its surface to recognize ACE-2 receptors present on the host cells to enter the cell cytoplasm and replicate. The viral invasion of cells induces damage response, pyroptosis, infiltration of immune cells, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (cytokine storm), and activation of the adaptive immune system. Depending on viral load and host factors like age and underlying medical conditions, the immune responses mounted against SARS-CoV-2 may cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple organ failure, and death. In this review, we specify and justify both viral and host therapeutic targets that can be modulated to relieve the symptoms and treat the disease. Furthermore, we discuss vaccine development in the time of pandemic and the most promising vaccine candidates by far, according to WHO database. Finally, we discuss the conventional re-purposed drugs and potential alternative treatments as adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heerak Chugh
- Drug Discovery & Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Amardeep Awasthi
- Drug Discovery & Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Yashi Agarwal
- Drug Discovery & Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Rajesh K Gaur
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Southern California, CA 90033, USA
| | - Gagan Dhawan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Drug Discovery & Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India; Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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Hossein-Khannazer N, Shokoohian B, Shpichka A, Aghdaei HA, Timashev P, Vosough M. An update to "novel therapeutic approaches for treatment of COVID-19". J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:303-310. [PMID: 33392632 PMCID: PMC7779099 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-02027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikoo Hossein-Khannazer
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahare Shokoohian
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anastasia Shpichka
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,World-Class Research Center "Digital biodesign and personalized healthcare", Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Department of Molecular Biology, Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia. .,Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia. .,World-Class Research Center "Digital biodesign and personalized healthcare", Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia. .,Department of Polymers and Composites, NN Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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48
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Won JH, Lee H. The Current Status of Drug Repositioning and Vaccine Developments for the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9775. [PMID: 33371468 PMCID: PMC7767501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first identified, the world has vehemently worked to develop treatments and vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at an unprecedented speed. Few of the repositioned drugs for COVID-19 have shown that they were efficacious and safe. In contrast, a couple of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 will be ready for mass rollout early next year. Despite successful vaccine development for COVID-19, the world will face a whole new set of challenges including scale-up manufacturing, cold-chain logistics, long-term safety, and low vaccine acceptance. We highlighted the importance of knowledge sharing and collaboration to find innovative answers to these challenges and to prepare for newly emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hyun Won
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea;
- Center for Convergence Approaches in Drug Development, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Howard Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea;
- Center for Convergence Approaches in Drug Development, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 16229, Korea
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49
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Maciorowski D, Ogaugwu C, Durvasula SR, Durvasula R, Kunamneni A. Therapeutic and Vaccine Options for COVID-19: Status after Six Months of the Disease Outbreak. SLAS DISCOVERY 2020; 26:311-329. [PMID: 33319627 PMCID: PMC8940856 DOI: 10.1177/2472555220979579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by an infection of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) occurred in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. This new virus belongs to the group of enveloped RNA beta-coronaviruses. Symptoms may differ in various infected persons, but major presentations include dry cough, nasal congestion, shortness of breath, fever, and general malaise. The disease appears to be more severe in patients above the age of 60 years and those with underlying conditions such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory disease, and hypertension. There is still no approved vaccine against COVID-19, but more than a hundred are at different stages of development. It is known that the development of new drugs takes a relatively long time, so several known and already-approved drugs are being repurposed for the treatment of this disease. In this review, we explore the therapeutic and vaccine options that are available for COVID-19 6 months after its outbreak. Most noteworthy among the therapeutic options are dexamethasone, remdesivir, Avigan (favipiravir) and convalescent plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Maciorowski
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Christian Ogaugwu
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | | | - Ravi Durvasula
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
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50
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Salvamani S, Tan HZ, Thang WJ, Ter HC, Wan MS, Gunasekaran B, Rhodes A. Understanding the dynamics of COVID-19; implications for therapeutic intervention, vaccine development and movement control. Br J Biomed Sci 2020; 77:168-184. [PMID: 32942955 DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2020.1826136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 disease is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is highly infective within the human population. The virus is widely disseminated to almost every continent with over twenty-seven million infections and over ninety-thousand reported deaths attributed to COVID-19 disease. SARS-CoV-2 is a single stranded RNA virus, comprising three main viral proteins; membrane, spike and envelope. The clinical features of COVID-19 disease can be classified according to different degrees of severity, with some patients progressing to acute respiratory distress syndrome, which can be fatal. In addition, many infections are asymptomatic or only cause mild symptoms. As there is no specific treatment for COVID-19 there is considerable endeavour to raise a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, in addition to engineering neutralizing antibody interventions. In the absence of an effective vaccine, movement controls of varying stringencies have been imposed. Whilst enforced lockdown measures have been effective, they may be less effective against the current strain of SARS-CoV-2, the G614 clade. Conversely, other mutations of the virus, such as the Δ382 variant could reduce the clinical relevance of infection. The front runners in the race to develop an effective vaccine focus on the SARS-Co-V-2 Spike protein. However, vaccines that produce a T-cell response to a wider range of SARS-Co-V-2 viral proteins, may be more effective. Population based studies that determine the level of innate immunity to SARS-CoV-2, from prior exposure to the virus or to other coronaviruses, will have important implications for government imposed movement control and the strategic delivery of vaccination programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Salvamani
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - H Z Tan
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - W J Thang
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - H C Ter
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M S Wan
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - B Gunasekaran
- Dept of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - A Rhodes
- Division of Applied Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Dept of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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