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Kehagia E, Papakyriakopoulou P, Valsami G. Advances in intranasal vaccine delivery: A promising non-invasive route of immunization. Vaccine 2023:S0264-410X(23)00529-7. [PMID: 37179163 PMCID: PMC10173027 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The importance of vaccination has been proven particularly significant the last three years, as it is revealed to be the most efficient weapon for the prevention of several infections including SARS-COV-2. Parenteral vaccination is the most applicable method of immunization, for the prevention of systematic and respiratory infections, or central nervous system disorders, involving T and B cells to a whole-body immune response. However, the mucosal vaccines, such as nasal vaccines, can additionally activate the immune cells localized on the mucosal tissue of the upper and lower respiratory tract. This dual stimulation of the immune system, along with their needle-free administration favors the development of novel nasal vaccines to produce long-lasting immunity. In recent years, the nanoparticulate systems have been extensively involved in the formulation of nasal vaccines as polymeric, polysaccharide and lipid ones, as well as in the form of proteosomes, lipopeptides and virosomes. Advanced delivery nanosystems have been designed and evaluated as carriers or adjuvants for nasal vaccination. To this end, several nanoparticulate vaccines are undergone clinical trials as promising candidates for nasal immunization, while nasal vaccines against influenza type A and B and hepatitis B have been approved by health authorities. This comprehensive literature review aims to summarize the critical aspects of these formulations and highlight their potential for the future establishment of nasal vaccination. Both preclinical (in vitro and in vivo) and clinical studies are incorporated, summarized, and critically discussed, as well as the limitations of nasal immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Kehagia
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Papakyriakopoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Greece.
| | - Georgia Valsami
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Greece
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Immunogenicity and Safety of a Combined Intramuscular/Intranasal Recombinant Spike Protein COVID-19 Vaccine (RCP) in Healthy Adults Aged 18 to 55 Years Old: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase I Trial. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020455. [PMID: 36851334 PMCID: PMC9961243 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to determine the safety and immunogenicity of a combined intramuscular/intranasal recombinant spike protein COVID-19 vaccine (RCP). Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase I trial. Three vaccine strengths were compared with an adjuvant-only preparation. It included two intramuscular and a third intranasal dose. Eligible participants were followed for adverse reactions. Specific IgG, secretory IgA, neutralizing antibodies, and cell-mediated immunity were assessed. Results: A total of 153 participants were enrolled (13 sentinels, 120 randomized, 20 non-randomized open-labeled for IgA assessment). No related serious adverse event was observed. The geometric mean ratios (GMRs) and 95% CI for serum neutralizing antibodies compared with placebo two weeks after the second injection were 5.82 (1.46-23.13), 11.12 (2.74-45.09), and 20.70 (5.05-84.76) in 5, 10, and 20 µg vaccine groups, respectively. The GMR for anti-RBD IgA in mucosal fluid two weeks after the intranasal dose was 23.27 (21.27-25.45) in the 10 µg vaccine group. The humoral responses were sustained for up to five months. All vaccine strengths indicated a strong T-helper 1 response. Conclusion: RCP is safe and creates strong and durable humoral and cellular immunity and good mucosal immune response in its 10 µg /200 µL vaccine strengths. Trial registration: IRCT20201214049709N1.
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Chavda VP, Bezbaruah R, Valu D, Patel B, Kumar A, Prasad S, Kakoti BB, Kaushik A, Jesawadawala M. Adenoviral Vector-Based Vaccine Platform for COVID-19: Current Status. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:432. [PMID: 36851309 PMCID: PMC9965371 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) breakout had an unimaginable worldwide effect in the 21st century, claiming millions of lives and putting a huge burden on the global economy. The potential developments in vaccine technologies following the determination of the genetic sequence of SARS-CoV-2 and the increasing global efforts to bring potential vaccines and therapeutics into the market for emergency use have provided a small bright spot to this tragic event. Several intriguing vaccine candidates have been developed using recombinant technology, genetic engineering, and other vaccine development technologies. In the last decade, a vast amount of the vaccine development process has diversified towards the usage of viral vector-based vaccines. The immune response elicited by such vaccines is comparatively higher than other approved vaccine candidates that require a booster dose to provide sufficient immune protection. The non-replicating adenoviral vectors are promising vaccine carriers for infectious diseases due to better yield, cGMP-friendly manufacturing processes, safety, better efficacy, manageable shipping, and storage procedures. As of April 2022, the WHO has approved a total of 10 vaccines around the world for COVID-19 (33 vaccines approved by at least one country), among which three candidates are adenoviral vector-based vaccines. This review sheds light on the developmental summary of all the adenoviral vector-based vaccines that are under emergency use authorization (EUA) or in the different stages of development for COVID-19 management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P. Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Rajashri Bezbaruah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004, Assam, India
| | - Disha Valu
- Drug Product Development Laboratory, Biopharma Division, Intas Pharmaceutical Ltd., Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382213, Gujarat, India
| | - Bindra Patel
- Pharmacy Section, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Anup Kumar
- Pharmacy Section, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Sanjay Prasad
- Cell and Gene Therapy Drug Product Development Laboratory, Biopharma Division, Intas Pharmaceutical Ltd., Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382213, Gujarat, India
| | - Bibhuti Bhusan Kakoti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004, Assam, India
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Health Systems Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL 33805-8531, USA
| | - Mariya Jesawadawala
- Pharmacy Section, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
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4
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Li X, Wang L, Liu J, Fang E, Liu X, Peng Q, Zhang Z, Li M, Liu X, Wu X, Zhao D, Yang L, Li J, Cao S, Huang Y, Shi L, Xu H, Wang Y, Suo Y, Yue G, Nie J, Huang W, Li W, Li Y. Combining intramuscular and intranasal homologous prime-boost with a chimpanzee adenovirus-based COVID-19 vaccine elicits potent humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1890-1899. [PMID: 35775819 PMCID: PMC9331206 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2097479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of many coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines has been shown to decrease to varying extents against new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants, which are responsible for the continuing COVID-19 pandemic. Combining intramuscular and intranasal vaccination routes is a promising approach for achieving more potent immune responses. We evaluated the immunogenicity of prime-boost protocols with a chimpanzee adenovirus serotype 68 vector-based vaccine, ChAdTS-S, administered via both intranasal and intramuscular routes in BALB/c mice. Intramuscular priming followed by an intranasal booster elicited the highest levels of IgG, IgA, and pseudovirus neutralizing antibody titres among all the protocols tested at day 42 after prime immunization compared with the intranasal priming/intramuscular booster and prime-boost protocols using only one route. In addition, intramuscular priming followed by an intranasal booster induced high T-cell responses, measured using the IFN-γ ELISpot assay, that were similar to those observed upon intramuscular vaccination. All ChAdTS-S vaccination groups induced Th1-skewing of the T-cell response according to intracellular cytokine staining and Meso Scale Discovery cytokine profiling assays on day 56 after priming. This study provides reference data for assessing vaccination schemes of adenovirus-based COVID-19 vaccines with high immune efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Li
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Enyue Fang
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinhua Peng
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zelun Zhang
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Wu
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Danhua Zhao
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lihong Yang
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shouchun Cao
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanqiu Huang
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Leitai Shi
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongshan Xu
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Suo
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangzhi Yue
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Nie
- Department of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Department of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhua Li
- Department of Arboviral Vaccine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Dhama K, Dhawan M, Tiwari R, Emran TB, Mitra S, Rabaan AA, Alhumaid S, Alawi ZA, Al Mutair A. COVID-19 intranasal vaccines: current progress, advantages, prospects, and challenges. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2045853. [PMID: 35258416 PMCID: PMC8935456 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2045853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple vaccines have recently been developed, and almost all the countries are presently vaccinating their population to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. Most of the COVID-19 vaccines in use are administered via intramuscular (IM) injection, eliciting protective humor and cellular immunity. COVID-19 intranasal (IN) vaccines are also being developed that have shown promising ability to induce a significant amount of antibody-mediated immune response and a robust cell-mediated immunity as well as hold the added ability to stimulate protective mucosal immunity along with the additional advantage of the ease of administration as compared to IM injected vaccines. By inducing secretory IgA antibody responses specifically in the nasal compartment, the intranasal SARS-CoV-2 vaccine can prevent virus infection, replication, shedding, and disease development, as well as possibly limits virus transmission. This article highlights the current progress, advantages, prospects, and challenges in developing intranasal COVID-19 vaccines for countering the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
- The Trafford Group of Colleges, Manchester, UK
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Saad Alhumaid
- Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainab Al Alawi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abbas Al Mutair
- Research Center, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- College of Nursing, Princess Norah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- School of Nursing, Wollongong University, Wollongong, Australia
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Kandala B, Plock N, Chawla A, Largajolli A, Robey S, Watson K, Thatavarti R, Dubey SA, Cheung SYA, de Greef R, Stone J, Sachs JR. Accelerating model-informed decisions for COVID-19 vaccine candidates using a model-based meta-analysis approach. EBioMedicine 2022; 84:104264. [PMID: 36182824 PMCID: PMC9514977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the need for innovative quantitative decision tools to support rapid development of safe and efficacious vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. To meet that need, we developed and applied a model-based meta-analysis (MBMA) approach integrating non-clinical and clinical immunogenicity and protection data. METHODS A systematic literature review identified studies of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques (RM) and humans. Summary-level data of 13 RM and 8 clinical trials were used in the analysis. A RM MBMA model was developed to quantify the relationship between serum neutralizing (SN) titres after vaccination and peak viral load (VL) post-challenge in RM. The translation of the RM MBMA model to a clinical protection model was then carried out to predict clinical efficacies based on RM data alone. Subsequently, clinical SN and efficacy data were integrated to develop three predictive models of efficacy - a calibrated RM MBMA, a joint (RM-Clinical) MBMA, and the clinical MBMA model. The three models were leveraged to predict efficacies of vaccine candidates not included in the model and efficacies against newer strains of SARS-CoV-2. FINDINGS Clinical efficacies predicted based on RM data alone were in reasonable agreement with the reported data. The SN titre predicted to provide 50% efficacy was estimated to be about 21% of the mean human convalescent titre level, and that value was consistent across the three models. Clinical efficacies predicted from the MBMA models agreed with reported efficacies for two vaccine candidates (BBV152 and CoronaVac) not included in the modelling and for efficacies against delta variant. INTERPRETATION The three MBMA models are predictive of protection against SARS-CoV-2 and provide a translational framework to enable early Go/No-Go and study design decisions using non-clinical and/or limited clinical immunogenicity data in the development of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. FUNDING This study was funded by Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA.
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Zhu J, Jain S, Sha J, Batra H, Ananthaswamy N, Kilgore PB, Hendrix EK, Hosakote YM, Wu X, Olano JP, Kayode A, Galindo CL, Banga S, Drelich A, Tat V, Tseng CTK, Chopra AK, Rao VB. A Bacteriophage-Based, Highly Efficacious, Needle- and Adjuvant-Free, Mucosal COVID-19 Vaccine. mBio 2022; 13:e0182222. [PMID: 35900097 PMCID: PMC9426593 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01822-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration-authorized mRNA- and adenovirus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are intramuscularly injected in two doses and effective in preventing COVID-19, but they do not induce efficient mucosal immunity or prevent viral transmission. Here, we report the first noninfectious, bacteriophage T4-based, multicomponent, needle- and adjuvant-free, mucosal vaccine harboring engineered Spike trimers on capsid exterior and nucleocapsid protein in the interior. Intranasal administration of two doses of this T4 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine 21 days apart induced robust mucosal immunity, in addition to strong systemic humoral and cellular immune responses. The intranasal vaccine induced broad virus neutralization antibody titers against multiple variants, Th1-biased cytokine responses, strong CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immunity, and high secretory IgA titers in sera and bronchoalveolar lavage specimens from vaccinated mice. All of these responses were much stronger in intranasally vaccinated mice than those induced by the injected vaccine. Furthermore, the nasal vaccine provided complete protection and sterilizing immunity against the mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 MA10 strain, the ancestral WA-1/2020 strain, and the most lethal Delta variant in both BALB/c and human angiotensin converting enzyme (hACE2) knock-in transgenic mouse models. In addition, the vaccine elicited virus-neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens, did not affect the gut microbiota, exhibited minimal lung lesions in vaccinated and challenged mice, and is completely stable at ambient temperature. This modular, needle-free, phage T4 mucosal vaccine delivery platform is therefore an excellent candidate for designing efficacious mucosal vaccines against other respiratory infections and for emergency preparedness against emerging epidemic and pandemic pathogens. IMPORTANCE According to the World Health Organization, COVID-19 may have caused ~15-million deaths across the globe and is still ravaging the world. Another wave of ~100 million infections is predicted in the United States due to the emergence of highly transmissible immune-escaped Omicron variants. The authorized vaccines would not prevent these transmissions since they do not trigger mucosal immunity. We circumvented this limitation by developing a needle-free, bacteriophage T4-based, mucosal vaccine. This intranasally administered vaccine generates superior mucosal immunity in mice, in addition to inducing robust humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, and provides complete protection and sterilizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 variants. The vaccine is stable, adjuvant-free, and cost-effectively manufactured and distributed, making it a strategically important next-generation COVID vaccine for ending this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingen Zhu
- Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Swati Jain
- Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jian Sha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Himanshu Batra
- Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Neeti Ananthaswamy
- Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paul B. Kilgore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Emily K. Hendrix
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yashoda M. Hosakote
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaorong Wu
- Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Juan P. Olano
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Adeyemi Kayode
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA
| | - Cristi L. Galindo
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA
| | - Simran Banga
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA
| | - Aleksandra Drelich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Vivian Tat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Chien-Te K. Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Ashok K. Chopra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Venigalla B. Rao
- Bacteriophage Medical Research Center, Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA
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van Doremalen N, Schulz JE, Adney DR, Saturday TA, Fischer RJ, Yinda CK, Thakur N, Newman J, Ulaszewska M, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Saturday G, Spencer AJ, Bailey D, Russell CA, Gilbert SC, Lambe T, Munster VJ. ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) or nCoV-19-Beta (AZD2816) protect Syrian hamsters against Beta Delta and Omicron variants. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4610. [PMID: 35941149 PMCID: PMC9358389 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32248-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) is a replication-deficient simian adenovirus-vectored vaccine encoding the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2, based on the first published full-length sequence (Wuhan-1). AZD1222 has been shown to have 74% vaccine efficacy against symptomatic disease in clinical trials. However, variants of concern (VoCs) have been detected, with substitutions that are associated with a reduction in virus neutralizing antibody titer. Updating vaccines to include S proteins of VoCs may be beneficial, even though current real-world data is suggesting good efficacy following boosting with vaccines encoding the ancestral S protein. Using the Syrian hamster model, we evaluate the effect of a single dose of AZD2816, encoding the S protein of the Beta VoC, and efficacy of AZD1222/AZD2816 as a heterologous primary series against challenge with the Beta or Delta variant. Minimal to no viral sgRNA could be detected in lungs of vaccinated animals obtained at 3- or 5- days post inoculation, in contrast to lungs of control animals. In Omicron-challenged hamsters, a single dose of AZD2816 or AZD1222 reduced virus shedding. Thus, these vaccination regimens are protective against the Beta, Delta, and Omicron VoCs in the hamster model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeltje van Doremalen
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.
| | - Jonathan E Schulz
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Danielle R Adney
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Comparative Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Taylor A Saturday
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Robert J Fischer
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Claude Kwe Yinda
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Nazia Thakur
- Viral Glycoproteins Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joseph Newman
- Viral Glycoproteins Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK
| | - Marta Ulaszewska
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Greg Saturday
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Alexandra J Spencer
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dalan Bailey
- Viral Glycoproteins Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, UK
| | - Colin A Russell
- Laboratory of Applied Evolutionary Biology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vincent J Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.
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van Doremalen N, Singh M, Saturday TA, Yinda CK, Perez-Perez L, Bohler WF, Weishampel ZA, Lewis M, Schulz JE, Williamson BN, Meade-White K, Gallogly S, Okumura A, Feldmann F, Lovaglio J, Hanley PW, Shaia C, Feldmann H, de Wit E, Munster VJ, Rosenke K. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 are attenuated in rhesus macaques as compared to Delta. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.08.01.502390. [PMID: 35971544 PMCID: PMC9377356 DOI: 10.1101/2022.08.01.502390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, five different variants of concern (VOCs) have been identified: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron. Due to confounding factors in the human population, such as pre-existing immunity, comparing severity of disease caused by different VOCs is challenging. Here, we investigate disease progression in the rhesus macaque model upon inoculation with the Delta, Omicron BA.1, and Omicron BA.2 VOCs. Disease severity in rhesus macaques inoculated with Omicron BA.1 or BA.2 was lower than those inoculated with Delta and resulted in significantly lower viral loads in nasal swabs, bronchial cytology brush samples, and lung tissue in rhesus macaques. Cytokines and chemokines were upregulated in nasosorption samples of Delta animals compared to Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 animals. Overall, these data suggests that in rhesus macaques, Omicron replicates to lower levels than the Delta VOC, resulting in reduced clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeltje van Doremalen
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Manmeet Singh
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Taylor A. Saturday
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Claude Kwe Yinda
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Lizzette Perez-Perez
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - W. Forrest Bohler
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Zachary A. Weishampel
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Matthew Lewis
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jonathan E. Schulz
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Brandi N. Williamson
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Kimberly Meade-White
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Shane Gallogly
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Atsushi Okumura
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jamie Lovaglio
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Patrick W. Hanley
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Carl Shaia
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Kyle Rosenke
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
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10
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Rothen DA, Krenger PS, Nonic A, Balke I, Vogt AS, Chang X, Manenti A, Vedovi F, Resevica G, Walton SM, Zeltins A, Montomoli E, Vogel M, Bachmann MF, Mohsen MO. Intranasal administration of a virus like particles-based vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern. Allergy 2022; 77:2446-2458. [PMID: 35403221 PMCID: PMC9111403 DOI: 10.1111/all.15311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The highly contagious SARS-CoV-2 is mainly transmitted by respiratory droplets and aerosols. Consequently, people are required to wear masks and maintain a social distance to avoid spreading of the virus. Despite the success of the commercially available vaccines, the virus is still uncontained globally. Given the tropism of SARS-CoV-2, a mucosal immune reaction would help to reduce viral shedding and transmission locally. Only seven out of hundreds of ongoing clinical trials are testing the intranasal delivery of a vaccine against COVID-19. METHODS In the current study, we evaluated the immunogenicity of a traditional vaccine platform based on virus-like particles (VLPs) displaying RBD of SARS-CoV-2 for intranasal administration in a murine model. The candidate vaccine platform, CuMVTT -RBD, has been optimized to incorporate a universal T helper cell epitope derived from tetanus-toxin and is self-adjuvanted with TLR7/8 ligands. RESULTS CuMVTT -RBD vaccine elicited a strong systemic RBD- and spike-IgG and IgA antibodies of high avidity. Local immune response was assessed, and our results demonstrate a strong mucosal antibody and plasma cell production in lung tissue. Furthermore, the induced systemic antibodies could efficiently recognize and neutralize different variants of concern (VOCs). CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that intranasal administration of CuMVTT -RBD induces a protective systemic and local specific antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 and its VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik A. Rothen
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyUniversity HospitalBernSwitzerland
- Department of BioMedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Pascal S. Krenger
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyUniversity HospitalBernSwitzerland
- Department of BioMedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Aleksandra Nonic
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyUniversity HospitalBernSwitzerland
- Department of BioMedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Ina Balke
- Latvian Biomedical Research & Study CentreRigaLatvia
| | - Anne‐Cathrine S. Vogt
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyUniversity HospitalBernSwitzerland
- Department of BioMedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Xinyue Chang
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyUniversity HospitalBernSwitzerland
- Department of BioMedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Emanuele Montomoli
- VisMederi S.r.l.SienaItaly
- Department of Molecular and Developmental MedicineUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
| | - Monique Vogel
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyUniversity HospitalBernSwitzerland
- Department of BioMedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Martin F. Bachmann
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyUniversity HospitalBernSwitzerland
- Department of BioMedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Nuffield Department of MedicineThe Jenner InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Mona O. Mohsen
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyUniversity HospitalBernSwitzerland
- Department of BioMedical ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Saiba AGPfaeffikonSwitzerland
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11
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Mouro V, Fischer A. Dealing with a mucosal viral pandemic: lessons from COVID-19 vaccines. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:584-594. [PMID: 35505121 PMCID: PMC9062288 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00517-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The development and deployment of vaccines against COVID-19 demonstrated major successes in providing immunity and preventing severe disease and death. Yet SARS-CoV-2 evolves and vaccine-induced protection wanes, meaning progress in vaccination strategies is of upmost importance. New vaccines directed at emerging viral strains are being developed while vaccination schemes with booster doses and combinations of different platform-based vaccines are being tested in trials and real-world settings. Despite these diverse approaches, COVID-19 vaccines are only delivered intramuscularly, whereas the nasal mucosa is the primary site of infection with SARS-CoV-2. Preclinical mucosal vaccines with intranasal or oral administration demonstrate promising results regarding mucosal IgA generation and tissue-resident lymphocyte responses against SARS-CoV-2. By mounting an improved local humoral and cell-mediated response, mucosal vaccination could be a safe and effective way to prevent infection, block transmission and contribute to reduce SARS-CoV-2 spread. However, questions and limitations remain: how effectively and reproducibly will vaccines penetrate mucosal barriers? Will vaccine-induced mucosal IgA responses provide sustained protection against infection?
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Affiliation(s)
- Violette Mouro
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
| | - Alain Fischer
- Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Immunology and Pediatric Hematology Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Paris, France
- Collège de France, Paris, France
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12
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Hawman DW, Meade-White K, Archer J, Leventhal SS, Wilson D, Shaia C, Randall S, Khandhar AP, Krieger K, Hsiang TY, Gale M, Berglund P, Fuller DH, Feldmann H, Erasmus JH. SARS-CoV2 variant-specific replicating RNA vaccines protect from disease following challenge with heterologous variants of concern. eLife 2022; 11:e75537. [PMID: 35191378 PMCID: PMC8983041 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite mass public health efforts, the SARS-CoV2 pandemic continues as of late 2021 with resurgent case numbers in many parts of the world. The emergence of SARS-CoV2 variants of concern (VoCs) and evidence that existing vaccines that were designed to protect from the original strains of SARS-CoV-2 may have reduced potency for protection from infection against these VoC is driving continued development of second-generation vaccines that can protect against multiple VoC. In this report, we evaluated an alphavirus-based replicating RNA vaccine expressing Spike proteins from the original SARS-CoV-2 Alpha strain and recent VoCs delivered in vivo via a lipid inorganic nanoparticle. Vaccination of both mice and Syrian Golden hamsters showed that vaccination induced potent neutralizing titers against each homologous VoC but reduced neutralization against heterologous challenges. Vaccinated hamsters challenged with homologous SARS-CoV2 variants exhibited complete protection from infection. In addition, vaccinated hamsters challenged with heterologous SARS-CoV-2 variants exhibited significantly reduced shedding of infectious virus. Our data demonstrate that this vaccine platform can be updated to target emergent VoCs, elicits significant protective immunity against SARS-CoV2 variants and supports continued development of this platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Hawman
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain LaboratoriesHamiltonUnited States
| | - Kimberly Meade-White
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain LaboratoriesHamiltonUnited States
| | | | - Shanna S Leventhal
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain LaboratoriesHamiltonUnited States
| | - Drew Wilson
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain LaboratoriesHamiltonUnited States
| | - Carl Shaia
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain LaboratoriesHamiltonUnited States
| | - Samantha Randall
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of MedicineSeattleUnited States
| | | | | | - Tien-Ying Hsiang
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of MedicineSeattleUnited States
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of MedicineSeattleUnited States
| | | | | | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain LaboratoriesHamiltonUnited States
| | - Jesse H Erasmus
- HDT BioSeattleUnited States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of MedicineSeattleUnited States
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13
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Abstract
The worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to the unprecedented pace of development of multiple vaccines. This review evaluates how adenovirus (Ad) vector platforms have been leveraged in response to this pandemic. Ad vectors have been used in the past for vaccines against other viruses, most notably HIV and Ebola, but they never have been produced, distributed, or administered to humans at such a large scale. Several different serotypes of Ads encoding SARS-CoV-2 Spike have been tested and found to be efficacious against COVID-19. As vaccine rollouts continue and the number of people receiving these vaccines increases, we will continue to learn about this vaccine platform for COVID-19 prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Jacob-Dolan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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14
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Tang J, Cai L, Xu C, Sun S, Liu Y, Rosenecker J, Guan S. Nanotechnologies in Delivery of DNA and mRNA Vaccines to the Nasal and Pulmonary Mucosa. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12020226. [PMID: 35055244 PMCID: PMC8777913 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in the field of in vitro transcribed mRNA (IVT-mRNA) vaccination have attracted considerable attention to such vaccination as a cutting-edge technique against infectious diseases including COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. While numerous pathogens infect the host through the respiratory mucosa, conventional parenterally administered vaccines are unable to induce protective immunity at mucosal surfaces. Mucosal immunization enables the induction of both mucosal and systemic immunity, efficiently removing pathogens from the mucosa before an infection occurs. Although respiratory mucosal vaccination is highly appealing, successful nasal or pulmonary delivery of nucleic acid-based vaccines is challenging because of several physical and biological barriers at the airway mucosal site, such as a variety of protective enzymes and mucociliary clearance, which remove exogenously inhaled substances. Hence, advanced nanotechnologies enabling delivery of DNA and IVT-mRNA to the nasal and pulmonary mucosa are urgently needed. Ideal nanocarriers for nucleic acid vaccines should be able to efficiently load and protect genetic payloads, overcome physical and biological barriers at the airway mucosal site, facilitate transfection in targeted epithelial or antigen-presenting cells, and incorporate adjuvants. In this review, we discuss recent developments in nucleic acid delivery systems that target airway mucosa for vaccination purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany;
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia;
| | - Larry Cai
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia;
| | - Chuanfei Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; (C.X.); (S.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Si Sun
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; (C.X.); (S.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuheng Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; (C.X.); (S.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Joseph Rosenecker
- Department of Pediatrics, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany;
- Correspondence: (J.R.); (S.G.); Tel.: +49-89-440057713 (J.R.); +86-23-68771645 (S.G.)
| | - Shan Guan
- Department of Pediatrics, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany;
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China; (C.X.); (S.S.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.R.); (S.G.); Tel.: +49-89-440057713 (J.R.); +86-23-68771645 (S.G.)
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15
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Counotte MJ, Avelino de Souza Santos M, Stittelaar KJ, van der Poel WHM, Gonzales JL. Assessment of the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in non-human primate studies: a systematic review. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2022; 2:4. [PMID: 37645309 PMCID: PMC10446071 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.14375.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Background: The outbreak of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) triggered the rapid and successful development of vaccines to help mitigate the effect of COVID-19 and circulation of the virus. Vaccine efficacy is often defined as capacity of vaccines to prevent (severe) disease. However, the efficacy to prevent transmission or infectiousness is equally important at a population level. This is not routinely assessed in clinical trials. Preclinical vaccine trials provide a wealth of information about the presence and persistence of viruses in different anatomical sites. Methods: We systematically reviewed all available preclinical SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccine studies where non-human primates were challenged after vaccination (PROSPERO registration: CRD42021231199). We extracted the underlying data, and recalculated the reduction in viral shedding. We summarized the efficacy of vaccines to reduce viral RNA shedding after challenge by standardizing and stratifying the results by different anatomical sites and diagnostic methods. We considered shedding of viral RNA as a proxy measure for infectiousness. Results: We found a marked heterogeneity between the studies in the experimental design and the assessment of the outcomes. The best performing vaccine candidate per study caused only low (6 out of 12 studies), or moderate (5 out of 12) reduction of viral genomic RNA, and low (5 out of 11 studies) or moderate (3 out of 11 studies) reduction of subgenomic RNA in the upper respiratory tract, as assessed with nasal samples. Conclusions: Since most of the tested vaccines only triggered a low or moderate reduction of viral RNA in the upper respiratory tract, we need to consider that most SARS-CoV-2 vaccines that protect against disease might not fully protect against infectiousness and vaccinated individuals might still contribute to SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Careful assessment of secondary attack rates from vaccinated individuals is warranted. Standardization in design and reporting of preclinical trials is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Jacques Counotte
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Koert J Stittelaar
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Wim H M van der Poel
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Jose L Gonzales
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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16
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Hawman DW, Meade-White K, Archer J, Leventhal S, Wilson D, Shaia C, Randall S, Khandhar AP, Hsiang TY, Gale M, Berglund P, Fuller DH, Feldmann H, Erasmus JH. SARS-CoV2 variant-specific replicating RNA vaccines protect from disease and pathology and reduce viral shedding following challenge with heterologous SARS-CoV2 variants of concern. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.12.10.472134. [PMID: 34931189 PMCID: PMC8687464 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.10.472134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite mass public health efforts, the SARS-CoV2 pandemic continues as of late-2021 with resurgent case numbers in many parts of the world. The emergence of SARS-CoV2 variants of concern (VoC) and evidence that existing vaccines that were designed to protect from the original strains of SARS-CoV-2 may have reduced potency for protection from infection against these VoC is driving continued development of second generation vaccines that can protect against multiple VoC. In this report, we evaluated an alphavirus-based replicating RNA vaccine expressing Spike proteins from the original SARS-CoV-2 Alpha strain and recent VoCs delivered in vivo via a lipid inorganic nanoparticle. Vaccination of both mice and Syrian Golden hamsters showed that vaccination induced potent neutralizing titers against each homologous VoC but reduced neutralization against heterologous challenges. Vaccinated hamsters challenged with homologous SARS-CoV2 variants exhibited complete protection from infection. In addition, vaccinated hamsters challenged with heterologous SARS-CoV-2 variants exhibited significantly reduced shedding of infectious virus. Our data demonstrate that this vaccine platform elicits significant protective immunity against SARS-CoV2 variants and supports continued development of this platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Hawman
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Kimberly Meade-White
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | | | - Shanna Leventhal
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Drew Wilson
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Carl Shaia
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Samantha Randall
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Tien-Ying Hsiang
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Jesse H Erasmus
- HDT Bio, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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17
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Lapuente D, Fuchs J, Willar J, Vieira Antão A, Eberlein V, Uhlig N, Issmail L, Schmidt A, Oltmanns F, Peter AS, Mueller-Schmucker S, Irrgang P, Fraedrich K, Cara A, Hoffmann M, Pöhlmann S, Ensser A, Pertl C, Willert T, Thirion C, Grunwald T, Überla K, Tenbusch M. Protective mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2 after heterologous systemic prime-mucosal boost immunization. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6871. [PMID: 34836955 PMCID: PMC8626513 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Several effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are currently in use, but effective boosters are needed to maintain or increase immunity due to waning responses and the emergence of novel variants. Here we report that intranasal vaccinations with adenovirus 5 and 19a vectored vaccines following a systemic plasmid DNA or mRNA priming result in systemic and mucosal immunity in mice. In contrast to two intramuscular applications of an mRNA vaccine, intranasal boosts with adenoviral vectors induce high levels of mucosal IgA and lung-resident memory T cells (TRM); mucosal neutralization of virus variants of concern is also enhanced. The mRNA prime provokes a comprehensive T cell response consisting of circulating and lung TRM after the boost, while the plasmid DNA prime induces mostly mucosal T cells. Concomitantly, the intranasal boost strategies lead to complete protection against a SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice. Our data thus suggest that mucosal booster immunizations after mRNA priming is a promising approach to establish mucosal immunity in addition to systemic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Lapuente
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Jana Fuchs
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jonas Willar
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ana Vieira Antão
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Valentina Eberlein
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, IZI, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-mediated Diseases CIMD, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nadja Uhlig
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, IZI, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-mediated Diseases CIMD, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Leila Issmail
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, IZI, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-mediated Diseases CIMD, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anna Schmidt
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Friederike Oltmanns
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Antonia Sophia Peter
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sandra Mueller-Schmucker
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pascal Irrgang
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kirsten Fraedrich
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea Cara
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Armin Ensser
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Grunwald
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, IZI, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-mediated Diseases CIMD, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Klaus Überla
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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18
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Xu H, Cai L, Hufnagel S, Cui Z. Intranasal vaccine: Factors to consider in research and development. Int J Pharm 2021; 609:121180. [PMID: 34637935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Most existing vaccines for human use are administered by needle-based injection. Administering vaccines needle-free intranasally has numerous advantages over by needle-based injection, but there are only a few intranasal vaccines that are currently approved for human use, and all of them are live attenuated influenza virus vaccines. Clearly, there are immunological as well as non-immunological challenges that prevent vaccine developers from choosing the intranasal route of administration. We reviewed current approved intranasal vaccines and pipelines and described the target of intranasal vaccines, i.e. nose and lymphoid tissues in the nasal cavity. We then analyzed factors unique to intranasal vaccines that need to be considered when researching and developing new intranasal vaccines. We concluded that while the choice of vaccine formulations, mucoadhesives, mucosal and epithelial permeation enhancers, and ligands that target M-cells are important, safe and effective intranasal mucosal vaccine adjuvants are needed to successfully develop an intranasal vaccine that is not based on live-attenuated viruses or bacteria. Moreover, more effective intranasal vaccine application devices that can efficiently target a vaccine to lymphoid tissues in the nasal cavity as well as preclinical animal models that can better predict intranasal vaccine performance in clinical trials are needed to increase the success rate of intranasal vaccines in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Xu
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Lucy Cai
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Stephanie Hufnagel
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, TX, United States.
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19
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Fischer RJ, van Doremalen N, Adney DR, Yinda CK, Port JR, Holbrook MG, Schulz JE, Williamson BN, Thomas T, Barbian K, Anzick SL, Ricklefs S, Smith BJ, Long D, Martens C, Saturday G, de Wit E, Gilbert SC, Lambe T, Munster VJ. ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) protects Syrian hamsters against SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 and B.1.1.7. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5868. [PMID: 34620866 PMCID: PMC8497486 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 in Syrian hamsters. We previously showed protection against SARS-CoV-2 disease and pneumonia in hamsters vaccinated with a single dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. Here, we observe a 9.5-fold reduction of virus neutralizing antibody titer in vaccinated hamster sera against B.1.351 compared to B.1.1.7. Vaccinated hamsters challenged with B.1.1.7 or B.1.351 do not lose weight compared to control animals. In contrast to control animals, the lungs of vaccinated animals do not show any gross lesions. Minimal to no viral subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) and no infectious virus can be detected in lungs of vaccinated animals. Histopathological evaluation shows extensive pulmonary pathology caused by B.1.1.7 or B.1.351 replication in the control animals, but none in the vaccinated animals. These data demonstrate the effectiveness of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against clinical disease caused by B.1.1.7 or B.1.351 VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Fischer
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Neeltje van Doremalen
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Danielle R Adney
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Claude Kwe Yinda
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Julia R Port
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Myndi G Holbrook
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jonathan E Schulz
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Brandi N Williamson
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Tina Thomas
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Kent Barbian
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Sarah L Anzick
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Stacy Ricklefs
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Brian J Smith
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Dan Long
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Craig Martens
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Greg Saturday
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vincent J Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA.
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20
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Günl F, Mecate-Zambrano A, Rehländer S, Hinse S, Ludwig S, Brunotte L. Shooting at a Moving Target-Effectiveness and Emerging Challenges for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1052. [PMID: 34696160 PMCID: PMC8540924 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since late 2019 the newly emerged pandemic SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, has hit the world with recurring waves of infections necessitating the global implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions, including strict social distancing rules, the wearing of masks and the isolation of infected individuals in order to restrict virus transmissions and prevent the breakdown of our healthcare systems. These measures are not only challenging on an economic level but also have a strong impact on social lifestyles. Using traditional and novel technologies, highly efficient vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 were developed and underwent rapid clinical evaluation and approval to accelerate the immunization of the world population, aiming to end the pandemic and return to normality. However, the emergence of virus variants with improved transmission, enhanced fitness and partial immune escape from the first generation of vaccines poses new challenges, which are currently being addressed by scientists and pharmaceutical companies all over the world. In this ongoing pandemic, the evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines underlies diverse unpredictable dynamics, posed by the first broad application of the mRNA vaccine technology and their compliance, the occurrence of unexpected side effects and the rapid emergence of variations in the viral antigen. However, despite these hurdles, we conclude that the available SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are very safe and efficiently protect from severe COVID-19 and are thereby the most powerful tools to prevent further harm to our healthcare systems, economics and individual lives. This review summarizes the unprecedented pathways of vaccine development and approval during the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We focus on the real-world effectiveness and unexpected positive and negative side effects of the available vaccines and summarize the timeline of the applied adaptations to the recommended vaccination strategies in the light of emerging virus variants. Finally, we highlight upcoming strategies to improve the next generations of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Günl
- Institute of Virology (IVM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (F.G.); (A.M.-Z.); (S.R.); (S.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Angeles Mecate-Zambrano
- Institute of Virology (IVM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (F.G.); (A.M.-Z.); (S.R.); (S.H.); (S.L.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF), Medical Faculty, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Selina Rehländer
- Institute of Virology (IVM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (F.G.); (A.M.-Z.); (S.R.); (S.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Saskia Hinse
- Institute of Virology (IVM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (F.G.); (A.M.-Z.); (S.R.); (S.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology (IVM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (F.G.); (A.M.-Z.); (S.R.); (S.H.); (S.L.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF), Medical Faculty, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Linda Brunotte
- Institute of Virology (IVM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (F.G.); (A.M.-Z.); (S.R.); (S.H.); (S.L.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF), Medical Faculty, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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21
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O’Donnell KL, Clancy CS, Griffin AJ, Shifflett K, Gourdine T, Thomas T, Long CM, Furuyama W, Marzi A. Optimization of single dose VSV-based COVID-19 vaccination in hamsters. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.09.03.458735. [PMID: 34518839 PMCID: PMC8437312 DOI: 10.1101/2021.09.03.458735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in global effects on human health, economic stability, and social norms. The emergence of viral variants raises concerns about the efficacy of existing vaccines and highlights the continued need the for the development of efficient, fast-acting, and cost-effective vaccines. Here, we demonstrate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of two vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based vaccines encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein either alone (VSV-SARS2) or in combination with the Ebola virus glycoprotein (VSV-SARS2-EBOV). Intranasally vaccinated hamsters showed an early CD8 + T cell response in the lungs and a greater antigen-specific IgG response, while intramuscularly vaccinated hamsters had an early CD4 + T cell and NK cell response. Intranasal vaccination resulted in protection within 10 days with hamsters not showing clinical signs of pneumonia when challenged with three different SARS-CoV-2 variants. This data demonstrates that VSV-based vaccines are viable single-dose, fast-acting vaccine candidates that are protective from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L. O’Donnell
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Chad S. Clancy
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Amanda J. Griffin
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Kyle Shifflett
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Tylisha Gourdine
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Tina Thomas
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Carrie M. Long
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Wakako Furuyama
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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22
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Jeeva S, Kim KH, Shin CH, Wang BZ, Kang SM. An Update on mRNA-Based Viral Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:965. [PMID: 34579202 PMCID: PMC8473183 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9090965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With the success of COVID-19 vaccines, newly created mRNA vaccines against other infectious diseases are beginning to emerge. Here, we review the structural elements required for designing mRNA vaccine constructs for effective in vitro synthetic transcription reactions. The unprecedently speedy development of mRNA vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was enabled with previous innovations in nucleoside modifications during in vitro transcription and lipid nanoparticle delivery materials of mRNA. Recent updates are briefly described in the status of mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, and other viral pathogens. Unique features of mRNA vaccine platforms and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (S.J.); (K.-H.K.); (C.H.S.); (B.-Z.W.)
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23
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Albrecht L, Bishop E, Jay B, Lafoux B, Minoves M, Passaes C. COVID-19 Research: Lessons from Non-Human Primate Models. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:886. [PMID: 34452011 PMCID: PMC8402317 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It emerged from China in December 2019 and rapidly spread across the globe, causing a pandemic with unprecedented impacts on public health and economy. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of curative treatments and vaccines. In humans, COVID-19 pathogenesis shows a wide range of symptoms, from asymptomatic to severe pneumonia. Identifying animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection that reflect the clinical symptoms of COVID-19 is of critical importance. Nonhuman primates (NHPss) correspond to relevant models to assess vaccine and antiviral effectiveness. This review discusses the use of NHPs as models for COVID-19 research, with focus on the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, drug discovery and pre-clinical evaluation of vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Albrecht
- Institut Pasteur, Centre d’Enseignement, Cours Virologie Fondamentale, 75015 Paris, France; (L.A.); (E.B.); (B.J.); (B.L.); (M.M.)
- Département de Sciences de la vie, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
- École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Elodie Bishop
- Institut Pasteur, Centre d’Enseignement, Cours Virologie Fondamentale, 75015 Paris, France; (L.A.); (E.B.); (B.J.); (B.L.); (M.M.)
- Département de Sciences de la vie, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
- École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Basile Jay
- Institut Pasteur, Centre d’Enseignement, Cours Virologie Fondamentale, 75015 Paris, France; (L.A.); (E.B.); (B.J.); (B.L.); (M.M.)
- École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Blaise Lafoux
- Institut Pasteur, Centre d’Enseignement, Cours Virologie Fondamentale, 75015 Paris, France; (L.A.); (E.B.); (B.J.); (B.L.); (M.M.)
- Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marie Minoves
- Institut Pasteur, Centre d’Enseignement, Cours Virologie Fondamentale, 75015 Paris, France; (L.A.); (E.B.); (B.J.); (B.L.); (M.M.)
- Département de Sciences de la vie, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Passaes
- Département de Sciences du vivant, Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
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24
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King RG, Silva-Sanchez A, Peel JN, Botta D, Dickson AM, Pinto AK, Meza-Perez S, Allie SR, Schultz MD, Liu M, Bradley JE, Qiu S, Yang G, Zhou F, Zumaquero E, Simpler TS, Mousseau B, Killian JT, Dean B, Shang Q, Tipper JL, Risley CA, Harrod KS, Feng T, Lee Y, Shiberu B, Krishnan V, Peguillet I, Zhang J, Green TJ, Randall TD, Suschak JJ, Georges B, Brien JD, Lund FE, Roberts MS. Single-Dose Intranasal Administration of AdCOVID Elicits Systemic and Mucosal Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and Fully Protects Mice from Lethal Challenge. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:881. [PMID: 34452006 PMCID: PMC8402488 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted the urgent need for effective prophylactic vaccination to prevent the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Intranasal vaccination is an attractive strategy to prevent COVID-19 as the nasal mucosa represents the first-line barrier to SARS-CoV-2 entry. The current intramuscular vaccines elicit systemic immunity but not necessarily high-level mucosal immunity. Here, we tested a single intranasal dose of our candidate adenovirus type 5-vectored vaccine encoding the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (AdCOVID) in inbred, outbred, and transgenic mice. A single intranasal vaccination with AdCOVID elicited a strong and focused immune response against RBD through the induction of mucosal IgA in the respiratory tract, serum neutralizing antibodies, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with a Th1-like cytokine expression profile. A single AdCOVID dose resulted in immunity that was sustained for over six months. Moreover, a single intranasal dose completely protected K18-hACE2 mice from lethal SARS-CoV-2 challenge, preventing weight loss and mortality. These data show that AdCOVID promotes concomitant systemic and mucosal immunity and represents a promising vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Glenn King
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Aaron Silva-Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (A.S.-S.); (S.M.-P.); (S.R.A.); (M.L.); (J.E.B.); (T.D.R.)
| | - Jessica N. Peel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Davide Botta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Alexandria M. Dickson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (A.M.D.); (A.K.P.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Amelia K. Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (A.M.D.); (A.K.P.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Selene Meza-Perez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (A.S.-S.); (S.M.-P.); (S.R.A.); (M.L.); (J.E.B.); (T.D.R.)
| | - S. Rameeza Allie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (A.S.-S.); (S.M.-P.); (S.R.A.); (M.L.); (J.E.B.); (T.D.R.)
| | - Michael D. Schultz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Mingyong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (A.S.-S.); (S.M.-P.); (S.R.A.); (M.L.); (J.E.B.); (T.D.R.)
| | - John E. Bradley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (A.S.-S.); (S.M.-P.); (S.R.A.); (M.L.); (J.E.B.); (T.D.R.)
| | - Shihong Qiu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Fen Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Esther Zumaquero
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Thomas S. Simpler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Betty Mousseau
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - John T. Killian
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Brittany Dean
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Qiao Shang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Jennifer L. Tipper
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (J.L.T.); (K.S.H.)
| | - Christopher A. Risley
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Kevin S. Harrod
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (J.L.T.); (K.S.H.)
| | - Tsungwei Feng
- Altimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (T.F.); (Y.L.); (B.S.); (V.K.); (I.P.); (J.Z.); (J.J.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Young Lee
- Altimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (T.F.); (Y.L.); (B.S.); (V.K.); (I.P.); (J.Z.); (J.J.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Bethlehem Shiberu
- Altimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (T.F.); (Y.L.); (B.S.); (V.K.); (I.P.); (J.Z.); (J.J.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Vyjayanthi Krishnan
- Altimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (T.F.); (Y.L.); (B.S.); (V.K.); (I.P.); (J.Z.); (J.J.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Isabelle Peguillet
- Altimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (T.F.); (Y.L.); (B.S.); (V.K.); (I.P.); (J.Z.); (J.J.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Altimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (T.F.); (Y.L.); (B.S.); (V.K.); (I.P.); (J.Z.); (J.J.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Todd J. Green
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - Troy D. Randall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (A.S.-S.); (S.M.-P.); (S.R.A.); (M.L.); (J.E.B.); (T.D.R.)
| | - John J. Suschak
- Altimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (T.F.); (Y.L.); (B.S.); (V.K.); (I.P.); (J.Z.); (J.J.S.); (B.G.)
| | - Bertrand Georges
- Altimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (T.F.); (Y.L.); (B.S.); (V.K.); (I.P.); (J.Z.); (J.J.S.); (B.G.)
| | - James D. Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (A.M.D.); (A.K.P.); (J.D.B.)
| | - Frances E. Lund
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (R.G.K.); (J.N.P.); (D.B.); (M.D.S.); (S.Q.); (G.Y.); (F.Z.); (E.Z.); (T.S.S.); (B.M.); (J.T.K.J.); (B.D.); (Q.S.); (C.A.R.); (T.J.G.)
| | - M. Scot Roberts
- Altimmune Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (T.F.); (Y.L.); (B.S.); (V.K.); (I.P.); (J.Z.); (J.J.S.); (B.G.)
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25
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Eedara BB, Alabsi W, Encinas-Basurto D, Polt R, Ledford JG, Mansour HM. Inhalation Delivery for the Treatment and Prevention of COVID-19 Infection. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1077. [PMID: 34371768 PMCID: PMC8308954 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is caused by coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has produced a global pandemic. As of 22 June 2021, 178 million people have been affected worldwide, and 3.87 million people have died from COVID-19. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the United States, COVID-19 virus is primarily transmitted between people through respiratory droplets and contact routes. Since the location of initial infection and disease progression is primarily through the lungs, the inhalation delivery of drugs directly to the lungs may be the most appropriate route of administration for treating COVID-19. This review article aims to present possible inhalation therapeutics and vaccines for the treatment of COVID-19 symptoms. This review covers the comparison between SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV/MERS, inhalation therapeutics for the treatment of COVID-19 symptoms, and vaccines for preventing infection, as well as the current clinical status of inhaled therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basanth Babu Eedara
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Str., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (B.B.E.); (W.A.); (D.E.-B.)
| | - Wafaa Alabsi
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Str., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (B.B.E.); (W.A.); (D.E.-B.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - David Encinas-Basurto
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Str., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (B.B.E.); (W.A.); (D.E.-B.)
| | - Robin Polt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - Julie G. Ledford
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Heidi M. Mansour
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Str., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (B.B.E.); (W.A.); (D.E.-B.)
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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26
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Fischer RJ, van Doremalen N, Adney DR, Yinda CK, Port JR, Holbrook MG, Schulz JE, Williamson BN, Thomas T, Barbian K, Anzick SL, Ricklefs S, Smith BJ, Long D, Martens C, Saturday G, de Wit E, Gilbert SC, Lambe T, Munster VJ. ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) protects Syrian hamsters against SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 and B.1.1.7. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.03.11.435000. [PMID: 33758847 PMCID: PMC7987006 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.11.435000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 in Syrian hamsters. We previously showed protection against SARS-CoV-2 disease and pneumonia in hamsters vaccinated with a single dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. Here, we observed a 9.5-fold reduction of virus neutralizing antibody titer in vaccinated hamster sera against B.1.351 compared to B.1.1.7. Vaccinated hamsters challenged with B.1.1.7 or B.1.351 did not lose weight compared to control animals. In contrast to control animals, the lungs of vaccinated animals did not show any gross lesions. Minimal to no viral subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) and no infectious virus was detected in lungs of vaccinated animals. Histopathological evaluation showed extensive pulmonary pathology caused by B.1.1.7 or B.1.351 replication in the control animals, but none in the vaccinated animals. These data demonstrate the effectiveness of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against clinical disease caused by B.1.1.7 or B.1.351 VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Fischer
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Neeltje van Doremalen
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Danielle R. Adney
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Claude Kwe Yinda
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Julia R. Port
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Myndi G. Holbrook
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jonathan E. Schulz
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Brandi N. Williamson
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Tina Thomas
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Kent Barbian
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Sarah L. Anzick
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Stacy Ricklefs
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Brian J. Smith
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Dan Long
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Craig Martens
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Greg Saturday
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Sarah C. Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
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27
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Tiboni M, Casettari L, Illum L. Nasal vaccination against SARS-CoV-2: Synergistic or alternative to intramuscular vaccines? Int J Pharm 2021; 603:120686. [PMID: 33964339 PMCID: PMC8099545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It is striking that all marketed SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are developed for intramuscular administration designed to produce humoral and cell mediated immune responses, preventing viremia and the COVID-19 syndrome. They have a high degree of efficacy in humans (70-95%) depending on the type of vaccine. However, little protection is provided against viral replication and shedding in the upper airways due to the lack of a local sIgA immune response, indicating a risk of transmission of virus from vaccinated individuals. A range of novel nasal COVID-19 vaccines are in development and preclinical results in non-human primates have shown a promising prevention of replication and shedding of virus due to the induction of mucosal immune response (sIgA) in upper and lower respiratory tracts as well as robust systemic and humoral immune responses. Whether these results will translate to humans remains to be clarified. An IM prime followed by an IN booster vaccination would likely result in a better well-rounded immune response, including prevention (or strong reduction) in viral replication in the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Tiboni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento, 6, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Luca Casettari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza del Rinascimento, 6, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Lisbeth Illum
- IDentity, 19 Cavendish Crescent North, The Park, Nottingham, NG71BA, United Kingdom.
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Rosenke K, Feldmann F, Okumura A, Hansen F, Tang-Huau T, Meade-White K, Kaza B, Smith B, Hanley PW, Lovaglio J, Jarvis MA, Shaia C, Feldmann H. UK B.1.1.7 variant exhibits increased respiratory replication and shedding in nonhuman primates. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.06.11.448134. [PMID: 34159332 PMCID: PMC8219096 DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.11.448134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The continuing emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants calls for regular assessment to identify differences in viral replication, shedding and associated disease. In this study, African green monkeys were infected intranasally with either a contemporary D614G or the UK B.1.1.7 variant. Both variants caused mild respiratory disease with no significant differences in clinical presentation. Significantly higher levels of viral RNA and infectious virus were found in upper and lower respiratory tract samples and tissues from B.1.1.7 infected animals. Interestingly, D614G infected animals showed significantly higher levels of viral RNA and infectious virus in rectal swabs and gastrointestinal tract tissues. Our results indicate that B.1.1.7 infection in African green monkeys is associated with increased respiratory replication and shedding but no disease enhancement similar to human B.1.1.7 cases. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY UK B.1.1.7 infection of African green monkeys exhibits increased respiratory replication and shedding but no disease enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Rosenke
- Laboratory of Virology, Hamilton, MT, Unites States
| | - F. Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health; Hamilton, MT, Unites States
| | - A. Okumura
- Laboratory of Virology, Hamilton, MT, Unites States
| | - F. Hansen
- Laboratory of Virology, Hamilton, MT, Unites States
| | - T. Tang-Huau
- Laboratory of Virology, Hamilton, MT, Unites States
| | | | - B. Kaza
- Laboratory of Virology, Hamilton, MT, Unites States
| | - B.J. Smith
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health; Hamilton, MT, Unites States
| | - P. W. Hanley
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health; Hamilton, MT, Unites States
| | - J. Lovaglio
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health; Hamilton, MT, Unites States
| | - M. A. Jarvis
- Laboratory of Virology, Hamilton, MT, Unites States
- University of Plymouth; Plymouth, United Kingdom
- The Vaccine Group Ltd; Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - C. Shaia
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health; Hamilton, MT, Unites States
| | - H. Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Hamilton, MT, Unites States
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29
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Park JH, Lee HK. Delivery Routes for COVID-19 Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:524. [PMID: 34069359 PMCID: PMC8158705 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, has resulted in a pandemic with millions of deaths. To eradicate SARS-CoV-2 and prevent further infections, many vaccine candidates have been developed. These vaccines include not only traditional subunit vaccines and attenuated or inactivated viral vaccines but also nucleic acid and viral vector vaccines. In contrast to the diversity in the platform technology, the delivery of vaccines is limited to intramuscular vaccination. Although intramuscular vaccination is safe and effective, mucosal vaccination could improve the local immune responses that block the spread of pathogens. However, a lack of understanding of mucosal immunity combined with the urgent need for a COVID-19 vaccine has resulted in only intramuscular vaccinations. In this review, we summarize the history of vaccines, current progress in COVID-19 vaccine technology, and the status of intranasal COVID-19 vaccines. Future research should determine the most effective route for vaccine delivery based on the platform and determine the mechanisms that underlie the efficacy of different delivery routes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea;
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30
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Harris PE, Brasel T, Massey C, Herst CV, Burkholz S, Lloyd P, Blankenberg T, Bey TM, Carback R, Hodge T, Ciotlos S, Wang L, Comer JE, Rubsamen RM. A Synthetic Peptide CTL Vaccine Targeting Nucleocapsid Confers Protection from SARS-CoV-2 Challenge in Rhesus Macaques. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:520. [PMID: 34070152 PMCID: PMC8158516 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has given rise to a COVID-19 pandemic. Several vaccines, conceived in 2020, that evoke protective spike antibody responses are being deployed in mass public health vaccination programs. Recent data suggests, however, that as sequence variation in the spike genome accumulates, some vaccines may lose efficacy. METHODS Using a macaque model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, we tested the efficacy of a peptide-based vaccine targeting MHC class I epitopes on the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. We administered biodegradable microspheres with synthetic peptides and adjuvants to rhesus macaques. Unvaccinated control and vaccinated macaques were challenged with 1 × 108 TCID50 units of SARS-CoV-2, followed by assessment of clinical symptoms and viral load, chest radiographs, and sampling of peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid for downstream analysis. RESULTS Vaccinated animals were free of pneumonia-like infiltrates characteristic of SARS-CoV-2 infection and presented with lower viral loads relative to controls. Gene expression in cells collected from BAL samples of vaccinated macaques revealed a unique signature associated with enhanced development of adaptive immune responses relative to control macaques. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that a room temperature stable peptide vaccine based on known immunogenic HLA class I bound CTL epitopes from the nucleocapsid protein can provide protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E. Harris
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, P&S 10-502, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Trevor Brasel
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Christopher Massey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.B.); (C.M.)
| | - C. V. Herst
- Flow Pharma Inc., 4829 Galaxy Parkway, Suite K, Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA; (C.V.H.); (S.B.); (P.L.); (T.B.); (R.C.); (T.H.); (S.C.); (L.W.)
| | - Scott Burkholz
- Flow Pharma Inc., 4829 Galaxy Parkway, Suite K, Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA; (C.V.H.); (S.B.); (P.L.); (T.B.); (R.C.); (T.H.); (S.C.); (L.W.)
| | - Peter Lloyd
- Flow Pharma Inc., 4829 Galaxy Parkway, Suite K, Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA; (C.V.H.); (S.B.); (P.L.); (T.B.); (R.C.); (T.H.); (S.C.); (L.W.)
| | - Tikoes Blankenberg
- Flow Pharma Inc., 4829 Galaxy Parkway, Suite K, Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA; (C.V.H.); (S.B.); (P.L.); (T.B.); (R.C.); (T.H.); (S.C.); (L.W.)
- Dignity Health Mercy Medical Center, Redding, CA 96001, USA;
| | - Thomas M. Bey
- Dignity Health Mercy Medical Center, Redding, CA 96001, USA;
| | - Richard Carback
- Flow Pharma Inc., 4829 Galaxy Parkway, Suite K, Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA; (C.V.H.); (S.B.); (P.L.); (T.B.); (R.C.); (T.H.); (S.C.); (L.W.)
| | - Thomas Hodge
- Flow Pharma Inc., 4829 Galaxy Parkway, Suite K, Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA; (C.V.H.); (S.B.); (P.L.); (T.B.); (R.C.); (T.H.); (S.C.); (L.W.)
| | - Serban Ciotlos
- Flow Pharma Inc., 4829 Galaxy Parkway, Suite K, Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA; (C.V.H.); (S.B.); (P.L.); (T.B.); (R.C.); (T.H.); (S.C.); (L.W.)
| | - Lu Wang
- Flow Pharma Inc., 4829 Galaxy Parkway, Suite K, Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA; (C.V.H.); (S.B.); (P.L.); (T.B.); (R.C.); (T.H.); (S.C.); (L.W.)
| | - Jason E. Comer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Reid M. Rubsamen
- Flow Pharma Inc., 4829 Galaxy Parkway, Suite K, Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA; (C.V.H.); (S.B.); (P.L.); (T.B.); (R.C.); (T.H.); (S.C.); (L.W.)
- The Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland Medical Center, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 96001, USA
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31
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Spencer AJ, McKay PF, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Ulaszewska M, Bissett CD, Hu K, Samnuan K, Blakney AK, Wright D, Sharpe HR, Gilbride C, Truby A, Allen ER, Gilbert SC, Shattock RJ, Lambe T. Heterologous vaccination regimens with self-amplifying RNA and adenoviral COVID vaccines induce robust immune responses in mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2893. [PMID: 34001897 PMCID: PMC8129084 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several vaccines have demonstrated efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 mediated disease, yet there is limited data on the immune response induced by heterologous vaccination regimens using alternate vaccine modalities. Here, we present a detailed description of the immune response, in mice, following vaccination with a self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) vaccine and an adenoviral vectored vaccine (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2. We demonstrate that antibody responses are higher in two-dose heterologous vaccination regimens than single-dose regimens. Neutralising titres after heterologous prime-boost were at least comparable or higher than the titres measured after homologous prime boost vaccination with viral vectors. Importantly, the cellular immune response after a heterologous regimen is dominated by cytotoxic T cells and Th1+ CD4 T cells, which is superior to the response induced in homologous vaccination regimens in mice. These results underpin the need for clinical trials to investigate the immunogenicity of heterologous regimens with alternate vaccine technologies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
- COVID-19 Vaccines/genetics
- COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
- ChAdOx1 nCoV-19
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Mice
- RNA, Viral/administration & dosage
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Spencer
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Paul F McKay
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Marta Ulaszewska
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cameron D Bissett
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Karnyart Samnuan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anna K Blakney
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Wright
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hannah R Sharpe
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ciaran Gilbride
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam Truby
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth R Allen
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Kanimozhi G, Pradhapsingh B, Singh Pawar C, Khan HA, Alrokayan SH, Prasad NR. SARS-CoV-2: Pathogenesis, Molecular Targets and Experimental Models. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:638334. [PMID: 33967772 PMCID: PMC8100521 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.638334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a recent pandemic outbreak threatening human beings worldwide. This novel coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) infection causes severe morbidity and mortality and rapidly spreading across the countries. Therefore, there is an urgent need for basic fundamental research to understand the pathogenesis and druggable molecular targets of SARS-CoV-2. Recent sequencing data of the viral genome and X-ray crystallographic data of the viral proteins illustrate potential molecular targets that need to be investigated for structure-based drug design. Further, the SARS-CoV-2 viral pathogen isolated from clinical samples needs to be cultivated and titrated. All of these scenarios demand suitable laboratory experimental models. The experimental models should mimic the viral life cycle as it happens in the human lung epithelial cells. Recently, researchers employing primary human lung epithelial cells, intestinal epithelial cells, experimental cell lines like Vero cells, CaCo-2 cells, HEK-293, H1299, Calu-3 for understanding viral titer values. The human iPSC-derived lung organoids, small intestinal organoids, and blood vessel organoids increase interest among researchers to understand SARS-CoV-2 biology and treatment outcome. The SARS-CoV-2 enters the human lung epithelial cells using viral Spike (S1) protein and human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor. The laboratory mouse show poor ACE-2 expression and thereby inefficient SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, there was an urgent need to develop transgenic hACE-2 mouse models to understand antiviral agents' therapeutic outcomes. This review highlighted the viral pathogenesis, potential druggable molecular targets, and suitable experimental models for basic fundamental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Kanimozhi
- Department of Biochemistry, Dharmapuram Gnanambigai Government Arts College for Women, Mayiladuthurai, India
| | - B. Pradhapsingh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, India
| | - Charan Singh Pawar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, India
| | - Haseeb A. Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman H. Alrokayan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - N. Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, India
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