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Addetia A, Stewart C, Seo AJ, Sprouse KR, Asiri AY, Al-Mozaini M, Memish ZA, Alshukairi A, Veesler D. Mapping immunodominant sites on the MERS-CoV spike glycoprotein targeted by infection-elicited antibodies in humans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.31.586409. [PMID: 38617298 PMCID: PMC11014493 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.31.586409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) first emerged in 2012 and causes human infections in endemic regions. Most vaccines and therapeutics in development against MERS-CoV focus on the spike (S) glycoprotein to prevent viral entry into target cells. These efforts, however, are limited by a poor understanding of antibody responses elicited by infection along with their durability, fine specificity and contribution of distinct S antigenic sites to neutralization. To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed S-directed binding and neutralizing antibody titers in plasma collected from individuals infected with MERS-CoV in 2017-2019 (prior to the COVID-19 pandemic). We observed that binding and neutralizing antibodies peak 1 to 6 weeks after symptom onset/hospitalization, persist for at least 6 months, and broadly neutralize human and camel MERS-CoV strains. We show that the MERS-CoV S1 subunit is immunodominant and that antibodies targeting S1, particularly the RBD, account for most plasma neutralizing activity. Antigenic site mapping revealed that polyclonal plasma antibodies frequently target RBD epitopes, particularly a site exposed irrespective of the S trimer conformation, whereas targeting of S2 subunit epitopes is rare, similar to SARS-CoV-2. Our data reveal in unprecedented details the humoral immune responses elicited by MERS-CoV infection, which will guide vaccine and therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Addetia
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Cameron Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Albert J Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kaitlin R Sprouse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ayed Y Asiri
- Al-Hayat National Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Al-Mozaini
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziad A Memish
- King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Abeer Alshukairi
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Ceja-Gálvez HR, Renteria-Flores FI, Nicoletti F, Hernández-Bello J, Macedo-Ojeda G, Muñoz-Valle JF. Severe COVID-19: Drugs and Clinical Trials. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12082893. [PMID: 37109231 PMCID: PMC10142549 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12082893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
By January of 2023, the COVID-19 pandemic had led to a reported total of 6,700,883 deaths and 662,631,114 cases worldwide. To date, there have been no effective therapies or standardized treatment schemes for this disease; therefore, the search for effective prophylactic and therapeutic strategies is a primary goal that must be addressed. This review aims to provide an analysis of the most efficient and promising therapies and drugs for the prevention and treatment of severe COVID-19, comparing their degree of success, scope, and limitations, with the aim of providing support to health professionals in choosing the best pharmacological approach. An investigation of the most promising and effective treatments against COVID-19 that are currently available was carried out by employing search terms including "Convalescent plasma therapy in COVID-19" or "Viral polymerase inhibitors" and "COVID-19" in the Clinicaltrials.gov and PubMed databases. From the current perspective and with the information available from the various clinical trials assessing the efficacy of different therapeutic options, we conclude that it is necessary to standardize certain variables-such as the viral clearance time, biomarkers associated with severity, hospital stay, requirement of invasive mechanical ventilation, and mortality rate-in order to facilitate verification of the efficacy of such treatments and to better assess the repeatability of the most effective and promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazael Ramiro Ceja-Gálvez
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Francisco Israel Renteria-Flores
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Jorge Hernández-Bello
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Macedo-Ojeda
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
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3
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Gasparini P, Philot EA, Pantaleão SQ, Torres-Bonfim NESM, Kliousoff A, Quiroz RCN, Perahia D, Simões RP, Magro AJ, Scott AL. Unveiling mutation effects on the structural dynamics of the main protease from SARS-CoV-2 with hybrid simulation methods. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 121:108443. [PMID: 36870228 PMCID: PMC9945984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The main protease of SARS-CoV-2 (called Mpro or 3CLpro) is essential for processing polyproteins encoded by viral RNA. Several Mpro mutations were found in SARS-CoV-2 variants, which are related to higher transmissibility, pathogenicity, and resistance to neutralization antibodies. Macromolecules adopt several favored conformations in solution depending on their structure and shape, determining their dynamics and function. In this study, we used a hybrid simulation method to generate intermediate structures along the six lowest frequency normal modes and sample the conformational space and characterize the structural dynamics and global motions of WT SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and 48 mutations, including mutations found in P.1, B.1.1.7, B.1.351, B.1.525 and B.1.429+B.1.427 variants. We tried to contribute to the elucidation of the effects of mutation in the structural dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. A machine learning analysis was performed following the investigation regarding the influence of the K90R, P99L, P108S, and N151D mutations on the dimeric interface assembling of the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. The parameters allowed the selection of potential structurally stable dimers, which demonstrated that some single surface aa substitutions not located at the dimeric interface (K90R, P99L, P108S, and N151D) are able to induce significant quaternary changes. Furthermore, our results demonstrated, by a Quantum Mechanics method, the influence of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro mutations on the catalytic mechanism, confirming that only one of the chains of the WT and mutant SARS-CoV-2 Mpros are prone to cleave substrates. Finally, it was also possible to identify the aa residue F140 as an important factor related to the increasing enzymatic reactivity of a significant number of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro conformations generated by the normal modes-based simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gasparini
- Computational Biology and Biophysics Laboratory, Federal University of ABC - UFABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E A Philot
- Computational Biology and Biophysics Laboratory, Federal University of ABC - UFABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S Q Pantaleão
- Computational Biology and Biophysics Laboratory, Federal University of ABC - UFABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - N E S M Torres-Bonfim
- Computational Biology and Biophysics Laboratory, Federal University of ABC - UFABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A Kliousoff
- Computational Biology and Biophysics Laboratory, Federal University of ABC - UFABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R C N Quiroz
- Computational Biology and Biophysics Laboratory, Federal University of ABC - UFABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D Perahia
- École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, LBPA, Scaly, France
| | - R P Simões
- Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture (FCA), Unesp, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A J Magro
- Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Agriculture (FCA), Unesp, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Biotechnology (IBTEC), Unesp, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A L Scott
- Computational Biology and Biophysics Laboratory, Federal University of ABC - UFABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil.
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4
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Gao X, Xia Y, Liu X, Xu Y, Lu P, dong Z, Liu J, Liang G. A perspective on SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles vaccines. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109650. [PMID: 36649673 PMCID: PMC9832101 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) first appeared in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has spread to almost all corners of the world at an alarming rate. Vaccination is important for the prevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic. Efforts are underway worldwide to develop an effective vaccine against COVID-19 using both traditional and innovative vaccine strategies. Compared to other vaccine platforms, SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles (VLPs )vaccines, as a new vaccine platform, have unique advantages: they have artificial nanostructures similar to natural SARS-CoV-2, which can stimulate good cellular and humoral immune responses in the organism; they have no viral nucleic acids, have good safety and thermal stability, and can be mass-produced and stored; their surfaces can be processed and modified, such as the adjuvant addition, etc.; they can be considered as an ideal platform for COVID-19 vaccine development. This review aims to shed light on the current knowledge and progress of VLPs vaccines against COVID-19, especially those undergoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Gao
- Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science & Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Yeting Xia
- Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- The First People's Hospital of Nanyang Affiliated to Henan University, Nanyang 473000, China
| | - Yinlan Xu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Pengyang Lu
- Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Zhipeng dong
- Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Gaofeng Liang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science & Technology, Luoyang 471023, China.
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5
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Jallul M, Ibrahim K, Zaghdani A, Abdusalam MM, Al Dwigen SM, Atwair WS, Elbasir M, Alhudiri I, El Meshri SE, Elzagheid A. Variant-specific RT-qPCR for rapid screening of B.1.617 mutations in SARS-CoV-2. Libyan J Med 2022; 17:2121252. [PMID: 36062935 PMCID: PMC9467536 DOI: 10.1080/19932820.2022.2121252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants required rapid and reliable diagnostic methods for early detection and monitoring of the spread of the virus, especially in low-resource countries where whole genome sequencing is not available. We aimed to evaluate and compare the performance of two different RT-qPCR screening assays for the detection of B.1.617 lineage mutations. A total of 85 SARS-CoV-2 positive samples were collected between 9th August and 10 September 2021 and screened by two mutation-specific RT-qPCR assays for simultaneous detection of B.1.617.1 and B.1.617.2 lineage mutations. VIASURE Variant II PCR assay identified 2 Delta variant-specific mutations (L452R, and P681 R) in 80% of tested samples, while the PKamp™ Variant Detect™ assay was only able to detect one Delta variant specific mutation (L452R) in 75% of tested samples. This is the first report to show the Delta variant as the cause of the third wave in Libya. The use of multiplex RT-qPCR assays has allowed the identification of new variants for rapid screening. However, RT-qPCR results should be confirmed by whole genome sequencing of SARS-COV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwada Jallul
- Genetic Engineering Department, Libyan Biotechnology Research Center, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Khaled Ibrahim
- Genetic Engineering Department, Libyan Biotechnology Research Center, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Ahmed Zaghdani
- Department of Microbiology, Libyan Biotechnology Research Centre, Tripoli, Libya
| | | | - Samira M Al Dwigen
- Department of Cell Biology, Libyan Biotechnology Research Centre, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Wafya S Atwair
- Genetic Engineering Department, Libyan Biotechnology Research Center, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Mohamed Elbasir
- Genetic Engineering Department, Libyan Biotechnology Research Center, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Inas Alhudiri
- Genetic Engineering Department, Libyan Biotechnology Research Center, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Salah Edin El Meshri
- Department of Microbiology, Libyan Biotechnology Research Centre, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Adam Elzagheid
- Genetic Engineering Department, Libyan Biotechnology Research Center, Tripoli, Libya
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6
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Delshad M, Sanaei MJ, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Bashash D. Host genetic diversity and genetic variations of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 pathogenesis and the effectiveness of vaccination. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 111:109128. [PMID: 35963158 PMCID: PMC9359488 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has shown a vast range of clinical manifestations from asymptomatic to life-threatening symptoms. To figure out the cause of this heterogeneity, studies demonstrated the trace of genetic diversities whether in the hosts or the virus itself. With this regard, this review provides a comprehensive overview of how host genetic such as those related to the entry of the virus, the immune-related genes, gender-related genes, disease-related genes, and also host epigenetic could influence the severity of COVID-19. Besides, the mutations in the genome of SARS-CoV-2 __leading to emerging of new variants__ per se affect the affinity of the virus to the host cells and enhance the immune escape capacity. The current review discusses these variants and also the latest data about vaccination effectiveness facing the most important variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahda Delshad
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Javad Sanaei
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Tavakol S, Tavakol H, Alavijeh MS, Seifalian A. Can we Succeed in the Fight Against SARS-CoV-2 with its Emerging New Variants? Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:2953-2964. [PMID: 35524677 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220506142117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, the whole world came together to confront a life-threatening virus named SARS-CoV-2, causing COVID-19 illness. The virus infected the human host by attaching to the ACE2 and CD147 receptors in some human cells, resulting in cytokine storm and death. The new variants of the virus that caused concern are Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Epsilon, according to the WHO label. However, Pango lineages designated them as B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, B.1.617.2, and B.1.429. Variants may be progressively formed in one chronic COVID-19 patient and transmitted to others. They show some differences in cellular and molecular mechanisms. Mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and N-terminal domain (NTD) lead to alterations in the host's physiological responses. They show significantly higher transmissibility rates and viral load while evading neutralizing antibodies at different rates. These effects are through mutations, deletion, and conformational alterations in the virus, resulting in the enhanced affinity of RBD to PD of ACE2 protein, virus entry, and spike conformational change. In the clinical laboratory, new variants may diagnose from other variants using specific primers for RBD or NTD. There are some controversial findings regarding the efficacy of the developed vaccines against the new variants. This research aimed to discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms beyond COVID-19 pathogenesis, focusing on the new variants. We glanced at why the mutations and the ability to transmit the virus increase and how likely the available vaccines will be effective against these variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Tavakol
- Pharmidex Pharmaceutical Ltd., London, United Kingdom.,Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hani Tavakol
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mo S Alavijeh
- Pharmidex Pharmaceutical Ltd., London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Seifalian
- Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine Commercialization Centre (NanoRegMed Ltd), London BioScience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Willett BJ, Grove J, MacLean OA, Wilkie C, De Lorenzo G, Furnon W, Cantoni D, Scott S, Logan N, Ashraf S, Manali M, Szemiel A, Cowton V, Vink E, Harvey WT, Davis C, Asamaphan P, Smollett K, Tong L, Orton R, Hughes J, Holland P, Silva V, Pascall DJ, Puxty K, da Silva Filipe A, Yebra G, Shaaban S, Holden MTG, Pinto RM, Gunson R, Templeton K, Murcia PR, Patel AH, Klenerman P, Dunachie S, Haughney J, Robertson DL, Palmarini M, Ray S, Thomson EC. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron is an immune escape variant with an altered cell entry pathway. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:1161-1179. [PMID: 35798890 PMCID: PMC9352574 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 156.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines based on the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 are a cornerstone of the public health response to COVID-19. The emergence of hypermutated, increasingly transmissible variants of concern (VOCs) threaten this strategy. Omicron (B.1.1.529), the fifth VOC to be described, harbours multiple amino acid mutations in spike, half of which lie within the receptor-binding domain. Here we demonstrate substantial evasion of neutralization by Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 variants in vitro using sera from individuals vaccinated with ChAdOx1, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273. These data were mirrored by a substantial reduction in real-world vaccine effectiveness that was partially restored by booster vaccination. The Omicron variants BA.1 and BA.2 did not induce cell syncytia in vitro and favoured a TMPRSS2-independent endosomal entry pathway, these phenotypes mapping to distinct regions of the spike protein. Impaired cell fusion was determined by the receptor-binding domain, while endosomal entry mapped to the S2 domain. Such marked changes in antigenicity and replicative biology may underlie the rapid global spread and altered pathogenicity of the Omicron variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Willett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Joe Grove
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Oscar A MacLean
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Craig Wilkie
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Giuditta De Lorenzo
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Wilhelm Furnon
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Diego Cantoni
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sam Scott
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nicola Logan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Shirin Ashraf
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maria Manali
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Agnieszka Szemiel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Vanessa Cowton
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Elen Vink
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - William T Harvey
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Chris Davis
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Patawee Asamaphan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Katherine Smollett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lily Tong
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Richard Orton
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - David J Pascall
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Ana da Silva Filipe
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Matthew T G Holden
- Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Rute Maria Pinto
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Pablo R Murcia
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Arvind H Patel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | - David L Robertson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Massimo Palmarini
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Surajit Ray
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Emma C Thomson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
- NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, UK.
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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9
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Torresi J, Edeling MA, Nolan T, Godfrey DI. A Complementary Union of SARS-CoV2 Natural and Vaccine Induced Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:914167. [PMID: 35911696 PMCID: PMC9326230 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.914167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the immune responses that follow SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination has progressed considerably since the COVID-19 pandemic was first declared on the 11th of March in 2020. Recovery from infection is associated with the development of protective immune responses, although over time these become less effective against new emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Consequently, reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 variants is not infrequent and has contributed to the ongoing pandemic. COVID-19 vaccines have had a tremendous impact on reducing infection and particularly the number of deaths associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, waning of vaccine induced immunity plus the emergence of new variants has necessitated the use of boosters to maintain the benefits of vaccination in reducing COVID-19 associated deaths. Boosting is also beneficial for individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 and developed natural immunity, also enhancing responses immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants. This review summarizes our understanding of the immune responses that follow SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, the risks of reinfection with emerging variants and the very important protective role vaccine boosting plays in both vaccinated and previously infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Torresi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa A. Edeling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Terry Nolan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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10
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Wilkinson SAJ, Richter A, Casey A, Osman H, Mirza JD, Stockton J, Quick J, Ratcliffe L, Sparks N, Cumley N, Poplawski R, Nicholls SN, Kele B, Harris K, Peacock TP, Loman NJ. Recurrent SARS-CoV-2 mutations in immunodeficient patients. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac050. [PMID: 35996593 PMCID: PMC9384748 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in immunodeficient patients are an important source of variation for the virus but are understudied. Many case studies have been published which describe one or a small number of long-term infected individuals but no study has combined these sequences into a cohesive dataset. This work aims to rectify this and study the genomics of this patient group through a combination of literature searches as well as identifying new case series directly from the COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) dataset. The spike gene receptor-binding domain and N-terminal domain (NTD) were identified as mutation hotspots. Numerous mutations associated with variants of concern were observed to emerge recurrently. Additionally a mutation in the envelope gene, T30I was determined to be the second most frequent recurrently occurring mutation arising in persistent infections. A high proportion of recurrent mutations in immunodeficient individuals are associated with ACE2 affinity, immune escape, or viral packaging optimisation. There is an apparent selective pressure for mutations that aid cell-cell transmission within the host or persistence which are often different from mutations that aid inter-host transmission, although the fact that multiple recurrent de novo mutations are considered defining for variants of concern strongly indicates that this potential source of novel variants should not be discounted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A J Wilkinson
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alex Richter
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy (III), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Anna Casey
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Husam Osman
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Jeremy D Mirza
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Joanne Stockton
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Josh Quick
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Liz Ratcliffe
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Natalie Sparks
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nicola Cumley
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Radoslaw Poplawski
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Samuel N Nicholls
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Beatrix Kele
- Virology Department, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Kathryn Harris
- Virology Department, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, EC1A 7BE, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, Westminster W2 1PG, UK
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11
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Chadha J, Khullar L, Mittal N. Facing the wrath of enigmatic mutations: a review on the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants amid coronavirus disease-19 pandemic. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:2615-2629. [PMID: 34320263 PMCID: PMC8441773 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging respiratory virus responsible for the ongoing coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic. More than a year into this pandemic, the COVID-19 fatigue is still escalating and takes hold of the entire world population. Driven by the ongoing geographical expansion and upcoming mutations, the COVID-19 pandemic has taken a new shape in the form of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. These mutations in the viral spike (S) protein enhance the virulence of SARS-CoV-2 variants by improving viral infectivity, transmissibility and immune evasion abilities. Such variants have resulted in cluster outbreaks and fresh infection waves in various parts of the world with increased disease severity and poor clinical outcomes. Hence, the variants of SARS-CoV-2 pose a threat to human health and public safety. This review enlists the most recent updates regarding the presently characterized variants of SARS-CoV-2 recognized by the global regulatory health authorities (WHO, CDC). Based on the slender literature on SARS-CoV-2 variants, we collate information on the biological implications of these mutations on virus pathology. We also shed light on the efficacy of therapeutics and COVID-19 vaccines against the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Chadha
- Department of MicrobiologyPanjab UniversityChandigarhIndia
| | | | - Nidhi Mittal
- Molecular Biophysics UnitIndian Institute of Science (IISc)BengaluruIndia
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12
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Batıbay S, Koçak Ulucaköy R, Günendi Z, Göğüş F. The prevalence and clinical spectrum of post-Covid syndrome in patients with rheumatic diseases: a single-center experience. Reumatismo 2022; 74. [PMID: 35506317 DOI: 10.4081/reumatismo.2022.1481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-coronavirus disease (COVID) syndrome (PCS) is a term used to describe the clinical condition of patients who have recovered from COVID-19 but are still experiencing prolonged effects of infection or persistent symptoms for longer than expected. Although PCS has been previously studied in the general population, it has not been investigated in a specific population of patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease (IRD). This study aims to evaluate the presence and frequency of PCS among our rheumatology outpatients. This is a cross-sectional study of patients with IRD whose symptoms persisted for 12 weeks after the detection of COVID-19 infection. The patients were assessed with a survey form during their routine clinic follow-up or by contacting them by phone. Patients' demographics, diagnosis, medication, comorbidities, outcome of COVID-19, and symptoms related to PCS were collected. Fifty-three patients with IRD and COVID (mean age: 48.5 13.99 years, 71.7% women) were included. PCS was observed in 36 (67.9%) patients. Twenty-two (41.5%) of them had three or more symptoms; 14 (26.4%) had one or two symptoms. Although more than 30 symptoms were detected, the most frequent were fatigue and weakness. No significant relationship was detected between the development of PCS and gender, age, disease duration, presence of COVID-related complications, and the need for oxygen support, except for smoking which showed a protective effect (p=0.008). PCS was detected in more than half of the patients. There was no independent risk factor for the development of PCS, except smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Batıbay
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara.
| | - R Koçak Ulucaköy
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara.
| | - Z Günendi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara.
| | - F Göğüş
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara.
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13
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Yu F, Pan T, Huang F, Ying R, Liu J, Fan H, Zhang J, Liu W, Lin Y, Yuan Y, Yang T, Li R, Zhang X, Lv X, Chen Q, Liang A, Zou F, Liu B, Hu F, Tang X, Li L, Deng K, He X, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Ma X. Glycopeptide Antibiotic Teicoplanin Inhibits Cell Entry of SARS-CoV-2 by Suppressing the Proteolytic Activity of Cathepsin L. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:884034. [PMID: 35572668 PMCID: PMC9096618 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.884034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), public health worldwide has been greatly threatened. The development of an effective treatment for this infection is crucial and urgent but is hampered by the incomplete understanding of the viral infection mechanisms and the lack of specific antiviral agents. We previously reported that teicoplanin, a glycopeptide antibiotic that has been commonly used in the clinic to treat bacterial infection, significantly restrained the cell entry of Ebola virus, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV by specifically inhibiting the activity of cathepsin L (CTSL). Here, we found that the cleavage sites of CTSL on the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 were highly conserved among all the variants. The treatment with teicoplanin suppressed the proteolytic activity of CTSL on spike and prevented the cellular infection of different pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Teicoplanin potently prevented the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the cellular cytoplasm with an IC50 of 2.038 μM for the Wuhan-Hu-1 reference strain and an IC50 of 2.116 μM for the SARS-CoV-2 (D614G) variant. The pre-treatment of teicoplanin also prevented SARS-CoV-2 infection in hACE2 mice. In summary, our data reveal that CTSL is required for both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV infection and demonstrate the therapeutic potential of teicoplanin for universal anti-CoVs intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Pan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Infection and Immunity Study, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruosu Ying
- Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Infection and Immunity Study, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huimin Fan
- Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junsong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingtong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaochang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Lv
- Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianyu Chen
- Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anqi Liang
- Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengyu Hu
- Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Tang
- Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linghua Li
- Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Deng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin He
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National Guangzhou Laboratory, Bio-Island, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiancai Ma
- Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Science, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry Education, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Human Virology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- National Guangzhou Laboratory, Bio-Island, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Li YR, Dunn ZS, Garcia G, Carmona C, Zhou Y, Lee D, Yu J, Huang J, Kim JT, Arumugaswami V, Wang P, Yang L. Development of off-the-shelf hematopoietic stem cell-engineered invariant natural killer T cells for COVID-19 therapeutic intervention. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:112. [PMID: 35313965 PMCID: PMC8935266 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New COVID-19 treatments are desperately needed as case numbers continue to rise and emergent strains threaten vaccine efficacy. Cell therapy has revolutionized cancer treatment and holds much promise in combatting infectious disease, including COVID-19. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a rare subset of T cells with potent antiviral and immunoregulatory functions and an excellent safety profile. Current iNKT cell strategies are hindered by the extremely low presence of iNKT cells, and we have developed a platform to overcome this critical limitation. METHODS We produced allogeneic HSC-engineered iNKT (AlloHSC-iNKT) cells through TCR engineering of human cord blood CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and differentiation of these HSCs into iNKT cells in an Ex Vivo HSC-Derived iNKT Cell Culture. We then established in vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection assays to assess AlloHSC-iNKT cell antiviral and anti-hyperinflammation functions. Lastly, using in vitro and in vivo preclinical models, we evaluated AlloHSC-iNKT cell safety and immunogenicity for off-the-shelf application. RESULTS We reliably generated AlloHSC-iNKT cells at high-yield and of high-purity; these resulting cells closely resembled endogenous human iNKT cells in phenotypes and functionalities. In cell culture, AlloHSC-iNKT cells directly killed SARS-CoV-2 infected cells and also selectively eliminated SARS-CoV-2 infection-stimulated inflammatory monocytes. In an in vitro mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay and an NSG mouse xenograft model, AlloHSC-iNKT cells were resistant to T cell-mediated alloreaction and did not cause GvHD. CONCLUSIONS Here, we report a method to robustly produce therapeutic levels of AlloHSC-iNKT cells. Preclinical studies showed that these AlloHSC-iNKT cells closely resembled endogenous human iNKT cells, could reduce SARS-CoV-2 virus infection load and mitigate virus infection-induced hyperinflammation, and meanwhile were free of GvHD-risk and resistant to T cell-mediated allorejection. These results support the development of AlloHSC-iNKT cells as a promising off-the-shelf cell product for treating COVID-19; such a cell product has the potential to target the new emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants as well as the future new emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ruide Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Zachary Spencer Dunn
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Gustavo Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Camille Carmona
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Derek Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jiaji Yu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jocelyn T Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Pin Wang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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15
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Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Variants B.1.617.1 (Kappa), B.1.617.2 (Delta), and B.1.618 by Cell Entry and Immune Evasion. mBio 2022; 13:e0009922. [PMID: 35266815 PMCID: PMC9040861 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00099-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, highly transmissible severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants B.1.617.1 (Kappa), B.1.617.2 (Delta), and B.1.618 with mutations within the spike proteins were identified in India. The spike protein of Kappa contains the four mutations E154K, L452R, E484Q, and P681R, and Delta contains L452R, T478K, and P681R, while B.1.618 spike harbors mutations Δ145–146 and E484K. However, it remains unknown whether these variants have alterations in their entry efficiency, host tropism, and sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies as well as entry inhibitors. In this study, we found that Kappa, Delta, or B.1.618 spike uses human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) with no or slightly increased efficiency, while it gains a significantly increased binding affinity with mouse, marmoset, and koala ACE2 orthologs, which exhibit limited binding with wild-type (WT) spike. Furthermore, the P681R mutation leads to enhanced spike cleavage, which could facilitate viral entry. In addition, Kappa, Delta, and B.1.618 exhibit a reduced sensitivity to neutralization by convalescent-phase sera due to the mutation E484Q, T478K, Δ145–146, or E484K, but remain sensitive to entry inhibitors such as ACE2-Ig decoy receptor. Collectively, our study revealed that enhanced human and mouse ACE2 receptor engagement, increased spike cleavage, and reduced sensitivity to neutralization antibodies of Kappa, Delta and B.1.618 may contribute to the rapid spread of these variants. Furthermore, our results also highlight that ACE2-Ig could be developed as a broad-spectrum antiviral strategy against SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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16
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Despres HW, Mills MG, Shirley DJ, Schmidt MM, Huang ML, Roychoudhury P, Jerome KR, Greninger AL, Bruce EA. Measuring infectious SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples reveals a higher viral titer:RNA ratio for Delta and Epsilon vs. Alpha variants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2116518119. [PMID: 35058348 PMCID: PMC8812544 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116518119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants pose a challenge to controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous studies indicate that clinical samples collected from individuals infected with the Delta variant may contain higher levels of RNA than previous variants, but the relationship between levels of viral RNA and infectious virus for individual variants is unknown. We measured infectious viral titer (using a microfocus-forming assay) and total and subgenomic viral RNA levels (using RT-PCR) in a set of 162 clinical samples containing SARS-CoV-2 Alpha, Delta, and Epsilon variants that were collected in identical swab kits from outpatient test sites and processed soon after collection. We observed a high degree of variation in the relationship between viral titers and RNA levels. Despite this, the overall infectivity differed among the three variants. Both Delta and Epsilon had significantly higher infectivity than Alpha, as measured by the number of infectious units per quantity of viral E gene RNA (5.9- and 3.0-fold increase; P < 0.0001, P = 0.014, respectively) or subgenomic E RNA (14.3- and 6.9-fold increase; P < 0.0001, P = 0.004, respectively). In addition to higher viral RNA levels reported for the Delta variant, the infectivity (amount of replication competent virus per viral genome copy) may be increased compared to Alpha. Measuring the relationship between live virus and viral RNA is an important step in assessing the infectivity of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants. An increase in the infectivity for Delta may further explain increased spread, suggesting a need for increased measures to prevent viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah W Despres
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Margaret G Mills
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - David J Shirley
- Data Science Department, Faraday, Inc., Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Madaline M Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Emily A Bruce
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405;
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17
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Salehi-Vaziri M, Fazlalipour M, Seyed Khorrami SM, Azadmanesh K, Pouriayevali MH, Jalali T, Shoja Z, Maleki A. The ins and outs of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). Arch Virol 2022; 167:327-344. [PMID: 35089389 PMCID: PMC8795292 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05365-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, a newly emerging coronavirus that caused the COVID-19 epidemic, has been spreading quickly throughout the world. Despite immunization and some fairly effective therapeutic regimens, SARS-CoV-2 has been ravaging patients, health workers, and the economy. SARS-CoV-2 mutates and evolves to adapt to its host as a result of extreme selection pressure. As a consequence, new SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged, some of which are classified as variants of concern (VOC) because they exhibit greater transmissibility, cause more-severe disease, are better able to escape immunity, or cause higher mortality than the original Wuhan strain. Here, we introduce these VOCs and review their characteristics, such as transmissibility, immune escape, mortality risk, and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri
- COVID-19 National Reference Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave, 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fazlalipour
- COVID-19 National Reference Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave, 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Kayhan Azadmanesh
- Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Pouriayevali
- COVID-19 National Reference Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave, 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Jalali
- COVID-19 National Reference Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave, 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zabihollah Shoja
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Maleki
- COVID-19 National Reference Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave, 1316943551, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Singh DD, Parveen A, Yadav DK. SARS-CoV-2: Emergence of New Variants and Effectiveness of Vaccines. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:777212. [PMID: 34970509 PMCID: PMC8713083 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.777212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants may cause resistance at the immunity level against current vaccines. Some emergent new variants have increased transmissibility, infectivity, hospitalization, and mortality. Since the administration of the first SARS-CoV-2 vaccine to a human in March 2020, there is an ongoing global race against SARS-CoV-2 to control the current pandemic situation. Spike (S) glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 is the main target for current vaccine development, which can neutralize the infection. Companies and academic institutions have developed vaccines based on the S glycoprotein, as well as its antigenic domains and epitopes, which have been proven effective in generating neutralizing antibodies. The effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and other therapeutics developments are limited by the new emergent variants at the global level. We have discussed the emergent variants of SARS-CoV-2 on the efficacy of developed vaccines. Presently, most of the vaccines have been tremendously effective in severe diseases. However, there are still noteworthy challenges in certifying impartial vaccines; the stories of re-infections are generating more stressful conditions, and this needs further clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desh Deepak Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Amna Parveen
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Yadav
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
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19
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Abstract
The development of effective antiviral therapy for COVID-19 is critical for those awaiting vaccination, as well as for those who do not respond robustly to vaccination. This review summarizes 1 year of progress in the race to develop antiviral therapies for COVID-19, including research spanning preclinical and clinical drug development efforts, with an emphasis on antiviral compounds that are in clinical development or that are high priorities for clinical development. The review is divided into sections on compounds that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 enzymes, including its polymerase and proteases; compounds that inhibit virus entry, including monoclonal antibodies; interferons; and repurposed drugs that inhibit host processes required for SARS-CoV-2 replication. The review concludes with a summary of the lessons to be learned from SARS-CoV-2 drug development efforts and the challenges to continued progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiming Tao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Philip L. Tzou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Janin Nouhin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hector Bonilla
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Robert W. Shafer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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20
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Dubey A, Choudhary S, Kumar P, Tomar S. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Genetic Variability and Clinical Implications. Curr Microbiol 2021; 79:20. [PMID: 34905108 PMCID: PMC8669229 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02724-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The sudden rise in COVID-19 cases in 2020 and the incessant emergence of fast-spreading variants have created an alarming situation worldwide. Besides the continuous advancements in the design and development of vaccines to combat this deadly pandemic, new variants are frequently reported, possessing mutations that rapidly outcompeted an existing population of circulating variants. As concerns grow about the effects of mutations on the efficacy of vaccines, increased transmissibility, immune escape, and diagnostic failures are few other apprehensions liable for more deadly waves of COVID-19. Although the phenomenon of antigenic drift in new variants of SARS-CoV-2 is still not validated, it is conceived that the virus is acquiring new mutations as a fitness advantage for rapid transmission or to overcome immunological resistance of the host cell. Considerable evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has been observed since its first appearance in 2019, and despite the progress in sequencing efforts to characterize the mutations, their impacts in many variants have not been analyzed. The present article provides a substantial review of literature explaining the emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 circulating globally, key mutations in viral genome, and the possible impacts of these new mutations on prevention and therapeutic strategies currently administered to combat this pandemic. Rising infections, mortalities, and hospitalizations can possibly be tackled through mass vaccination, social distancing, better management of available healthcare infrastructure, and by prioritizing genome sequencing for better serosurveillance studies and community tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakriti Dubey
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Shweta Choudhary
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Pravindra Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
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21
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Gupta D, Sharma P, Singh M, Kumar M, Ethayathulla AS, Kaur P. Structural and functional insights into the spike protein mutations of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7967-7989. [PMID: 34731254 PMCID: PMC11073194 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the emergence of the first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), the viral genome has constantly undergone rapid mutations for better adaptation in the host system. These newer mutations have given rise to several lineages/ variants of the virus that have resulted in high transmission and virulence rates compared to the previously circulating variants. Owing to this, the overall caseload and related mortality have tremendously increased globally to > 233 million infections and > 4.7 million deaths as of Sept. 28th, 2021. SARS-CoV-2, Spike (S) protein binds to host cells by recognizing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptor. The viral S protein contains S1 and S2 domains that constitute the binding and fusion machinery, respectively. Structural analysis of viral S protein reveals that the virus undergoes conformational flexibility and dynamicity to interact with the hACE2 receptor. The SARS-CoV-2 variants and mutations might be associated with affecting the conformational plasticity of S protein, potentially linked to its altered affinity, infectivity, and immunogenicity. This review focuses on the current circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2 and the structure-function analysis of key S protein mutations linked with increased affinity, higher infectivity, enhanced transmission rates, and immune escape against this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Gupta
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi,, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi,, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Mandeep Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi,, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi,, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - A S Ethayathulla
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi,, Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Punit Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi,, Delhi, 110029, India.
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22
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Tuccori M, Convertino I, Ferraro S, Valdiserra G, Cappello E, Fini E, Focosi D. An overview of the preclinical discovery and development of bamlanivimab for the treatment of novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19): reasons for limited clinical use and lessons for the future. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1403-1414. [PMID: 34304682 PMCID: PMC8353660 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1960819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: In the COVID-19 pandemic emergency, research has been oriented toward the development of therapies that could cure critically ill patients and treatments that can reduce the number of hospitalized patients, in order to ease the pressure on health-care systems. Bamlanivimab, developed from human convalescent plasma, was the first monoclonal antibody to become available for emergency use in several countries. Expectations related to its use in COVID-19 patients as a single agent have been largely disregarded, especially against E484K-carrying SARS-CoV-2 variants.Areas covered: In this drug discovery case history, the development of the drug is described starting from the identification and selection of the antibody, from the pre-clinical and clinical trials up to the post-authorization phase.Expert opinion: Bamlanivimab has shown some efficacy in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19. Initially approved as a monotherapy, due to poor efficacy it is currently only usable in combination with etesevimab. Pharmacokinetic limitations and mainly the onset of SARS-CoV-2 variants are the main reasons for this limited clinical use. The use in preventing hospitalization also has ethical limits related to the sustainability of care, especially if, considering similar effectiveness, bamlanivimab is compared with convalescent plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tuccori
- Unit of Adverse Drug Reactions Monitoring, University Hospital of Pisa, Unit of Adverse Drug Reactions Monitoring, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Irma Convertino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Ferraro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Valdiserra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Emiliano Cappello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Fini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniele Focosi
- North Western Tuscany Blood Bank, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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23
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Gupta A, Gonzalez-Rojas Y, Juarez E, Crespo Casal M, Moya J, Falci DR, Sarkis E, Solis J, Zheng H, Scott N, Cathcart AL, Hebner CM, Sager J, Mogalian E, Tipple C, Peppercorn A, Alexander E, Pang PS, Free A, Brinson C, Aldinger M, Shapiro AE. Early Treatment for Covid-19 with SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Sotrovimab. N Engl J Med 2021. [PMID: 34706189 DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.27.21257096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) disproportionately results in hospitalization or death in older patients and those with underlying conditions. Sotrovimab is a pan-sarbecovirus monoclonal antibody that was designed to prevent progression of Covid-19 in high-risk patients early in the course of disease. METHODS In this ongoing, multicenter, double-blind, phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, nonhospitalized patients with symptomatic Covid-19 (≤5 days after the onset of symptoms) and at least one risk factor for disease progression to receive a single infusion of sotrovimab at a dose of 500 mg or placebo. The primary efficacy outcome was hospitalization (for >24 hours) for any cause or death within 29 days after randomization. RESULTS In this prespecified interim analysis, which included an intention-to-treat population of 583 patients (291 in the sotrovimab group and 292 in the placebo group), 3 patients (1%) in the sotrovimab group, as compared with 21 patients (7%) in the placebo group, had disease progression leading to hospitalization or death (relative risk reduction, 85%; 97.24% confidence interval, 44 to 96; P = 0.002). In the placebo group, 5 patients were admitted to the intensive care unit, including 1 who died by day 29. Safety was assessed in 868 patients (430 in the sotrovimab group and 438 in the placebo group). Adverse events were reported by 17% of the patients in the sotrovimab group and 19% of those in the placebo group; serious adverse events were less common with sotrovimab than with placebo (in 2% and 6% of the patients, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Among high-risk patients with mild-to-moderate Covid-19, sotrovimab reduced the risk of disease progression. No safety signals were identified. (Funded by Vir Biotechnology and GlaxoSmithKline; COMET-ICE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04545060.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Gupta
- From the Albion Finch Medical Centre, William Osler Health Centre, Toronto (A.G.); Optimus U (Y.G.-R.) and Florida International Medical Research (E.J.), Miami, Pines Care Research Center, Pembroke Pines (J.M.), and Sarkis Clinical Trials, Gainesville (E.S.) - all in Florida; Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, IIS Galicia Sur, Vigo, Spain (M.C.C.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (D.R.F.); Centex Studies, McAllen (J. Solis), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C.B.) - both in Texas; Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco (H.Z., A.L.C., C.M.H., J. Sager, E.M., E.A., P.S.P., M.A.); GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (N.S., C.T.); GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, MA (A.P.); Pinnacle Research Group, Anniston, AL (A.F.); and the Departments of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (A.E.S.)
| | - Yaneicy Gonzalez-Rojas
- From the Albion Finch Medical Centre, William Osler Health Centre, Toronto (A.G.); Optimus U (Y.G.-R.) and Florida International Medical Research (E.J.), Miami, Pines Care Research Center, Pembroke Pines (J.M.), and Sarkis Clinical Trials, Gainesville (E.S.) - all in Florida; Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, IIS Galicia Sur, Vigo, Spain (M.C.C.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (D.R.F.); Centex Studies, McAllen (J. Solis), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C.B.) - both in Texas; Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco (H.Z., A.L.C., C.M.H., J. Sager, E.M., E.A., P.S.P., M.A.); GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (N.S., C.T.); GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, MA (A.P.); Pinnacle Research Group, Anniston, AL (A.F.); and the Departments of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (A.E.S.)
| | - Erick Juarez
- From the Albion Finch Medical Centre, William Osler Health Centre, Toronto (A.G.); Optimus U (Y.G.-R.) and Florida International Medical Research (E.J.), Miami, Pines Care Research Center, Pembroke Pines (J.M.), and Sarkis Clinical Trials, Gainesville (E.S.) - all in Florida; Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, IIS Galicia Sur, Vigo, Spain (M.C.C.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (D.R.F.); Centex Studies, McAllen (J. Solis), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C.B.) - both in Texas; Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco (H.Z., A.L.C., C.M.H., J. Sager, E.M., E.A., P.S.P., M.A.); GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (N.S., C.T.); GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, MA (A.P.); Pinnacle Research Group, Anniston, AL (A.F.); and the Departments of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (A.E.S.)
| | - Manuel Crespo Casal
- From the Albion Finch Medical Centre, William Osler Health Centre, Toronto (A.G.); Optimus U (Y.G.-R.) and Florida International Medical Research (E.J.), Miami, Pines Care Research Center, Pembroke Pines (J.M.), and Sarkis Clinical Trials, Gainesville (E.S.) - all in Florida; Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, IIS Galicia Sur, Vigo, Spain (M.C.C.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (D.R.F.); Centex Studies, McAllen (J. Solis), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C.B.) - both in Texas; Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco (H.Z., A.L.C., C.M.H., J. Sager, E.M., E.A., P.S.P., M.A.); GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (N.S., C.T.); GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, MA (A.P.); Pinnacle Research Group, Anniston, AL (A.F.); and the Departments of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (A.E.S.)
| | - Jaynier Moya
- From the Albion Finch Medical Centre, William Osler Health Centre, Toronto (A.G.); Optimus U (Y.G.-R.) and Florida International Medical Research (E.J.), Miami, Pines Care Research Center, Pembroke Pines (J.M.), and Sarkis Clinical Trials, Gainesville (E.S.) - all in Florida; Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, IIS Galicia Sur, Vigo, Spain (M.C.C.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (D.R.F.); Centex Studies, McAllen (J. Solis), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C.B.) - both in Texas; Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco (H.Z., A.L.C., C.M.H., J. Sager, E.M., E.A., P.S.P., M.A.); GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (N.S., C.T.); GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, MA (A.P.); Pinnacle Research Group, Anniston, AL (A.F.); and the Departments of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (A.E.S.)
| | - Diego R Falci
- From the Albion Finch Medical Centre, William Osler Health Centre, Toronto (A.G.); Optimus U (Y.G.-R.) and Florida International Medical Research (E.J.), Miami, Pines Care Research Center, Pembroke Pines (J.M.), and Sarkis Clinical Trials, Gainesville (E.S.) - all in Florida; Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, IIS Galicia Sur, Vigo, Spain (M.C.C.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (D.R.F.); Centex Studies, McAllen (J. Solis), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C.B.) - both in Texas; Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco (H.Z., A.L.C., C.M.H., J. Sager, E.M., E.A., P.S.P., M.A.); GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (N.S., C.T.); GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, MA (A.P.); Pinnacle Research Group, Anniston, AL (A.F.); and the Departments of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (A.E.S.)
| | - Elias Sarkis
- From the Albion Finch Medical Centre, William Osler Health Centre, Toronto (A.G.); Optimus U (Y.G.-R.) and Florida International Medical Research (E.J.), Miami, Pines Care Research Center, Pembroke Pines (J.M.), and Sarkis Clinical Trials, Gainesville (E.S.) - all in Florida; Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, IIS Galicia Sur, Vigo, Spain (M.C.C.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (D.R.F.); Centex Studies, McAllen (J. Solis), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C.B.) - both in Texas; Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco (H.Z., A.L.C., C.M.H., J. Sager, E.M., E.A., P.S.P., M.A.); GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (N.S., C.T.); GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, MA (A.P.); Pinnacle Research Group, Anniston, AL (A.F.); and the Departments of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (A.E.S.)
| | - Joel Solis
- From the Albion Finch Medical Centre, William Osler Health Centre, Toronto (A.G.); Optimus U (Y.G.-R.) and Florida International Medical Research (E.J.), Miami, Pines Care Research Center, Pembroke Pines (J.M.), and Sarkis Clinical Trials, Gainesville (E.S.) - all in Florida; Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, IIS Galicia Sur, Vigo, Spain (M.C.C.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (D.R.F.); Centex Studies, McAllen (J. Solis), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C.B.) - both in Texas; Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco (H.Z., A.L.C., C.M.H., J. Sager, E.M., E.A., P.S.P., M.A.); GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (N.S., C.T.); GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, MA (A.P.); Pinnacle Research Group, Anniston, AL (A.F.); and the Departments of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (A.E.S.)
| | - Hanzhe Zheng
- From the Albion Finch Medical Centre, William Osler Health Centre, Toronto (A.G.); Optimus U (Y.G.-R.) and Florida International Medical Research (E.J.), Miami, Pines Care Research Center, Pembroke Pines (J.M.), and Sarkis Clinical Trials, Gainesville (E.S.) - all in Florida; Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, IIS Galicia Sur, Vigo, Spain (M.C.C.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (D.R.F.); Centex Studies, McAllen (J. Solis), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C.B.) - both in Texas; Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco (H.Z., A.L.C., C.M.H., J. Sager, E.M., E.A., P.S.P., M.A.); GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (N.S., C.T.); GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, MA (A.P.); Pinnacle Research Group, Anniston, AL (A.F.); and the Departments of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (A.E.S.)
| | - Nicola Scott
- From the Albion Finch Medical Centre, William Osler Health Centre, Toronto (A.G.); Optimus U (Y.G.-R.) and Florida International Medical Research (E.J.), Miami, Pines Care Research Center, Pembroke Pines (J.M.), and Sarkis Clinical Trials, Gainesville (E.S.) - all in Florida; Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, IIS Galicia Sur, Vigo, Spain (M.C.C.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (D.R.F.); Centex Studies, McAllen (J. Solis), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C.B.) - both in Texas; Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco (H.Z., A.L.C., C.M.H., J. Sager, E.M., E.A., P.S.P., M.A.); GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (N.S., C.T.); GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, MA (A.P.); Pinnacle Research Group, Anniston, AL (A.F.); and the Departments of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (A.E.S.)
| | - Andrea L Cathcart
- From the Albion Finch Medical Centre, William Osler Health Centre, Toronto (A.G.); Optimus U (Y.G.-R.) and Florida International Medical Research (E.J.), Miami, Pines Care Research Center, Pembroke Pines (J.M.), and Sarkis Clinical Trials, Gainesville (E.S.) - all in Florida; Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, IIS Galicia Sur, Vigo, Spain (M.C.C.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (D.R.F.); Centex Studies, McAllen (J. Solis), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C.B.) - both in Texas; Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco (H.Z., A.L.C., C.M.H., J. Sager, E.M., E.A., P.S.P., M.A.); GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (N.S., C.T.); GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, MA (A.P.); Pinnacle Research Group, Anniston, AL (A.F.); and the Departments of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (A.E.S.)
| | - Christy M Hebner
- From the Albion Finch Medical Centre, William Osler Health Centre, Toronto (A.G.); Optimus U (Y.G.-R.) and Florida International Medical Research (E.J.), Miami, Pines Care Research Center, Pembroke Pines (J.M.), and Sarkis Clinical Trials, Gainesville (E.S.) - all in Florida; Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, IIS Galicia Sur, Vigo, Spain (M.C.C.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (D.R.F.); Centex Studies, McAllen (J. Solis), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C.B.) - both in Texas; Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco (H.Z., A.L.C., C.M.H., J. Sager, E.M., E.A., P.S.P., M.A.); GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (N.S., C.T.); GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, MA (A.P.); Pinnacle Research Group, Anniston, AL (A.F.); and the Departments of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (A.E.S.)
| | - Jennifer Sager
- From the Albion Finch Medical Centre, William Osler Health Centre, Toronto (A.G.); Optimus U (Y.G.-R.) and Florida International Medical Research (E.J.), Miami, Pines Care Research Center, Pembroke Pines (J.M.), and Sarkis Clinical Trials, Gainesville (E.S.) - all in Florida; Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, IIS Galicia Sur, Vigo, Spain (M.C.C.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (D.R.F.); Centex Studies, McAllen (J. Solis), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C.B.) - both in Texas; Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco (H.Z., A.L.C., C.M.H., J. Sager, E.M., E.A., P.S.P., M.A.); GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (N.S., C.T.); GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, MA (A.P.); Pinnacle Research Group, Anniston, AL (A.F.); and the Departments of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (A.E.S.)
| | - Erik Mogalian
- From the Albion Finch Medical Centre, William Osler Health Centre, Toronto (A.G.); Optimus U (Y.G.-R.) and Florida International Medical Research (E.J.), Miami, Pines Care Research Center, Pembroke Pines (J.M.), and Sarkis Clinical Trials, Gainesville (E.S.) - all in Florida; Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, IIS Galicia Sur, Vigo, Spain (M.C.C.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (D.R.F.); Centex Studies, McAllen (J. Solis), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C.B.) - both in Texas; Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco (H.Z., A.L.C., C.M.H., J. Sager, E.M., E.A., P.S.P., M.A.); GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (N.S., C.T.); GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, MA (A.P.); Pinnacle Research Group, Anniston, AL (A.F.); and the Departments of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (A.E.S.)
| | - Craig Tipple
- From the Albion Finch Medical Centre, William Osler Health Centre, Toronto (A.G.); Optimus U (Y.G.-R.) and Florida International Medical Research (E.J.), Miami, Pines Care Research Center, Pembroke Pines (J.M.), and Sarkis Clinical Trials, Gainesville (E.S.) - all in Florida; Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, IIS Galicia Sur, Vigo, Spain (M.C.C.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (D.R.F.); Centex Studies, McAllen (J. Solis), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C.B.) - both in Texas; Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco (H.Z., A.L.C., C.M.H., J. Sager, E.M., E.A., P.S.P., M.A.); GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (N.S., C.T.); GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, MA (A.P.); Pinnacle Research Group, Anniston, AL (A.F.); and the Departments of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (A.E.S.)
| | - Amanda Peppercorn
- From the Albion Finch Medical Centre, William Osler Health Centre, Toronto (A.G.); Optimus U (Y.G.-R.) and Florida International Medical Research (E.J.), Miami, Pines Care Research Center, Pembroke Pines (J.M.), and Sarkis Clinical Trials, Gainesville (E.S.) - all in Florida; Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, IIS Galicia Sur, Vigo, Spain (M.C.C.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (D.R.F.); Centex Studies, McAllen (J. Solis), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C.B.) - both in Texas; Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco (H.Z., A.L.C., C.M.H., J. Sager, E.M., E.A., P.S.P., M.A.); GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (N.S., C.T.); GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, MA (A.P.); Pinnacle Research Group, Anniston, AL (A.F.); and the Departments of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (A.E.S.)
| | - Elizabeth Alexander
- From the Albion Finch Medical Centre, William Osler Health Centre, Toronto (A.G.); Optimus U (Y.G.-R.) and Florida International Medical Research (E.J.), Miami, Pines Care Research Center, Pembroke Pines (J.M.), and Sarkis Clinical Trials, Gainesville (E.S.) - all in Florida; Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, IIS Galicia Sur, Vigo, Spain (M.C.C.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (D.R.F.); Centex Studies, McAllen (J. Solis), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C.B.) - both in Texas; Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco (H.Z., A.L.C., C.M.H., J. Sager, E.M., E.A., P.S.P., M.A.); GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (N.S., C.T.); GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, MA (A.P.); Pinnacle Research Group, Anniston, AL (A.F.); and the Departments of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (A.E.S.)
| | - Phillip S Pang
- From the Albion Finch Medical Centre, William Osler Health Centre, Toronto (A.G.); Optimus U (Y.G.-R.) and Florida International Medical Research (E.J.), Miami, Pines Care Research Center, Pembroke Pines (J.M.), and Sarkis Clinical Trials, Gainesville (E.S.) - all in Florida; Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, IIS Galicia Sur, Vigo, Spain (M.C.C.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (D.R.F.); Centex Studies, McAllen (J. Solis), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C.B.) - both in Texas; Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco (H.Z., A.L.C., C.M.H., J. Sager, E.M., E.A., P.S.P., M.A.); GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (N.S., C.T.); GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, MA (A.P.); Pinnacle Research Group, Anniston, AL (A.F.); and the Departments of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (A.E.S.)
| | - Almena Free
- From the Albion Finch Medical Centre, William Osler Health Centre, Toronto (A.G.); Optimus U (Y.G.-R.) and Florida International Medical Research (E.J.), Miami, Pines Care Research Center, Pembroke Pines (J.M.), and Sarkis Clinical Trials, Gainesville (E.S.) - all in Florida; Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, IIS Galicia Sur, Vigo, Spain (M.C.C.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (D.R.F.); Centex Studies, McAllen (J. Solis), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C.B.) - both in Texas; Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco (H.Z., A.L.C., C.M.H., J. Sager, E.M., E.A., P.S.P., M.A.); GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (N.S., C.T.); GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, MA (A.P.); Pinnacle Research Group, Anniston, AL (A.F.); and the Departments of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (A.E.S.)
| | - Cynthia Brinson
- From the Albion Finch Medical Centre, William Osler Health Centre, Toronto (A.G.); Optimus U (Y.G.-R.) and Florida International Medical Research (E.J.), Miami, Pines Care Research Center, Pembroke Pines (J.M.), and Sarkis Clinical Trials, Gainesville (E.S.) - all in Florida; Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, IIS Galicia Sur, Vigo, Spain (M.C.C.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (D.R.F.); Centex Studies, McAllen (J. Solis), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C.B.) - both in Texas; Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco (H.Z., A.L.C., C.M.H., J. Sager, E.M., E.A., P.S.P., M.A.); GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (N.S., C.T.); GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, MA (A.P.); Pinnacle Research Group, Anniston, AL (A.F.); and the Departments of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (A.E.S.)
| | - Melissa Aldinger
- From the Albion Finch Medical Centre, William Osler Health Centre, Toronto (A.G.); Optimus U (Y.G.-R.) and Florida International Medical Research (E.J.), Miami, Pines Care Research Center, Pembroke Pines (J.M.), and Sarkis Clinical Trials, Gainesville (E.S.) - all in Florida; Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, IIS Galicia Sur, Vigo, Spain (M.C.C.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (D.R.F.); Centex Studies, McAllen (J. Solis), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C.B.) - both in Texas; Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco (H.Z., A.L.C., C.M.H., J. Sager, E.M., E.A., P.S.P., M.A.); GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (N.S., C.T.); GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, MA (A.P.); Pinnacle Research Group, Anniston, AL (A.F.); and the Departments of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (A.E.S.)
| | - Adrienne E Shapiro
- From the Albion Finch Medical Centre, William Osler Health Centre, Toronto (A.G.); Optimus U (Y.G.-R.) and Florida International Medical Research (E.J.), Miami, Pines Care Research Center, Pembroke Pines (J.M.), and Sarkis Clinical Trials, Gainesville (E.S.) - all in Florida; Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, IIS Galicia Sur, Vigo, Spain (M.C.C.); Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil (D.R.F.); Centex Studies, McAllen (J. Solis), and Central Texas Clinical Research, Austin (C.B.) - both in Texas; Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco (H.Z., A.L.C., C.M.H., J. Sager, E.M., E.A., P.S.P., M.A.); GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom (N.S., C.T.); GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, MA (A.P.); Pinnacle Research Group, Anniston, AL (A.F.); and the Departments of Global Health and Medicine, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (A.E.S.)
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Oliveira MM, Schemberger MO, Suzukawa AA, Riediger IN, do Carmo Debur M, Becker G, Resende PC, Gräf T, Balsanelli E, de Baura VA, de Souza EM, Pedrosa FO, Alves LR, Blanes L, Nardelli SC, Aguiar AM, Albrecht L, Zanette D, Ávila AR, Morello LG, Marchini FK, Dos Santos HG, Passetti F, Dallagiovanna B, Faoro H. Re-emergence of Gamma-like-II and emergence of Gamma-S:E661D SARS-CoV-2 lineages in the south of Brazil after the 2021 outbreak. Virol J 2021; 18:222. [PMID: 34789293 PMCID: PMC8596384 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01690-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We report a genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 lineages circulating in Paraná, southern Brazil, from March 2020 to April 2021. Our analysis, based on 333 genomes, revealed that the first variants detected in the state of Paraná in March 2020 were the B.1.1.33 and B.1.1.28 variants. The variants B.1.1.28 and B.1.1.33 were predominant throughout 2020 until the introduction of the variant P.2 in August 2020 and a variant of concern (VOC), Gamma (P.1), in January 2021. The VOC Gamma, a ramification of the B.1.1.28 lineage first detected in Manaus (northern Brazil), has grown rapidly since December 2020 and was thought to be responsible for the deadly second wave of COVID-19 throughout Brazil. METHODS The 333 genomic sequences of SARS-CoV-2 from March 2020 to April 2021 were generated as part of the genomic surveillance carried out by Fiocruz in Brazil Genomahcov Fiocruz. SARS-CoV-2 sequencing was performed using representative samples from all geographic areas of Paraná. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using the 333 genomes also included other SARS-CoV-2 genomes from the state of Paraná and other states in Brazil that were deposited in the GISAID. In addition, the time-scaled phylogenetic tree was constructed with up to 3 random sequences of the Gamma variant from each state in Brazil in each month of 2021. In this analysis we also added the sequences identified as the B.1.1.28 lineage of the Amazonas state and and the Gamma-like-II (P.1-like-II) lineage identified in different regions of Brazil. RESULTS Phylogenetic analyses of the SARS-CoV-2 genomes that were previously classified as the VOC Gamma lineage by WHO/PANGO showed that some genomes from February to April 2021 branched in a monophyletic clade and that these samples grouped together with genomes recently described with the lineage Gamma-like-II. Additionally, a new mutation (E661D) in the spike (S) protein has been identified in nearly 10% of the genomes classified as the VOC Gamma from Paraná in March and April 2021.Finally, we analyzed the correlation between the lineage and the Gamma variant frequency, age group (patients younger or older than 60 years old) and the clinical data of 86 cases from the state of Paraná. CONCLUSIONS Our results provided a reliable picture of the evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the state of Paraná characterized by the dominance of the Gamma strain, as well as a high frequencies of the Gamma-like-II lineage and the S:E661D mutation. Epidemiological and genomic surveillance efforts should be continued to unveil the biological relevance of the novel mutations detected in the VOC Gamma in Paraná.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro M Oliveira
- Laboratório de Ciências e Tecnologias Aplicadas Em Saúde, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Michelle O Schemberger
- Laboratório de Ciências e Tecnologias Aplicadas Em Saúde, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Andreia A Suzukawa
- Laboratório de Biologia Básica de Células Tronco, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Irina N Riediger
- Laboratório Central do Estado do Paraná, LACEN, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Becker
- Laboratório Central do Estado do Paraná, LACEN, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Paola Cristina Resende
- Laboratórios de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo (LVRS), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tiago Gräf
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Balsanelli
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Valter Antônio de Baura
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Emanuel M de Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fábio O Pedrosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lysangela R Alves
- Laboratório de Regulação da Expressão Gênica, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lucas Blanes
- Laboratório de Ciências e Tecnologias Aplicadas Em Saúde, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sheila Cristina Nardelli
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Apicomplexa, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alessandra M Aguiar
- Laboratório de Biologia Básica de Células Tronco, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Letusa Albrecht
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Apicomplexa, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Dalila Zanette
- Laboratório de Ciências e Tecnologias Aplicadas Em Saúde, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Andréa R Ávila
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Apicomplexa, Carlos Chagas Institute, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luis Gustavo Morello
- Laboratório de Ciências e Tecnologias Aplicadas Em Saúde, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fabricio K Marchini
- Laboratório de Ciências e Tecnologias Aplicadas Em Saúde, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Fabio Passetti
- Laboratório de Regulação da Expressão Gênica, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Bruno Dallagiovanna
- Laboratório de Biologia Básica de Células Tronco, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Helisson Faoro
- Laboratório de Ciências e Tecnologias Aplicadas Em Saúde, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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Neerukonda SN, Vassell R, Lusvarghi S, Wang R, Echegaray F, Bentley L, Eakin AE, Erlandson KJ, Katzelnick LC, Weiss CD, Wang W. SARS-COV-2 Delta variant displays moderate resistance to neutralizing antibodies and spike protein properties of higher soluble ACE2 sensitivity, enhanced cleavage and fusogenic activity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.11.05.467523. [PMID: 34790980 PMCID: PMC8597883 DOI: 10.1101/2021.11.05.467523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 lineage variants, Kappa (B.1.617.1) and Delta (B.1.617.2, AY) emerged during the second wave of infections in India, but the Delta variants have become dominant worldwide and continue to evolve. The spike proteins of B.1.617.1, B.1.617.2, and AY.1 variants have several substitutions in the receptor binding domain (RBD), including L452R+E484Q, L452R+T478K, and K417N+L452R+T478K, respectively, that could potentially reduce effectiveness of therapeutic antibodies and current vaccines. Here we compared B.1.617 variants, and their single and double RBD substitutions for resistance to neutralization by convalescent sera, mRNA vaccine-elicited sera, and therapeutic neutralizing antibodies using a pseudovirus neutralization assay. Pseudoviruses with the B.1.617.1, B.1.617.2, and AY.1 spike showed a modest 1.5 to 4.4-fold reduction in neutralization titer by convalescent sera and vaccine-elicited sera. In comparison, similar modest reductions were also observed for pseudoviruses with C.37, P.1, R.1, and B.1.526 spikes, but seven- and sixteen-fold reduction for vaccine-elicited and convalescent sera, respectively, was seen for pseudoviruses with the B.1.351 spike. Four of twenty-three therapeutic neutralizing antibodies showed either complete or partial loss of neutralization against B.1.617.2 pseudoviruses due to the L452R substitution, whereas six of twenty-three therapeutic neutralizing antibodies showed either complete or partial loss of neutralization against B.1.617.1 pseudoviruses due to either the E484Q or L452R substitution. Against AY.1 pseudoviruses, the L452R and K417N substitutions accounted for the loss of neutralization by four antibodies and one antibody, respectively, whereas one antibody lost potency that could not be fully accounted for by a single RBD substitution. The modest resistance of B.1.617 variants to vaccine-elicited sera suggest that current mRNA-based vaccines will likely remain effective in protecting against B.1.617 variants, but the therapeutic antibodies need to be carefully selected based on their resistance profiles. Finally, the spike proteins of B.1.617 variants are more efficiently cleaved due to the P681R substitution, and the spike of Delta variants exhibited greater sensitivity to soluble ACE2 neutralization, as well as fusogenic activity, which may contribute to enhanced spread of Delta variants.
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Deb P, Molla MMA, Saif-Ur-Rahman KM, Das MC, Das D. A review of epidemiology, clinical features and disease course, transmission dynamics, and neutralization efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 variants. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF BRONCHOLOGY 2021. [PMCID: PMC8571979 DOI: 10.1186/s43168-021-00090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background After the first detection in November 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has spread rapidly over the continents and started the pandemic of the millennium. In addition to several novels and repurposed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as a therapeutic option against COVID-19, scientists from across the world have developed several candidate vaccines, developed mainly targeting the Wuhan strain, with very promising results to combat this pandemic. Unfortunately like any RNA viruses, SARS CoV-2 has also gone through the accumulation of hundreds and thousands of mutations in their genome lead to the development of several variants of concerns (VOC) and variants of interests (VOI), resulting in increased transmissibility and virulence of the virus, along with their capacity to escape cross-protection. Seemingly, the main hindrance of containing this pandemic right now is the effectiveness of currently available vaccines and mAbs against newly emerging variants. Therefore, it is important to monitor variants epidemiology, transmission dynamics, clinical characteristics, as well as their immune evasion capacity to implement appropriate vaccine strategy and other containment measures. Body In this review, we tried to focus on variants characteristics and to what extent they can escape immunity, provided by both available vaccinated sera and convalescent sera. A stringent literature review was performed using various databases, mentioned in the methodology portion. The current geographical distribution of these variants of SARS CoV-2 has been presented using a heat map. Findings from published articles comparing these variants, in terms of genome epidemiology, transmissibility, viral load dynamics, and association with different waves have been described briefly. Due strength was given while describing variants neutralization potency against current vaccines, mAbs, and also against convalescent sera. Data from both clinical trials and in vitro/ex-vivo studies have been discussed here. Comparative findings from several articles were brought into one concise paper. After careful reviewing of all the available data, it was clear that, without hesitation, we should strengthen our vaccination strategy, because the severity of COVID 19 is reasonably lower, irrespective of variants and vaccine used. Conclusion We hope that many falsified myths and beliefs regarding vaccine immunity and emerging variants will be clarified in light of this available evidence, which we summarized in our paper.
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Naidoo P, Ghazi T, Chuturgoon AA, Naidoo RN, Ramsuran V, Mpaka-Mbatha MN, Bhengu KN, Nembe N, Duma Z, Pillay R, Singh R, Mkhize-Kwitshana ZL. SARS-CoV-2 and helminth co-infections, and environmental pollution exposure: An epidemiological and immunological perspective. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 156:106695. [PMID: 34171587 PMCID: PMC8205275 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminths infect billions of people globally, particularly those residing in low- and middle-income regions with poor environmental sanitation and high levels of air and water pollution. Helminths display potent immunomodulatory activity by activating T helper type 2 (Th2) anti-inflammatory and Th3 regulatory immune responses. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), can exacerbate Th1/Th17 pro-inflammatory cytokine production in humans, leading to a cytokine storm. Air pollutants (particulate matter, oxygen radicals, hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds) and water pollutants (metals and organic chemicals) can also intensify Th1/Th17 immune response and could exacerbate SARS-CoV-2 related respiratory distress and failure. The present review focused on the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2, helminths and fine particulate matter 2.5 µm or less in diameter (PM2.5) air pollution exposure in helminth endemic regions, the possible immunomodulatory activity of helminths against SARS-CoV-2 hyper-inflammatory immune response, and whether air and water pollutants can further exacerbate SARS-CoV-2 related cytokine storm and in the process hinder helminths immunomodulatory functionality. Helminth Th2/Th3 immune response is associated with reductions in lung inflammation and damage, and decreased expression levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors (SARS-CoV-2 uses the ACE2 receptors to infect cells and associated with extensive lung damage). However, air pollutants are associated with overexpression of ACE2 receptors in the epithelial cell surface of the respiratory tract and exhaustion of Th2 immune response. Helminth-induced immunosuppression activity reduces vaccination efficacy, and diminishes vital Th1 cytokine production immune responses that are crucial for combating early stage infections. This could be reversed by continuous air pollution exposure which is known to intensify Th1 pro-inflammatory cytokine production to a point where the immunosuppressive activities of helminths could be hindered. Again, suppressed activities of helminths can also be disadvantageous against SARS-CoV-2 inflammatory response. This "yin and yang" approach seems complex and requires more understanding. Further studies are warranted in a cohort of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals residing in helminths and air pollution endemic regions to offer more insights, and to impact mass periodic deworming programmes and environmental health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragalathan Naidoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 3629, South Africa; Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Glenwood, Durban 4041, South Africa; Division of Research Capacity Development (RCD), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa.
| | - Terisha Ghazi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Glenwood, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Anil A Chuturgoon
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Glenwood, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Rajen N Naidoo
- Discipline of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Glenwood, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Veron Ramsuran
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Miranda N Mpaka-Mbatha
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 3629, South Africa; Division of Research Capacity Development (RCD), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Glenwood, Durban 4041, South Africa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Umlazi, Durban 4031, South Africa
| | - Khethiwe N Bhengu
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 3629, South Africa; Division of Research Capacity Development (RCD), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Glenwood, Durban 4041, South Africa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Umlazi, Durban 4031, South Africa
| | - Nomzamo Nembe
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 3629, South Africa; Division of Research Capacity Development (RCD), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Glenwood, Durban 4041, South Africa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Umlazi, Durban 4031, South Africa
| | - Zamathombeni Duma
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 3629, South Africa; Division of Research Capacity Development (RCD), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Glenwood, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Roxanne Pillay
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 3629, South Africa; Division of Research Capacity Development (RCD), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Glenwood, Durban 4041, South Africa; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Umlazi, Durban 4031, South Africa
| | - Ravesh Singh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Glenwood, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Zilungile L Mkhize-Kwitshana
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 3629, South Africa; Division of Research Capacity Development (RCD), South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
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28
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Mlcochova P, Kemp SA, Dhar MS, Papa G, Meng B, Ferreira IATM, Datir R, Collier DA, Albecka A, Singh S, Pandey R, Brown J, Zhou J, Goonawardane N, Mishra S, Whittaker C, Mellan T, Marwal R, Datta M, Sengupta S, Ponnusamy K, Radhakrishnan VS, Abdullahi A, Charles O, Chattopadhyay P, Devi P, Caputo D, Peacock T, Wattal C, Goel N, Satwik A, Vaishya R, Agarwal M, Mavousian A, Lee JH, Bassi J, Silacci-Fegni C, Saliba C, Pinto D, Irie T, Yoshida I, Hamilton WL, Sato K, Bhatt S, Flaxman S, James LC, Corti D, Piccoli L, Barclay WS, Rakshit P, Agrawal A, Gupta RK. SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 Delta variant replication and immune evasion. Nature 2021; 599:114-119. [PMID: 34488225 DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.08.443253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first identified in the state of Maharashtra in late 2020 and spread throughout India, outcompeting pre-existing lineages including B.1.617.1 (Kappa) and B.1.1.7 (Alpha)1. In vitro, B.1.617.2 is sixfold less sensitive to serum neutralizing antibodies from recovered individuals, and eightfold less sensitive to vaccine-elicited antibodies, compared with wild-type Wuhan-1 bearing D614G. Serum neutralizing titres against B.1.617.2 were lower in ChAdOx1 vaccinees than in BNT162b2 vaccinees. B.1.617.2 spike pseudotyped viruses exhibited compromised sensitivity to monoclonal antibodies to the receptor-binding domain and the amino-terminal domain. B.1.617.2 demonstrated higher replication efficiency than B.1.1.7 in both airway organoid and human airway epithelial systems, associated with B.1.617.2 spike being in a predominantly cleaved state compared with B.1.1.7 spike. The B.1.617.2 spike protein was able to mediate highly efficient syncytium formation that was less sensitive to inhibition by neutralizing antibody, compared with that of wild-type spike. We also observed that B.1.617.2 had higher replication and spike-mediated entry than B.1.617.1, potentially explaining the B.1.617.2 dominance. In an analysis of more than 130 SARS-CoV-2-infected health care workers across three centres in India during a period of mixed lineage circulation, we observed reduced ChAdOx1 vaccine effectiveness against B.1.617.2 relative to non-B.1.617.2, with the caveat of possible residual confounding. Compromised vaccine efficacy against the highly fit and immune-evasive B.1.617.2 Delta variant warrants continued infection control measures in the post-vaccination era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Mlcochova
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Steven A Kemp
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Guido Papa
- MRC - Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bo Meng
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Isabella A T M Ferreira
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rawlings Datir
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dami A Collier
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- University College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Albecka
- MRC - Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sujeet Singh
- National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Pandey
- CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Jonathan Brown
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Swapnil Mishra
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Charles Whittaker
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Mellan
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robin Marwal
- National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi, India
| | - Meena Datta
- National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - Adam Abdullahi
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Priti Devi
- CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | | | - Tom Peacock
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joo Hyeon Lee
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jessica Bassi
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian Saliba
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Dora Pinto
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Takashi Irie
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Isao Yoshida
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kei Sato
- Division of Systems Virology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Samir Bhatt
- National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi, India
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Seth Flaxman
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Leo C James
- MRC - Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Luca Piccoli
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Anurag Agrawal
- CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.
| | - Ravindra K Gupta
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.
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29
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Mlcochova P, Kemp SA, Dhar MS, Papa G, Meng B, Ferreira IATM, Datir R, Collier DA, Albecka A, Singh S, Pandey R, Brown J, Zhou J, Goonawardane N, Mishra S, Whittaker C, Mellan T, Marwal R, Datta M, Sengupta S, Ponnusamy K, Radhakrishnan VS, Abdullahi A, Charles O, Chattopadhyay P, Devi P, Caputo D, Peacock T, Wattal C, Goel N, Satwik A, Vaishya R, Agarwal M, Mavousian A, Lee JH, Bassi J, Silacci-Fegni C, Saliba C, Pinto D, Irie T, Yoshida I, Hamilton WL, Sato K, Bhatt S, Flaxman S, James LC, Corti D, Piccoli L, Barclay WS, Rakshit P, Agrawal A, Gupta RK. SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 Delta variant replication and immune evasion. Nature 2021; 599:114-119. [PMID: 34488225 PMCID: PMC8566220 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03944-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 838] [Impact Index Per Article: 279.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first identified in the state of Maharashtra in late 2020 and spread throughout India, outcompeting pre-existing lineages including B.1.617.1 (Kappa) and B.1.1.7 (Alpha)1. In vitro, B.1.617.2 is sixfold less sensitive to serum neutralizing antibodies from recovered individuals, and eightfold less sensitive to vaccine-elicited antibodies, compared with wild-type Wuhan-1 bearing D614G. Serum neutralizing titres against B.1.617.2 were lower in ChAdOx1 vaccinees than in BNT162b2 vaccinees. B.1.617.2 spike pseudotyped viruses exhibited compromised sensitivity to monoclonal antibodies to the receptor-binding domain and the amino-terminal domain. B.1.617.2 demonstrated higher replication efficiency than B.1.1.7 in both airway organoid and human airway epithelial systems, associated with B.1.617.2 spike being in a predominantly cleaved state compared with B.1.1.7 spike. The B.1.617.2 spike protein was able to mediate highly efficient syncytium formation that was less sensitive to inhibition by neutralizing antibody, compared with that of wild-type spike. We also observed that B.1.617.2 had higher replication and spike-mediated entry than B.1.617.1, potentially explaining the B.1.617.2 dominance. In an analysis of more than 130 SARS-CoV-2-infected health care workers across three centres in India during a period of mixed lineage circulation, we observed reduced ChAdOx1 vaccine effectiveness against B.1.617.2 relative to non-B.1.617.2, with the caveat of possible residual confounding. Compromised vaccine efficacy against the highly fit and immune-evasive B.1.617.2 Delta variant warrants continued infection control measures in the post-vaccination era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Mlcochova
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Steven A Kemp
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Guido Papa
- MRC - Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bo Meng
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Isabella A T M Ferreira
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rawlings Datir
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dami A Collier
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- University College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Albecka
- MRC - Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sujeet Singh
- National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Pandey
- CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Jonathan Brown
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Swapnil Mishra
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Charles Whittaker
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Mellan
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robin Marwal
- National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi, India
| | - Meena Datta
- National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - Adam Abdullahi
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Priti Devi
- CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | | | - Tom Peacock
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joo Hyeon Lee
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jessica Bassi
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian Saliba
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Dora Pinto
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Takashi Irie
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Isao Yoshida
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kei Sato
- Division of Systems Virology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Samir Bhatt
- National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi, India
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Seth Flaxman
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Leo C James
- MRC - Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Luca Piccoli
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Wendy S Barclay
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Anurag Agrawal
- CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.
| | - Ravindra K Gupta
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.
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30
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Zhang L, Cui Z, Li Q, Wang B, Yu Y, Wu J, Nie J, Ding R, Wang H, Zhang Y, Liu S, Chen Z, He Y, Su X, Xu W, Huang W, Wang Y. Ten emerging SARS-CoV-2 spike variants exhibit variable infectivity, animal tropism, and antibody neutralization. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1196. [PMID: 34645933 PMCID: PMC8514557 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02728-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging mutations in SARS-CoV-2 cause several waves of COVID-19 pandemic. Here we investigate the infectivity and antigenicity of ten emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants-B.1.1.298, B.1.1.7(Alpha), B.1.351(Beta), P.1(Gamma), P.2(Zeta), B.1.429(Epsilon), B.1.525(Eta), B.1.526-1(Iota), B.1.526-2(Iota), B.1.1.318-and seven corresponding single amino acid mutations in the receptor-binding domain using SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus. The results indicate that the pseudovirus of most of the SARS-CoV-2 variants (except B.1.1.298) display slightly increased infectivity in human and monkey cell lines, especially B.1.351, B.1.525 and B.1.526 in Calu-3 cells. The K417N/T, N501Y, or E484K-carrying variants exhibit significantly increased abilities to infect mouse ACE2-overexpressing cells. The activities of furin, TMPRSS2, and cathepsin L are increased against most of the variants. RBD amino acid mutations comprising K417T/N, L452R, Y453F, S477N, E484K, and N501Y cause significant immune escape from 11 of 13 monoclonal antibodies. However, the resistance to neutralization by convalescent serum or vaccines elicited serum is mainly caused by the E484K mutation. The convalescent serum from B.1.1.7- and B.1.351-infected patients neutralized the variants themselves better than other SARS-CoV-2 variants. Our study provides insights regarding therapeutic antibodies and vaccines, and highlights the importance of E484K mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Zhimin Cui
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
- Jiangsu Recbio Technology Co., Ltd., Taizhou, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG) & Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Peking University; State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanling Yu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajing Wu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhui Nie
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Ruxia Ding
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Haixin Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihai Chen
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqing He
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaodong Su
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG) & Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Peking University; State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China.
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, China.
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Rahman MA, Islam MS. Early approval of COVID-19 vaccines: Pros and cons. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:3288-3296. [PMID: 34283001 PMCID: PMC8437465 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1944742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of safe and effective vaccines has been an overriding priority for controlling the 2019-coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. From the onset, COVID-19 has caused high mortality and economic losses and yet has also offered an opportunity to advance novel therapeutics such as DNA and mRNA vaccines. Although it is hoped that the swift acceptance of such vaccines will prevent loss of life, rejuvenate economies and restore normal life, there could also be significant pitfalls. This perspective provides an overview of future directions and challenges in advancing promising vaccine platforms to widespread therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Arifur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Md Sayeedul Islam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Japan
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32
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Volkan E. COVID-19: Structural Considerations for Virus Pathogenesis, Therapeutic Strategies and Vaccine Design in the Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variants Era. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 63:885-897. [PMID: 34145550 PMCID: PMC8213040 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00353-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 globally impacted the humanity causing tragic outcomes; costing millions of lives, destroying economies and demolishing public health infrastructures. The emergence of vaccines using various ingenious approaches in less than a year was deemed the light at the end of the tunnel. However, recent emergence of variants of SARS-CoV-2 in several parts of the world revealed that another hurdle is ahead in the fight against COVID-19. This review will highlight how SARS-CoV-2 mutations, creating different virus variants could potentially impact virus pathogenesis as well as different therapy approaches and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ender Volkan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cyprus International University, via Mersin 10, 99258, Nicosia, Northern Cyprus, Turkey.
- Biotechnology Research Center, Cyprus International University, via Mersin 10, 99258, Nicosia, Northern Cyprus, Turkey.
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33
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Ghasemiyeh P, Mohammadi-Samani S, Firouzabadi N, Dehshahri A, Vazin A. A focused review on technologies, mechanisms, safety, and efficacy of available COVID-19 vaccines. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 100:108162. [PMID: 34562844 PMCID: PMC8445802 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
>20 months has been passed since the detection of the first cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection named COVID-19 from Wuhan city of China. This novel coronavirus spread rapidly around the world and became a pandemic. Although different therapeutic options have been considered and approved for the management of COVID-19 infection in different stages of the disease, challenges in pharmacotherapy especially in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 and with underlying diseases have still remained. Prevention of infection through public vaccination would be the only efficient strategy to control the morbidity and mortality caused by COVID-19. To date, several COVID-19 vaccines using different platforms including nucleic acid-based vaccines, adenovirus-based vaccines, protein-based vaccines, and inactivated vaccines have been introduced among which many have received approval for prevention against COVID-19. In this comprehensive review, available COVID-19 vaccines have been discussed. The mechanisms, safety, efficacy, dosage, dosing intervals, possible adverse reactions, storage, and coverage of these four different vaccine platforms against SARS-CoV-2 variants have been discussed in detail and summarized in tabular format for ease of comparison and conclusion. Although each COVID-19 vaccine has various advantages and disadvantages over the others, accessibility and affordability of approved vaccines by the official health organizations, especially in developing countries, would be essential to terminate this pandemic. The main limitation of this study was the lack of access to the clinical data on available COVID-19 vaccines developed in Eastern countries since the data on their efficacy, safety, and adverse reactions were limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Ghasemiyeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soliman Mohammadi-Samani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Negar Firouzabadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Dehshahri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Vazin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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34
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Günl F, Mecate-Zambrano A, Rehländer S, Hinse S, Ludwig S, Brunotte L. Shooting at a Moving Target-Effectiveness and Emerging Challenges for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1052. [PMID: 34696160 PMCID: PMC8540924 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since late 2019 the newly emerged pandemic SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, has hit the world with recurring waves of infections necessitating the global implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions, including strict social distancing rules, the wearing of masks and the isolation of infected individuals in order to restrict virus transmissions and prevent the breakdown of our healthcare systems. These measures are not only challenging on an economic level but also have a strong impact on social lifestyles. Using traditional and novel technologies, highly efficient vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 were developed and underwent rapid clinical evaluation and approval to accelerate the immunization of the world population, aiming to end the pandemic and return to normality. However, the emergence of virus variants with improved transmission, enhanced fitness and partial immune escape from the first generation of vaccines poses new challenges, which are currently being addressed by scientists and pharmaceutical companies all over the world. In this ongoing pandemic, the evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines underlies diverse unpredictable dynamics, posed by the first broad application of the mRNA vaccine technology and their compliance, the occurrence of unexpected side effects and the rapid emergence of variations in the viral antigen. However, despite these hurdles, we conclude that the available SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are very safe and efficiently protect from severe COVID-19 and are thereby the most powerful tools to prevent further harm to our healthcare systems, economics and individual lives. This review summarizes the unprecedented pathways of vaccine development and approval during the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We focus on the real-world effectiveness and unexpected positive and negative side effects of the available vaccines and summarize the timeline of the applied adaptations to the recommended vaccination strategies in the light of emerging virus variants. Finally, we highlight upcoming strategies to improve the next generations of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Günl
- Institute of Virology (IVM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (F.G.); (A.M.-Z.); (S.R.); (S.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Angeles Mecate-Zambrano
- Institute of Virology (IVM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (F.G.); (A.M.-Z.); (S.R.); (S.H.); (S.L.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF), Medical Faculty, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Selina Rehländer
- Institute of Virology (IVM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (F.G.); (A.M.-Z.); (S.R.); (S.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Saskia Hinse
- Institute of Virology (IVM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (F.G.); (A.M.-Z.); (S.R.); (S.H.); (S.L.)
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology (IVM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (F.G.); (A.M.-Z.); (S.R.); (S.H.); (S.L.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF), Medical Faculty, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Linda Brunotte
- Institute of Virology (IVM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (F.G.); (A.M.-Z.); (S.R.); (S.H.); (S.L.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF), Medical Faculty, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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35
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Meyer B, Chiaravalli J, Gellenoncourt S, Brownridge P, Bryne DP, Daly LA, Grauslys A, Walter M, Agou F, Chakrabarti LA, Craik CS, Eyers CE, Eyers PA, Gambin Y, Jones AR, Sierecki E, Verdin E, Vignuzzi M, Emmott E. Characterising proteolysis during SARS-CoV-2 infection identifies viral cleavage sites and cellular targets with therapeutic potential. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5553. [PMID: 34548480 PMCID: PMC8455558 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25796-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent behind the COVID-19 pandemic, responsible for over 170 million infections, and over 3.7 million deaths worldwide. Efforts to test, treat and vaccinate against this pathogen all benefit from an improved understanding of the basic biology of SARS-CoV-2. Both viral and cellular proteases play a crucial role in SARS-CoV-2 replication. Here, we study proteolytic cleavage of viral and cellular proteins in two cell line models of SARS-CoV-2 replication using mass spectrometry to identify protein neo-N-termini generated through protease activity. We identify previously unknown cleavage sites in multiple viral proteins, including major antigens S and N: the main targets for vaccine and antibody testing efforts. We discover significant increases in cellular cleavage events consistent with cleavage by SARS-CoV-2 main protease, and identify 14 potential high-confidence substrates of the main and papain-like proteases. We show that siRNA depletion of these cellular proteins inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication, and that drugs targeting two of these proteins: the tyrosine kinase SRC and Ser/Thr kinase MYLK, show a dose-dependent reduction in SARS-CoV-2 titres. Overall, our study provides a powerful resource to understand proteolysis in the context of viral infection, and to inform the development of targeted strategies to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and treat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern Meyer
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS, UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, CEDEX 15, Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Chiaravalli
- Chemogenomic and Biological Screening Core Facility, C2RT, Departments of Cell Biology & Infection and of Structural Biology & Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CEDEX 15, Paris, France
| | - Stacy Gellenoncourt
- CIVIC Group, Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur and CNRS, UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Philip Brownridge
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Dominic P Bryne
- Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Leonard A Daly
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Arturas Grauslys
- Computational Biology Facility, LIV-SRF, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Marius Walter
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Fabrice Agou
- Chemogenomic and Biological Screening Core Facility, C2RT, Departments of Cell Biology & Infection and of Structural Biology & Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CEDEX 15, Paris, France
| | - Lisa A Chakrabarti
- CIVIC Group, Virus & Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur and CNRS, UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Charles S Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Claire E Eyers
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Patrick A Eyers
- Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Yann Gambin
- EMBL Australia Node for Single Molecule Sciences, and School of Medical Sciences, Botany Road, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Andrew R Jones
- Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Emma Sierecki
- EMBL Australia Node for Single Molecule Sciences, and School of Medical Sciences, Botany Road, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Eric Verdin
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | - Marco Vignuzzi
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS, UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, CEDEX 15, Paris, France
| | - Edward Emmott
- Centre for Proteome Research, Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
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36
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Despres HW, Mills MG, Shirley DJ, Schmidt MM, Huang ML, Jerome KR, Greninger AL, Bruce EA. Quantitative measurement of infectious virus in SARS-CoV-2 Alpha, Delta and Epsilon variants reveals higher infectivity (viral titer:RNA ratio) in clinical samples containing the Delta and Epsilon variants. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.09.07.21263229. [PMID: 34580674 PMCID: PMC8475961 DOI: 10.1101/2021.09.07.21263229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (VoC) pose a challenge to controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous studies indicate that clinical samples collected from individuals infected with the Delta variant may contain higher levels of RNA than previous variants, but the relationship between viral RNA and infectious virus for individual variants is unknown. METHODS We measured infectious viral titer (using a micro-focus forming assay) as well as total and subgenomic viral RNA levels (using RT-PCR) in a set of 165 clinical samples containing SARS-CoV-2 Alpha, Delta and Epsilon variants that were processed within two days of collection from the patient. RESULTS We observed a high degree of variation in the relationship between viral titers and RNA levels. Despite the variability we observed for individual samples the overall infectivity differed among the three variants. Both Delta and Epsilon had significantly higher infectivity than Alpha, as measured by the number of infectious units per quantity of viral E gene RNA (6 and 4 times as much, p=0.0002 and 0.009 respectively) or subgenomic E RNA (11 and 7 times as much, p<0.0001 and 0.006 respectively). CONCLUSION In addition to higher viral RNA levels reported for the Delta variant, the infectivity (amount of replication competent virus per viral genome copy) may also be increased compared to Alpha. Measuring the relationship between live virus and viral RNA is an important step in assessing the infectivity of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants. An increase in the infectivity of the Delta variant may further explain increased spread and suggests a need for increased measures to prevent viral transmission. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Current and future SARS-CoV-2 variants threaten our ability to control the COVID-19 pandemic. Variants with increased transmission, higher viral loads, or greater immune evasion are of particular concern. Viral loads are currently measured by the amount of viral RNA in a clinical sample rather than the amount of infectious virus. We measured both RNA and infectious virus levels directly in a set of 165 clinical specimens from Alpha, Epsilon or Delta variants. Our data shows that Delta is more infectious compared to Alpha, with ∼ six times as much infectious virus for the same amount of RNA. This increase in infectivity suggests increased measures (vaccination, masking, distancing, ventilation) are needed to control Delta compared to Alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah W. Despres
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
| | - Margaret G. Mills
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
| | - David J. Shirley
- Faraday, Inc. Data Science Department. Burlington VT, 05405, USA
| | - Madaline M. Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
| | - Keith R. Jerome
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Alexander L. Greninger
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Emily A. Bruce
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
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37
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Ying B, Whitener B, VanBlargan LA, Hassan AO, Shrihari S, Liang CY, Karl CE, Mackin S, Chen RE, Kafai NM, Wilks SH, Smith DJ, Carreño JM, Singh G, Krammer F, Carfi A, Elbashir S, Edwards DK, Thackray LB, Diamond MS. Protective activity of mRNA vaccines against ancestral and variant SARS-CoV-2 strains. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.08.25.457693. [PMID: 34462745 PMCID: PMC8404887 DOI: 10.1101/2021.08.25.457693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although mRNA vaccines prevent COVID-19, variants jeopardize their efficacy as immunity wanes. Here, we assessed the immunogenicity and protective activity of historical (mRNA-1273, designed for Wuhan-1 spike) or modified (mRNA-1273.351, designed for B.1.351 spike) preclinical Moderna mRNA vaccines in 129S2 and K18-hACE2 mice. Immunization with high or low dose formulations of mRNA vaccines induced neutralizing antibodies in serum against ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and several variants, although levels were lower particularly against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) virus. Protection against weight loss and lung pathology was observed with all high-dose vaccines against all viruses. Nonetheless, low-dose formulations of the vaccines, which produced lower magnitude antibody and T cell responses, and serve as a possible model for waning immunity, showed breakthrough lung infection and pneumonia with B.1.617.2. Thus, as levels of immunity induced by mRNA vaccines decline, breakthrough infection and disease likely will occur with some SARS-CoV-2 variants, suggesting a need for additional booster regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoling Ying
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bradley Whitener
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Laura A. VanBlargan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ahmed O. Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Swathi Shrihari
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chieh-Yu Liang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Courtney E. Karl
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine. St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samantha Mackin
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rita E. Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Natasha M. Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samuel H. Wilks
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK
| | - Derek J. Smith
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK
| | - Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Larissa B. Thackray
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine. St. Louis, MO, USA
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38
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Bradley BT, Bryan A, Fink SL, Goecker EA, Roychoudhury P, Huang ML, Zhu H, Chaudhary A, Madarampalli B, Lu JYC, Strand K, Whimbey E, Bryson-Cahn C, Schippers A, Mani NS, Pepper G, Jerome KR, Morishima C, Coombs RW, Wener M, Cohen S, Greninger AL. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Levels Measured by the AdviseDx SARS-CoV-2 Assay Are Concordant with Previously Available Serologic Assays but Are Not Fully Predictive of Sterilizing Immunity. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:e0098921. [PMID: 34165323 PMCID: PMC8373027 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00989-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the availability of widespread SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, high-throughput quantitative anti-spike protein serological testing will likely become increasingly important. Here, we investigated the performance characteristics of the recently FDA-authorized semiquantitative anti-spike protein AdviseDx SARS-CoV-2 IgG II assay compared to the FDA-authorized anti-nucleocapsid protein Abbott Architect SARS-CoV-2 IgG, Roche Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2-S, EuroImmun anti-SARS-CoV-2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and GenScript surrogate virus neutralization assays and examined the humoral response associated with vaccination, natural protection, and vaccine breakthrough infection. The AdviseDx assay had a clinical sensitivity at 14 days after symptom onset or 10 days after PCR detection of 95.6% (65/68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 87.8 to 98.8%), with two discrepant individuals seroconverting shortly thereafter. The AdviseDx assay demonstrated 100% positive percent agreement with the four other assays examined using the same symptom onset or PCR detection cutoffs. Using a recently available WHO international standard for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody, we provide assay unit conversion factors to international units for each of the assays examined. We performed a longitudinal survey of healthy vaccinated individuals, finding that median AdviseDx immunoglobulin levels peaked 7 weeks after first vaccine dose at approximately 4,000 IU/ml. Intriguingly, among the five assays examined, there was no significant difference in antigen binding level or neutralizing activity between two seropositive patients protected against SARS-CoV-2 infection in a previously described fishing vessel outbreak and five health care workers who experienced vaccine breakthrough of SARS-CoV-2 infection, all with variants of concern. These findings suggest that protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection cannot currently be predicted exclusively using in vitro antibody assays against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 spike. Further work is required to establish protective correlates for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T. Bradley
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew Bryan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Susan L. Fink
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erin A. Goecker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Haiying Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anu Chaudhary
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bhanupriya Madarampalli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joyce Y. C. Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kathy Strand
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Estella Whimbey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chloe Bryson-Cahn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Adrienne Schippers
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nandita S. Mani
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gregory Pepper
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Keith R. Jerome
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Chihiro Morishima
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robert W. Coombs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mark Wener
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Seth Cohen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alexander L. Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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39
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Singh J, Pandit P, McArthur AG, Banerjee A, Mossman K. Evolutionary trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants. Virol J 2021; 18:166. [PMID: 34389034 PMCID: PMC8361246 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01633-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and more recently, the independent evolution of multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants has generated renewed interest in virus evolution and cross-species transmission. While all known human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are speculated to have originated in animals, very little is known about their evolutionary history and factors that enable some CoVs to co-exist with humans as low pathogenic and endemic infections (HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1), while others, such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 have evolved to cause severe disease. In this review, we highlight the origins of all known HCoVs and map positively selected for mutations within HCoV proteins to discuss the evolutionary trajectory of SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, we discuss emerging mutations within SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern (VOC), along with highlighting the demonstrated or speculated impact of these mutations on virus transmission, pathogenicity, and neutralization by natural or vaccine-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalen Singh
- School of Interdisciplinary Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Pranav Pandit
- EpiCenter for Disease Dynamics, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andrew G McArthur
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Arinjay Banerjee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
| | - Karen Mossman
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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40
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Chen RE, Winkler ES, Case JB, Aziati ID, Bricker TL, Joshi A, Darling TL, Ying B, Errico JM, Shrihari S, VanBlargan LA, Xie X, Gilchuk P, Zost SJ, Droit L, Liu Z, Stumpf S, Wang D, Handley SA, Stine WB, Shi PY, Davis-Gardner ME, Suthar MS, Knight MG, Andino R, Chiu CY, Ellebedy AH, Fremont DH, Whelan SPJ, Crowe JE, Purcell L, Corti D, Boon ACM, Diamond MS. In vivo monoclonal antibody efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 variant strains. Nature 2021; 596:103-108. [PMID: 34153975 PMCID: PMC8349859 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03720-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rapidly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants jeopardize antibody-based countermeasures. Although cell culture experiments have demonstrated a loss of potency of several anti-spike neutralizing antibodies against variant strains of SARS-CoV-21-3, the in vivo importance of these results remains uncertain. Here we report the in vitro and in vivo activity of a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which correspond to many in advanced clinical development by Vir Biotechnology, AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Regeneron and Lilly, against SARS-CoV-2 variant viruses. Although some individual mAbs showed reduced or abrogated neutralizing activity in cell culture against B.1.351, B.1.1.28, B.1.617.1 and B.1.526 viruses with mutations at residue E484 of the spike protein, low prophylactic doses of mAb combinations protected against infection by many variants in K18-hACE2 transgenic mice, 129S2 immunocompetent mice and hamsters, without the emergence of resistance. Exceptions were LY-CoV555 monotherapy and LY-CoV555 and LY-CoV016 combination therapy, both of which lost all protective activity, and the combination of AbbVie 2B04 and 47D11, which showed a partial loss of activity. When administered after infection, higher doses of several mAb cocktails protected in vivo against viruses with a B.1.351 spike gene. Therefore, many-but not all-of the antibody products with Emergency Use Authorization should retain substantial efficacy against the prevailing variant strains of SARS-CoV-2.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- COVID-19/genetics
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19/virology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mesocricetus/immunology
- Mesocricetus/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neutralization Tests
- Post-Exposure Prophylaxis
- Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis
- SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Serine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Vero Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita E Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Emma S Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ishmael D Aziati
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Traci L Bricker
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Astha Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tamarand L Darling
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Baoling Ying
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - John M Errico
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Swathi Shrihari
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Laura A VanBlargan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Seth J Zost
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lindsay Droit
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Spencer Stumpf
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - David Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Scott A Handley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Meredith E Davis-Gardner
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Miguel Garcia Knight
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles Y Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Davide Corti
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Adrianus C M Boon
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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Cherian S, Potdar V, Jadhav S, Yadav P, Gupta N, Das M, Rakshit P, Singh S, Abraham P, Panda S, Team NIC. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Mutations, L452R, T478K, E484Q and P681R, in the Second Wave of COVID-19 in Maharashtra, India. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1542. [PMID: 34361977 PMCID: PMC8307577 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As the global severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic expands, genomic epidemiology and whole genome sequencing are being used to investigate its transmission and evolution. Against the backdrop of the global emergence of "variants of concern" (VOCs) during December 2020 and an upsurge in a state in the western part of India since January 2021, whole genome sequencing and analysis of spike protein mutations using sequence and structural approaches were undertaken to identify possible new variants and gauge the fitness of the current circulating strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that newly identified lineages B.1.617.1 and B.1.617.2 were predominantly circulating. The signature mutations possessed by these strains were L452R, T478K, E484Q, D614G and P681R in the spike protein, including within the receptor-binding domain (RBD). Of these, the mutations at residue positions 452, 484 and 681 have been reported in other globally circulating lineages. The structural analysis of RBD mutations L452R, T478K and E484Q revealed that these may possibly result in increased ACE2 binding while P681R in the furin cleavage site could increase the rate of S1-S2 cleavage, resulting in better transmissibility. The two RBD mutations, L452R and E484Q, indicated decreased binding to select monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and may affect their neutralization potential. Further in vitro/in vivo studies would help confirm the phenotypic changes of the mutant strains. Overall, the study revealed that the newly emerged variants were responsible for the second wave of COVID-19 in Maharashtra. Lineage B.1.617.2 has been designated as a VOC delta and B.1.617.1 as a variant of interest kappa, and they are being widely reported in the rest of the country as well as globally. Continuous monitoring of these and emerging variants in India is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cherian
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411001, India; (S.C.); (V.P.); (S.J.); (P.Y.); (M.D.)
| | - Varsha Potdar
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411001, India; (S.C.); (V.P.); (S.J.); (P.Y.); (M.D.)
| | - Santosh Jadhav
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411001, India; (S.C.); (V.P.); (S.J.); (P.Y.); (M.D.)
| | - Pragya Yadav
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411001, India; (S.C.); (V.P.); (S.J.); (P.Y.); (M.D.)
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110029, India; (N.G.); (S.P.)
| | - Mousumi Das
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411001, India; (S.C.); (V.P.); (S.J.); (P.Y.); (M.D.)
| | - Partha Rakshit
- National Centre for Disease Control, New Delhi 110054, India; (P.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Sujeet Singh
- National Centre for Disease Control, New Delhi 110054, India; (P.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Priya Abraham
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411001, India; (S.C.); (V.P.); (S.J.); (P.Y.); (M.D.)
| | - Samiran Panda
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110029, India; (N.G.); (S.P.)
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Martínez-Flores D, Zepeda-Cervantes J, Cruz-Reséndiz A, Aguirre-Sampieri S, Sampieri A, Vaca L. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Based on the Spike Glycoprotein and Implications of New Viral Variants. Front Immunol 2021; 12:701501. [PMID: 34322129 PMCID: PMC8311925 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus 19 Disease (COVID-19) originating in the province of Wuhan, China in 2019, is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), whose infection in humans causes mild or severe clinical manifestations that mainly affect the respiratory system. So far, the COVID-19 has caused more than 2 million deaths worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 contains the Spike (S) glycoprotein on its surface, which is the main target for current vaccine development because antibodies directed against this protein can neutralize the infection. Companies and academic institutions have developed vaccines based on the S glycoprotein, as well as its antigenic domains and epitopes, which have been proven effective in generating neutralizing antibodies. However, the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants could affect the effectiveness of vaccines. Here, we review the different types of vaccines designed and developed against SARS-CoV-2, placing emphasis on whether they are based on the complete S glycoprotein, its antigenic domains such as the receptor-binding domain (RBD) or short epitopes within the S glycoprotein. We also review and discuss the possible effectiveness of these vaccines against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martínez-Flores
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús Zepeda-Cervantes
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adolfo Cruz-Reséndiz
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Aguirre-Sampieri
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica e Ingeniería de Proteínas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alicia Sampieri
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Vaca
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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43
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Salleh MZ, Derrick JP, Deris ZZ. Structural Evaluation of the Spike Glycoprotein Variants on SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Immune Evasion. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7425. [PMID: 34299045 PMCID: PMC8306177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents significant social, economic and political challenges worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 has caused over 3.5 million deaths since late 2019. Mutations in the spike (S) glycoprotein are of particular concern because it harbours the domain which recognises the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and is the target for neutralising antibodies. Mutations in the S protein may induce alterations in the surface spike structures, changing the conformational B-cell epitopes and leading to a potential reduction in vaccine efficacy. Here, we summarise how the more important variants of SARS-CoV-2, which include cluster 5, lineages B.1.1.7 (Alpha variant), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (B.1.1.28/Gamma), B.1.427/B.1.429 (Epsilon), B.1.526 (Iota) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) confer mutations in their respective spike proteins which enhance viral fitness by improving binding affinity to the ACE2 receptor and lead to an increase in infectivity and transmission. We further discuss how these spike protein mutations provide resistance against immune responses, either acquired naturally or induced by vaccination. This information will be valuable in guiding the development of vaccines and other therapeutics for protection against the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Zulkifli Salleh
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia;
| | - Jeremy P. Derrick
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Zakuan Zainy Deris
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia;
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44
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Raman R, Patel KJ, Ranjan K. COVID-19: Unmasking Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Vaccines and Therapeutic Strategies. Biomolecules 2021; 11:993. [PMID: 34356617 PMCID: PMC8301790 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has been a topic of major concern for global human health. The challenge to restrain the COVID-19 pandemic is further compounded by the emergence of several SARS-CoV-2 variants viz. B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P1 (Gamma) and B.1.617.2 (Delta), which show increased transmissibility and resistance towards vaccines and therapies. Importantly, there is convincing evidence of increased susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection among individuals with dysregulated immune response and comorbidities. Herein, we provide a comprehensive perspective regarding vulnerability of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with underlying medical comorbidities. We discuss ongoing vaccine (mRNA, protein-based, viral vector-based, etc.) and therapeutic (monoclonal antibodies, small molecules, plasma therapy, etc.) modalities designed to curb the COVID-19 pandemic. We also discuss in detail, the challenges posed by different SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) identified across the globe and their effects on therapeutic and prophylactic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Raman
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Krishna J. Patel
- Mount Sinai Innovation Partners, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Kishu Ranjan
- School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
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Cerutti G, Guo Y, Wang P, Nair MS, Huang Y, Yu J, Liu L, Katsamba PS, Bahna F, Reddem ER, Kwong PD, Ho DD, Sheng Z, Shapiro L. Neutralizing antibody 5-7 defines a distinct site of vulnerability in SARS-CoV-2 spike N-terminal domain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.06.29.450397. [PMID: 34230927 PMCID: PMC8259903 DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.29.450397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Antibodies that potently neutralize SARS-CoV-2 target mainly the receptor-binding domain or the N-terminal domain (NTD). Over a dozen potently neutralizing NTD-directed antibodies have been studied structurally, and all target a single antigenic supersite in NTD (site 1). Here we report the 3.7 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of a potent NTD-directed neutralizing antibody 5-7, which recognizes a site distinct from other potently neutralizing antibodies, inserting a binding loop into an exposed hydrophobic pocket between the two sheets of the NTD β-sandwich. Interestingly, this pocket has been previously identified as the binding site for hydrophobic molecules including heme metabolites, but we observe their presence to not substantially impede 5-7 recognition. Mirroring its distinctive binding, antibody 5-7 retains a distinctive neutralization potency with variants of concern (VOC). Overall, we reveal a hydrophobic pocket in NTD proposed for immune evasion can actually be used by the immune system for recognition. HIGHLIGHTS Cryo-EM structure of neutralizing antibody 5-7 in complex with SARS CoV-2 spike5-7 recognizes NTD outside of the previously identified antigenic supersite5-7 binds to a site known to accommodate numerous hydrophobic ligandsStructural basis of 5-7 neutralization tolerance to some variants of concern.
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46
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Focosi D, Tuccori M, Baj A, Maggi F. SARS-CoV-2 Variants: A Synopsis of In Vitro Efficacy Data of Convalescent Plasma, Currently Marketed Vaccines, and Monoclonal Antibodies. Viruses 2021; 13:1211. [PMID: 34201767 PMCID: PMC8310233 DOI: 10.3390/v13071211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We summarize here in vitro evidences of efficacy for convalescent plasma, currently approved vaccines and monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC: B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, and B.1.617.2), variants of interest (VOI: B.1.427/B.1.429, P.2, B.1.525, P.3, B.1.526, and B.1.671.1), and other strains (B.1.1.298 and B.1.258delta). While waiting from real world clinical efficacy, these data provide guidance for the treating physician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, Via Paraisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Tuccori
- Division of Pharmacovigilance, Pisa University Hospital, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andreina Baj
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
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47
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Tanaka S, Nelson G, Olson CA, Buzko O, Higashide W, Shin A, Gonzalez M, Taft J, Patel R, Buta S, Richardson A, Bogunovic D, Spilman P, Niazi K, Rabizadeh S, Soon-Shiong P. An ACE2 Triple Decoy that neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 shows enhanced affinity for virus variants. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12740. [PMID: 34140558 PMCID: PMC8211782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91809-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 variants replacing the first wave strain pose an increased threat by their potential ability to escape pre-existing humoral protection. An angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) decoy that competes with endogenous ACE2 for binding of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain (S RBD) and inhibits infection may offer a therapeutic option with sustained efficacy against variants. Here, we used Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation to predict ACE2 sequence substitutions that might increase its affinity for S RBD and screened candidate ACE2 decoys in vitro. The lead ACE2(T27Y/H34A)-IgG1FC fusion protein with enhanced S RBD affinity shows greater live SARS-CoV-2 virus neutralization capability than wild type ACE2. MD simulation was used to predict the effects of S RBD variant mutations on decoy affinity that was then confirmed by testing of an ACE2 Triple Decoy that included an additional enzyme activity-deactivating H374N substitution against mutated S RBD. The ACE2 Triple Decoy maintains high affinity for mutated S RBD, displays enhanced affinity for S RBD N501Y or L452R, and has the highest affinity for S RBD with both E484K and N501Y mutations, making it a viable therapeutic option for the prevention or treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection with a high likelihood of efficacy against variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Tanaka
- ImmunityBio, Inc., 9920 Jefferson Blvd., Culver City, CA, 90232, USA.
| | - Gard Nelson
- ImmunityBio, Inc., 9920 Jefferson Blvd., Culver City, CA, 90232, USA
| | - C Anders Olson
- ImmunityBio, Inc., 9920 Jefferson Blvd., Culver City, CA, 90232, USA
| | - Oleksandr Buzko
- ImmunityBio, Inc., 9920 Jefferson Blvd., Culver City, CA, 90232, USA
| | - Wendy Higashide
- ImmunityBio, Inc., 9920 Jefferson Blvd., Culver City, CA, 90232, USA
| | - Annie Shin
- ImmunityBio, Inc., 9920 Jefferson Blvd., Culver City, CA, 90232, USA
| | - Marcos Gonzalez
- ImmunityBio, Inc., 9920 Jefferson Blvd., Culver City, CA, 90232, USA
| | - Justin Taft
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave Lane, Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029-5674, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave Lane, Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029-5674, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave Lane, Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029-5674, USA
| | - Roosheel Patel
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave Lane, Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029-5674, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave Lane, Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029-5674, USA
| | - Sofija Buta
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave Lane, Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029-5674, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave Lane, Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029-5674, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave Lane, Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029-5674, USA
| | - Ashley Richardson
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave Lane, Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029-5674, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave Lane, Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029-5674, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave Lane, Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029-5674, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave Lane, Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029-5674, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave Lane, Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029-5674, USA
| | - Dusan Bogunovic
- Center for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave Lane, Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029-5674, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave Lane, Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029-5674, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave Lane, Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029-5674, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave Lane, Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029-5674, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave Lane, Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029-5674, USA
| | - Patricia Spilman
- ImmunityBio, Inc., 9920 Jefferson Blvd., Culver City, CA, 90232, USA
| | - Kayvan Niazi
- ImmunityBio, Inc., 9920 Jefferson Blvd., Culver City, CA, 90232, USA
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Zhao LP, Lybrand TP, Gilbert PB, Hawn TR, Schiffer JT, Stamatatos L, Payne TH, Carpp LN, Geraghty DE, Jerome KR. Tracking SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Mutations in the United States (2020/01 - 2021/03) Using a Statistical Learning Strategy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.06.15.448495. [PMID: 34159336 PMCID: PMC8219100 DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.15.448495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The emergence and establishment of SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest (VOI) and variants of concern (VOC) highlight the importance of genomic surveillance. We propose a statistical learning strategy (SLS) for identifying and spatiotemporally tracking potentially relevant Spike protein mutations. We analyzed 167,893 Spike protein sequences from US COVID-19 cases (excluding 21,391 sequences from VOI/VOC strains) deposited at GISAID from January 19, 2020 to March 15, 2021. Alignment against the reference Spike protein sequence led to the identification of viral residue variants (VRVs), i.e., residues harboring a substitution compared to the reference strain. Next, generalized additive models were applied to model VRV temporal dynamics, to identify VRVs with significant and substantial dynamics (false discovery rate q-value <0.01; maximum VRV proportion > 10% on at least one day). Unsupervised learning was then applied to hierarchically organize VRVs by spatiotemporal patterns and identify VRV-haplotypes. Finally, homology modelling was performed to gain insight into potential impact of VRVs on Spike protein structure. We identified 90 VRVs, 71 of which have not previously been observed in a VOI/VOC, and 35 of which have emerged recently and are durably present. Our analysis identifies 17 VRVs ∼91 days earlier than their first corresponding VOI/VOC publication. Unsupervised learning revealed eight VRV-haplotypes of 4 VRVs or more, suggesting two emerging strains (B1.1.222 and B.1.234). Structural modeling supported potential functional impact of the D1118H and L452R mutations. The SLS approach equally monitors all Spike residues over time, independently of existing phylogenic classifications, and is complementary to existing genomic surveillance methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lue Ping Zhao
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Terry P. Lybrand
- Quintepa Computing LLC; Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Chemistry; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University; Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas R. Hawn
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington; Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joshua T. Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington; Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas H. Payne
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lindsay N. Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel E. Geraghty
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle; WA, USA
| | - Keith R. Jerome
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle, WA, USA
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49
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Geers D, Shamier MC, Bogers S, den Hartog G, Gommers L, Nieuwkoop NN, Schmitz KS, Rijsbergen LC, van Osch JAT, Dijkhuizen E, Smits G, Comvalius A, van Mourik D, Caniels TG, van Gils MJ, Sanders RW, Oude Munnink BB, Molenkamp R, de Jager HJ, Haagmans BL, de Swart RL, Koopmans MPG, van Binnendijk RS, de Vries RD, GeurtsvanKessel CH. SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern partially escape humoral but not T-cell responses in COVID-19 convalescent donors and vaccinees. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabj1750. [PMID: 34035118 PMCID: PMC9268159 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abj1750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants harboring mutations in the spike (S) protein has raised concern about potential immune escape. Here, we studied humoral and cellular immune responses to wild type SARS-CoV-2 and the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants of concern in a cohort of 121 BNT162b2 mRNA-vaccinated health care workers (HCW). Twenty-three HCW recovered from mild COVID-19 disease and exhibited a recall response with high levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific functional antibodies and virus-specific T cells after a single vaccination. Specific immune responses were also detected in seronegative HCW after one vaccination, but a second dose was required to reach high levels of functional antibodies and cellular immune responses in all individuals. Vaccination-induced antibodies cross-neutralized the variants B.1.1.7 and B.1.351, but the neutralizing capacity and Fc-mediated functionality against B.1.351 was consistently 2- to 4-fold lower than to the homologous virus. In addition, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with peptide pools spanning the mutated S regions of B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 to detect cross-reactivity of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells with variants. Importantly, we observed no differences in CD4+ T-cell activation in response to variant antigens, indicating that the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 S proteins do not escape T-cell-mediated immunity elicited by the wild type S protein. In conclusion, this study shows that some variants can partially escape humoral immunity induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection or BNT162b2 vaccination, but S-specific CD4+ T-cell activation is not affected by the mutations in the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Geers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC; Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marc C Shamier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC; Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne Bogers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC; Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerco den Hartog
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment; Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Lennert Gommers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC; Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Emma Dijkhuizen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC; Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gaby Smits
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment; Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Tom G Caniels
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC; Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC; Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC; Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University; New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | | - Herbert J de Jager
- Department of Occupational Health Services, Erasmus MC; Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC; Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rik L de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC; Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Robert S van Binnendijk
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment; Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC; Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Jacobson KB, Pinsky BA, Rath MEM, Wang H, Miller JA, Skhiri M, Shepard J, Mathew R, Lee G, Bohman B, Parsonnet J, Holubar M. Post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infections and incidence of the B.1.427/B.1.429 variant among healthcare personnel at a northern California academic medical center. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.04.14.21255431. [PMID: 33907767 PMCID: PMC8077590 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.14.21255431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Distribution of mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to healthcare personnel (HCP) in the United States began in December 2020, with efficacy ≥ 90%. However, breakthrough infections in fully vaccinated individuals have been reported. Meanwhile, multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern have emerged worldwide, including the B.1.427/B.1.429 variant first described in California. Little is known about the real-world effectiveness of the mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines against novel variants including B.1.427/B.1.429. Methods In this quality improvement project, post-vaccine SARS-CoV-2 cases (PVSCs) were defined as individuals with positive SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) after receiving at least one dose of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Chart extraction of demographic and clinical information was performed, and available specimens meeting cycle threshold value criteria were tested for L452R, N501Y and E484K mutations by RT-PCR. Results From December 2020 to March 2021, 189 PVSCs were identified out of 22,729 healthcare personnel who received at least one dose of an mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Of these, 114 (60.3%) occurred within 14 days of first vaccine dose (early post-vaccination), 49 (25.9%) within 14 days of the second vaccine dose (partially vaccinated), and 26 (13.8%) ≥14 days after the second dose (fully vaccinated). Of 115 samples available for mutation testing, 42 were positive for L452R alone, presumptive of B.1.427/B.1.429; three had N501Y mutation alone and none were found with E484K mutation. Though on univariate analysis partially- and fully-vaccinated PVSCs were more likely than early post-vaccination PVSCs to be infected with presumptive B.1.427/B.1.429, when adjusted for community prevalence of B.1.427/B.1.429 at the time of infection, partially- and fully-vaccinated PVSC did not have statistically significantly elevated risk ratios for infection with this variant (RR 1.40, 95% CI 0.81-2.43 and RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.59-2.16, respectively). Conclusions The great majority of PVSCs occurred prior to the expected onset of full, vaccine-derived immunity. Although the B.1.427/B.1.429 variant did not represent a significantly higher proportion of PVSCs than expected, numbers were small and there was a trend towards higher representation in the partially- and fully-vaccinated subset. Continued infection control measures in the workplace and in the community including social distancing and masking, particularly in the early days post-vaccination, as well as continued variant surveillance in PVSCs, is imperative in order to anticipate and control future surges of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen B Jacobson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin A Pinsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maria E Montez Rath
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hannah Wang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jacob A Miller
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mehdi Skhiri
- Department of Medicine, Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John Shepard
- Department of Quality, Patient Safety and Clinical Effectiveness, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Roshni Mathew
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Grace Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bryan Bohman
- Workforce Health and Wellness, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julie Parsonnet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marisa Holubar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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