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Zhang J, Xue S, Chen H, Jiang H, Gao P, Lu L, Wang Q. Exploring the Mechanism of Si-miao-yong-an Decoction in the Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Verification. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:57-68. [PMID: 37403397 DOI: 10.2174/1386207326666230703150803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the active ingredients and the mechanisms of Si-miaoyong- an Decoction (SMYA) in the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD) by using network pharmacology, molecular docking technology, and in vitro validation. METHODS Through the Chinese Medicine System Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP), Uniprot database, GeneCards database, and DAVID database, we explored the core compounds, core targets and signal pathways of the effective compounds of SMYA in the treatment of CHD. Molecular docking technology was applied to evaluate the interactions between active compounds and key targets. The hypoxia-reoxygenation H9C2 cell model was applied to carry out in vitro verification experiments. A total of 109 active ingredients and 242 potential targets were screened from SMYA. A total of 1491 CHD-related targets were retrieved through the Gene- Cards database and 155 overlapping CHD-related SMYA targets were obtained. PPI network topology analysis indicated that the core targets of SMYA in the treatment of CHD include interleukin- 6 (IL-6), tumor suppressor gene (TP53), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), phosphorylated protein kinase (AKT1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). KEGG enrichment analysis demonstrated that SMYA could regulate Pathways in cancer, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway, hypoxiainducible factor-1(HIF-1) signaling pathway, VEGF signaling pathway, etc. Results: Molecular docking showed that quercetin had a significant binding activity with VEGFA and AKT1. In vitro studies verified that quercetin, the major effective component of SMYA, has a protective effect on the cell injury model of cardiomyocytes, partially by up-regulating expressions of phosphorylated AKT1 and VEGFA. CONCLUSION SMYA has multiple components and treats CHD by acting on multiple targets. Quercetin is one of its key ingredients and may protect against CHD by regulating AKT/VEGFA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Siming Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Huan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Haixu Jiang
- School of Chinese Materia, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Pengrong Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Linghui Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of TCM Syndrome and Formula (Beijing University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100029, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Syndrome and Formula, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qiyan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of TCM Syndrome and Formula (Beijing University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100029, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Syndrome and Formula, Beijing, 100029, China
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Chaung W, Ma G, Jacob A, Brenner M, Wang P. Human cell-expressed tag-free rhMFG-E8 as an effective radiation mitigator. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22186. [PMID: 38092894 PMCID: PMC10719321 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49499-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk fat globule epidermal growth factor-factor VIII (MFG-E8) functions as a bridging molecule to promote the removal of dying cells by professional phagocytes. E. coli-expressed histidine-tagged recombinant human MFG-E8 (rhMFG-E8) is protective in various disease conditions. However, due to improper recombinant protein glycosylation, misfolding and the possibility of antigenicity, E. coli-expressed histidine-tagged rhMFG-E8 is unsuitable for human therapy. Therefore, we hypothesize that human cell-expressed, tag-free rhMFG-E8 will have suitable structural and functional properties to be developed as a safe and effective novel biologic to treat inflammatory diseases including radiation injury. We produced a new tag-free rhMFG-E8 protein by cloning the human MFG-E8 full-length coding sequence without any fusion tag into a mammalian vector and expressed it in HEK293-derived cells. The construct includes the leader sequence of cystatin S to maximize secretion of rhMFG-E8 into the culture medium. After purification and confirmation of the protein identity, we first evaluated its biological activity in vitro. We then determined its efficacy in vivo utilizing an experimental rodent model of radiation injury, i.e., partial body irradiation (PBI). HEK293 cell supernatant containing tag-free rhMFG-E8 protein was concentrated, purified, and rhMFG-E8 was verified by SDS-PAGE with the standard human MFG-E8 loaded as control and, mass spectrometry followed by analysis using MASCOT for peptide mass fingerprint. The biological activity of human cell-expressed tag-free rhMFG-E8 was superior to that of E. coli-expressed His-tagged rhMFG-E8. Toxicity, stability, and pharmacokinetic studies indicate that tag-free rhMFG-E8 is safe, highly stable after lyophilization and long-term storage, and with a terminal elimination half-life in circulation of at least 1.45 h. In the 15 Gy PBI model, a dose-dependent improvement of the 30-day survival rate was observed after tag-free rhMFG-E8 treatment with a 30-day survival of 89%, which was significantly higher than the 25% survival in the vehicle group. The dose modification factor (DMF) of tag-free rhMFG-E8 calculated using probit analysis was 1.058. Tag-free rhMFG-E8 also attenuated gastrointestinal damage after PBI suggesting it as a potential therapeutic candidate for a medical countermeasure for radiation injury. Our new human cell-expressed tag-free rhMFG-E8 has proper structural and functional properties to be further developed as a safe and effective therapy to treat victims of severe acute radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Chaung
- TheraSource LLC, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Gaifeng Ma
- TheraSource LLC, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Asha Jacob
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Departments of Surgery and Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Max Brenner
- TheraSource LLC, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Departments of Surgery and Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
- Departments of Surgery and Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA.
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Cortés-López M, Chamely P, Hawkins AG, Stanley RF, Swett AD, Ganesan S, Mouhieddine TH, Dai X, Kluegel L, Chen C, Batta K, Furer N, Vedula RS, Beaulaurier J, Drong AW, Hickey S, Dusaj N, Mullokandov G, Stasiw AM, Su J, Chaligné R, Juul S, Harrington E, Knowles DA, Potenski CJ, Wiseman DH, Tanay A, Shlush L, Lindsley RC, Ghobrial IM, Taylor J, Abdel-Wahab O, Gaiti F, Landau DA. Single-cell multi-omics defines the cell-type-specific impact of splicing aberrations in human hematopoietic clonal outgrowths. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:1262-1281.e8. [PMID: 37582363 PMCID: PMC10528176 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
RNA splicing factors are recurrently mutated in clonal blood disorders, but the impact of dysregulated splicing in hematopoiesis remains unclear. To overcome technical limitations, we integrated genotyping of transcriptomes (GoT) with long-read single-cell transcriptomics and proteogenomics for single-cell profiling of transcriptomes, surface proteins, somatic mutations, and RNA splicing (GoT-Splice). We applied GoT-Splice to hematopoietic progenitors from myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients with mutations in the core splicing factor SF3B1. SF3B1mut cells were enriched in the megakaryocytic-erythroid lineage, with expansion of SF3B1mut erythroid progenitor cells. We uncovered distinct cryptic 3' splice site usage in different progenitor populations and stage-specific aberrant splicing during erythroid differentiation. Profiling SF3B1-mutated clonal hematopoiesis samples revealed that erythroid bias and cell-type-specific cryptic 3' splice site usage in SF3B1mut cells precede overt MDS. Collectively, GoT-Splice defines the cell-type-specific impact of somatic mutations on RNA splicing, from early clonal outgrowths to overt neoplasia, directly in human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Cortés-López
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paulina Chamely
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Allegra G Hawkins
- Childhood Cancer Data Lab, Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert F Stanley
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ariel D Swett
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Saravanan Ganesan
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tarek H Mouhieddine
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Dai
- Oxford Nanopore Technologies Inc., New York, NY, USA
| | - Lloyd Kluegel
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Celine Chen
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, Rockefeller University, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kiran Batta
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nili Furer
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rahul S Vedula
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Scott Hickey
- Oxford Nanopore Technologies Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Neville Dusaj
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, Rockefeller University, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gavriel Mullokandov
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam M Stasiw
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jiayu Su
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronan Chaligné
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sissel Juul
- Oxford Nanopore Technologies Inc., New York, NY, USA
| | | | - David A Knowles
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Catherine J Potenski
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel H Wiseman
- Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Amos Tanay
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Liran Shlush
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Robert C Lindsley
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Irene M Ghobrial
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justin Taylor
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Federico Gaiti
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, Medical Biophysics, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Dan A Landau
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Disulfiram enhances chemotherapeutic effects of doxorubicin liposomes against human hepatocellular carcinoma via activating ROS-induced cell stress response pathways. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2022; 90:455-465. [PMID: 36251033 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-022-04481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increasing evidences have revealed the anti-cancer effect of disulfiram. Current disulfiram-based cancer therapies still have limitations, such as poor tumor-targeting ability and insufficient studies on anti-tumor mechanisms. METHODS In the present study, tumor-targeting liposomes were prepared as drug carriers to increase retention of disulfiram in tumor cells. Then, anti-tumor efficacy of liposomes and the underlying mechanisms were investigated in in vitro, in vivo, and transcriptomic level. RESULTS The results showed that disulfiram enhanced sensitivity of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells to doxorubicin by 15-27-fold, and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as well as caspase-dependent apoptosis. Inhibition of tumor migration and invasion by doxorubicin were further enhanced by disulfiram. In vivo study showed that disulfiram additive doxorubicin liposomes had better performance in suppressing tumor growth than single doxorubicin liposomes. Gene expression profiling found that cellular components destruction, cell stress, check point regulation, and immunoregulation were the main anti-tumor mechanisms of disulfiram. More importantly, disulfiram possessed a great potential to be a protein ubiquitination and murine double minute 4 (MDM4) targeting compound. CONCLUSIONS Due to its low price and good safety, it is worth to repurposing disulfiram as a chemotherapeutic drug. Furthermore, MDM4 may act as a biomarker for observation the clinical effect of disulfiram-based treatment.
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Chang M, Gao F, Chen J, Gnawali G, Wang W. MDM2-BCL-X L PROTACs enable degradation of BCL-X L and stabilization of p53. ACTA MATERIA MEDICA 2022; 1:333-342. [PMID: 36910255 PMCID: PMC10004178 DOI: 10.15212/amm-2022-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition or degradation of anti-apoptotic protein BCL-XL is a viable strategy for cancer treatment. Despite the recent development of PROTACs for degradation of BCL-XL, the E3 ligases are confined to the commonly used VHL and CRBN. Herein we report the development of MDM2-BCL-XL PROTACs using MDM2 as E3 ligase for degradation of BCL-XL. Three MDM2-BCL-XL PROTACs derived from MDM2 inhibitor Nutlin-3, which can also upregulate p53, and BCL-2/BCL-XL inhibitor ABT-263 with different linker length were designed, synthesized, and evaluated in vitro. We found BMM4 exhibited potent, selective degradation activity against BCL-XL and stabilized tumor suppressor p53 in U87, A549 and MV-4-11 cancer cell lines. Moreover, combination of BMM4 and BCL-2 inhibitor ABT-199 showed synergistic antiproliferative activity. The unique dual-functional PROTACs offers an alternative strategy for targeted protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Az, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Az, USA
| | - Giri Gnawali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Az, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Az, USA
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6
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Discrete Logic Modeling of Cell Signaling Pathways. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2488:159-181. [PMID: 35347689 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2277-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell signaling pathways often crosstalk generating complex biological behaviors observed in different cellular contexts. Frequently, laboratory experiments focus on a few putative regulators, alone unable to predict the molecular mechanisms behind the observed phenotypes. Here, systems biology complements these approaches by giving a holistic picture to complex signaling crosstalk. In particular, Boolean network models are a meaningful tool to study large network behaviors and can cope with incomplete kinetic information. By introducing a model describing pathways involved in hematopoietic stem cell maintenance, we present a general approach on how to model cell signaling pathways with Boolean network models.
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7
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He S, Ma J, Fang Y, Liu Y, Wu S, Dong G, Wang W, Sheng C. Homo-PROTAC mediated suicide of MDM2 to treat non-small cell lung cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1617-1628. [PMID: 34221872 PMCID: PMC8245912 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The dose-related adverse effects of MDM2‒P53 inhibitors have caused significant concern in the development of clinical safe anticancer agents. Herein we report an unprecedented homo-PROTAC strategy for more effective disruption of MDM2‒P53 interaction. The design concept is inspired by the capacity of sub-stoichiometric catalytic PROTACs enabling to degrade an unwanted protein and the dual functions of MDM2 as an E3 ubiquitin ligase and a binding protein with tumor suppressor P53. The new homo-PROTACs are designed to induce self-degradation of MDM2. The results of the investigation have shown that PROTAC 11a efficiently dimerizes MDM2 with highly competitive binding activity and induces proteasome-dependent self-degradation of MDM2 in A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells. Furthermore, markedly, enantiomer 11a-1 exhibits potent in vivo antitumor activity in A549 xenograft nude mouse model, which is the first example of homo-PROTAC with in vivo therapeutic potency. This study demonstrates the potential of the homo-PROTAC as an alternative chemical tool for tumorigenic MDM2 knockdown, which could be developed into a safe therapy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng He
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Junhui Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuxin Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Shanchao Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 81871239.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 81871239.
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 81871239.
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8
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Bauer NC, Yang A, Wang X, Zhou Y, Klibanski A, Soberman RJ. A cross-nearest neighbor/Monte Carlo algorithm for single-molecule localization microscopy defines interactions between p53, Mdm2, and MEG3. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100540. [PMID: 33722609 PMCID: PMC8038948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The functions of long noncoding (lnc)RNAs, such as MEG3, are defined by their interactions with other RNAs and proteins. These interactions, in turn, are shaped by their subcellular localization and temporal context. Therefore, it is important to be able to analyze the relationships of lncRNAs while preserving cellular architecture. The ability of MEG3 to suppress cell proliferation led to its recognition as a tumor suppressor. MEG3 has been proposed to activate p53 by disrupting the interaction of p53 with mouse double minute 2 homolog (Mdm2). To test this mechanism in the native cellular context, we employed two-color direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, a single-molecule localization microscopy technique, to detect and quantify the localizations of p53, Mdm2, and MEG3 in U2OS cells. We developed a new cross-nearest neighbor/Monte Carlo algorithm to quantify the association of these molecules. Proof of concept for our method was obtained by examining the association between FKBP1A and mTOR, MEG3 and p53, and Mdm2 and p53. In contrast to previous models, our data support a model in which MEG3 modulates p53 independently of the interaction with Mdm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Bauer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Anli Yang
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Xin Wang
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Yunli Zhou
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Anne Klibanski
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Roy J Soberman
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States.
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9
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Green DR. Health and Fitness at the Single-Cell Level. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:130-135. [PMID: 33536268 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetically identical cells in a tissue can respond differently to perturbations in their environment or "stress." Such stresses can be physicochemical, mechanical, or infectious or may come from competition with other cells in the tissue. Here, I discuss how the varying responses to stress influence the decision of a cell to repair or die, and how one cell's response can have effects on surrounding cells. Such responses control the health and fitness of single cells and how they compete with other genetically identical cells.See related article on p. 129.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
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10
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Campillo-Marcos I, García-González R, Navarro-Carrasco E, Lazo PA. The human VRK1 chromatin kinase in cancer biology. Cancer Lett 2021; 503:117-128. [PMID: 33516791 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
VRK1 is a nuclear Ser-Thr chromatin kinase that does not mutate in cancer, and is overexpressed in many types of tumors and associated with a poor prognosis. Chromatin VRK1 phosphorylates several transcription factors, including p53, histones and proteins implicated in DNA damage response pathways. In the context of cell proliferation, VRK1 regulates entry in cell cycle, chromatin condensation in G2/M, Golgi fragmentation, Cajal body dynamics and nuclear envelope assembly in mitosis. This kinase also controls the initial chromatin relaxation associated with histone acetylation, and the non-homologous-end joining (NHEJ) DNA repair pathway, which involves sequential steps such as γH2AX, NBS1 and 53BP1 foci formation, all phosphorylated by VRK1, in response to ionizing radiation or chemotherapy. In addition, VRK1 can be an alternative target for therapies based on synthetic lethality strategies. Therefore, VRK1 roles on proliferation have a pro-tumorigenic effect. Functions regulating chromatin stability and DNA damage responses have a protective anti-tumor role in normal cells, but in tumor cells can also facilitate resistance to genotoxic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Campillo-Marcos
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular Del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Raúl García-González
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular Del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Elena Navarro-Carrasco
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular Del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Pedro A Lazo
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular Del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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11
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Kwon SM, Min S, Jeoun U, Sim MS, Jung GH, Hong SM, Jee BA, Woo HG, Lee C, Yoon G. Global spliceosome activity regulates entry into cellular senescence. FASEB J 2020; 35:e21204. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000395rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- So Mee Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Korea
- Department of Physiology Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Korea
| | - Seongki Min
- Department of Biochemistry Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (BK21 Plus) Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Korea
| | - Un‐woo Jeoun
- Department of Biochemistry Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (BK21 Plus) Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Korea
| | - Min Seok Sim
- Department of Biochemistry Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (BK21 Plus) Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Korea
| | - Gu Hyun Jung
- Department of Biochemistry Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (BK21 Plus) Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Korea
| | - Sun Mi Hong
- Department of Biochemistry Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (BK21 Plus) Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Korea
| | - Byul A. Jee
- Department of Physiology Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Korea
| | - Hyun Goo Woo
- Department of Physiology Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Korea
| | - Changhan Lee
- USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Gyesoon Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (BK21 Plus) Ajou University School of Medicine Suwon Korea
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12
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Zanjirband M, Rahgozar S. Targeting p53-MDM2 Interaction Using Small Molecule Inhibitors and the Challenges Needed to be Addressed. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:1091-1111. [PMID: 30947669 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190402120701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MDM2 protein is the core negative regulator of p53 that maintains the cellular levels of p53 at a low level in normal cells. Mutation of the TP53 gene accounts for 50% of all human cancers. In the remaining malignancies with wild-type TP53, p53 function is inhibited through other mechanisms. Recently, synthetic small molecule inhibitors have been developed which target a small hydrophobic pocket on MDM2 to which p53 normally binds. Given that MDM2-p53 antagonists have been undergoing clinical trials for different types of cancer, this review illustrates different aspects of these new cancer targeted therapeutic agents with the focus on the major advances in the field. It emphasizes on the p53 function, regulation of p53, targeting of the p53-MDM2 interaction for cancer therapy, and p53-dependent and -independent effects of inhibition of p53-MDM2 interaction. Then, representatives of small molecule MDM2-p53 binding antagonists are introduced with a focus on those entered into clinical trials. Furthermore, the review discusses the gene signatures in order to predict sensitivity to MDM2 antagonists, potential side effects and the reasons for the observed hematotoxicity, mechanisms of resistance to these drugs, their evaluation as monotherapy or in combination with conventional chemotherapy or with other targeted therapeutic agents. Finally, it highlights the certainly intriguing questions and challenges which would be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zanjirband
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Azadi Square, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Soheila Rahgozar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Azadi Square, Isfahan, Iran
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13
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Murray D, Mirzayans R. Cellular Responses to Platinum-Based Anticancer Drugs and UVC: Role of p53 and Implications for Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165766. [PMID: 32796711 PMCID: PMC7461110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is intended to induce cancer cell death through apoptosis and other avenues. Unfortunately, as discussed in this article, moderate doses of genotoxic drugs such as cisplatin typical of those achieved in the clinic often invoke a cytostatic/dormancy rather than cytotoxic/apoptosis response in solid tumour-derived cell lines. This is commonly manifested by an extended apoptotic threshold, with extensive apoptosis only being seen after very high/supralethal doses of such agents. The dormancy response can be associated with senescence-like features, polyploidy and/or multinucleation, depending in part on the p53 status of the cells. In most solid tumour-derived cells, dormancy represents a long-term survival mechanism, ultimately contributing to disease recurrence. This review highlights the nonlinearity of key aspects of the molecular and cellular responses to bulky DNA lesions in human cells treated with chemotherapeutic drugs (e.g., cisplatin) or ultraviolet light-C (a widely used tool for unraveling details of the DNA damage-response) as a function of the level of genotoxic stress. Such data highlight the growing realization that targeting dormant cancer cells, which frequently emerge following conventional anticancer treatments, may represent a novel strategy to prevent or, at least, significantly suppress cancer recurrence.
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14
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Kamada T, Une Y, Matsui K, Fuma S, Ikeda T, Okamoto M. Cloning of Hynobius lichenatus (Tohoku hynobiid salamander) p53 and analysis of its expression in response to radiation. BMC Genet 2020; 21:53. [PMID: 32434469 PMCID: PMC7238597 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-020-00856-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Caudata species such as salamanders are easily affected by environmental changes, which can drastically reduce their population. The effects of acute X-rays and chronic γ-irradiation on Hynobius lichenatus, the Japanese Tohoku hynobiid salamander, are known. However, the expression of radiation-inducible genes, such as the DNA-damage checkpoint response gene p53, has not been analyzed in H. lichenatus. This has not occurred because there is no established method for mRNA quantification in H. lichenatus due to a lack of information on available nucleotide sequences corresponding to both radiation-inducible genes and endogenous control genes such as ACTB (β-actin). Results In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of radiation on gene expression in H. lichenatus. Using RNA extracted from irradiated salamanders, we performed rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and cloned H. lichenatus β-actin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and p53. We confirmed that the cloned cDNAs were able to synthesize salamander proteins by western blotting after transfection into cultured HEK293 cells. Proliferation assays using HEK293 cells stably expressing H. lichenatus p53 protein showed that this protein has antiproliferative effects, similar to that of mammalian p53. Furthermore, RT-qPCR analysis using gene-specific primers revealed that p53 mRNA expression in H. lichenatus was upregulated upon exposure to radiation. Conclusion Our results suggest that H. lichenatus p53 protein take an important role in regulating the cellular responses to various stimuli as mammalian p53 does. Furthermore, our study provides novel data to select appropriate primers to analyze internal control mRNA expression in H. lichenatus and to evaluate p53 expression as a marker of radiation and environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Kamada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Yumi Une
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Imabari campus, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoinooka, Imabari, Ehime, 794-8555, Japan
| | - Kumi Matsui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology 1, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Shoichi Fuma
- Department of Radioecology and Fukushima Project, Center for Advanced Radiation Emergency Medicine, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Teruo Ikeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Mariko Okamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan.
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15
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Rodríguez C, Ramos-Araque ME, Domínguez-Martínez M, Sobrino T, Sánchez-Morán I, Agulla J, Delgado-Esteban M, Gómez-Sánchez JC, Bolaños JP, Castillo J, Almeida A. Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism 309T>G in the MDM2 Promoter Determines Functional Outcome After Stroke. Stroke 2019; 49:2437-2444. [PMID: 30355102 PMCID: PMC6159670 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.118.022529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- The E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2 (murine double minute 2) is the main negative regulator of the p53 protein-a key player in neuronal apoptosis after ischemia. A functional single-nucleotide polymorphism in the human MDM2 gene promoter (rs2279744) regulates MDM2 protein expression. We investigated whether the MDM2 SNP309, by controlling p53-mediated apoptosis, determines functional outcome after stroke. Methods- Primary cortical neurons were subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation. Mice were subjected to ischemic (transient middle cerebral artery occlusion) or hemorrhagic (collagenase injection) stroke models. Protein and mRNA levels of MDM2 and p53 were measured in both neuronal and brain extracts. The interaction of MDM2 with p53 was disrupted by neuronal treatment with nutlin-3a. siRNA was used to knockdown MDM2 expression. We analyzed the link between the MDM2 SNP309 and functional outcome, measured by the modified Rankin Scale scores, in 2 independent hospital-based stroke cohorts: ischemic stroke cohort (408 patients) and intracerebral hemorrhage cohort (128 patients). Results- Experimental stroke and oxygen and glucose deprivation induced the expression of MDM2 in the brain and neurons, respectively. Moreover, oxygen and glucose deprivation promoted MDM2 binding with p53 in neurons. Disruption of the MDM2-p53 interaction with nutlin-3a, or MDM2 knockdown by siRNA, triggered p53 accumulation, which increased neuronal susceptibility to oxygen and glucose deprivation-induced apoptosis. Finally, we showed that patients harboring the G allele in the MDM2 promoter had higher MDM2 protein levels and showed better functional outcome after stroke than those harboring the T/T genotype. The T/T genotype was also associated with large infarct volume in ischemic stroke and increased lesion volume in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Conclusions- Our results reveal a novel role for the MDM2-p53 interaction in neuronal apoptosis after ischemia and show that the MDM2 SNP309 determines the functional outcome of patients after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodríguez
- From the Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca (C.R., M.E.R.-A., I.S.-M., M.D.-E., J.C.G.-S., J.P.B., A.A.), University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain.,Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (C.R., M.E.R.-A., M.D.-M., I.S.-M., M.D.-E., J.P.B., A.A.), University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain
| | - María E Ramos-Araque
- From the Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca (C.R., M.E.R.-A., I.S.-M., M.D.-E., J.C.G.-S., J.P.B., A.A.), University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain.,Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (C.R., M.E.R.-A., M.D.-M., I.S.-M., M.D.-E., J.P.B., A.A.), University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain
| | - Marta Domínguez-Martínez
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (C.R., M.E.R.-A., M.D.-M., I.S.-M., M.D.-E., J.P.B., A.A.), University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain (T.S., J.C.)
| | - Irene Sánchez-Morán
- From the Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca (C.R., M.E.R.-A., I.S.-M., M.D.-E., J.C.G.-S., J.P.B., A.A.), University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain.,Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (C.R., M.E.R.-A., M.D.-M., I.S.-M., M.D.-E., J.P.B., A.A.), University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain
| | - Jesús Agulla
- Institute of Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Valladolid, CSIC, Spain (J.A.)
| | - María Delgado-Esteban
- From the Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca (C.R., M.E.R.-A., I.S.-M., M.D.-E., J.C.G.-S., J.P.B., A.A.), University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain.,Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (C.R., M.E.R.-A., M.D.-M., I.S.-M., M.D.-E., J.P.B., A.A.), University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain
| | - José C Gómez-Sánchez
- From the Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca (C.R., M.E.R.-A., I.S.-M., M.D.-E., J.C.G.-S., J.P.B., A.A.), University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain
| | - Juan P Bolaños
- From the Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca (C.R., M.E.R.-A., I.S.-M., M.D.-E., J.C.G.-S., J.P.B., A.A.), University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain.,Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (C.R., M.E.R.-A., M.D.-M., I.S.-M., M.D.-E., J.P.B., A.A.), University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (J.P.B.)
| | - José Castillo
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain (T.S., J.C.)
| | - Angeles Almeida
- From the Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University Hospital of Salamanca (C.R., M.E.R.-A., I.S.-M., M.D.-E., J.C.G.-S., J.P.B., A.A.), University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain.,Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (C.R., M.E.R.-A., M.D.-M., I.S.-M., M.D.-E., J.P.B., A.A.), University of Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain
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Bowen ME, Attardi LD. The role of p53 in developmental syndromes. J Mol Cell Biol 2019; 11:200-211. [PMID: 30624728 PMCID: PMC6478128 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjy087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While it is well appreciated that loss of the p53 tumor suppressor protein promotes cancer, growing evidence indicates that increased p53 activity underlies the developmental defects in a wide range of genetic syndromes. The inherited or de novo mutations that cause these syndromes affect diverse cellular processes, such as ribosome biogenesis, DNA repair, and centriole duplication, and analysis of human patient samples and mouse models demonstrates that disrupting these cellular processes can activate the p53 pathway. Importantly, many of the developmental defects in mouse models of these syndromes can be rescued by loss of p53, indicating that inappropriate p53 activation directly contributes to their pathogenesis. A role for p53 in driving developmental defects is further supported by the observation that mouse strains with broad p53 hyperactivation, due to mutations affecting p53 pathway components, display a host of tissue-specific developmental defects, including hematopoietic, neuronal, craniofacial, cardiovascular, and pigmentation defects. Furthermore, germline activating mutations in TP53 were recently identified in two human patients exhibiting bone marrow failure and other developmental defects. Studies in mice suggest that p53 drives developmental defects by inducing apoptosis, restraining proliferation, or modulating other developmental programs in a cell type-dependent manner. Here, we review the growing body of evidence from mouse models that implicates p53 as a driver of tissue-specific developmental defects in diverse genetic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot E Bowen
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology in the Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laura D Attardi
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology in the Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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17
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Nguyen MN, Sen N, Lin M, Joseph TL, Vaz C, Tanavde V, Way L, Hupp T, Verma CS, Madhusudhan MS. Discovering Putative Protein Targets of Small Molecules: A Study of the p53 Activator Nutlin. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:1529-1546. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minh N. Nguyen
- Bioinformatics Institute, 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01, Matrix, Singapore 138671
| | - Neeladri Sen
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune (IISER Pune), Pune 411008, India
| | - Meiyin Lin
- Hwa Chong Institution, 661 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 269734
| | | | - Candida Vaz
- Bioinformatics Institute, 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01, Matrix, Singapore 138671
| | - Vivek Tanavde
- Bioinformatics Institute, 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01, Matrix, Singapore 138671
| | - Luke Way
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Edinburgh, U.K. EH4 2XR
| | - Ted Hupp
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Edinburgh, U.K. EH4 2XR
| | - Chandra S. Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute, 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01, Matrix, Singapore 138671
- Department of Biological Sciences, 16 Science Drive 4, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558
- School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - M. S. Madhusudhan
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune (IISER Pune), Pune 411008, India
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18
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White shark genome reveals ancient elasmobranch adaptations associated with wound healing and the maintenance of genome stability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:4446-4455. [PMID: 30782839 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1819778116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The white shark (Carcharodon carcharias; Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) is one of the most publicly recognized marine animals. Here we report the genome sequence of the white shark and comparative evolutionary genomic analyses to the chondrichthyans, whale shark (Elasmobranchii) and elephant shark (Holocephali), as well as various vertebrates. The 4.63-Gbp white shark genome contains 24,520 predicted genes, and has a repeat content of 58.5%. We provide evidence for a history of positive selection and gene-content enrichments regarding important genome stability-related genes and functional categories, particularly so for the two elasmobranchs. We hypothesize that the molecular adaptive emphasis on genome stability in white and whale sharks may reflect the combined selective pressure of large genome sizes, high repeat content, high long-interspersed element retrotransposon representation, large body size, and long lifespans, represented across these two species. Molecular adaptation for wound healing was also evident, with positive selection in key genes involved in the wound-healing process, as well as Gene Ontology enrichments in fundamental wound-healing pathways. Sharks, particularly apex predators such as the white shark, are believed to have an acute sense of smell. However, we found very few olfactory receptor genes, very few trace amine-associated receptors, and extremely low numbers of G protein-coupled receptors. We did however, identify 13 copies of vomeronasal type 2 (V2R) genes in white shark and 10 in whale shark; this, combined with the over 30 V2Rs reported previously for elephant shark, suggests this gene family may underlie the keen odorant reception of chondrichthyans.
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19
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p53 signaling pathway polymorphisms, cancer risk and tumor phenotype in TP53 R337H mutation carriers. Fam Cancer 2019; 17:269-274. [PMID: 28756477 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-017-0028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Li-Fraumeni and Li-Fraumeni-like syndrome (LFS/LFL) are clinically heterogeneous cancer predisposition syndromes characterized by diagnosis of early-onset and often multiple cancers with variable tumor patterns and incomplete penetrance. To date, the genetic modifiers described in LFS/LFL have been shown to map to either TP53 or its main negative regulator, MDM2. Additionally, all studies were focused on families with different TP53 germline mutations. Hence, in this study we explored the effect of the most studied polymorphisms of p53 pathway genes on clinical manifestations of individuals carrying the founder TP53 mutation R337H (n = 136) and controls (n = 186). Cancer-affected carriers had been diagnosed either with adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC, n = 29) or breast cancer (BC, n = 43). Allelic discrimation using TaqMan assay was used for genotyping MDM2 SNP 309 (rs2279744) as well as MDM4 (rs1563828) and USP7 (rs1529916) polymorphisms. We found significantly higher MDM2 SNP 309 GG genotype and G allele frequencies in the LFS cohort than in controls. Furthermore, median age at first diagnosis was earlier in MDM2 SNP309 GG carriers when compared to other genotypes for both cancers (ACC: age 1 vs. 2 years; BC: age 35 vs. 43 years, respectively), although not statistically different. The allelic and genotypic frequencies for all SNPs did not differ between cancer affected and unaffected carriers, neither between patients with ACC or BC. In conclusion, our results suggest that MDM2 SNP 309 may contribute to the LFL phenotype and also to an earlier age at diagnosis of ACC and BC cancer in carriers of the R337H founder mutation.
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20
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Yu F, Jiang Z, Song A. Association of rs11801299 and rs1380576 polymorphisms at MDM4 with risk, clinicopathological features and prognosis in patients with retinoblastoma. Cancer Epidemiol 2019; 58:153-159. [PMID: 30597480 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND rs11801299 and rs1380576, two novel polymorphisms in MDM4 gene, have been investigated in several different cancer types. However, the role of these two polymorphisms in retinoblastoma (RB) remains unclear. METHODS A total of 126 patients with primary RB and 148 age-/gender-matched controls were included in this retrospective study. The frequency of rs11801299 and rs1380576 were determined between RB patients and controls. The association of these two polymorphisms with clinicopathological characteristics, prognosis were further evaluated. RESULTS AA genotype at rs11801299 was significantly associated with an increased risk of developing RB (OR = 2.06, 95%CI 1.09-3.90). The possibility of developing RB was also significantly increased in individuals with A allele at rs11801299 (OR = 1.49, 95%CI 1.06-2.08). RB patients carrying AA genotype and A allele at rs11801299 were more likely to have tumor invasion and poor differentiation. As for rs1380576, a significantly lower risk of developing RB was observed in patients with G allele (CG + GG) compared with wild-type CC genotype (OR = 0.59, 95%CI 0.36-3.95). RB patients with GG genotype or G allele had a lower risk of developing highly aggressive cancer. Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank results revealed that RB patients carrying AA genotype or A allele (AA + GA) at rs11801299 had significantly poorer prognosis. Multivariate COX analysis showed that the rs11801299 G allele was associated with decreased survival but was not an independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSION rs11801299 was significantly associated with RB risk, pathological differentiation, tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Linyi, Yishui, Shandong, 276400, China
| | - Zhongming Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Linyi, Yishui, Shandong, 276400, China
| | - Aiping Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, China.
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21
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Tornesello ML, Annunziata C, Tornesello AL, Buonaguro L, Buonaguro FM. Human Oncoviruses and p53 Tumor Suppressor Pathway Deregulation at the Origin of Human Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10070213. [PMID: 29932446 PMCID: PMC6071257 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10070213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral oncogenesis is a multistep process largely depending on the complex interplay between viruses and host factors. The oncoviruses are capable of subverting the cell signaling machinery and metabolic pathways and exploit them for infection, replication, and persistence. Several viral oncoproteins are able to functionally inactivate the tumor suppressor p53, causing deregulated expression of many genes orchestrated by p53, such as those involved in apoptosis, DNA stability, and cell proliferation. The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) BZLF1, the high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) E6, and the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5 proteins have shown to directly bind to and degrade p53. The hepatitis B virus (HBV) HBx and the human T cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) Tax proteins inhibit p53 activity through the modulation of p300/CBP nuclear factors, while the Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (HHV8) LANA, vIRF-1 and vIRF-3 proteins have been shown to destabilize the oncosuppressor, causing a decrease in its levels in the infected cells. The large T antigen of the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) does not bind to p53 but significantly reduces p53-dependent transcription. This review describes the main molecular mechanisms involved in the interaction between viral oncoproteins and p53-related pathways as well as in the development of therapeutic strategies targeting such interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lina Tornesello
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G. Pascale", via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Clorinda Annunziata
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G. Pascale", via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Anna Lucia Tornesello
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G. Pascale", via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Luigi Buonaguro
- Cancer Immunomodulation Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G. Pascale", via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Franco Maria Buonaguro
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G. Pascale", via Mariano Semmola, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
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Tanaka T, Watanabe M, Yamashita K. Potential therapeutic targets of TP53 gene in the context of its classically canonical functions and its latest non-canonical functions in human cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:16234-16247. [PMID: 29662640 PMCID: PMC5882331 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In normal tissue, p53 protein has a wide range of functions involving cell homeostasis; its mutation, however, permits a carcinogenic acquisition of function. TP53 gene mutation is a major genomic aberration in various human cancers and is a critical event in the multi-step carcinogenesis process. TP53 mutation is clinically relevant for the molecular classification of carcinogenesis, as most recently described rigorously by the Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. TP53 gene mutation has been considered to work as a tumor suppressor gene through the loss of its transcriptional activity, which is designated as a canonical function. However, in cancer patients with mutant TP53, mutated p53 protein is frequently overexpressed, suggesting the activation of an oncogenic process through a gain of function (GOF). As part of this GOF, molecular mechanisms explaining the non-canonical function of TP53 gene abnormality have been reported, in which mutant p53 unconventionally binds with various critical molecules suppressing oncogenic properties, such as p63 and p73. Moreover, mutant TP53 gene-targeted therapy has been rigorously developed, and promising clinical trials have been started. In this study, we summarize the novel aspects of mutant p53 and describe its prominent therapeutic potentials in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimichi Tanaka
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Keishi Yamashita
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
- Division of Advanced Surgical Oncology, Department of Research and Development Center for New Medical Frontiers, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
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23
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Lee JY, Kim MS, Ju JE, Lee MS, Chung N, Jeong YK. Simvastatin enhances the radiosensitivity of p53‑deficient cells via inhibition of mouse double minute 2 homolog. Int J Oncol 2017; 52:211-218. [PMID: 29115437 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin exhibits anticancer activities, but its molecular mechanisms and radiosensitizing effects relative to p53 status remain unclear. In this study, we investigated whether the combination of simvastatin and ionizing radiation (IR) would enhance the antitumor effects of IR alone in HCT116 p53+/+ and p53‑/- colon cancer cells. Using colony formation assays and a xenograft mouse model, we found that simvastatin potently stimulated radiosensitization of HCT116 p53‑/- cells and xenograft tumors. The combination of simvastatin with IR decreased G2/M arrest and delayed the repair of IR-induced DNA damage; however, no differences between the HCT116 p53+/+ and p53‑/- cells were evident. A further analysis revealed that simvastatin exhibited a novel function, namely, MDM2 suppression, regardless of p53 status. Interestingly, simvastatin induced radiosensitization by enhancing MDM2 suppression and elevating IR-induced p‑ATM foci formation compared with IR alone in HCT116 p53‑/- cells. Furthermore, simvastatin caused accumulations of the FOXO3a, E-cadherin, and p21 tumor suppressor proteins, which are downstream factors of MDM2, in HCT116 p53‑/- cells. In conclusion, simvastatin enhanced radiosensitivity by inducing MDM2 inhibition and increasing tumor suppressor protein levels in radioresistant HCT116 p53‑/- cells and xenografts. Overall, our novel findings suggest a scientific rationale for the clinical use of simvastatin as an MDM2 inhibitor and radiosensitizer for p53‑deficient colorectal tumor treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Lee
- Radiation Non-Clinical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Sook Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Eun Ju
- Radiation Non-Clinical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi So Lee
- Radiation Non-Clinical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Namhyun Chung
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Kyoung Jeong
- Radiation Non-Clinical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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24
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Yuan Z, Miao Z, Gong X, Zhao B, Zhang Y, Ma H, Zhang J, Zhao B. Changes on lipid peroxidation,enzymatic activities and gene expression in planarian (Dugesia japonica) following exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 145:564-568. [PMID: 28800531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)-induced stress response in planarians. We administered different concentrations of PFOA to planarians for up to 10 d. PFOA exposure resulted in significant concentration-dependent elevations in lipid peroxidation, glutathione S-transferase and caspase-3 protease activities, and a significant decline in glutathione peroxidase activities compared with control groups. Exposure to PFOA significantly up-regulated the heat shock proteins hsp70 and hsp90, and p53, and down-regulated hsp40 compared with controls. PFOA exposure also increased HSP70 protein levels, as demonstrated by western blot analysis. These alterations indicated that PFOA exposure induced a stress response and affected the regulation of oxidative stress, enzymatic activities and gene expression. These results suggest that these sensitive parameters, together with other biomarkers, could be used for evaluating toxicity, for ecological risk assessment of PFOA in freshwaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoqing Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China
| | - Zili Miao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China
| | - Xiaoning Gong
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China
| | - Baoying Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China
| | - Hongdou Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China
| | - Jianyong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China.
| | - Bosheng Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China.
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25
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Palanichamy K, Patel D, Jacob JR, Litzenberg KT, Gordon N, Acus K, Noda SE, Chakravarti A. Lack of Constitutively Active DNA Repair Sensitizes Glioblastomas to Akt Inhibition and Induces Synthetic Lethality with Radiation Treatment in a p53-Dependent Manner. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 17:336-346. [PMID: 28838997 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Treatment refractory glioblastoma (GBM) remains a major clinical problem globally, and targeted therapies in GBM have not been promising to date. The Cancer Genome Atlas integrative analysis of GBM reported the striking finding of genetic alterations in the p53 and PI3K pathways in more than 80% of GBMs. Given the role of these pathways in making cell-fate decisions and responding to genotoxic stress, we investigated the reliance of these two pathways in mediating radiation resistance. We selected a panel of GBM cell lines and glioma stem cells (GSC) with wild-type TP53 (p53-wt) and mutant TP53, mutations known to interfere with p53 functionality (p53-mt). Cell lines were treated with a brain permeable inhibitor of P-Akt (ser473), phosphatidylinositol ether lipid analogue (PIA), with and without radiation treatment. Sensitivity to treatment was measured using Annexin-V/PI flow cytometry and Western blot analysis for the markers of apoptotic signaling, alkaline COMET assay. All results were verified in p53 isogenic cell lines. p53-mt cell lines were selectively radiosensitized by PIA. This radiosensitization effect corresponded with an increase in DNA damage and a decrease in DNA-PKcs levels. TP53 silencing in p53-wt cells showed a similar response as the p53-mt cells. In addition, the radiosensitization effects of Akt inhibition were not observed in normal human astrocytes, suggesting that this treatment strategy could have limited off-target effects. We demonstrate that the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway by PIA radiosensitizes p53-mt cells by antagonizing DNA repair. In principle, this strategy could provide a large therapeutic window for the treatment of TP53-mutant tumors. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(2); 336-46. ©2017 AACRSee all articles in this MCT Focus section, "Developmental Therapeutics in Radiation Oncology."
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalakannan Palanichamy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio.
| | - Disha Patel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - John R Jacob
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kevin T Litzenberg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Nicolaus Gordon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kirstin Acus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Shin-Ei Noda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Arnab Chakravarti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
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26
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Apoptosis in inner ear sensory hair cells. J Otol 2017; 12:151-164. [PMID: 29937851 PMCID: PMC6002637 DOI: 10.1016/j.joto.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, or controlled cell death, is a normal part of cellular lifespan. Cell death of cochlear hair cells causes deafness; an apoptotic process that is not well understood. Worldwide, 1.3 billion humans suffer some form of hearing loss, while 360 million suffer debilitating hearing loss as a direct result of the absence of these cochlear hair cells (Worldwide Hearing, 2014). Much is known about apoptosis in other systems and in other cell types thanks to studies done since the mid-20th century. Here we review current literature on apoptosis in general, and causes of deafness and cochlear hair cells loss as a result of apoptosis. The family of B-cell lymphoma (Bcl) proteins are among the most studied and characterized. We will review current literature on the Bcl2 and Bcl6 protein interactions in relation to apoptosis and their possible roles in vulnerability and survival of cochlear hair cells.
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27
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Schipp R, Varga J, Bátor J, Vecsernyés M, Árvai Z, Pap M, Szeberényi J. Partial p53-dependence of anisomycin-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 434:41-50. [PMID: 28432551 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial antibiotic anisomycin is known to induce apoptosis by activating several mitogen-activated protein kinases and by inhibiting protein synthesis. In this study, the influence of p53 protein on the apoptosis-inducing effect of anisomycin was investigated. The effect of protein synthesis-inhibiting concentration of anisomycin on apoptotic events was analyzed using Western blot, DNA fragmentation, and cell viability assays in wild-type PC12 and in mutant p53 protein expressing p143p53PC12 cells. Anisomycin stimulated the main apoptotic pathways in both cell lines, but p143p53PC12 cells showed lower sensitivity to the drug than their wild-type counterparts. Anisomycin caused the activation of the main stress kinases, phosphorylation of the p53 protein and the eukaryotic initiation factor eIF2α, proteolytic cleavage of protein kinase R, Bid, caspase-9 and -3. Furthermore, anisomycin treatment led to the activation of TRAIL and caspase-8, two proteins involved in the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. All these changes were stronger and more sustained in wtPC12 cells. In the presence of the dominant inhibitory p53 protein, p53- dependent genes involved in the regulation of apoptosis may be less transcribed and this can lead to the decrease of apoptotic processes in p143p53PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schipp
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.,Signal Transduction Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - J Varga
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.,Signal Transduction Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - J Bátor
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.,Signal Transduction Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - M Vecsernyés
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.,Signal Transduction Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Z Árvai
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.,Signal Transduction Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - M Pap
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.,Signal Transduction Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - József Szeberényi
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs, 7624, Hungary. .,Signal Transduction Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.
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28
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Lazo PA. Reverting p53 activation after recovery of cellular stress to resume with cell cycle progression. Cell Signal 2017; 33:49-58. [PMID: 28189587 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The activation of p53 in response to different types of cellular stress induces several protective reactions including cell cycle arrest, senescence or cell death. These protective effects are a consequence of the activation of p53 by specific phosphorylation performed by several kinases. The reversion of the cell cycle arrest, induced by p53, is a consequence of the phosphorylated and activated p53, which triggers its own downregulation and that of its positive regulators. The different down-regulatory processes have a sequential and temporal order of events. The mechanisms implicated in p53 down-regulation include phosphatases, deacetylases, and protein degradation by the proteasome or autophagy, which also affect different p53 protein targets and functions. The necessary first step is the dephosphorylation of p53 to make it available for interaction with mdm2 ubiquitin-ligase, which requires the activation of phosphatases targeting both p53 and p53-activating kinases. In addition, deacetylation of p53 is required to make lysine residues accessible to ubiquitin ligases. The combined action of these downregulatory mechanisms brings p53 protein back to its basal levels, and cell cycle progression can resume if cells have overcome the stress or damage situation. The specific targeting of these down-regulatory mechanisms can be exploited for therapeutic purposes in cancers harbouring wild-type p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Lazo
- Experimental Therapeutics and Translational Oncology Program, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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29
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Prokesch A, Graef FA, Madl T, Kahlhofer J, Heidenreich S, Schumann A, Moyschewitz E, Pristoynik P, Blaschitz A, Knauer M, Muenzner M, Bogner-Strauss JG, Dohr G, Schulz TJ, Schupp M. Liver p53 is stabilized upon starvation and required for amino acid catabolism and gluconeogenesis. FASEB J 2017; 31:732-742. [PMID: 27811061 PMCID: PMC5240663 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600845r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability to adapt cellular metabolism to nutrient availability is critical for survival. The liver plays a central role in the adaptation to starvation by switching from glucose-consuming processes and lipid synthesis to providing energy substrates like glucose to the organism. Here we report a previously unrecognized role of the tumor suppressor p53 in the physiologic adaptation to food withdrawal. We found that starvation robustly increases p53 protein in mouse liver. This induction was posttranscriptional and mediated by a hepatocyte-autonomous and AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent mechanism. p53 stabilization was required for the adaptive expression of genes involved in amino acid catabolism. Indeed, acute deletion of p53 in livers of adult mice impaired hepatic glycogen storage and induced steatosis. Upon food withdrawal, p53-deleted mice became hypoglycemic and showed defects in the starvation-associated utilization of hepatic amino acids. In summary, we provide novel evidence for a p53-dependent integration of acute changes of cellular energy status and the metabolic adaptation to starvation. Because of its tumor suppressor function, p53 stabilization by starvation could have implications for both metabolic and oncological diseases of the liver.-Prokesch, A., Graef, F. A., Madl, T., Kahlhofer, J., Heidenreich, S., Schumann, A., Moyschewitz, E., Pristoynik, P., Blaschitz, A., Knauer, M., Muenzner, M., Bogner-Strauss, J. G., Dohr, G., Schulz, T. J., Schupp, M. Liver p53 is stabilized upon starvation and required for amino acid catabolism and gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Prokesch
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology, and Embryology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria;
| | - Franziska A Graef
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Madl
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jennifer Kahlhofer
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology, and Embryology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Steffi Heidenreich
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Schumann
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Moyschewitz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology, and Embryology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Petra Pristoynik
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology, and Embryology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Astrid Blaschitz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology, and Embryology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Miriam Knauer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Muenzner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Gottfried Dohr
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology, and Embryology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tim J Schulz
- Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany; and
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schupp
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany;
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30
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Xie X, He G, Siddik ZH. Functional Activation of Mutant p53 by Platinum Analogues in Cisplatin-Resistant Cells Is Dependent on Phosphorylation. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 15:328-339. [PMID: 28031409 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0257-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunctionality of the p53 tumor suppressor is a major cause of therapeutic drug resistance in cancer. Recently, we reported that mutant, but otherwise functional, p53v172F was inactivated in cisplatin-resistant 2780CP/Cl-16 and 2780CP/Cl-24 human ovarian tumor cells by increased recruitment of the inhibitor MDM4. The current study demonstrates that, unlike cisplatin, platinum analogues oxaliplatin and DACH-diacetato-dichloro-Pt(IV) (DAP) strongly stabilize and activate p53v172F in resistant cells, as indicated by prolonged p53 half-life and transactivation of targets p21 (CDKN1A) and MDM2. This increase in MDM2 reduced MDM4 levels in cell lysates as well as the p53 immunocomplex and prevented reversion of p53 to the inactive p53-MDM2-MDM4-bound state. Phosphorylation of p53 at Ser15 was demonstrated by all three drugs in sensitive A2780 and corresponding resistant 2780CP/Cl-16 and 2780CP/Cl-24 cell lines. However, cisplatin induced Ser20 phosphorylation in A2780 cells only, but not in resistant cells; in contrast, both DAP and oxaliplatin induced this phosphorylation in all three cell lines. The inference that Ser20 phosphorylation is more important for p53 activation was confirmed by ectopic expression of a phosphomimetic (S20D) mutant p53 that displayed reduced binding, relative to wild-type p53, to both MDM2 and MDM4 in p53-knockout A2780 cells. In consonance, temporal studies demonstrated drug-induced Ser15 phosphorylation coincided with p53 stabilization, whereas Ser20 phosphorylation coincided with p53 transactivation.Implications: Cisplatin fails to activate the pathway involved in phosphorylating mutant p53v172F at Ser20 in resistant cells, but this phosphorylation is restored by oxaliplatin and DAP that reactivates p53 function and circumvents cisplatin resistance. Mol Cancer Res; 15(3); 328-39. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Xie
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Guangan He
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zahid H Siddik
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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31
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Zhang CX, Zhang Q, Xie YY, He XY, Xiang C, Hou XS, Zhou Y, Chen L, Zhang GX, Liu G. Mouse Double Minute 2 Actively Suppresses p53 Activity in Oocytes during Mouse Folliculogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 187:339-351. [PMID: 27912078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The p53 signaling network is indispensible in cellular stress responses and tumor suppression. Negative regulations of p53 by mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) and its homolog MDM4 are an integrated component of the network and have been implicated in regulating the stress responses and the maintenance of normal development and homeostasis of multiple somatic cell lineages. However, the regulatory role of MDM2 on p53 and stress responses in female germ cells remains undetermined. Here, we used the Cre-loxP system to delete Mdm2 in oocytes at different stages of folliculogenesis in mice. Mdm2 deletion resulted in a clear p53 nuclear accumulation in the oocytes and impeded fertilities with early follicular loss in mice, resembling human premature ovarian failure phenotypes. These phenotypes were fully rescued by concurrent deletion of p53 in mice. In addition, Nutlin-3, a small molecule compound that inhibited the binding of MDM2 to p53, also promoted p53-dependent oocyte death. Although cancer therapeutic agents 5-fluorouracil and doxorubicin could not induce a robust p53 activation in the wild-type oocytes, they induced p53 nuclear accumulation in the Mdm2 and Mdm4 double heterozygous oocytes. These results demonstrated a critical prosurvival role for MDM2 in the oocytes. Moreover, they suggested a more tightened and rigorous regulatory mode for the MDM2/MDM4-p53 network in female germ cells under stress situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yin-Yin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue-Yan He
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cong Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Shuang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Geng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
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32
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Jiao Y, Jiang Z, Wu Y, Chen X, Xiao X, Yu H. A Functional Polymorphism (rs937283) in the MDM2 Promoter Region is Associated with Poor Prognosis of Retinoblastoma in Chinese Han Population. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31240. [PMID: 27506496 PMCID: PMC4979029 DOI: 10.1038/srep31240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at MDM2 has been investigated in several cancer types. Three MDM2 SNPs(rs937283, rs2270744 and rs769412) have previously been suggested to be positively correlated with cancer. In this study, we aimed to explore the association of rs937283, rs2270744 and rs769412 polymorphisms with retinoblastoma (RB) risk, clinicopathological characteristics, and prognosis. Compared with wild-type genotype AA at rs937283, individuals carrying AG and GG genotype had a significantly increased risk for developing RB (OR = 1.86, 95% CI 1.13–3.08; OR = 2.48, 95% CI 1.10–5.62, respectively). RB patients with allele G at rs937283 were more susceptible to invasion and high tumor aggression (OR = 2.42, 95% CI 1.43–4.11; OR = 2.15, 95% CI 1.27–3.64, respectively). Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank results revealed that RB patients harboring genotype GG and G allele at rs937283 had worse survival (P < 0.02 and P < 0.01, respectively). In addition, the A to G substitution at rs937283 significantly enhanced the transcription activity of the MDM2 gene in vitro. In vivo, we found that MDM2 mRNA and protein were overexpressed in individuals who carried the G allele at rs937283. This study suggested that the MDM2 rs937283 polymorphism is a novel functional SNP both in vitro and in vivo as well as a biomarker for poor prognosis in RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfa Jiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yishui Central Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongming Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yishui Central Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Yuxia Wu
- Yishui Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaochong Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xing Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Haiying Yu
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Affiliated to Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
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San-Segundo L, Guimarães L, Fernández Torija C, Beltrán EM, Guilhermino L, Pablos MV. Alterations in gene expression levels provide early indicators of chemical stress during Xenopus laevis embryo development: A case study with perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 127:51-60. [PMID: 26802562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, Xenopus laevis embryos were exposed to a range of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) concentrations (0, 0.5, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 96mg/L) for 96h in laboratorial conditions to establish toxicity along with possible gene expression changes. Mortality and deformities were monitored daily and head-tail length was measured at the end of the assay as an indicator of growth. At 24 and 96h post-exposure (hpe), the mRNA expression levels of the genetic markers involved in general stress responses (hsp70, hsp47, crh-a and ucn1), oxidative stress (cat.2 and sod), lipid metabolism (ppard) and apoptosis (tp53 and bax) were analyzed by RT-qPCR. Malformations were significantly higher in the embryos exposed to the highest PFOS concentration (41.8% to 56.4%) compared to controls (5.5%) at 48, 72 and 96hpe. Growth inhibition was observed in the embryos exposed to PFOS concentrations≥48mg/L. At 24 hpe, a statistically significant up-regulation of genes hsp70, hsp47, ppard, tp53 and bax in relation to controls was found. Similar responses were found for genes hsp70, hsp47, crh-a, ucn1, sod and ppard at 96 hpe. Alterations in the mRNA expression levels indicated both a stress response to PFOS exposure during X. laevis embryo development, and alterations in the regulation of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and differentiation. These molecular alterations were detected at an earlier exposure time or at lower concentrations than those producing developmental toxicity. Therefore, these sensitive warning signals could be used together with other biomarkers to supplement alternative methods (i.e. the frog embryo test) for developmental toxicity safety evaluations, and as tools in amphibian risk assessments for PFOS and its potential substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura San-Segundo
- INIA-National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Environment, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Guimarães
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Fernández Torija
- INIA-National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Environment, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eulalia M Beltrán
- INIA-National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Environment, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lúcia Guilhermino
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Department of Populations Study, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - María Victoria Pablos
- INIA-National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of Environment, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Distinct downstream targets manifest p53-dependent pathologies in mice. Oncogene 2016; 35:5713-5721. [PMID: 27065327 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mdm2, the principal negative regulator of p53, is critical for survival, a fact clearly demonstrated by the p53-dependent death of germline or conditional mice following deletion of Mdm2. On the other hand, Mdm2 hypomorphic (Mdm2Puro/Δ7-12) or heterozygous (Mdm2+/-) mice that express either 30 or 50% of normal Mdm2 levels, respectively, are viable but present distinct phenotypes because of increased p53 activity. Mdm2 levels are also transcriptionally regulated by p53. We evaluated the significance of this reciprocal relationship in a new hypomorphic mouse model inheriting an aberrant Mdm2 allele with insertion of the neomycin cassette and deletion of 184-bp sequence in intron 3. These mice also carry mutations in the Mdm2 P2-promoter and thus express suboptimal levels of Mdm2 entirely encoded from the P1-promoter. Resulting mice exhibit abnormalities in skin pigmentation and reproductive tissue architecture, and are subfertile. Notably, all these phenotypes are rescued on a p53-null background. Furthermore, these phenotypes depend on distinct p53 downstream activities as genetic ablation of the pro-apoptotic gene Puma reverts the reproductive abnormalities but not skin hyperpigmentation, whereas deletion of cell cycle arrest gene p21 does not rescue either phenotype. Moreover, p53-mediated upregulation of Kitl influences skin pigmentation. Altogether, these data emphasize tissue-specific p53 activities that regulate cell fate.
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Major apoptotic mechanisms and genes involved in apoptosis. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:8471-86. [PMID: 27059734 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As much as the cellular viability is important for the living organisms, the elimination of unnecessary or damaged cells has the opposite necessity for the maintenance of homeostasis in tissues, organs and the whole organism. Apoptosis, a type of cell death mechanism, is controlled by the interactions between several molecules and responsible for the elimination of unwanted cells from the body. Apoptosis can be triggered by intrinsically or extrinsically through death signals from the outside of the cell. Any abnormality in apoptosis process can cause various types of diseases from cancer to auto-immune diseases. Different gene families such as caspases, inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, B cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 family of genes, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor gene superfamily, or p53 gene are involved and/or collaborate in the process of apoptosis. In this review, we discuss the basic features of apoptosis and have focused on the gene families playing critical roles, activation/inactivation mechanisms, upstream/downstream effectors, and signaling pathways in apoptosis on the basis of cancer studies. In addition, novel apoptotic players such as miRNAs and sphingolipid family members in various kind of cancer are discussed.
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Karni-Schmidt O, Lokshin M, Prives C. The Roles of MDM2 and MDMX in Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2016; 11:617-44. [PMID: 27022975 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
For more than 25 years, MDM2 and its homolog MDMX (also known as MDM4) have been shown to exert oncogenic activity. These two proteins are best understood as negative regulators of the p53 tumor suppressor, although they may have additional p53-independent roles. Understanding the dysregulation of MDM2 and MDMX in human cancers and how they function either together or separately in tumorigenesis may improve methods of diagnosis and for assessing prognosis. Targeting the proteins themselves, or their regulators, may be a promising therapeutic approach to treating some forms of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Karni-Schmidt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027;
| | - Maria Lokshin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027;
| | - Carol Prives
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027;
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Heterozygous p53(V172F) mutation in cisplatin-resistant human tumor cells promotes MDM4 recruitment and decreases stability and transactivity of p53. Oncogene 2016; 35:4798-806. [PMID: 26876197 PMCID: PMC5289310 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin is an important antitumor agent, but its clinical utility is often limited by multifactorial mechanism of resistance. Loss of tumor suppressor p53 function is a major mechanism that is affected by either mutation in the DNA-binding domain or dysregulation by overexpression of p53 inhibitors MDM2 and MDM4, which destabilize p53 by increasing its proteosomal degradation. In the present study, cisplatin-resistant 2780CP/Cl-16 ovarian tumor cells expressed a heterozygous, temperature-sensitive p53(V172F) mutation, which reduced p53 half-life by two- to threefold compared with homozygous wild-type (wt) p53 in parental A2780 cells. Although reduced p53 stability in 2780CP/Cl-16 cells was associated with moderate cellular overexpression of MDM2 or MDM4 (<1.5-fold), their binding to p53 was substantially enhanced (five- to eightfold). The analogous cisplatin-resistant 2780CP/Cl-24 cells, which express loss of p53 heterozygosity, retained the p53(V172F) mutation and high p53-MDM4 binding, but demonstrated lower p53-bound MDM2 that was associated with reduced p53 ubiquitination and enhanced p53 stability. The inference that p53 was unstable as a heteromeric p53(wt)/p53(V172F) complex was confirmed in 2780CP/Cl-24 cells transfected with wt p53 or multimer-inhibiting p53(L344P) mutant, and further supported by normalization of p53 stability in both resistant cell lines grown at the permissive temperature of 32.5 °C. Surprisingly, in 2780CP/Cl-16 and 2780CP/Cl-24 models, cisplatin-induced transactivity of p53 was attenuated at 37 °C, and this correlated with cisplatin resistance. However, downregulation of MDM2 or MDM4 by small interfering RNA in either resistant cell line induced p53 and restored p21 transactivation at 37 °C, as did cisplatin-induced DNA damage at 32.5 °C that coincided with reduced p53-MDM4 binding and cisplatin resistance. These results demonstrate that cisplatin-mediated p53(V172F) mutation regulates p53 stability at the normothermic temperature, but it is the increased recruitment of MDM4 by the homomeric or heteromeric mutant p53(V172F) complex that inhibits p53-dependent transactivation. This represents a novel cellular mechanism of p53 inhibition, and, thereby, induction of cisplatin resistance.
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Karakostis K, Ponnuswamy A, Fusée LTS, Bailly X, Laguerre L, Worall E, Vojtesek B, Nylander K, Fåhraeus R. p53 mRNA and p53 Protein Structures Have Evolved Independently to Interact with MDM2. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:1280-92. [PMID: 26823446 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor and its key regulator MDM2 play essential roles in development, ageing, cancer, and cellular stress responses in mammals. Following DNA damage, MDM2 interacts with p53 mRNA in an ATM kinase-dependent fashion and stimulates p53 synthesis, whereas under normal conditions, MDM2 targets the p53 protein for degradation. The peptide- and RNA motifs that interact with MDM2 are encoded by the same conserved BOX-I sequence, but how these interactions have evolved is unknown. Here, we show that a temperature-sensitive structure in the invertebrate Ciona intestinalis (Ci) p53 mRNA controls its interaction with MDM2. We also show that a nonconserved flanking region of Ci-BOX-I domain prevents the p53-MDM2 protein-protein interaction. These results indicate that the temperature-regulated p53 mRNA-MDM2 interaction evolved to become kinase regulated in the mammalian DNA damage response. The data also suggest that the negative regulation of p53 by MDM2 via protein-protein interaction evolved in vertebrates following changes in the BOX-I flanking sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Karakostis
- Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université Paris 7, INSERM UMR 1162, Paris, France
| | - Anand Ponnuswamy
- Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université Paris 7, INSERM UMR 1162, Paris, France
| | - Leïla T S Fusée
- Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université Paris 7, INSERM UMR 1162, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Bailly
- UPMC-CNRS, FR2424, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Laurent Laguerre
- UPMC-CNRS, FR2424, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Erin Worall
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Borek Vojtesek
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, RECAMO and Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karin Nylander
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Robin Fåhraeus
- Équipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université Paris 7, INSERM UMR 1162, Paris, France Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, RECAMO and Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Chen R, Liu S, Ye H, Li J, Du Y, Chen L, Liu X, Ding Y, Li Q, Mao Y, Ai S, Zhang P, Ma W, Yang H. Association of p53 rs1042522, MDM2 rs2279744, and p21 rs1801270 polymorphisms with retinoblastoma risk and invasion in a Chinese population. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13300. [PMID: 26289323 PMCID: PMC4642541 DOI: 10.1038/srep13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of p53 rs1042522, MDM2 rs2279744 and p21 rs1801270, all in the p53 pathway, which plays a crucial role in DNA damage and genomic instability, were reported to be associated with cancer risk and pathologic characteristics. This case-control study was designed to analyse the association between these SNPs and retinoblastoma (RB) in a Chinese Han population. These SNPs in 168 RB patients and 185 adult controls were genotyped using genomic DNA from venous blood. No significant difference was observed in allele or genotypic frequencies of these SNPs between Chinese RB patients and controls (all P > 0.05). However, the rs1042522 GC genotype showed a protective effect against RB invasion, as demonstrated by event-free survival (HR = 0.53, P = 0.007 for GC versus GG/CC). This effect was significant for patients with a lag time >1 month and no pre-enucleation treatment (P = 0.007 and P = 0.010, respectively), indicating an interaction between p53 rs1042522 and clinical characteristics, including lag time and pre-enucleation treatment status. Thus, the rs1042522 SNP may be associated with RB invasion in the Han Chinese population; however, further large and functional studies are needed to assess the validity of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Huijing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jiali Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yi Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Lingyan Chen
- Divisions of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Xiaoman Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yungang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yuxiang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Siming Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Wenfang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Huasheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Zhang C, Liu J, Wang X, Wu R, Lin M, Laddha SV, Yang Q, Chan CS, Feng Z. MicroRNA-339-5p inhibits colorectal tumorigenesis through regulation of the MDM2/p53 signaling. Oncotarget 2015; 5:9106-17. [PMID: 25193859 PMCID: PMC4253422 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 plays a central role in tumor suppression. To ensure its proper function, the levels and activity of p53 are under a tight regulation in cells. MicroRNAs are short non-coding RNAs that play an important role in regulation of gene expression. Recently, microRNA-339-5p has been reported to be frequently down-regulated in colorectal cancer, and furthermore, its down-regulation is associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients, which strongly suggests a tumor suppressive function of microRNA-339-5p in colorectal cancer. In this study, we found that microRNA-339-5p directly represses the expression of MDM2, a key negative regulator of p53, through binding to MDM2 3′-UTR in colorectal cancer cells. Through the down-regulation of MDM2, microRNA-339-5p increases p53 protein levels and functions, including p53 transcriptional activity and p53-mediated apoptosis and senescence in response to stress. Furthermore, microRNA-339-5p inhibits the migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells and the growth of colorectal xenograft tumors in a largely p53-dependent manner. Our results highlighted an important role of microRNA-339-5p in suppression of colorectal tumorigenesis, and also revealed that regulating the p53 function is an important mechanism for microRNA-339-5p in tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; These auhors contributed equally to this work
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; These auhors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Meihua Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Qifeng Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Chang S Chan
- Center for Systems Biology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Zhaohui Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Pflaum J, Schlosser S, Müller M. p53 Family and Cellular Stress Responses in Cancer. Front Oncol 2014; 4:285. [PMID: 25374842 PMCID: PMC4204435 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 is an important tumor suppressor gene, which is stimulated by cellular stress like ionizing radiation, hypoxia, carcinogens, and oxidative stress. Upon activation, p53 leads to cell-cycle arrest and promotes DNA repair or induces apoptosis via several pathways. p63 and p73 are structural homologs of p53 that can act similarly to the protein and also hold functions distinct from p53. Today more than 40 different isoforms of the p53 family members are known. They result from transcription via different promoters and alternative splicing. Some isoforms have carcinogenic properties and mediate resistance to chemotherapy. Therefore, expression patterns of the p53 family genes can offer prognostic information in several malignant tumors. Furthermore, the p53 family constitutes a potential target for cancer therapy. Small molecules (e.g., Nutlins, RITA, PRIMA-1, and MIRA-1 among others) have been objects of intense research interest in recent years. They restore pro-apoptotic wild-type p53 function and were shown to break chemotherapeutic resistance. Due to p53 family interactions small molecules also influence p63 and p73 activity. Thus, the members of the p53 family are key players in the cellular stress response in cancer and are expected to grow in importance as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Pflaum
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Sophie Schlosser
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Martina Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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Zhang B, Mehrotra S, Ng WL, Calvi BR. Low levels of p53 protein and chromatin silencing of p53 target genes repress apoptosis in Drosophila endocycling cells. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004581. [PMID: 25211335 PMCID: PMC4161308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cell death is an important response to genotoxic stress that prevents oncogenesis. It is known that tissues can differ in their apoptotic response, but molecular mechanisms are little understood. Here, we show that Drosophila polyploid endocycling cells (G/S cycle) repress the apoptotic response to DNA damage through at least two mechanisms. First, the expression of all the Drosophila p53 protein isoforms is strongly repressed at a post-transcriptional step. Second, p53-regulated pro-apoptotic genes are epigenetically silenced in endocycling cells, preventing activation of a paused RNA Pol II by p53-dependent or p53-independent pathways. Over-expression of the p53A isoform did not activate this paused RNA Pol II complex in endocycling cells, but over-expression of the p53B isoform with a longer transactivation domain did, suggesting that dampened p53B protein levels are crucial for apoptotic repression. We also find that the p53A protein isoform is ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasome in endocycling cells. In mitotic cycling cells, p53A was the only isoform expressed to detectable levels, and its mRNA and protein levels increased after irradiation, but there was no evidence for an increase in protein stability. However, our data suggest that p53A protein stability is regulated in unirradiated cells, which likely ensures that apoptosis does not occur in the absence of stress. Without irradiation, both p53A protein and a paused RNA pol II were pre-bound to the promoters of pro-apoptotic genes, preparing mitotic cycling cells for a rapid apoptotic response to genotoxic stress. Together, our results define molecular mechanisms by which different cells in development modulate their apoptotic response, with broader significance for the survival of normal and cancer polyploid cells in mammals. In order to maintain genome integrity, eukaryotic cells have evolved multiple ways to respond to DNA damage stress. One of the major cellular responses is apoptosis, during which the cell undergoes programmed cell death in order to prevent the propagation of the damaged genome to daughter cells. Although clinical observations and other studies have shown that tissues can differ in their apoptotic response, the molecular mechanisms underlying these differences are largely unknown. We have shown in our model system, Drosophila, that endocycling cells do not initiate cell death in response to DNA damage. The endocycle is a cell cycle variation that is widely found in nature and conserved from plant to animals. During the endocycle, cells duplicate their genomic DNA but do not enter mitosis to segregate chromosomes, resulting in a polyploid genome content. In this study, we investigate how the apoptotic response to DNA damage is repressed in endocycling cells. We find that the Drosophila ortholog of the human p53 tumor suppressor protein is expressed at very low levels in endocycling cells. Moreover, the downstream pro-apoptotic genes that are regulated by p53 are epigenetically silenced in endocycling cells. Our results provide important insights into tissue-specific apoptotic responses in development, with possible broader impact on understanding radiation therapy response and cancer of different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Zhang
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sonam Mehrotra
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Wei Lun Ng
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Brian R. Calvi
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wu G, Cai J, Han Y, Chen J, Huang ZP, Chen C, Cai Y, Huang H, Yang Y, Liu Y, Xu Z, He D, Zhang X, Hu X, Pinello L, Zhong D, He F, Yuan GC, Wang DZ, Zeng C. LincRNA-p21 regulates neointima formation, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, apoptosis, and atherosclerosis by enhancing p53 activity. Circulation 2014; 130:1452-1465. [PMID: 25156994 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.011675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have recently been implicated in many biological processes and diseases. Atherosclerosis is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, the functional role of lncRNAs in atherosclerosis is largely unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS We identified lincRNA-p21 as a key regulator of cell proliferation and apoptosis during atherosclerosis. The expression of lincRNA-p21 was dramatically downregulated in atherosclerotic plaques of ApoE(-/-) mice, an animal model for atherosclerosis. Through loss- and gain-of-function approaches, we showed that lincRNA-p21 represses cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells and mouse mononuclear macrophage cells in vitro. Moreover, we found that inhibition of lincRNA-p21 results in neointimal hyperplasia in vivo in a carotid artery injury model. Genome-wide analysis revealed that lincRNA-p21 inhibition dysregulated many p53 targets. Furthermore, lincRNA-p21, a transcriptional target of p53, feeds back to enhance p53 transcriptional activity, at least in part, via binding to mouse double minute 2 (MDM2), an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. The association of lincRNA-p21 and MDM2 releases MDM2 repression of p53, enabling p53 to interact with p300 and to bind to the promoters/enhancers of its target genes. Finally, we show that lincRNA-p21 expression is decreased in patients with coronary artery disease. CONCLUSIONS Our studies identify lincRNA-p21 as a novel regulator of cell proliferation and apoptosis and suggest that this lncRNA could serve as a therapeutic target to treat atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengze Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jin Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinghai Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Zhan-Peng Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Caiyu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hefei Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujia Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yukai Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zaicheng Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Duofen He
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqun Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Luca Pinello
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Heath, Boston, MA
| | - Dan Zhong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengtian He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guo-Cheng Yuan
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Heath, Boston, MA
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Chunyu Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Chongqing Institute of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Zhou Y, Zhang X, Klibanski A. Genetic and epigenetic mutations of tumor suppressive genes in sporadic pituitary adenoma. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 386:16-33. [PMID: 24035864 PMCID: PMC3943596 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human pituitary adenomas are the most common intracranial neoplasms. Approximately 5% of them are familial adenomas. Patients with familial tumors carry germline mutations in predisposition genes, including AIP, MEN1 and PRKAR1A. These mutations are extremely rare in sporadic pituitary adenomas, which therefore are caused by different mechanisms. Multiple tumor suppressive genes linked to sporadic tumors have been identified. Their inactivation is caused by epigenetic mechanisms, mainly promoter hypermethylation, and can be placed into two groups based on their functional interaction with tumor suppressors RB or p53. The RB group includes CDKN2A, CDKN2B, CDKN2C, RB1, BMP4, CDH1, CDH13, GADD45B and GADD45G; AIP and MEN1 genes also belong to this group. The p53 group includes MEG3, MGMT, PLAGL1, RASSF1, RASSF3 and SOCS1. We propose that the tumor suppression function of these genes is mainly mediated by the RB and p53 pathways. We also discuss possible tumor suppression mechanisms for individual genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunli Zhou
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Xun Zhang
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Anne Klibanski
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
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Zhou X, Wu W, Li H, Cheng Y, Wei N, Zong J, Feng X, Xie Z, Chen D, Manley JL, Wang H, Feng Y. Transcriptome analysis of alternative splicing events regulated by SRSF10 reveals position-dependent splicing modulation. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:4019-30. [PMID: 24442672 PMCID: PMC3973337 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Splicing factor SRSF10 is known to function as a sequence-specific splicing activator. Here, we used RNA-seq coupled with bioinformatics analysis to identify the extensive splicing network regulated by SRSF10 in chicken cells. We found that SRSF10 promoted both exon inclusion and exclusion. Motif analysis revealed that SRSF10 binding to cassette exons was associated with exon inclusion, whereas the binding of SRSF10 within downstream constitutive exons was associated with exon exclusion. This positional effect was further demonstrated by the mutagenesis of potential SRSF10 binding motifs in two minigene constructs. Functionally, many of SRSF10-verified alternative exons are linked to pathways of stress and apoptosis. Consistent with this observation, cells depleted of SRSF10 expression were far more susceptible to endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis than control cells. Importantly, reconstituted SRSF10 in knockout cells recovered wild-type splicing patterns and considerably rescued the stress-related defects. Together, our results provide mechanistic insight into SRSF10-regulated alternative splicing events in vivo and demonstrate that SRSF10 plays a crucial role in cell survival under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexia Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China, Novel Bioinformatics Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA and Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China
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Guo H, Ye CX, Wang AL, Xian JA, Liao SA, Miao YT, Zhang SP. Trascriptome analysis of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei exposed to nitrite by RNA-seq. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:2008-16. [PMID: 24055647 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, transcriptome of nitrite-exposed Litopenaeus vannamei was performed using a newly developed high-throughput sequencing technology (Illumina RNA-seq). As many as 42,336 unigenes were generated with 561 bp of average length and 736 bp of unigene N50 after filtering and assembly. These unigenes from the de novo assembly were further annotated using BLAST and BLAST2GO softwares. A total of 23,532 unigenes were unambiguous alignments to the reference when BLAST against non-redundant protein sequence (Nr), non-redundant nucleotide (Nt), Swiss-Prot, Gene Ontology database (GO), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases available at NCBI. Numerous candidate genes associated with immune response, detoxification, apoptosis pathway were identified. Ten candidate genes related to immune responses and apoptosis were selected for validating the results of assembly and annotation by real-time quantitative PCR. Results revealed that the expressions of all these ten genes were up-regulated after nitrite exposure. Combining to our previous study, we speculate that all these selected genes may be involved in the response to nitrite stress. The study shows a systematic overview of the transcriptome analysis in L. vannamei, and provides valuable gene information for studying molecular mechanisms under nitrite exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, People's Republic of China
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Anderson JL, Ashwell CM, Smith SC, Shine R, Smith EC, Taylor RL. Atherosclerosis-susceptible and atherosclerosis-resistant pigeon aortic cells express different genes in vivo. Poult Sci 2013; 92:2668-80. [PMID: 24046414 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous atherosclerosis in the White Carneau (WC-As) pigeon is inherited as a single gene disorder, and its progression closely mirrors the human disease. Representational difference analysis and microarray were used to identify genes that were differentially expressed between the susceptible WC-As and resistant Show Racer (SR-Ar) aortic tissue. The RNA extracted from 1-d-old squab aortas was used to make cDNA for each experiment. Fifty-six unique genes were found using representational difference analysis, with 25 exclusively expressed in the WC-As, 15 exclusive to the SR-Ar, and 16 nonexclusive genes having copy number variation between breeds. Caveolin and β-actin were expressed in the WC-As, whereas the proteasome maturation protein and the transcription complex CCR4-NOT were exclusive to the SR-Ar. Microarray analysis revealed 48 genes with differential expression. Vascular endothelial growth factor and p53 binding protein were among the 17 genes upregulated in the WC-As. Thirty-one genes were upregulated in the SR-Ar including the transforming growth factor-β signaling factor SMAD2 and heat shock protein 90. Genes representing several biochemical pathways were distinctly different between breeds. The most striking divergences were in cytoskeletal remodeling, proteasome activity, cellular respiration, and immune response. Actin cytoskeletal remodeling appears to be one of the first differences between susceptible and resistant breeds, lending support to the smooth muscle cell phenotypic reversion hypothesis of human atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Anderson
- Department of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham 03824; and
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De Schutter T, Andrei G, Topalis D, Naesens L, Snoeck R. Cidofovir selectivity is based on the different response of normal and cancer cells to DNA damage. BMC Med Genomics 2013; 6:18. [PMID: 23702334 PMCID: PMC3681722 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-6-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cidofovir (CDV) proved efficacious in treatment of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) hyperplasias. Antiproliferative effects of CDV have been associated with apoptosis induction, S-phase accumulation, and increased levels of tumor suppressor proteins. However, the molecular mechanisms for the selectivity and antitumor activity of CDV against HPV-transformed cells remain unexplained. Methods We evaluated CDV drug metabolism and incorporation into cellular DNA, in addition to whole genome gene expression profiling by means of microarrays in two HPV+ cervical carcinoma cells, HPV- immortalized keratinocytes, and normal keratinocytes. Results Determination of the metabolism and drug incorporation of CDV into genomic DNA demonstrated a higher rate of drug incorporation in HPV+ tumor cells and immortalized keratinocytes compared to normal keratinocytes. Gene expression profiling clearly showed distinct and specific drug effects in the cell types investigated. Although an effect on inflammatory response was seen in all cell types, different pathways were identified in normal keratinocytes compared to immortalized keratinocytes and HPV+ tumor cells. Notably, Rho GTPase pathways, LXR/RXR pathways, and acute phase response signaling were exclusively activated in immortalized cells. CDV exposed normal keratinocytes displayed activated cell cycle regulation upon DNA damage signaling to allow DNA repair via homologous recombination, resulting in genomic stability and survival. Although CDV induced cell cycle arrest in HPV- immortalized cells, DNA repair was not activated in these cells. In contrast, HPV+ cells lacked cell cycle regulation, leading to genomic instability and eventually apoptosis. Conclusions Taken together, our data provide novel insights into the mechanism of action of CDV and its selectivity for HPV-transformed cells. The proposed mechanism suggests that this selectivity is based on the inability of HPV+ cells to respond to DNA damage, rather than on a direct anti-HPV effect. Since cell cycle control is deregulated by the viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 in HPV+ cells, these cells are more susceptible to DNA damage than normal keratinocytes. Our findings underline the therapeutic potential of CDV for HPV-associated malignancies as well as other neoplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim De Schutter
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Sub-types of breast cancer defined by the expression of steroid hormones and Her2/Neu oncogene have distinct prognosis and undergo different therapies. Besides differing in their phenotype, sub-types of breast cancer display various molecular lesions that participate in their pathogenesis. BRCA1 is one of the common hereditary cancer predisposition genes and encodes for an ubiquitin ligase. Ubiquitin ligases or E3 enzymes participate together with ubiquitin activating enzyme and ubiquitin conjugating enzymes in the attachment of ubiquitin (ubiquitination) in target proteins. Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification regulating multiple cell functions. It also plays important roles in carcinogenesis in general and in breast carcinogenesis in particular. Ubiquitin conjugating enzymes are a central component of the ubiquitination machinery and are often perturbed in breast cancer. This paper will discuss ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins conjugating enzymes participating in breast cancer pathogenesis, their relationships with other proteins of the ubiquitination machinery and their role in phenotype of breast cancer sub-types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A Voutsadakis
- Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, BH06, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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