1
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Phelan DE, Reddan B, Shigemura M, Sznajder JI, Crean D, Cummins EP. Orphan Nuclear Receptor Family 4A (NR4A) Members NR4A2 and NR4A3 Selectively Modulate Elements of the Monocyte Response to Buffered Hypercapnia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2852. [PMID: 38474099 PMCID: PMC10931687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypercapnia occurs when the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood exceeds 45 mmHg. Hypercapnia is associated with several lung pathologies and is transcriptionally linked to suppression of immune and inflammatory signalling through poorly understood mechanisms. Here we propose Orphan Nuclear Receptor Family 4A (NR4A) family members NR4A2 and NR4A3 as potential transcriptional regulators of the cellular response to hypercapnia in monocytes. Using a THP-1 monocyte model, we investigated the sensitivity of NR4A family members to CO2 and the impact of depleting NR4A2 and NR4A3 on the monocyte response to buffered hypercapnia (10% CO2) using RNA-sequencing. We observed that NR4A2 and NR4A3 are CO2-sensitive transcription factors and that depletion of NR4A2 and NR4A3 led to reduced CO2-sensitivity of mitochondrial and heat shock protein (Hsp)-related genes, respectively. Several CO2-sensitive genes were, however, refractory to depletion of NR4A2 and NR4A3, indicating that NR4As regulate certain elements of the cellular response to buffered hypercapnia but that other transcription factors also contribute. Bioinformatic analysis of conserved CO2-sensitive genes implicated several novel putative CO2-sensitive transcription factors, of which the ETS Proto-Oncogene 1 Transcription Factor (ETS-1) was validated to show increased nuclear expression in buffered hypercapnia. These data give significant insights into the understanding of immune responses in patients experiencing hypercapnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Phelan
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland (B.R.)
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ben Reddan
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland (B.R.)
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Masahiko Shigemura
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
| | - Jacob I. Sznajder
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
| | - Daniel Crean
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Eoin P. Cummins
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland (B.R.)
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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2
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Yang Y, Seok MJ, Kim YE, Choi Y, Song JJ, Sulistio YA, Kim SH, Chang MY, Oh SJ, Nam MH, Kim YK, Kim TG, Im HI, Koh SH, Lee SH. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) 9-mediated gene delivery of Nurr1 and Foxa2 ameliorates symptoms and pathologies of Alzheimer disease model mice by suppressing neuro-inflammation and glial pathology. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:5359-5374. [PMID: 35902630 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01693-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a compelling need to develop disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neuro-degenerative disorder. Together with recent progress in vector development for efficiently targeting the central nervous system, gene therapy has been suggested as a potential therapeutic modality to overcome the limited delivery of conventional types of drugs to and within the damaged brain. In addition, given increasing evidence of the strong link between glia and AD pathophysiology, therapeutic targets have been moving toward those addressing glial cell pathology. Nurr1 and Foxa2 are transcription/epigenetic regulators that have been reported to cooperatively regulate inflammatory and neurotrophic response in glial cells. In this study, we tested the therapeutic potential of Nurr1 and Foxa2 gene delivery to treat AD symptoms and pathologies. A series of functional, histologic, and transcriptome analyses revealed that the combined expression of Nurr1 and Foxa2 substantially ameliorated AD-associated amyloid β and Tau proteinopathy, cell senescence, synaptic loss, and neuro-inflammation in multiple in vitro and in vivo AD models. Intra-cranial delivery of Nurr1 and Foxa2 genes using adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype 9 improved the memory and cognitive function of AD model mice. The therapeutic benefits of gene delivery were attained mainly by correcting pathologic glial function. These findings collectively indicate that AAV9-mediated Nurr1 and Foxa2 gene transfer could be an effective disease-modifying therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunseon Yang
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jong Seok
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Eun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hangyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjung Choi
- Convergence Research Center for Brain Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Song
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanuar Alan Sulistio
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hoon Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Yoon Chang
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Oh
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Nam
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Kyung Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Brain Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Med, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Gyun Kim
- Innopeutics Corporation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heh-In Im
- Convergence Research Center for Brain Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Bio-Med, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hangyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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3
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García-Yagüe ÁJ, Cuadrado A. Mechanisms of NURR1 Regulation: Consequences for Its Biological Activity and Involvement in Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12280. [PMID: 37569656 PMCID: PMC10419244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
NURR1 (Nuclear receptor-related 1 protein or NR4A2) is a nuclear protein receptor transcription factor with an essential role in the development, regulation, and maintenance of dopaminergic neurons and mediates the response to stressful stimuli during the perinatal period in mammalian brain development. The dysregulation of NURR1 activity may play a role in various diseases, including the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, and several other pathologies. NURR1 is regulated by multiple mechanisms, among which phosphorylation by kinases or SUMOylation are the best characterized. Both post-translational modifications can regulate the activity of NURR1, affecting its stability and transcriptional activity. Other non-post-translational regulatory mechanisms include changes in its subcellular distribution or interaction with other protein partners by heterodimerization, also affecting its transcription activity. Here, we summarize the currently known regulatory mechanisms of NURR1 and provide a brief overview of its participation in pathological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Juan García-Yagüe
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), 28027 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBER-CIBERNED), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, Planta, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), 28027 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBER-CIBERNED), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, Planta, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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4
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Han Z, Andrš M, Madhavan BK, Kaymak S, Sulaj A, Kender Z, Kopf S, Kihm L, Pepperkok R, Janscak P, Nawroth P, Kumar V. The importance of nuclear RAGE-Mcm2 axis in diabetes or cancer-associated replication stress. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:2298-2318. [PMID: 36807739 PMCID: PMC10018352 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
An elevated frequency of DNA replication defects is associated with diabetes and cancer. However, data linking these nuclear perturbations to the onset or progression of organ complications remained unexplored. Here, we report that RAGE (Receptor for Advanced Glycated Endproducts), previously believed to be an extracellular receptor, upon metabolic stress localizes to the damaged forks. There it interacts and stabilizes the minichromosome-maintenance (Mcm2-7) complex. Accordingly, RAGE deficiency leads to slowed fork progression, premature fork collapse, hypersensitivity to replication stress agents and reduction of viability, which was reversed by the reconstitution of RAGE. This was marked by the 53BP1/OPT-domain expression and the presence of micronuclei, premature loss-of-ciliated zones, increased incidences of tubular-karyomegaly, and finally, interstitial fibrosis. More importantly, the RAGE-Mcm2 axis was selectively compromised in cells expressing micronuclei in human biopsies and mouse models of diabetic nephropathy and cancer. Thus, the functional RAGE-Mcm2/7 axis is critical in handling replication stress in vitro and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Han
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Andrš
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-14300 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bindhu K Madhavan
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Serap Kaymak
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alba Sulaj
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Zoltan Kender
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kopf
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lars Kihm
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Pepperkok
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Advanced Light Microscopy Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pavel Janscak
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-14300 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Nawroth
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 305, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Varun Kumar
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 305, Heidelberg, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Advanced Light Microscopy Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
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5
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Wang H, Zhang M, Fang F, Xu C, Liu J, Gao L, Zhao C, Wang Z, Zhong Y, Wang X. The nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A1 in human disease. Biochem Cell Biol 2023; 101:148-159. [PMID: 36861809 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2022-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1), a member of the NR4A subfamily, acts as a gene regulator in a wide range of signaling pathways and responses to human diseases. Here, we provide a brief overview of the current functions of NR4A1 in human diseases and the factors involved in its function. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms can potentially improve drug development and disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshuang Wang
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Mengjuan Zhang
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Jiazhi Liu
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Lanjun Gao
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Chenchen Zhao
- Graduate School, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns Research, Shijiazhuang 050091, China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China
| | - Yan Zhong
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns Research, Shijiazhuang 050091, China.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, College of Integrative Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China
| | - Xiangting Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Liver-Kidney Patterns Research, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
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6
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Novotny JP, Mariño-Enríquez A, Fletcher JA. Targeting DNA-PK. Cancer Treat Res 2023; 186:299-312. [PMID: 37978142 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-30065-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
This chapter explores the multifaceted roles of DNA-PK with particular focus on its functions in non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) DNA repair. DNA-PK is the primary orchestrator of NHEJ but also regulates other biologic processes. The growing understanding of varied DNA-PK biologic roles highlights new avenues for cancer treatment. However, these multiple roles also imply challenges, particularly in combination therapies, with perhaps a higher risk of clinical toxicities than was previously envisioned. These considerations underscore the need for compelling and innovative strategies to accomplish effective clinical translation.
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7
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Longarini EJ, Matic I. The fast-growing business of Serine ADP-ribosylation. DNA Repair (Amst) 2022; 118:103382. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2022.103382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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8
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Kwon O, Song J, Yang Y, Kim S, Kim JY, Seok M, Hwang I, Yu J, Karmacharya J, Maeng H, Kim J, Jho E, Ko SY, Son H, Chang M, Lee S. SGK1 inhibition in glia ameliorates pathologies and symptoms in Parkinson disease animal models. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13076. [PMID: 33646633 PMCID: PMC8033538 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes and microglia are brain-resident glia that can establish harmful inflammatory environments in disease contexts and thereby contribute to the progression of neuronal loss in neurodegenerative disorders. Correcting the diseased properties of glia is therefore an appealing strategy for treating brain diseases. Previous studies have shown that serum/ glucocorticoid related kinase 1 (SGK1) is upregulated in the brains of patients with various neurodegenerative disorders, suggesting its involvement in the pathogenesis of those diseases. In this study, we show that inhibiting glial SGK1 corrects the pro-inflammatory properties of glia by suppressing the intracellular NFκB-, NLRP3-inflammasome-, and CGAS-STING-mediated inflammatory pathways. Furthermore, SGK1 inhibition potentiated glial activity to scavenge glutamate toxicity and prevented glial cell senescence and mitochondrial damage, which have recently been reported as critical pathologic features of and therapeutic targets in Parkinson disease (PD) and Alzheimer disease (AD). Along with those anti-inflammatory/neurotrophic functions, silencing and pharmacological inhibition of SGK1 protected midbrain dopamine neurons from degeneration and cured pathologic synuclein alpha (SNCA) aggregation and PD-associated behavioral deficits in multiple in vitro and in vivo PD models. Collectively, these findings suggest that SGK1 inhibition could be a useful strategy for treating PD and other neurodegenerative disorders that share the common pathology of glia-mediated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh‐Chan Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul
| | - Jae‐Jin Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Yunseon Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul
| | - Seong‐Hoon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul
| | - Min‐Jong Seok
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul
| | - Inhwa Hwang
- Korea Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute for Immunology and Immunological DiseasesBrain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical ScienceYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Je‐Wook Yu
- Korea Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute for Immunology and Immunological DiseasesBrain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical ScienceYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | | | | | - Jiyoung Kim
- Department of Life ScienceUniversity of SeoulSeoulKorea
| | - Eek‐hoon Jho
- Department of Life ScienceUniversity of SeoulSeoulKorea
| | - Seung Yeon Ko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul
| | - Hyeon Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul
| | - Mi‐Yoon Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Sang‐Hun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyCollege of MedicineHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoulKorea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul
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9
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Pozzi E, Giorgio E, Mancini C, Lo Buono N, Augeri S, Ferrero M, Di Gregorio E, Riberi E, Vinciguerra M, Nanetti L, Bianchi FT, Sassi MP, Costanzo V, Mariotti C, Funaro A, Cavalieri S, Brusco A. In vitro dexamethasone treatment does not induce alternative ATM transcripts in cells from Ataxia-Telangiectasia patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20182. [PMID: 33214630 PMCID: PMC7677391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77352-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Short term treatment with low doses of glucocorticoid analogues has been shown to ameliorate neurological symptoms in Ataxia–Telangiectasia (A–T), a rare autosomal recessive multisystem disease that mainly affects the cerebellum, immune system, and lungs. Molecular mechanisms underlying this clinical observation are unclear. We aimed at evaluating the effect of dexamethasone on the induction of alternative ATM transcripts (ATMdexa1). We showed that dexamethasone cannot induce an alternative ATM transcript in control and A–T lymphoblasts and primary fibroblasts, or in an ATM-knockout HeLa cell line. We also demonstrated that some of the reported readouts associated with ATMdexa1 are due to cellular artifacts and the direct induction of γH2AX by dexamethasone via DNA-PK. Finally, we suggest caution in interpreting dexamethasone effects in vitro for the results to be translated into a rational use of the drug in A–T patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pozzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, via Santena 19, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Giorgio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, via Santena 19, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Cecilia Mancini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, via Santena 19, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Nicola Lo Buono
- Laboratory of Immune-Mediated Diseases, San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Augeri
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, via Santena 19, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Marta Ferrero
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, via Santena 19, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Eleonora Di Gregorio
- Unit of Medical Genetics, "Città Della Salute E Della Scienza" University Hospital, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Evelise Riberi
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Vinciguerra
- DNA Metabolism Laboratory, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Nanetti
- Unit of Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Tommaso Bianchi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Sassi
- Istituto Nazionale di RIcerca Metrologica INRIM, 10135, Turin, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Costanzo
- DNA Metabolism Laboratory, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Mariotti
- Unit of Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta", 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Ada Funaro
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, via Santena 19, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Simona Cavalieri
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, via Santena 19, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, via Santena 19, 10126, Turin, Italy. .,Unit of Medical Genetics, "Città Della Salute E Della Scienza" University Hospital, 10126, Turin, Italy.
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10
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Role of Nurr1 in Carcinogenesis and Tumor Immunology: A State of the Art Review. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12103044. [PMID: 33086676 PMCID: PMC7590204 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12103044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Nuclear receptor related-1 protein (Nurr1) emerges as a therapeutic target in multiple malignancies and immunotherapies. Previous studies have highlighted its association with clinicopathological parameters, tumorigenesis and therapeutic resistance in cancers. In addition, recent studies unraveled its contribution to the suppression of antitumor immunity, suggesting that inhibition of Nurr1 is a potential method to repress cancer aggressiveness and disrupt tumor immune tolerance. In line with this evidence, the present review provides the roles of Nurr1 in tumor progression and the associated underlying molecular mechanisms. Moreover, the significance of Nurr1 in promoting immune tolerance and potential strategies for Nurr1 inhibition are highlighted. Abstract Nuclear receptor related-1 protein (Nurr1), coded by an early response gene, is involved in multiple cellular and physiological functions, including proliferation, survival, and self-renewal. Dysregulation of Nurr1 has been frequently observed in many cancers and is attributed to multiple transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Besides, Nurr1 exhibits extensive crosstalk with many oncogenic and tumor suppressor molecules, which contribute to its potential pro-malignant behaviors. Furthermore, Nurr1 is a key player in attenuating antitumor immune responses. It not only potentiates immunosuppressive functions of regulatory T cells but also dampens the activity of cytotoxic T cells. The selective accessibility of chromatin by Nurr1 in T cells is closely associated with cell exhaustion and poor efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the reported findings of Nurr1 in different malignancies, the mechanisms that regulate Nurr1 expression, and the downstream signaling pathways that Nurr1 employs to promote a wide range of malignant phenotypes. We also give an overview of the association between Nurr1 and antitumor immunity and discuss the inhibition of Nurr1 as a potential immunotherapeutic strategy.
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11
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Manickavinayaham S, Velez-Cruz R, Biswas AK, Chen J, Guo R, Johnson DG. The E2F1 transcription factor and RB tumor suppressor moonlight as DNA repair factors. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:2260-2269. [PMID: 32787501 PMCID: PMC7513849 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1801190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The E2F1 transcription factor and RB tumor suppressor are best known for their roles in regulating the expression of genes important for cell cycle progression but, they also have transcription-independent functions that facilitate DNA repair at sites of damage. Depending on the type of DNA damage, E2F1 can recruit either the GCN5 or p300/CBP histone acetyltransferases to deposit different histone acetylation marks in flanking chromatin. At DNA double-strand breaks, E2F1 also recruits RB and the BRG1 ATPase to remodel chromatin and promote loading of the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 complex. Knock-in mouse models demonstrate important roles for E2F1 post-translational modifications in regulating DNA repair and physiological responses to DNA damage. This review highlights how E2F1 moonlights in DNA repair, thus revealing E2F1 as a versatile protein that recruits many of the same chromatin-modifying enzymes to sites of DNA damage to promote repair that it recruits to gene promoters to regulate transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnalatha Manickavinayaham
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA
| | - Renier Velez-Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Anup K. Biswas
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA
| | - Ruifeng Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David G. Johnson
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA
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12
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Anisenko A, Kan M, Shadrina O, Brattseva A, Gottikh M. Phosphorylation Targets of DNA-PK and Their Role in HIV-1 Replication. Cells 2020; 9:E1907. [PMID: 32824372 PMCID: PMC7464883 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is a trimeric nuclear complex consisting of a large protein kinase and the Ku heterodimer. The kinase activity of DNA-PK is required for efficient repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). We also showed that the kinase activity of DNA-PK is essential for post-integrational DNA repair in the case of HIV-1 infection. Besides, DNA-PK is known to participate in such cellular processes as protection of mammalian telomeres, transcription, and some others where the need for its phosphorylating activity is not clearly elucidated. We carried out a systematic search and analysis of DNA-PK targets described in the literature and identified 67 unique DNA-PK targets phosphorylated in response to various in vitro and/or in vivo stimuli. A functional enrichment analysis of DNA-PK targets and determination of protein-protein associations among them were performed. For 27 proteins from these 67 DNA-PK targets, their participation in the HIV-1 life cycle was demonstrated. This information may be useful for studying the functioning of DNA-PK in various cellular processes, as well as in various stages of HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Anisenko
- Chemistry Department and Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; (O.S.); (M.G.)
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia;; (M.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Marina Kan
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia;; (M.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Olga Shadrina
- Chemistry Department and Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; (O.S.); (M.G.)
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia;; (M.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Anna Brattseva
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia;; (M.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Marina Gottikh
- Chemistry Department and Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia; (O.S.); (M.G.)
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13
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Munnur D, Somers J, Skalka G, Weston R, Jukes-Jones R, Bhogadia M, Dominguez C, Cain K, Ahel I, Malewicz M. NR4A Nuclear Receptors Target Poly-ADP-Ribosylated DNA-PKcs Protein to Promote DNA Repair. Cell Rep 2020; 26:2028-2036.e6. [PMID: 30784586 PMCID: PMC6381605 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although poly-ADP-ribosylation (PARylation) of DNA repair factors had been well documented, its role in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is poorly understood. NR4A nuclear orphan receptors were previously linked to DSB repair; however, their function in the process remains elusive. Classically, NR4As function as transcription factors using a specialized tandem zinc-finger DNA-binding domain (DBD) for target gene induction. Here, we show that NR4A DBD is bi-functional and can bind poly-ADP-ribose (PAR) through a pocket localized in the second zinc finger. Separation-of-function mutants demonstrate that NR4A PAR binding, while dispensable for transcriptional activity, facilitates repair of radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks in G1. Moreover, we define DNA-PKcs protein as a prominent target of ionizing radiation-induced PARylation. Mechanistically, NR4As function by directly targeting poly-ADP-ribosylated DNA-PKcs to facilitate its autophosphorylation-promoting DNA-PK kinase assembly at DNA lesions. Selective targeting of the PAR-binding pocket of NR4A presents an opportunity for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ria Weston
- Centre for Biomedicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK
| | | | - Mohammed Bhogadia
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Cyril Dominguez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | | | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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14
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Zárraga-Granados G, Muciño-Hernández G, Sánchez-Carbente MR, Villamizar-Gálvez W, Peñas-Rincón A, Arredondo C, Andrés ME, Wood C, Covarrubias L, Castro-Obregón S. The nuclear receptor NR4A1 is regulated by SUMO modification to induce autophagic cell death. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0222072. [PMID: 32210435 PMCID: PMC7094859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
NR4A is a nuclear receptor protein family whose members act as sensors of cellular environment and regulate multiple processes such as metabolism, proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and autophagy. Since the ligand binding domains of these receptors have no cavity for ligand interaction, their function is most likely regulated by protein abundance and post-translational modifications. In particular, NR4A1 is regulated by protein abundance, phosphorylation, and subcellular distribution (nuclear-cytoplasmic translocation), and acts both as a transcription factor and as a regulator of other interacting proteins. SUMOylation is a post-translational modification that can affect protein stability, transcriptional activity, alter protein-protein interactions and modify intracellular localization of target proteins. In the present study we evaluated the role of SUMOylation as a posttranslational modification that can regulate the activity of NR4A1 to induce autophagy-dependent cell death. We focused on a model potentially relevant for neuronal cell death and demonstrated that NR4A1 needs to be SUMOylated to induce autophagic cell death. We observed that a triple mutant in SUMOylation sites has reduced SUMOylation, increased transcriptional activity, altered intracellular distribution, and more importantly, its ability to induce autophagic cell death is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Zárraga-Granados
- División de Neurociencias, Departamento de Neurodesarrollo y Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Gabriel Muciño-Hernández
- División de Neurociencias, Departamento de Neurodesarrollo y Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - María R. Sánchez-Carbente
- Biotechnology Research Center, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Wendy Villamizar-Gálvez
- División de Neurociencias, Departamento de Neurodesarrollo y Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Ana Peñas-Rincón
- División de Neurociencias, Departamento de Neurodesarrollo y Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Cristian Arredondo
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María E. Andrés
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christopher Wood
- Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Luis Covarrubias
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Susana Castro-Obregón
- División de Neurociencias, Departamento de Neurodesarrollo y Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
- * E-mail:
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15
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Giguère V. DNA-PK, Nuclear mTOR, and the Androgen Pathway in Prostate Cancer. Trends Cancer 2020; 6:337-347. [PMID: 32209447 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Androgen and its receptor (AR) are major drivers of prostate cancer (PCa), a leading cause of mortality in aging men. Thus, understanding the numerous mechanisms by which AR can promote the growth and proliferation of PCa cells and enable their escape from hormone-dependent therapies, eventually leading to metastasis and death of the patient, is essential to discover alternative therapeutic approaches. Recently, two structurally related members of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-like protein kinase (PIKK) family, DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), were shown to have a direct role in modulating AR activity on chromatin of PCa cells. In this review, the common features of DNA-PK and mTOR and the similarities in their noncanonical roles as transcription coregulators of the AR are highlighted. An outlook on how these findings could be translated into new approaches to manage and treat PCa is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Giguère
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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16
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Lanz MC, Dibitetto D, Smolka MB. DNA damage kinase signaling: checkpoint and repair at 30 years. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101801. [PMID: 31393028 PMCID: PMC6745504 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019101801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
From bacteria to mammalian cells, damaged DNA is sensed and targeted by DNA repair pathways. In eukaryotes, kinases play a central role in coordinating the DNA damage response. DNA damage signaling kinases were identified over two decades ago and linked to the cell cycle checkpoint concept proposed by Weinert and Hartwell in 1988. Connections between the DNA damage signaling kinases and DNA repair were scant at first, and the initial perception was that the importance of these kinases for genome integrity was largely an indirect effect of their roles in checkpoints, DNA replication, and transcription. As more substrates of DNA damage signaling kinases were identified, it became clear that they directly regulate a wide range of DNA repair factors. Here, we review our current understanding of DNA damage signaling kinases, delineating the key substrates in budding yeast and humans. We trace the progress of the field in the last 30 years and discuss our current understanding of the major substrate regulatory mechanisms involved in checkpoint responses and DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Charles Lanz
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsWeill Institute for Cell and Molecular BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Diego Dibitetto
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsWeill Institute for Cell and Molecular BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Marcus Bustamante Smolka
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsWeill Institute for Cell and Molecular BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
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17
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Babeu JP, Wilson SD, Lambert É, Lévesque D, Boisvert FM, Boudreau F. Quantitative Proteomics Identifies DNA Repair as a Novel Biological Function for Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E626. [PMID: 31060309 PMCID: PMC6562498 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) is a transcription factor that acts as a master regulator of genes for several endoderm-derived tissues, including the intestine, in which it plays a central role during development and tumorigenesis. To better define the mechanisms by which HNF4α can influence these processes, we identified proteins interacting with HNF4α using stable isotope labelling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC)-based quantitative proteomics with either immunoprecipitation of green fluorescent protein (GFP) or with proximity-dependent purification by the biotin ligase BirA (BioID), both fused to HNF4α. Surprisingly, these analyses identified a significant enrichment of proteins characterized with a role in DNA repair, a so far unidentified biological feature of this transcription factor. Several of these proteins including PARP1, RAD50, and DNA-PKcs were confirmed to interact with HNF4α in colorectal cancer cell lines. Following DNA damage, HNF4α was able to increase cell viability in colorectal cancer cells. Overall, these observations identify a potential role for this transcription factor during the DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Babeu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201 Rue Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada.
| | - Samuel D Wilson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201 Rue Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada.
| | - Élie Lambert
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201 Rue Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada.
| | - Dominique Lévesque
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201 Rue Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada.
| | - François-Michel Boisvert
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201 Rue Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada.
| | - François Boudreau
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201 Rue Jean-Mignault, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada.
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18
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Dysregulation of Dopaminergic Regulatory Factors TH, Nurr1, and Pitx3 in the Ventral Tegmental Area Associated with Neuronal Injury Induced by Chronic Morphine Dependence. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020250. [PMID: 30634592 PMCID: PMC6358784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventral tegmental area (VTA), a critical portion of the mesencephalic dopamine system, is thought to be involved in the development and maintenance of addiction. It has been proposed that the dopaminergic regulatory factors TH, Nurr1, and Pitx3 are crucial for determining the survival and maintenance of dopaminergic neurons. Thus, the present study investigated whether abnormalities in these dopaminergic regulatory factors in the VTA were associated with neuronal injury induced by chronic morphine dependence. Rat models with different durations of morphine dependence were established. Thionine staining was used to observe morphological changes in the VTA neurons. Immunohistochemistry and western blot were used to observe changes in the expression of the dopaminergic regulatory proteins TH, Nurr1, and Pitx3. Thionine staining revealed that prolonged morphine dependence resulted in dopaminergic neurons with edema, a lack of Nissl bodies, and pyknosis. Immunohistochemistry showed that the number of TH⁺, Nurr1⁺, and Pitx3⁺ cells, and the number of TH⁺ cells expressing Nurr1 or Pitx3, significantly decreased in the VTA after a long period of morphine dependence. Western blot results were consistent with the immunohistochemistry findings. Chronic morphine exposure resulted in abnormalities in dopaminergic regulatory factors and pathological changes in dopaminergic neurons in the VTA. These results suggest that dysregulation of dopaminergic regulatory factors in the VTA are associated with neuronal injury induced by chronic morphine dependence.
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19
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Fedorova O, Petukhov A, Daks A, Shuvalov O, Leonova T, Vasileva E, Aksenov N, Melino G, Barlev NA. Orphan receptor NR4A3 is a novel target of p53 that contributes to apoptosis. Oncogene 2018; 38:2108-2122. [PMID: 30455429 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0566-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Major tumor suppressor and transcription factor p53 coordinates expression of many genes hence affecting critical cellular functions including cell cycle, senescence, and apoptosis. The NR4A family of orphan receptors (NR4A1-3) belongs to the superfamily of nuclear receptors. They regulate genes involved in proliferation, cell migration, and apoptosis. In this study, we report an identification of NR4A3 as a direct transcriptional target of p53. Using various techniques, we showed that p53 directly bound the promoter of NR4A3 gene and induced its transcription. Functionally, over-expression of NR4A3 attenuated proliferation of cancer cells and promoted apoptosis by augmenting the expression of pro-apoptotic genes, PUMA and Bax. Knockdown of NR4A3 reversed these phenotypes. Importantly, NR4A3 exhibited tumor suppressive functions both in p53-dependent and independent manner. In addition, NR4A3 physically interacted with an anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein hence sequestering it from blunting apoptosis. These observations were corroborated by the bioinformatics analysis, which demonstrated a correlation between high levels of NR4A3 expression and better survival of breast and lung cancer patients. Collectively, our studies revealed a novel transcriptional target of p53, NR4A3, which triggers apoptosis and thus likely has a tumor suppressive role in breast and lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Fedorova
- Gene Expression Program, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 194064
| | - Alexey Petukhov
- Gene Expression Program, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 194064.,Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia, 197341
| | - Alexandra Daks
- Gene Expression Program, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 194064
| | - Oleg Shuvalov
- Gene Expression Program, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 194064
| | - Tatyana Leonova
- Gene Expression Program, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 194064
| | - Elena Vasileva
- Gene Expression Program, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 194064
| | - Nikolai Aksenov
- Gene Expression Program, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 194064
| | | | - Nikolai A Barlev
- Gene Expression Program, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 194064. .,Moscow Institute of Technology and Physics, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia, 141700.
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20
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Zhang Y, Federation AJ, Kim S, O'Keefe JP, Lun M, Xiang D, Brown JD, Steinhauser ML. Targeting nuclear receptor NR4A1-dependent adipocyte progenitor quiescence promotes metabolic adaptation to obesity. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:4898-4911. [PMID: 30277475 DOI: 10.1172/jci98353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocyte turnover in adulthood is low, suggesting that the cellular source of new adipocytes, the adipocyte progenitor (AP), resides in a state of relative quiescence. Yet the core transcriptional regulatory circuitry (CRC) responsible for establishing a quiescent state and the physiological significance of AP quiescence are incompletely understood. Here, we integrate transcriptomic data with maps of accessible chromatin in primary APs, implicating the orphan nuclear receptor NR4A1 in AP cell-state regulation. NR4A1 gain and loss of function in APs ex vivo decreased and enhanced adipogenesis, respectively. Adipose tissue of Nr4a1-/- mice demonstrated higher proliferative and adipogenic capacity compared with that of WT mice. Transplantation of Nr4a1-/- APs into the subcutaneous adipose tissue of WT obese recipients improved metrics of glucose homeostasis relative to administration of WT APs. Collectively, these data identify NR4A1 as a previously unrecognized constitutive regulator of AP quiescence and suggest that augmentation of adipose tissue plasticity may attenuate negative metabolic sequelae of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander J Federation
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Altius Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Soomin Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John P O'Keefe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mingyue Lun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dongxi Xiang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan D Brown
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Matthew L Steinhauser
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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21
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Subramanian I, Singh VK, Jere A. Elucidating mechanistic insights into drug action for atopic dermatitis: a systems biology approach. BMC DERMATOLOGY 2018; 18:3. [PMID: 29415693 PMCID: PMC5803917 DOI: 10.1186/s12895-018-0070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topical Betamethasone (BM) and Pimecrolimus (PC) are widely used drugs in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD). Though the biomolecules and biological pathways affected by the drugs are known, the causal inter-relationships among these pathways in the context of skin is not available. We aim to derive this insight by using transcriptomic data of AD skin samples treated with BM and PC using systems biology approach. METHODS Transcriptomic datasets of 10 AD patients treated with Betamethasone and Pimecrolimus were obtained from GEO datasets. We used a novel computational platform, eSkIN ( www.persistent.com/eskin ), to perform pathway enrichment analysis for the given datasets. eSkIN consists of 35 skin specific pathways, thus allowing skin-centric analysis of transcriptomic data. Fisher's exact test was used to compute the significance of the pathway enrichment. The enriched pathways were further analyzed to gain mechanistic insights into the action of these drugs. RESULTS Our analysis highlighted the molecular details of the mechanism of action of the drugs and corroborated the known facts about these drugs i.e. BM is more effective in triggering anti-inflammatory response but also causes more adverse effect on skin barrier than PC. In particular, eSkIN helped enunciate the biological pathways activated by these drugs to trigger anti-inflammatory response and its effect on skin barrier. BM suppresses pathways like TNF and TLRs, thus inhibiting NF-κB while PC targets inflammatory genes like IL13 and IL6 via known calcineurin-NFAT pathway. Furthermore, we show that the reduced skin barrier function by BM is due to the suppression of activators like AP1 transcription factors, CEBPs. CONCLUSION We thus demonstrate the detailed mechanistic insight into drug action of AD using a novel computational approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivek K Singh
- LABS, Persistent Systems Limited, 9A/12, Erandwane, Pune, Maharashtra, 411004, India.
| | - Abhay Jere
- LABS, Persistent Systems Limited, 9A/12, Erandwane, Pune, Maharashtra, 411004, India
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22
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Jain V, Das B. Global transcriptome profile reveals abundance of DNA damage response and repair genes in individuals from high level natural radiation areas of Kerala coast. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187274. [PMID: 29161272 PMCID: PMC5697823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The high level natural radiation areas (HLNRA) of Kerala coast in south west India is unique for its wide variation in the background radiation dose (<1.0mGy to 45mGy/year) and vast population size. Several biological studies conducted in this area did not reveal any adverse effects of chronic low dose and low dose rate radiation on human population. In the present study, global transcriptome analysis was carried out in peripheral blood mono-nuclear cells of 36 individuals belonging to different background dose groups [NLNRA, (Group I, ≤1.50 mGy/year) and three groups of HLNRA; Group II, 1.51–5.0 mGy/year), Group III, 5.01-15mGy/year and Group IV, >15.0 mGy/year] to find out differentially expressed genes and their biological significance in response to chronic low dose radiation exposure. Our results revealed a dose dependent increase in the number of differentially expressed genes with respect to different background dose levels. Gene ontology analysis revealed majority of these differentially expressed genes are involved in DNA damage response (DDR) signaling, DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, histone/chromatin modification and immune response. In the present study, 64 background dose responsive genes have been identified as possible chronic low dose radiation signatures. Validation of 30 differentially expressed genes was carried out using fluorescent based universal probe library. Abundance of DDR and DNA repair genes along with pathways such as MAPK, p53 and JNK in higher background dose groups (> 5.0mGy/year) indicated a possible threshold dose for DDR signaling and are plausible reason of observing in vivo radio-adaptive response and non-carcinogenesis in HLNRA population. To our knowledge, this is the first study on molecular effect of chronic low dose radiation exposure on human population from high background radiation areas at transcriptome level using high throughput approach. These findings have tremendous implications in understanding low dose radiation biology especially, the effect of low dose radiation exposure in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Jain
- Low Level Radiation Research Section, Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Birajalaxmi Das
- Low Level Radiation Research Section, Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India
- * E-mail: ,
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23
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Kumar V, Fleming T, Terjung S, Gorzelanny C, Gebhardt C, Agrawal R, Mall MA, Ranzinger J, Zeier M, Madhusudhan T, Ranjan S, Isermann B, Liesz A, Deshpande D, Häring HU, Biswas SK, Reynolds PR, Hammes HP, Peperkok R, Angel P, Herzig S, Nawroth PP. Homeostatic nuclear RAGE-ATM interaction is essential for efficient DNA repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:10595-10613. [PMID: 28977635 PMCID: PMC5737477 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity of genome is a prerequisite for healthy life. Indeed, defects in DNA repair have been associated with several human diseases, including tissue-fibrosis, neurodegeneration and cancer. Despite decades of extensive research, the spatio-mechanical processes of double-strand break (DSB)-repair, especially the auxiliary factor(s) that can stimulate accurate and timely repair, have remained elusive. Here, we report an ATM-kinase dependent, unforeseen function of the nuclear isoform of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-products (nRAGE) in DSB-repair. RAGE is phosphorylated at Serine376 and Serine389 by the ATM kinase and is recruited to the site of DNA-DSBs via an early DNA damage response. nRAGE preferentially co-localized with the MRE11 nuclease subunit of the MRN complex and orchestrates its nucleolytic activity to the ATR kinase signaling. This promotes efficient RPA2S4-S8 and CHK1S345 phosphorylation and thereby prevents cellular senescence, IPF and carcinoma formation. Accordingly, loss of RAGE causatively linked to perpetual DSBs signaling, cellular senescence and fibrosis. Importantly, in a mouse model of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (RAGE−/−), reconstitution of RAGE efficiently restored DSB-repair and reversed pathological anomalies. Collectively, this study identifies nRAGE as a master regulator of DSB-repair, the absence of which orchestrates persistent DSB signaling to senescence, tissue-fibrosis and oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Kumar
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz-Zentrum, München, Germany
| | - Thomas Fleming
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz-Zentrum, München, Germany
| | - Stefan Terjung
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Advanced Light Microscopy Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gorzelanny
- Experimental Dermatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christoffer Gebhardt
- Division of Dermatooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control DKFZ DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Raman Agrawal
- Department of Translational Pulmonology, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, INF 156, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcus A Mall
- Department of Translational Pulmonology, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, INF 156, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Ranzinger
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, INF 410, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Zeier
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, INF 410, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thati Madhusudhan
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Satish Ranjan
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Arthur Liesz
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD) University Hospital München, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Divija Deshpande
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz-Zentrum, München, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Subrata K Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Shahbag, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Paul R Reynolds
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, 3054 Life Sciences Building, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Hammes
- 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rainer Peperkok
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Advanced Light Microscopy Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Angel
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control DKFZ DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz-Zentrum, München, Germany.,Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Helmholtz-Zentrum, München, Germany
| | - Peter P Nawroth
- Department of Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, INF 410, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz-Zentrum, München, Germany.,Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Helmholtz-Zentrum, München, Germany
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24
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Abstract
Cells are exposed to various endogenous and exogenous insults that induce DNA damage, which, if unrepaired, impairs genome integrity and leads to the development of various diseases, including cancer. Recent evidence has implicated poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) in various DNA repair pathways and in the maintenance of genomic stability. The inhibition of PARP1 is therefore being exploited clinically for the treatment of various cancers, which include DNA repair-deficient ovarian, breast and prostate cancers. Understanding the role of PARP1 in maintaining genome integrity is not only important for the design of novel chemotherapeutic agents, but is also crucial for gaining insights into the mechanisms of chemoresistance in cancer cells. In this Review, we discuss the roles of PARP1 in mediating various aspects of DNA metabolism, such as single-strand break repair, nucleotide excision repair, double-strand break repair and the stabilization of replication forks, and in modulating chromatin structure.
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25
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Vélez-Cruz R, Manickavinayaham S, Biswas AK, Clary RW, Premkumar T, Cole F, Johnson DG. RB localizes to DNA double-strand breaks and promotes DNA end resection and homologous recombination through the recruitment of BRG1. Genes Dev 2017; 30:2500-2512. [PMID: 27940962 PMCID: PMC5159665 DOI: 10.1101/gad.288282.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma (RB) tumor suppressor is recognized as a master regulator that controls entry into the S phase of the cell cycle. Its loss leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation and is a hallmark of cancer. RB works by binding to members of the E2F family of transcription factors and recruiting chromatin modifiers to the promoters of E2F target genes. Here we show that RB also localizes to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) dependent on E2F1 and ATM kinase activity and promotes DSB repair through homologous recombination (HR), and its loss results in genome instability. RB is necessary for the recruitment of the BRG1 ATPase to DSBs, which stimulates DNA end resection and HR. A knock-in mutation of the ATM phosphorylation site on E2F1 (S29A) prevents the interaction between E2F1 and TopBP1 and recruitment of RB, E2F1, and BRG1 to DSBs. This knock-in mutation also impairs DNA repair, increases genomic instability, and renders mice hypersensitive to IR. Importantly, depletion of RB in osteosarcoma and breast cancer cell lines results in sensitivity to DNA-damaging drugs, which is further exacerbated by poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. We uncovered a novel, nontranscriptional function for RB in HR, which could contribute to genome instability associated with RB loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renier Vélez-Cruz
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville Texas 78957, USA
| | - Swarnalatha Manickavinayaham
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville Texas 78957, USA
| | - Anup K Biswas
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville Texas 78957, USA
| | - Regina Weaks Clary
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville Texas 78957, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas 77225, USA
| | - Tolkappiyan Premkumar
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville Texas 78957, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas 77225, USA
| | - Francesca Cole
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville Texas 78957, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas 77225, USA
| | - David G Johnson
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville Texas 78957, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas 77225, USA
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26
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Yin K, Chhabra Y, Tropée R, Lim YC, Fane M, Dray E, Sturm RA, Smith AG. NR4A2 Promotes DNA Double-strand Break Repair Upon Exposure to UVR. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1184-1196. [PMID: 28607006 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of melanocytes to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) induces the formation of UV lesions that can produce deleterious effects in genomic DNA. Encounters of replication forks with unrepaired UV lesions can lead to several complex phenomena, such as the formation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). The NR4A family of nuclear receptors are transcription factors that have been associated with mediating DNA repair functions downstream of the MC1R signaling pathway in melanocytes. In particular, emerging evidence shows that upon DNA damage, the NR4A2 receptor can translocate to sites of UV lesion by mechanisms requiring post-translational modifications within the N-terminal domain and at a serine residue in the DNA-binding domain at position 337. Following this, NR4A2 aids in DNA repair by facilitating chromatin relaxation, allowing accessibility for DNA repair machinery. Using A2058 and HT144 melanoma cells engineered to stably express wild-type or mutant forms of the NR4A2 proteins, we reveal that the expression of functional NR4A2 is associated with elevated cytoprotection against UVR. Conversely, knockdown of NR4A2 expression by siRNA results in a significant loss of cell viability after UV insult. By analyzing the kinetics of the ensuing 53BP1 and RAD51 foci following UV irradiation, we also reveal that the expression of mutant NR4A2 isoforms, lacking the ability to translocate, transactivate, or undergo phosphorylation, display compromised repair capacity.Implications: These data expand the understanding of the mechanism by which the NR4A2 nuclear receptor can facilitate DNA DSB repair. Mol Cancer Res; 15(9); 1184-96. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Yin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yash Chhabra
- Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland-Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Romain Tropée
- Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yi Chieh Lim
- Translational Brain Cancer Research, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mitchell Fane
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eloise Dray
- Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.,Mater Research - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard A Sturm
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland-Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aaron G Smith
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland-Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. .,Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
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27
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Kummari E, Guo-Ross S, Eells JB. Region Specific Effects of Aging and the Nurr1-Null Heterozygous Genotype on Dopamine Neurotransmission. NEUROCHEMISTRY & NEUROPHARMACOLOGY : OPEN ACCESS 2017; 3:114. [PMID: 28989991 PMCID: PMC5630175 DOI: 10.4172/2469-9780.1000114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Nurr1 is essential for dopamine neuron differentiation and is important in maintaining dopamine synthesis and neurotransmission in the adult. Reduced Nurr1 function, due to the Nurr1-null heterozygous genotype (+/-), impacts dopamine neuron function in a region specific manner resulting in a decrease in dopamine synthesis in the dorsal and ventral striatum and a decrease in tissue dopamine levels in the ventral striatum. Additionally, maintenance of tissue dopamine levels in the dorsal striatum and survival of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons with aging (>15 months) or after various toxicant treatments are impaired. To further investigate the effects of aging and the Nurr1-null heterozygous genotype, we measured regional tissue dopamine levels, dopamine neuron numbers, body weight, open field activity and rota-rod performance in young (3-5 months) and aged (15-17 months) wild-type +/+ and +/- mice. Behavioral tests revealed no significant differences in rota-rod performance or basal open field activity as a result of aging or genotype. The +/- mice did show a significant increase in open field activity after 3 min of restraint stress. No differences in tissue dopamine levels were found in the dorsal striatum. However, there were significant reductions in tissue dopamine levels in the ventral striatum, which was separated into the nucleus accumbens core and shell, in the aged +/- mice. These data indicate that the mesoaccumbens system is more susceptible to the combination of aging and the +/- genotype than the nigrostriatal system. Additionally, the effects of aging and the +/- genotype may be dependent on genetic background or housing conditions. As Nurr1 mutations have been implicated in a number of diseases associated with dopamine neurotransmission, further data is needed to understand why and how Nurr1 can have differential functions across different dopamine neuron populations in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangel Kummari
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Shirley Guo-Ross
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Eells
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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28
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Raschellà G, Melino G, Malewicz M. New factors in mammalian DNA repair-the chromatin connection. Oncogene 2017; 36:4673-4681. [PMID: 28394347 PMCID: PMC5562846 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In response to DNA damage mammalian cells activate a complex network of stress response pathways collectively termed DNA damage response (DDR). DDR involves a temporary arrest of the cell cycle to allow for the repair of the damage. DDR also attenuates gene expression by silencing global transcription and translation. Main function of DDR is, however, to prevent the fixation of debilitating changes to DNA by activation of various DNA repair pathways. Proper execution of DDR requires careful coordination between these interdependent cellular responses. Deregulation of some aspects of DDR orchestration is potentially pathological and could lead to various undesired outcomes such as DNA translocations, cellular transformation or acute cell death. It is thus critical to understand the regulation of DDR in cells especially in the light of a strong linkage between the DDR impairment and the occurrence of common human diseases such as cancer. In this review we focus on recent advances in understanding of mammalian DNA repair regulation and a on the function of PAXX/c9orf142 and ZNF281 proteins that recently had been discovered to play a role in that process. We focus on regulation of double-strand DNA break (DSB) repair via the non-homologous end joining pathway, as unrepaired DSBs are the primary cause of pathological cellular states after DNA damage. Interestingly these new factors operate at the level of chromatin, which reinforces a notion of a central role of chromatin structure in the regulation of cellular DDR regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Raschellà
- ENEA Research Center Casaccia, Laboratory of Biosafety and Risk Assessment, Rome, Italy
| | - G Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine &Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Leicester, UK
| | - M Malewicz
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Leicester, UK
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29
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In vitro generation of mature midbrain-type dopamine neurons by adjusting exogenous Nurr1 and Foxa2 expressions to their physiologic patterns. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e300. [PMID: 28280264 PMCID: PMC5382556 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental information aids stem cell biologists in producing tissue-specific cells. Recapitulation of the developmental profile of a specific cell type in an in vitro stem cell system provides a strategy for manipulating cell-fate choice during the differentiation process. Nurr1 and Foxa2 are potential candidates for genetic engineering to generate midbrain-type dopamine (DA) neurons for experimental and therapeutic applications in Parkinson's disease (PD), as forced expression of these genes in neural stem/precursor cells (NPCs) yields cells with a complete battery of midbrain DA neuron-specific genes. However, simple overexpression without considering their expression pattern in the developing midbrain tends to generate DA cells without adequate neuronal maturation and long-term maintenance of their phenotype in vitro and in vivo after transplantation. We here show that the physiological levels and timing of Nurr1 and Foxa2 expression can be replicated in NPCs by choosing the right vectors and promoters. Controlled expression combined with a strategy for transgene expression maintenance induced generation of fully mature midbrain-type DA neurons. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of cellular engineering for artificial cell-fate specification.
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30
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Ka NL, Na TY, Na H, Lee MH, Park HS, Hwang S, Kim IY, Seong JK, Lee MO. NR1D1 Recruitment to Sites of DNA Damage Inhibits Repair and Is Associated with Chemosensitivity of Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2017; 77:2453-2463. [PMID: 28249904 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA repair capacity is critical for survival of cancer cells upon therapeutic DNA damage and thus is an important determinant of susceptibility to chemotherapy in cancer patients. In this study, we identified a novel function of nuclear receptor NR1D1 in DNA repair, which enhanced chemosensitivity in breast cancer cells. NR1D1 inhibited both nonhomologous end joining and homologous recombination double-strand breaks repair, and delayed the clearance of γH2AX DNA repair foci that formed after treatment of doxorubicin. PARylation of NR1D1 by PARP1 drove its recruitment to damaged DNA lesions. Deletion of the ligand binding domain of NR1D1 that interacted with PARP1, or treatment of 6-(5H)-phenanthridinone, an inhibitor of PARP1, suppressed the recruitment of NR1D1 to DNA damaged sites, indicating PARylation as a critical step for the NR1D1 recruitment. NR1D1 inhibited recruitment of the components of DNA damage response complex such as SIRT6, pNBS1, and BRCA1 to DNA lesions. Downregulation of NR1D1 in MCF7 cells resulted in resistance to doxorubicin, both in vitro and in vivo Analysis of four public patient data sets indicated that NR1D1 expression correlates positively with clinical outcome in breast cancer patients who received chemotherapy. Our findings suggest that NR1D1 and its ligands provide therapeutic options that could enhance the outcomes of chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. Cancer Res; 77(9); 2453-63. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Lee Ka
- College of Pharmacy and Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Young Na
- College of Pharmacy and Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyelin Na
- College of Pharmacy and Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Ho Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Su Park
- College of Pharmacy and Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sewon Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il Yong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University and Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University and Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Ock Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea.
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31
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Nicolai S, Rossi A, Di Daniele N, Melino G, Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli M, Raschellà G. DNA repair and aging: the impact of the p53 family. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 7:1050-65. [PMID: 26668111 PMCID: PMC4712331 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cells are constantly exposed to endogenous and exogenous factors that threaten the integrity of their DNA. The maintenance of genome stability is of paramount importance in the prevention of both cancer and aging processes. To deal with DNA damage, cells put into operation a sophisticated and coordinated mechanism, collectively known as DNA damage response (DDR). The DDR orchestrates different cellular processes, such as DNA repair, senescence and apoptosis. Among the key factors of the DDR, the related proteins p53, p63 and p73, all belonging to the same family of transcription factors, play multiple relevant roles. Indeed, the members of this family are directly involved in the induction of cell cycle arrest that is necessary to allow the cells to repair. Alternatively, they can promote cell death in case of prolonged or irreparable DNA damage. They also take part in a more direct task by modulating the expression of core factors involved in the process of DNA repair or by directly interacting with them. In this review we will analyze the fundamental roles of the p53 family in the aging process through their multifaceted function in DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nicolai
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Rossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.,Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Leicester University, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | | | - Giuseppe Raschellà
- ENEA Research Center Casaccia, Laboratory of Biosafety and Risk Assessment, 00123 Rome, Italy
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32
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Yin K, Smith AG. Nuclear receptor function in skin health and disease: therapeutic opportunities in the orphan and adopted receptor classes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3789-800. [PMID: 27544210 PMCID: PMC11108460 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The skin forms a vital barrier between an organism's external environment, providing protection from pathogens and numerous physical and chemical threats. Moreover, the intact barrier is essential to prevent water and electrolyte loss without which terrestrial life could not be maintained. Accordingly, acute disruption of the skin through physical or chemical trauma needs to be repaired timely and efficiently as sustained skin pathologies ranging from mild irritations and inflammation through to malignancy impact considerably on morbidity and mortality. The Nuclear Hormone Receptor Family of transcriptional regulators has proven to be highly valuable targets for addressing a range of pathologies, including metabolic syndrome and cancer. Indeed members of the classic endocrine sub-group, such as the glucocorticoid, retinoid, and Vitamin D receptors, represent mainstay treatment strategies for numerous inflammatory skin disorders, though side effects from prolonged use are common. Emerging evidence has now highlighted important functional roles for nuclear receptors belonging to the adopted and orphan subgroups in skin physiology and patho-physiology. This review will focus on these subgroups and explore the current evidence that suggests these nuclear receptor hold great promise as future stand-alone or complementary drug targets in treating common skin diseases and maintaining skin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Yin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Aaron G Smith
- Dermatology Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
- School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation at the Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
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33
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Montarolo F, Perga S, Martire S, Navone DN, Marchet A, Leotta D, Bertolotto A. Altered NR4A Subfamily Gene Expression Level in Peripheral Blood of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s Disease Patients. Neurotox Res 2016; 30:338-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9626-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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34
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The orphan nuclear receptor NR4A2 is part of a p53-microRNA-34 network. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25108. [PMID: 27121375 PMCID: PMC4848494 DOI: 10.1038/srep25108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 2 (NR4A2) is an orphan nuclear receptor that is over-expressed in cancer and promotes cell proliferation, migration, transformation, and chemoresistance. Increased expression and function of NR4A2 have been attributed to various signaling pathways, but little is known about microRNA (miRNA) regulation of NR4A2 in cancer. To investigate the posttranscriptional regulation of NR4A2, we used a 3′ untranslated region (UTR) reporter screen and identified miR-34 as a putative regulator of NR4A2. By using computer predictions, we identified and confirmed an miRNA recognition element in the 3′ UTR of NR4A2 that was responsible for miR-34–mediated suppression. We next demonstrated that overexpression of exogenous miR-34 or activation of the p53 pathway, which regulates endogenous miR-34 expression, decreased NR4A2 expression. Consistent with previous reports, overexpression of NR4A2 blocked the induction of p53 target genes, including mir-34a. This was a phenotypic effect, as NR4A2 overexpression could rescue cells from p53-induced inhibition of proliferation. In summary, our results are the first characterization of a cancer-related miRNA capable of regulating NR4A2 and suggest a network and possible feedback mechanism involving p53, miR-34, and NR4A2.
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Duren RP, Boudreaux SP, Conneely OM. Genome Wide Mapping of NR4A Binding Reveals Cooperativity with ETS Factors to Promote Epigenetic Activation of Distal Enhancers in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150450. [PMID: 26938745 PMCID: PMC4777543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the NR4A subfamily of orphan nuclear receptors regulate cell fate decisions via both genomic and non-genomic mechanisms in a cell and tissue selective manner. NR4As play a key role in maintenance of hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis and are critical tumor suppressors of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Expression of NR4As is broadly silenced in leukemia initiating cell enriched populations from human patients relative to normal hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Rescue of NR4A expression in human AML cells inhibits proliferation and reprograms AML gene signatures via transcriptional mechanisms that remain to be elucidated. By intersecting an acutely regulated NR4A1 dependent transcriptional profile with genome wide NR4A binding distribution, we now identify an NR4A targetome of 685 genes that are directly regulated by NR4A1. We show that NR4As regulate gene transcription primarily through interaction with distal enhancers that are co-enriched for NR4A1 and ETS transcription factor motifs. Using a subset of NR4A activated genes, we demonstrate that the ETS factors ERG and FLI-1 are required for activation of NR4A bound enhancers and NR4A target gene induction. NR4A1 dependent recruitment of ERG and FLI-1 promotes binding of p300 histone acetyltransferase to epigenetically activate NR4A bound enhancers via acetylation at histone H3K27. These findings disclose novel epigenetic mechanisms by which NR4As and ETS factors cooperate to drive NR4A dependent gene transcription in human AML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. Duren
- Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Seth P. Boudreaux
- Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Orla M. Conneely
- Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Oh SM, Chang MY, Song JJ, Rhee YH, Joe EH, Lee HS, Yi SH, Lee SH. Combined Nurr1 and Foxa2 roles in the therapy of Parkinson's disease. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 7:510-25. [PMID: 25759364 PMCID: PMC4492814 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Use of the physiological mechanisms promoting midbrain DA (mDA) neuron survival seems an appropriate option for developing treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD). mDA neurons are specifically marked by expression of the transcription factors Nurr1 and Foxa2. We show herein that Nurr1 and Foxa2 interact to protect mDA neurons against various toxic insults, but their expression is lost during aging and degenerative processes. In addition to their proposed cell-autonomous actions in mDA neurons, forced expression of these factors in neighboring glia synergistically protects degenerating mDA neurons in a paracrine mode. As a consequence of these bimodal actions, adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene delivery of Nurr1 and Foxa2 in a PD mouse model markedly protected mDA neurons and motor behaviors associated with nigrostriatal DA neurotransmission. The effects of the combined gene delivery were dramatic, highly reproducible, and sustained for at least 1 year, suggesting that expression of these factors is a promising approach in PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Min Oh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Yoon Chang
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Hee Rhee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Joe
- Department of Phamacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyun-Seob Lee
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Yi
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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Neuroprotective Transcription Factors in Animal Models of Parkinson Disease. Neural Plast 2015; 2016:6097107. [PMID: 26881122 PMCID: PMC4736191 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6097107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of transcription factors, including En1/2, Foxa1/2, Lmx1a/b, Nurr1, Otx2, and Pitx3, with key roles in midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neuron development, also regulate adult mDA neuron survival and physiology. Mouse models with targeted disruption of some of these genes display several features reminiscent of Parkinson disease (PD), in particular the selective and progressive loss of mDA neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The characterization of these animal models has provided valuable insights into various mechanisms of PD pathogenesis. Therefore, the dissection of the mechanisms and survival signalling pathways engaged by these transcription factors to protect mDA neuron from degeneration can suggest novel therapeutic strategies. The work on En1/2-mediated neuroprotection also highlights the potential of protein transduction technology for neuroprotective approaches in PD.
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Izhar L, Adamson B, Ciccia A, Lewis J, Pontano-Vaites L, Leng Y, Liang AC, Westbrook TF, Harper JW, Elledge SJ. A Systematic Analysis of Factors Localized to Damaged Chromatin Reveals PARP-Dependent Recruitment of Transcription Factors. Cell Rep 2015; 11:1486-500. [PMID: 26004182 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Localization to sites of DNA damage is a hallmark of DNA damage response (DDR) proteins. To identify DDR factors, we screened epitope-tagged proteins for localization to sites of chromatin damaged by UV laser microirradiation and found >120 proteins that localize to damaged chromatin. These include the BAF tumor suppressor complex and the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) candidate protein TAF15. TAF15 contains multiple domains that bind damaged chromatin in a poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-dependent manner, suggesting a possible role as glue that tethers multiple PAR chains together. Many positives were transcription factors; > 70% of randomly tested transcription factors localized to sites of DNA damage, and of these, ∼90% were PARP dependent for localization. Mutational analyses showed that localization to damaged chromatin is DNA-binding-domain dependent. By examining Hoechst staining patterns at damage sites, we see evidence of chromatin decompaction that is PARP dependent. We propose that PARP-regulated chromatin remodeling at sites of damage allows transient accessibility of DNA-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Izhar
- Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Britt Adamson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alberto Ciccia
- Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jedd Lewis
- Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Laura Pontano-Vaites
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yumei Leng
- Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anthony C Liang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas F Westbrook
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - J Wade Harper
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Laguna A, Schintu N, Nobre A, Alvarsson A, Volakakis N, Jacobsen JK, Gómez-Galán M, Sopova E, Joodmardi E, Yoshitake T, Deng Q, Kehr J, Ericson J, Svenningsson P, Shupliakov O, Perlmann T. Dopaminergic control of autophagic-lysosomal function implicates Lmx1b in Parkinson's disease. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:826-35. [PMID: 25915474 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The role of developmental transcription factors in maintenance of neuronal properties and in disease remains poorly understood. Lmx1a and Lmx1b are key transcription factors required for the early specification of ventral midbrain dopamine (mDA) neurons. Here we show that conditional ablation of Lmx1a and Lmx1b after mDA neuron specification resulted in abnormalities that show striking resemblance to early cellular abnormalities seen in Parkinson's disease. We found that Lmx1b was required for the normal execution of the autophagic-lysosomal pathway and for the integrity of dopaminergic nerve terminals and long-term mDA neuronal survival. Notably, human LMX1B expression was decreased in mDA neurons in brain tissue affected by Parkinson's disease. Thus, these results reveal a sustained and essential requirement of Lmx1b for the function of midbrain mDA neurons and suggest that its dysfunction is associated with Parkinson's disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Laguna
- 1] Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Stockholm, Sweden. [2] Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. [3] Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute-CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicoletta Schintu
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - André Nobre
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Alvarsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Marta Gómez-Galán
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Sopova
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Takashi Yoshitake
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qiaolin Deng
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Kehr
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Ericson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oleg Shupliakov
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Perlmann
- 1] Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Stockholm, Sweden. [2] Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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40
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Maresca V, Flori E, Picardo M. Skin phototype: a new perspective. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:378-89. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Maresca
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Centre of Metabolomics Research; San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute; Rome Italy
| | - Enrica Flori
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Centre of Metabolomics Research; San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute; Rome Italy
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Centre of Metabolomics Research; San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute; Rome Italy
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41
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Medunjanin S, Daniel JM, Weinert S, Dutzmann J, Burgbacher F, Brecht S, Bruemmer D, Kahne T, Naumann M, Sedding DG, Zuschratter W, Braun-Dullaeus RC. DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) permits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation through phosphorylation of the orphan nuclear receptor NOR1. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 106:488-97. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Yin K, Sturm RA, Smith AG. MC1R and NR4A receptors in cellular stress and DNA repair: implications for UVR protection. Exp Dermatol 2015; 23:449-52. [PMID: 24758341 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the most common mutagen that melanocytes are exposed to. UVR causes a diverse range of DNA photolesions contributing to genome instability and promotes melanoma and non-melanoma development. Melanocytes are pigment-producing cells that synthesise the photoprotective melanins when the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) is activated. MC1R is a G-protein-coupled receptor expressed predominantly in melanocytes. Its signalling pathway has been directly linked to melanogenesis, enhanced cytoprotection against UV damage and augmented DNA repair response. Interestingly, previous studies have revealed that MC1R signalling induces the transcription of the NR4A subfamily of orphan nuclear receptors in response to UV. In line with this, studies have also observed that NR4A receptors are recruited to distinct nuclear foci in response to cellular stress, independent of their transcriptional roles. Here, we review the regulated expression of NR4A2 and its potential roles upon cellular stress conditions. Current work in developing synthetic NR4A2 agonists further provides exciting avenues for exploring the potential role of NR4A2 as an antiskin cancer drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Yin
- School of Biomedical Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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43
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Craxton A, Somers J, Munnur D, Jukes-Jones R, Cain K, Malewicz M. XLS (c9orf142) is a new component of mammalian DNA double-stranded break repair. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:890-7. [PMID: 25941166 PMCID: PMC4423191 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Repair of double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) in mammalian cells primarily occurs by the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway, which requires seven core proteins (Ku70/Ku86, DNA-PKcs (DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit), Artemis, XRCC4-like factor (XLF), XRCC4 and DNA ligase IV). Here we show using combined affinity purification and mass spectrometry that DNA-PKcs co-purifies with all known core NHEJ factors. Furthermore, we have identified a novel evolutionary conserved protein associated with DNA-PKcs—c9orf142. Computer-based modelling of c9orf142 predicted a structure very similar to XRCC4, hence we have named c9orf142—XLS (XRCC4-like small protein). Depletion of c9orf142/XLS in cells impaired DSB repair consistent with a defect in NHEJ. Furthermore, c9orf142/XLS interacted with other core NHEJ factors. These results demonstrate the existence of a new component of the NHEJ DNA repair pathway in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Craxton
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - J Somers
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - D Munnur
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - R Jukes-Jones
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - K Cain
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - M Malewicz
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
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44
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Skerrett R, Malm T, Landreth G. Nuclear receptors in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 72 Pt A:104-16. [PMID: 24874548 PMCID: PMC4246019 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors have generated substantial interest in the past decade as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Despite years of effort, effective treatments for progressive neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and ALS remain elusive, making non-classical drug targets such as nuclear receptors an attractive alternative. A substantial literature in mouse models of disease and several clinical trials have investigated the role of nuclear receptors in various neurodegenerative disorders, most prominently AD. These studies have met with mixed results, yet the majority of studies in mouse models report positive outcomes. The mechanisms by which nuclear receptor agonists affect disease pathology remain unclear. Deciphering the complex signaling underlying nuclear receptor action in neurodegenerative diseases is essential for understanding this variability in preclinical studies, and for the successful translation of nuclear receptor agonists into clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Skerrett
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Tarja Malm
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Neurobiology, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Gary Landreth
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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45
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The interplay of NR4A receptors and the oncogene-tumor suppressor networks in cancer. Cell Signal 2014; 27:257-66. [PMID: 25446259 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor (NR) subfamily 4 group A (NR4A) is a family of three highly homologous orphan nuclear receptors that have multiple physiological and pathological roles, including some in cancer. These NRs are reportedly dysregulated in multiple cancer types, with many studies demonstrating pro-oncogenic roles for NR4A1 (Nur77) and NR4A2 (Nurr1). Additionally, NR4A1 and NR4A3 (Nor-1) are described as tumor suppressors in leukemia. The dysregulation and functions of the NR4A members are due to many factors, including transcriptional regulation, protein-protein interactions, and post-translational modifications. These various levels of intracellular regulation result from the signaling cross-talk of the NR4A members with various signaling pathways, many of which are relevant to cancer and likely explain the family members' functions in oncogenesis and tumor suppression. In this review, we discuss the multiple functions of the NR4A receptors in cancer and summarize a growing body of scientific literature that describes the interconnectedness of the NR4A receptors with various oncogene and tumor suppressor pathways.
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46
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Malewicz M, Perlmann T. Function of transcription factors at DNA lesions in DNA repair. Exp Cell Res 2014; 329:94-100. [PMID: 25173987 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cellular systems for DNA repair ensure prompt removal of DNA lesions that threaten the genomic stability of the cell. Transcription factors (TFs) have long been known to facilitate DNA repair via transcriptional regulation of specific target genes encoding key DNA repair proteins. However, recent findings identified TFs as DNA repair components acting directly at the DNA lesions in a transcription-independent fashion. Together this recent progress is consistent with the hypothesis that TFs have acquired the ability to localize DNA lesions and function by facilitating chromatin remodeling at sites of damaged DNA. Here we review these recent findings and discuss how TFs may function in DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Malewicz
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom.
| | - Thomas Perlmann
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (LICR), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (CMB), Karolinska Institute, Nobels väg 3, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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47
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Ramzan Z, Nassri AB, Huerta S. Genotypic characteristics of resistant tumors to pre-operative ionizing radiation in rectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2014; 6:194-210. [PMID: 25024812 PMCID: PMC4092337 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v6.i7.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to a wide range of clinical response in patients undergoing neo-adjuvant chemoradiation for rectal cancer it is essential to understand molecular factors that lead to the broad response observed in patients receiving the same form of treatment. Despite extensive research in this field, the exact mechanisms still remain elusive. Data raging from DNA-repair to specific molecules leading to cell survival as well as resistance to apoptosis have been investigated. Individually, or in combination, there is no single pathway that has become clinically applicable to date. In the following review, we describe the current status of various pathways that might lead to resistance to the therapeutic applications of ionizing radiation in rectal cancer.
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48
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NR4A nuclear receptors are orphans but not lonesome. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2543-2555. [PMID: 24975497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The NR4A subfamily of nuclear receptors consists of three mammalian members: Nur77, Nurr1, and NOR-1. The NR4A receptors are involved in essential physiological processes such as adaptive and innate immune cell differentiation, metabolism and brain function. They act as transcription factors that directly modulate gene expression, but can also form trans-repressive complexes with other transcription factors. In contrast to steroid hormone nuclear receptors such as the estrogen receptor or the glucocorticoid receptor, no ligands have been described for the NR4A receptors. This lack of known ligands might be explained by the structure of the ligand-binding domain of NR4A receptors, which shows an active conformation and a ligand-binding pocket that is filled with bulky amino acid side-chains. Other mechanisms, such as transcriptional control, post-translational modifications and protein-protein interactions therefore seem to be more important in regulating the activity of the NR4A receptors. For Nur77, over 80 interacting proteins (the interactome) have been identified so far, and roughly half of these interactions has been studied in more detail. Although the NR4As show some overlap in interacting proteins, less information is available on the interactome of Nurr1 and NOR-1. Therefore, the present review will describe the current knowledge on the interactomes of all three NR4A nuclear receptors with emphasis on Nur77.
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49
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Chen Y, Wang Y, Ertürk A, Kallop D, Jiang Z, Weimer RM, Kaminker J, Sheng M. Activity-induced Nr4a1 regulates spine density and distribution pattern of excitatory synapses in pyramidal neurons. Neuron 2014; 83:431-443. [PMID: 24976215 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Excitatory synapses occur mainly on dendritic spines, and spine density is usually correlated with the strength of excitatory synaptic transmission. We report that Nr4a1, an activity-inducible gene encoding a nuclear receptor, regulates the density and distribution of dendritic spines in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Nr4a1 overexpression resulted in elimination of the majority of spines; however, postsynaptic densities were preserved on dendritic shafts, and the strength of excitatory synaptic transmission was unaffected, showing that excitatory synapses can be dissociated from spines. mRNA expression profiling studies suggest that Nr4a1-mediated transcriptional regulation of the actin cytoskeleton contributes to this effect. Under conditions of chronically elevated activity, when Nr4a1 was induced, Nr4a1 knockdown increased the density of spines and PSDs specifically at the distal ends of dendrites. Thus, Nr4a1 is a key component of an activity-induced transcriptional program that regulates the density and distribution of spines and synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelin Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ali Ertürk
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Dara Kallop
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Zhiyu Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Robby M Weimer
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Joshua Kaminker
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Morgan Sheng
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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DNA-PK: a dynamic enzyme in a versatile DSB repair pathway. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 17:21-9. [PMID: 24680878 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
DNA double stranded breaks (DSBs) are the most cytoxic DNA lesion as the inability to properly repair them can lead to genomic instability and tumorigenesis. The prominent DSB repair pathway in humans is non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). In the simplest sense, NHEJ mediates the direct re-ligation of the broken DNA molecule. However, NHEJ is a complex and versatile process that can repair DSBs with a variety of damages and ends via the utilization of a significant number of proteins. In this review we will describe the important factors and mechanisms modulating NHEJ with emphasis given to the versatility of this repair process and the DNA-PK complex.
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