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Nikerova KM, Galibina NA, Sofronova IN, Moshchenskaya YL, Korzhenevskij MA, Klimova AV, Tarelkina TV. UPBEAT1-ROS-POD- PAL System under Different Xylogenesis Scenarios in Karelian Birch (Betula pendula Roth var. carelica (Mercl.) Hämet-Ahti). Protein Pept Lett 2024; 31:375-385. [PMID: 38840406 DOI: 10.2174/0109298665291781240529044444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We studied UPBEAT1 (UPB1) which regulated superoxide radical / hydrogen peroxide ratio together with peroxidase (POD) activity and PAL genes expression under different ways of apical meristem development during the xylem structural elements' formation in unique woody plants B. pendula var. pendula with straight-grained wood and B. pendula var. carelica with figured wood. The differentiation process predominanced in straight-grained wood (B. pendula var. pendula) or proliferation - in the figured wood. The investigation was conducted in the radial row (cambial zone - differentiating xylem - mature xylem) during the active cambial growth period. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to study the xylogenesis processes occurring in the 16-year-old straight-grained silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) and Karelian birch (Betula pendula Roth var. carelica (Mercl.) Hämet-Ahti) with figured wood. METHODS Hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical contents and peroxidase activity were determined spectrophotometrically. Gene expression for PAL family genes and the UPBEAT1 gene was assessed using qRT-PCR. RESULTS Principal component analysis has confirmed trees with straight-grained and figured wood to be different according to UPBEAT1-ROS-POD-PAL system functioning. CONCLUSION The higher superoxide radical/hydrogen peroxide ratio in figured Karelian birch, along with UPBEAT1 transcription factor and PAL genes upregulation, distinguished it from straight-grained silver birch. This metabolic picture confirmed the shift of Karelian birch xylogenesis towards proliferation processes, accompanied by ROS and phenolic compounds' flow and POD activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya Mihajlovna Nikerova
- Forest Research Institute of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Science (FRI KarRC RAS), 11 Pushkinskaya St., 185910 Petrozavodsk, Karelia, Russia
| | - Nataliya Alekseevna Galibina
- Forest Research Institute of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Science (FRI KarRC RAS), 11 Pushkinskaya St., 185910 Petrozavodsk, Karelia, Russia
| | - Irina Nikolaevna Sofronova
- Forest Research Institute of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Science (FRI KarRC RAS), 11 Pushkinskaya St., 185910 Petrozavodsk, Karelia, Russia
| | - Yuliya Leonidovna Moshchenskaya
- Forest Research Institute of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Science (FRI KarRC RAS), 11 Pushkinskaya St., 185910 Petrozavodsk, Karelia, Russia
| | - Maksim Anatol'evich Korzhenevskij
- Forest Research Institute of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Science (FRI KarRC RAS), 11 Pushkinskaya St., 185910 Petrozavodsk, Karelia, Russia
| | - Anna Vladimirovna Klimova
- Forest Research Institute of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Science (FRI KarRC RAS), 11 Pushkinskaya St., 185910 Petrozavodsk, Karelia, Russia
| | - Tatiana Vladimirovna Tarelkina
- Forest Research Institute of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Science (FRI KarRC RAS), 11 Pushkinskaya St., 185910 Petrozavodsk, Karelia, Russia
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Peltier DMP, Lemoine J, Ebert C, Xu X, Ogle K, Richardson AD, Carbone MS. An incubation method to determine the age of available nonstructural carbon in woody plant tissues. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023:tpad015. [PMID: 36738259 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Radiocarbon (∆14C) measurements of nonstructural carbon enable inference on the age and turnover time of stored photosynthate (e.g., sugars, starch), of which the largest pool in trees resides in the main bole. Because of potential issues with extraction-based methods, we introduce an incubation method to capture the ∆14C of nonstructural carbon via respired CO2. In this study, we compared the ∆14C obtained from these incubations with ∆14C from a well-established extraction method, using increment cores from a mature trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides). To understand any potential ∆14C disagreement, the yields from both methods were also benchmarked against the phenol-sulfuric acid concentration assay. We found incubations captured less than 100% of measured sugar and starch carbon, with recovery ranging from ~ 3% in heartwood to 85% in shallow sapwood. However, extractions universally over-yielded (mean 273 ± 101% expected sugar carbon; as high as 480%), where sugars represented less than half of extracted soluble carbon, indicating very poor specificity. While separation of soluble and insoluble nonstructural carbon is ostensibly a strength of extraction based methods, there was also evidence of poor separation of these two fractions in extractions. The ∆14C of respired CO2 and ∆14C from extractions were similar in the sapwood, while extractions resulted in comparatively higher ∆14C (older carbon) in heartwood and bark. Because yield and ∆14C discrepancies were largest in old tissues, incubations may better capture the ∆14C of nonstructural carbon that is actually metabolically available. That is, we suggest extractions include metabolically irrelevant carbon from dead tissues or cells, as well as carbon that is neither sugar nor starch. In contrast, nonstructural carbon captured by extractions must be respired to be measured. We thus suggest incubations of live tissues are a potentially viable, inexpensive, and versatile method to study the ∆14C of metabolically relevant (available) nonstructural carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew M P Peltier
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, AZ
| | - Jim Lemoine
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, AZ
| | - Chris Ebert
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, AZ
| | - Xiaomei Xu
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California-Irvine, CA
| | - Kiona Ogle
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, AZ
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, AZ
| | - Andrew D Richardson
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, AZ
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, AZ
| | - Mariah S Carbone
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, AZ
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Yu Y, Guo DD, Min DH, Cao T, Ning L, Jiang QY, Sun XJ, Zhang H, Tang WS, Gao SQ, Zhou YB, Xu ZS, Chen J, Ma YZ, Chen M, Zhang XH. Foxtail millet MYB-like transcription factor SiMYB16 confers salt tolerance in transgenic rice by regulating phenylpropane pathway. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 195:310-321. [PMID: 36657296 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
R2R3-MYB transcription factors play an important role in the synthesis of phenylpropanoid-derived compounds, which in turn provide salt tolerance in plant. In this study, we found that the expression of foxtail millet R2R3-MYB factor SiMYB16 can be induced by salt and drought. SiMYB16 is localized in the nucleus and acts as a transcriptional activator. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that SiMYB16 belongs to the R2R3-MYB transcription factor family subgroup 24. Transgenic rice expressing SiMYB16 (OX16) had a higher survival rate, lower malondialdehyde content, and heavier fresh weight compared with type (WT) under salt stress conditions. The transgenic plants also had a higher germination rate in salt treatment conditions and higher yield in the field compared with wild-type plants. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the up-regulated differential expression genes in the transgenic rice were mainly involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, fatty acid elongation, phenylalanine metabolism, and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis also showed that the genes encoding the major enzymes in the lignin and suberin biosynthesis pathways had higher expression level in SiMYB16 transgenic plants. Correspondingly, the content of flavonoid and lignin, and the activity of fatty acid synthase increased in SiMYB16 transgenic rice compared with wild-type plants under salt stress treatment. These results indicate that SiMYB16 gene can enhance plant salt tolerance by regulating the biosynthesis of lignin and suberin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Dong-Dong Guo
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Dong-Hong Min
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Tao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Lei Ning
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030800, China.
| | - Qi-Yan Jiang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xian-Jun Sun
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Wen-Si Tang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Shi-Qing Gao
- Beijing Hybrid Wheat Engineering Technology Research Center, Beijing, 100097, China.
| | - Yong-Bin Zhou
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Zhao-Shi Xu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - You-Zhi Ma
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xiao-Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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Yi N, Yang H, Zhang X, Pian R, Li H, Zeng W, Wu AM. The physiological and transcriptomic study of secondary growth in Neolamarckia cadamba stimulated by the ethylene precursor ACC. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 190:35-46. [PMID: 36096025 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Though many biological roles of ethylene have been investigated intensively, the molecular mechanism of ethylene's action in woody plants remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of exogenous 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the precursor of ethylene, on the growth of Neolamarckia cadamba seedlings, a fast-growing tropical tree. After 14 days of ACC treatment, the plants showed a reduced physiological morphology while stem diameter increased; however, this did not occur after the addition of 1-MCP. Meanwhile, the lignin content of N. cadamba also increased. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression of the ethylene biosynthesis and signaling genes ACC oxidase (ACO) and ethylene insensitive 3 (EIN3) were up-regulated mainly at the 6th hour and the 3rd day of the ACC treatment, respectively. The transcription levels of transcription factors, mainly in the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), ethylene response factor (ERF), WRKY and v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (MYB) families, involved in the ethylene signaling and secondary growth also increased significantly. Furthermore, in accordance to the increased lignification of the stem, the transcriptional level of key enzymes in the phenylalanine pathway were elevated after the ACC treatment. Our results revealed the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the secondary growth stimulated by exogenous ACC treatment on N. cadamba seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yi
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Haoqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xintong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ruiqi Pian
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huiling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Crumière AJJ, Mallett S, Michelsen A, Rinnan R, Shik JZ. Nutritional challenges of feeding a mutualist: Testing for a nutrient-toxin tradeoff in fungus-farming leafcutter ants. Ecology 2022; 103:e3684. [PMID: 35315052 PMCID: PMC9286363 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical heterogeneity of food items often yields tradeoffs as each bite of food tends to contain some nutrients in surplus and others in deficit, as well as other less palatable or even toxic compounds. These multidimensional nutritional challenges are likely compounded when foraged foods are used to provision others (e.g. offspring or symbionts) with different physiological needs and tolerances. We explored these challenges in free-ranging colonies of leafcutter ants that navigate a diverse tropical forest to collect plant fragments they use to provision a co-evolved fungal cultivar. We tested the prediction that leafcutter farmers face provisioning tradeoffs between the nutritional quality and concentration of toxic tannins in foraged plant fragments. Chemical analyses of plant fragments sampled from the mandibles of Panamanian Atta colombica leafcutter ants provided little support for a nutrient-tannin foraging tradeoff. First, colonies foraged for plant fragments ranging widely in tannin concentration. Second, high tannin levels did not appear to restrict colonies from selecting plant fragments with blends of protein and carbohydrates that maximized cultivar performance when measured with in vitro experiments. We also tested whether tannins expand the realized nutritional niche selected by leafcutter ants into high-protein dimensions since: 1) tannins can bind proteins and reduce their accessibility during digestion, and 2) in vitro experiments have shown that excess protein provisioning reduces cultivar performance. Contrary to this hypothesis, the most protein-rich plant fragments did not have highest tannin levels. More generally, the approach developed here can be used to test how multidimensional interactions between nutrients and toxins shape the costs and benefits of providing care to offspring or symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin J J Crumière
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sophie Mallett
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Z Shik
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
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Gourlay G, Hawkins BJ, Albert A, Schnitzler JP, Peter Constabel C. Condensed tannins as antioxidants that protect poplar against oxidative stress from drought and UV-B. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:362-377. [PMID: 34873714 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Condensed tannins (CTs, proanthocyanidins) are widespread polymeric flavan-3-ols known for their ability to bind proteins. In poplar (Populus spp.), leaf condensed tannins are induced by both biotic and abiotic stresses, suggesting diverse biological functions. Here we demonstrate the ability of CTs to function as physiological antioxidants, preventing oxidative and cellular damage in response to drought and UV-B irradiation. Chlorophyll fluorescence was used to monitor photosystem II performance, and both hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde content was assayed as a measure of oxidative damage. Transgenic MYB-overexpressing poplar (Populus tremula × P. tremuloides) with high CT content showed reduced photosystem damage and lower hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde content after drought and UV-B stress. This antioxidant effect of CT was observed using two different poplar MYB CT regulators, in multiple independent lines and different genetic backgrounds. Additionally, low-CT MYB134-RNAi transgenic poplars showed enhanced susceptibility to drought-induced oxidative stress. UV-B radiation had different impacts than drought on chlorophyll fluorescence, but all high-CT poplar lines displayed reduced sensitivity to both stresses. Our data indicate that CTs are significant defences against oxidative stress. The broad distribution of CTs in forest systems that are exposed to diverse abiotic stresses suggests that these compounds have wider functional roles than previously realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Gourlay
- Centre for Forest Biology & Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Barbara J Hawkins
- Centre for Forest Biology & Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andreas Albert
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - C Peter Constabel
- Centre for Forest Biology & Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Yu D, Janz D, Zienkiewicz K, Herrfurth C, Feussner I, Chen S, Polle A. Wood Formation under Severe Drought Invokes Adjustment of the Hormonal and Transcriptional Landscape in Poplar. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9899. [PMID: 34576062 PMCID: PMC8493802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought is a severe environmental stress that exerts negative effects on plant growth. In trees, drought leads to reduced secondary growth and altered wood anatomy. The mechanisms underlying wood stress adaptation are not well understood. Here, we investigated the physiological, anatomical, hormonal, and transcriptional responses of poplar to strong drought. Drought-stressed xylem was characterized by higher vessel frequencies, smaller vessel lumina, and thicker secondary fiber cell walls. These changes were accompanied by strong increases in abscisic acid (ABA) and antagonistic changes in salicylic acid in wood. Transcriptional evidence supported ABA biosynthesis and signaling in wood. Since ABA signaling activates the fiber-thickening factor NST1, we expected upregulation of the secondary cell wall (SCW) cascade under stress. By contrast, transcription factors and biosynthesis genes for SCW formation were down-regulated, whereas a small set of cellulose synthase-like genes and a huge array of genes involved in cell wall modification were up-regulated in drought-stressed wood. Therefore, we suggest that ABA signaling monitors normal SCW biosynthesis and that drought causes a switch from normal to "stress wood" formation recruiting a dedicated set of genes for cell wall biosynthesis and remodeling. This proposition implies that drought-induced changes in cell wall properties underlie regulatory mechanisms distinct from those of normal wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dade Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institute, University of Goettingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Dennis Janz
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institute, University of Goettingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Krzysztof Zienkiewicz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-Von-Haller Institute, University of Goettingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (K.Z.); (C.H.); (I.F.)
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-Von-Haller Institute, University of Goettingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (K.Z.); (C.H.); (I.F.)
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-Von-Haller Institute, University of Goettingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (K.Z.); (C.H.); (I.F.)
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Shaoliang Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Andrea Polle
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institute, University of Goettingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Seasonal Variations of Rosmarinic Acid and Its Glucoside and Expression of Genes Related to Their Biosynthesis in Two Medicinal and Aromatic Species of Salvia subg. Perovskia. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060458. [PMID: 34067387 PMCID: PMC8224735 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Here, we studied two closely related medicinal and aromatic plants from Asia, called Russian sage or from their previously used Latin name–Perovskia. These plants contain various specialized metabolites called phenylpropanoids that contribute to their medicinal uses. In our experiments, several different specialized phytochemicals were traced down in the roots and leaves with the major metabolite called rosmarinic acid, known for health beneficial properties. In order to check if the composition of these plants is regulated by specific genes encoding proteins that assemble these phytochemicals, we analyzed their expression during the growth season (spring, summer and fall). Despite being the closest kin, the two species of Russian sage displayed different seasonal changes in the composition of bioactive metabolites and the activity of genes responsible for their production. The genes’ activity was correlated with rosmarinic acid content in the roots but not in the green parts of the plants. Two genes pointed out were linked to the regulation of rosmarinic acid biosynthesis, called RAS (for Rosmarinic Acid-Synthase) and a newly reported version of an oxidizing enzyme called Cyp98A14. These discoveries broaden our understanding of relationships between the genes’ activity and production of bioactive constituents in herbs such as the two studied species of Russian sages. Abstract Salvia abrotanoides Kar. and Salvia yangii B.T. Drew are medicinal and aromatic plants belonging to the subgenus Perovskia and used as herbal medicines in Asia. Derivatives of caffeic acid, mainly rosmarinic acid (RA), are the major phenolic compounds identified in these plants. Understanding the factors and molecular mechanisms regulating the accumulation of pharmacologically and ecologically relevant phenolic metabolites is essential for future biotechnological and medical applications. Up to date, no studies of phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway at the transcriptional level has been performed in the Perovskia subgenus. Using a combined qRT-PCR transcriptional activity analysis with LC-MS based metabolic profiling of roots and leaves at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of vegetation season, we have identified the following gene candidates with properties correlating to phenolic acid biosynthesis in S. abrotanoides and S. yangii: PAL, C4H, 4CL, TAT, HPPR, RAS1, RAS2 and Cyp98A14. A comparison of phenolic acid profiles with gene transcript levels revealed the transcriptional regulation of RA biosynthesis in the roots but not the leaves of the studied species. Additionally, RAS1 and Cyp98A14 were identified as rate-limiting steps regulating phenylpropanoid biosynthesis on a transcription level. In the future, this will facilitate the gene-based metabolic enhancement of phenolic compounds production in these promising medicinal herbs.
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Sun H, Yu J, Zhang F, Kang J, Li M, Wang Z, Liu W, Zhang J, Yang Q, Long R. iTRAQ-based comparative proteomic analysis of differences in the protein profiles of stems and leaves from two alfalfa genotypes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:447. [PMID: 32993512 PMCID: PMC7525974 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02671-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the molecular regulatory mechanisms of early stem and leaf development, proteomic analysis was performed on leaves and stems of F genotype alfalfa, with thin stems and small leaves, and M genotype alfalfa, with thick stems and large leaves. RESULTS Based on fold-change thresholds of > 1.20 or < 0.83 (p < 0.05), a large number of proteins were identified as being differentially enriched between the M and F genotypes: 249 downregulated and 139 upregulated in stems and 164 downregulated and 134 upregulated in leaves. The differentially enriched proteins in stems were mainly involved in amino acid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, carbon fixation, and phenylalanine metabolism. The differentially enriched proteins in leaves were mainly involved in porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms. Six differentially enriched proteins were mapped onto the porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism pathway in leaves of the M genotype, including five upregulated proteins involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis and one downregulated protein involved in chlorophyll degradation. Eleven differentially enriched proteins were mapped onto the phenylpropanoid pathway in stems of the M genotype, including two upregulated proteins and nine downregulated proteins. CONCLUSION Enhanced chlorophyll synthesis and decreased lignin synthesis provided a reasonable explanation for the larger leaves and lower levels of stem lignification in M genotype alfalfa. This proteomic study aimed to classify the functions of differentially enriched proteins and to provide information on the molecular regulatory networks involved in stem and leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/ Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junmei Kang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mingna Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiaju Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qingchuan Yang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Ruicai Long
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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10
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Li JW, Zhang SB, Xi HP, Bradshaw CJA, Zhang JL. Processes controlling programmed cell death of root velamen radicum in an epiphytic orchid. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:261-275. [PMID: 32318689 PMCID: PMC7380463 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Development of the velamen radicum on the outer surface of the root epidermis is an important characteristic for water uptake and retention in some plant families, particularly epiphytic orchids, for survival under water-limited environments. Velamen radicum cells derive from the primary root meristem; however, following this development, velamen radicum cells die by incompletely understood processes of programmed cell death (PCD). METHODS We combined the use of transmission electron microscopy, X-ray micro-tomography and transcriptome methods to characterize the major anatomical and molecular changes that occur during the development and death of velamen radicum cells of Cymbidium tracyanum, a typical epiphytic orchid, to determine how PCD occurs. KEY RESULTS Typical changes of PCD in anatomy and gene expression were observed in the development of velamen radicum cells. During the initiation of PCD, we found that both cell and vacuole size increased, and several genes involved in brassinosteroid and ethylene pathways were upregulated. In the stage of secondary cell wall formation, significant anatomical changes included DNA degradation, cytoplasm thinning, organelle decrease, vacuole rupture and cell wall thickening. Changes were found in the expression of genes related to the biosynthesis of cellulose and lignin, which are instrumental in the formation of secondary cell walls, and are regulated by cytoskeleton-related factors and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. In the final stage of PCD, cell autolysis was terminated from the outside to the inside of the velamen radicum. The regulation of genes related to autophagy, vacuolar processing enzyme, cysteine proteases and metacaspase was involved in the final execution of cell death and autolysis. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that the development of the root velamen radicum in an epiphytic orchid was controlled by the process of PCD, which included initiation of PCD, followed by formation of the secondary cell wall, and execution of autolysis following cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Shi-Bao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- For correspondence. E-mail or
| | - Hui-Peng Xi
- Horticulture Department, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Corey J A Bradshaw
- Global Ecology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jiao-Lin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- For correspondence. E-mail or
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11
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Zhang Y, Liu C, Cheng H, Tian S, Liu Y, Wang S, Zhang H, Saqib M, Wei H, Wei Z. DNA methylation and its effects on gene expression during primary to secondary growth in poplar stems. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:498. [PMID: 32689934 PMCID: PMC7372836 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06902-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As an important epigenetic mark, 5-methylcytosine (5mC) methylation is involved in many DNA-dependent biological processes and plays a role during development and differentiation of multicellular organisms. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about the dynamic aspects and the roles of global 5mC methylation in wood formation in tree trunks. In this study, we not only scrutinized single-base resolution methylomes of primary stems (PS), transitional stems (TS), and secondary stems (SS) of Populus trichocarpa using a high-throughput bisulfite sequencing technique, but also analyzed the effects of 5mC methylation on the expression of genes involved in wood formation. Results The overall average percentages of CG, CHG, and CHH methylation in poplar stems were ~ 53.6%, ~ 37.7%, and ~ 8.5%, respectively, and the differences of 5mC in genome-wide CG/CHG/CHH contexts among PS, TS, and SS were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The evident differences in CG, CHG, and CHH methylation contexts among 2 kb proximal promoters, gene bodies, and 2 kb downstream regions were observed among PS, TS, and SS. Further analysis revealed a perceptible global correlation between 5mC methylation levels of gene bodies and transcript levels but failed to reveal a correlation between 5mC methylation levels of proximal promoter regions and transcript levels. We identified 653 and 858 DMGs and 4978 and 4780 DEGs in PS vs TS and TS vs SS comparisons, respectively. Only 113 genes of 653 DMGs and 4978 DEGs, and 114 genes of 858 DMGs and 4780 DEG were common. Counterparts of some of these common genes in other species, including Arabidopsis thaliana, are known to be involved in secondary cell wall biosynthesis and hormone signaling. This indicates that methylation may directly modulate wood formation genes and indirectly attune hormone signaling genes, which in turn impact wood formation. Conclusions DNA methylation only marginally affects pathway genes or regulators involved in wood formation, suggesting that further studies of wood formation should lean towards the indirect effects of methylation. The information and data we provide here will be instrumental for understanding the roles of methylation in wood formation in tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - He Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuanghui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaxin Zhang
- Research Center of Saline and Alkali Land of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Saqib
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Hairong Wei
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Zhigang Wei
- Research Center of Saline and Alkali Land of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Li G, Wang H, Cheng X, Su X, Zhao Y, Jiang T, Jin Q, Lin Y, Cai Y. Comparative genomic analysis of the PAL genes in five Rosaceae species and functional identification of Chinese white pear. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8064. [PMID: 31824757 PMCID: PMC6894436 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) plays an important role in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites regulating plant growth response. To date, the evolutionary history of the PAL family in Rosaceae plants remains unclear. In this study, we identified 16 PAL homologous genes in five Rosaceae plants (Pyrus bretschneideri, Fragaria vesca, Prunus mume, Prunus persica, and Malus × domestica). We classified these PALs into three categories based on phylogenetic analysis, and all PALs were distributed on 13 chromosomes. We tracked gene duplication events and performed sliding window analysis. These results revealed the evolution of PALs in five Rosaceae plants. We predicted the promoter of the PbPALs by PLANT CARE online software, and found that the promoter region of both PbPAL1 and PbPAL3 have at least one AC element. The results of qRT-PCR analysis found that PbPAL1 and PbPAL2 were highly expressed in the stems and roots, while expression level of PbPAL3 was relatively low in different tissues. The expression of PbPAL1 and PbPAL2 increased firstly and then decreased at different developmental periods of pear fruit. Among them, the expression of PbPAL1 reached the highest level 55 days after flowering. Three PbPALs were induced by abiotic stress to varying degrees. We transfected PbPAL1 and PbPAL2 into Arabidopsis thaliana, which resulted in an increase in lignin content and thickening of the cell walls of intervascular fibres and xylem cells. In summary, this research laid a foundation for better understanding the molecular evolution of PALs in five Rosaceae plants. Furthermore, the present study revealed the role of PbPALs in lignin synthesis, and provided basic data for regulating lignin synthesis and stone cells development in pear plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Li
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Han Wang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xueqiang Su
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Taoshan Jiang
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qin Jin
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yi Lin
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yongping Cai
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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13
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Lu Y, Deng S, Li Z, Wu J, Liu Q, Liu W, Yu WJ, Zhang Y, Shi W, Zhou J, Li H, Polle A, Luo ZB. Competing Endogenous RNA Networks Underlying Anatomical and Physiological Characteristics of Poplar Wood in Acclimation to Low Nitrogen Availability. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:2478-2495. [PMID: 31368491 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although poplar plantations are often established on nitrogen (N)-poor soil, the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying wood properties of poplars in acclimation to low N availability remain largely unknown. To investigate wood properties of poplars in acclimation to low N, Populus � canescens saplings were exposed to either 50 (low N) or 500 (normal N) �M NH4NO3 for 2 months. Low N resulted in decreased xylem width and cell layers of the xylem (the number of cells counted along the ray parenchyma on the stem cross section), narrower lumina of vessels and fibers, greater thickness of double fiber walls (the walls between two adjacent fiber cells), more hemicellulose and lignin deposition, and reduced cellulose accumulation in poplar wood. Consistently, concentrations of gibberellins involved in cell size determination and the abundance of various metabolites including amino acids, carbohydrates and precursors for cell wall biosynthesis were decreased in low N-supplied wood. In line with these anatomical and physiological changes, a number of mRNAs, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) were significantly differentially expressed. Competing endogenous RNA regulatory networks were identified in the wood of low N-treated poplars. Overall, these results indicate that miRNAs-lncRNAs-mRNAs networks are involved in regulating wood properties and physiological processes of poplars in acclimation to low N availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- State key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shurong Deng
- State key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhuorong Li
- State key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jiangting Wu
- State key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qifeng Liu
- State key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wenzhe Liu
- State key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jian Yu
- State key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- State key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wenguang Shi
- State key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhou
- State key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hong Li
- Postgraduate School, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Goettingen, B�sgenweg 2, G�ttingen, Germany
| | - Zhi-Bin Luo
- State key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, P. R. China
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14
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Cao Y, Li X, Jiang L. Integrative Analysis of the Core Fruit Lignification Toolbox in Pear Reveals Targets for Fruit Quality Bioengineering. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090504. [PMID: 31540505 PMCID: PMC6770946 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Stone cell content is an important factor affecting pear fruit flavor. Lignin, a major component of pear stone cells, hinders the quality and value of commercial fruit. The completion of the Chinese white pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) genome sequence provides an opportunity to perform integrative analysis of the genes encoding the eleven protein families (i.e., PAL, C4H, 4CL, HCT, C3H, CSE, CCoAOMT, CCR, F5H, COMT, and CAD) in the phenylpropanoid pathway. Here, a systematic study based on expression patterns and phylogenetic analyses was performed to identify the members of each gene family potentially involved in the lignification in the Chinese white pear. The phylogenetic analysis suggested that 35 P. bretschneideri genes belong to bona fide lignification clade members. Compared to other plants, some multigene families are expanded by tandem gene duplication, such as HCT, C3H, COMT, and CCR. RNA sequencing was used to study the expression patterns of the genes in different tissues, including leaf, petal, bud, sepal, ovary, stem, and fruit. Eighteen genes presented a high expression in fruit, indicating that these genes may be involved in the biosynthesis of lignin in pear fruit. Similarly to what has been observed for Populus trichocarpa, a bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) experiment indicated that P. bretschneideri C3H and C4H might also interact with each other to regulate monolignol biosynthesis in P. bretschneideri, ultimately affecting the stone cell content in pear fruits. The identification of the major genes involved in lignin biosynthesis in pear fruits provides the basis for the development of strategies to improve fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Xiaoxu Li
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Lan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, Hunan, China.
- School of Economics and Law, Chaohu University, Hefei 238000, China.
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15
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Developmental Regulation of the Expression of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloid Biosynthetic Genes in Narcissus papyraceus. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10080594. [PMID: 31394782 PMCID: PMC6723416 DOI: 10.3390/genes10080594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (AAs) have multiple biological effects, which are of interest to the pharmaceutical industry. To unleash the potential of Amaryllidaceae plants as pharmaceutical crops and as sources of AAs, a thorough understanding of the AA biosynthetic pathway is needed. However, only few enzymes in the pathway are known. Here, we report the transcriptome of AA-producing paperwhites (Narcissus papyraceus Ker Gawl). We present a list of 21 genes putatively encoding enzymes involved in AA biosynthesis. Next, a cDNA library was created from 24 different samples of different parts at various developmental stages of N. papyraceus. The expression of AA biosynthetic genes was analyzed in each sample using RT-qPCR. In addition, the alkaloid content of each sample was analyzed by HPLC. Leaves and flowers were found to have the highest abundance of heterocyclic compounds, whereas the bulb, the lowest. Lycorine was also the predominant AA. The gene expression results were compared with the heterocyclic compound profiles for each sample. In some samples, a positive correlation was observed between the gene expression levels and the amount of compounds accumulated. However, due to a probable transport of enzymes and alkaloids in the plant, a negative correlation was also observed, particularly at stage 2.
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16
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Wang YX, Teng RM, Wang WL, Wang Y, Shen W, Zhuang J. Identification of genes revealed differential expression profiles and lignin accumulation during leaf and stem development in tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:359-370. [PMID: 30121729 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1299-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a complex aromatic heteropolymer that plays essential roles in mechanical support, water transport, and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. The tea plant is a leaf-type beverage crop, which serves as a resource for non-alcoholic beverage tea. The content and distribution of lignin in tea plant leaves seriously affect the quality of tea. However, the biosynthetic pathways of lignin remain to be characterized in the tea plant. In the present study, lignin accumulation was investigated in tea plant leaves and stems at three developmental stages. The lignin content continuously increased during leaf and stem development in both tea plant cultivars 'Fudingdabai' and 'Suchazao.' The lignin distribution and anatomical characteristics of the tea plant leaves coincided with lignin accumulation and showed that lignin is mainly distributed in the epidermis, xylem, and vascular bundle sheath. 'Suchazao' exhibits a low lignin content and lacks a vascular bundle sheath. Twelve genes encoding the enzymes involved in the lignin biosynthesis of tea plant were identified and included CsPAL, CsC4H, Cs4CL, CsHCT, CsC3H, CsCCoAOMT, CsCCR, CsCAD, CsF5H, CsCOMT, CsPER, and CsLAC. The expression profiling of lignin biosynthesis-related genes and analysis of lignin accumulation may help elaborate the regulatory mechanisms of lignin biosynthesis in tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xin Wang
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Rui-Min Teng
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wen-Li Wang
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- Tea Science Research Institute, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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17
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Harding SA. Condensed tannins: arbiters of abiotic stress tolerance? TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:341-344. [PMID: 30806659 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Harding
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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18
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Singh V, Sergeeva L, Ligterink W, Aloni R, Zemach H, Doron-Faigenboim A, Yang J, Zhang P, Shabtai S, Firon N. Gibberellin Promotes Sweetpotato Root Vascular Lignification and Reduces Storage-Root Formation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1320. [PMID: 31849998 PMCID: PMC6897044 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Sweetpotato yield depends on a change in the developmental fate of adventitious roots into storage-roots. The mechanisms underlying this developmental switch are still unclear. We examined the hypothesis claiming that regulation of root lignification determines storage-root formation. We show that application of the plant hormone gibberellin increased stem elongation and root gibberellin levels, while having inhibitory effects on root system parameters, decreasing lateral root number and length, and significantly reducing storage-root number and diameter. Furthermore, gibberellin enhanced root xylem development, caused increased lignin deposition, and, at the same time, decreased root starch accumulation. In accordance with these developmental effects, gibberellin application upregulated expression levels of sweetpotato orthologues of Arabidopsis vascular development regulators (IbNA075, IbVND7, and IbSND2) and of lignin biosynthesis genes (IbPAL, IbC4H, Ib4CL, IbCCoAOMT, and IbCAD), while downregulating starch biosynthesis genes (IbAGPase and IbGBSS) in the roots. Interestingly, gibberellin downregulated root expression levels of orthologues of the Arabidopsis BREVIPEDICELLUS transcription factor (IbKN2 and IbKN3), regulator of meristem maintenance. The results substantiate our hypothesis and mark gibberellin as an important player in regulation of sweetpotato root development, suggesting that increased fiber formation and lignification inhibit storage-root formation and yield. Taken together, our findings provide insight into the mechanisms underlying sweetpotato storage-root formation and provide a valuable database of genes for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Singh
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Lidiya Sergeeva
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Wilco Ligterink
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Roni Aloni
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hanita Zemach
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Adi Doron-Faigenboim
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Jun Yang
- Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Plant Physiology & Ecology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Sara Shabtai
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Nurit Firon
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- *Correspondence: Nurit Firon,
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Yu SI, Kim H, Yun DJ, Suh MC, Lee BH. Post-translational and transcriptional regulation of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway by Kelch repeat F-box protein SAGL1. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:135-148. [PMID: 30542810 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0808-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A Kelch repeat F-box containing protein, SMALL AND GLOSSY LEAVES1 (SAGL1) regulates phenylpropanoid biosynthesis as a post-translational regulator for PAL1 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) and an indirect transcriptional regulator for ANTHOCYANIDIN SYNTHASE. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in plants produces diverse aromatic metabolites with important biological functions. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) catalyzes the first step in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis by converting L-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid. Here, we report that SMALL AND GLOSSY LEAVES1 (SAGL1), a Kelch repeat F-box protein, interacts with PAL1 protein for proteasome-mediated degradation to regulate phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Mutations in SAGL1 caused high accumulation of anthocyanins and lignin derived from the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway. We found that PAL enzyme activity increased in SAGL1-defective mutants, sagl1, but decreased in SAGL1-overexpressing Arabidopsis (SAGL1OE) without changes in the transcript levels of PAL genes, suggesting protein-level regulation by SAGL1. Indeed, the levels of PAL1-GFP fusion protein were reduced when both SAGL1 and PAL1-GFP were transiently co-expressed in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. In addition, bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis suggested an interaction between SAGL1 and PAL1. We also found that the transcript levels of ANTHOCYANIDIN SYNTHASE (ANS) increased in the sagl1 mutants but decreased in SAGL1OE. Our results suggest that SAGL1 regulates phenylpropanoid biosynthesis post-translationally at PAL1 and transcriptionally at ANS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-In Yu
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Jin Yun
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Chung Suh
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Ha Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea.
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Vikashini B, Shanthi A, Ghosh Dasgupta M. Identification and expression profiling of genes governing lignin biosynthesis in Casuarina equisetifolia L. Gene 2018; 676:37-46. [PMID: 30201104 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Casuarina equisetifolia L. is an important multi-purpose, fast growing and widely planted tree species native to tropical and subtropical coastlines of Australia, Southeast Asia, Malaysia, Melanesia, Polynesia and New Caledonia. It is a nitrogen-fixing tree mainly used for charcoal making, construction poles, landscaping, timber, pulp, firewood, windbreaks, shelterbelts, soil erosion and sand dune stabilization. Casuarina wood is presently used for paper and pulp production. Raw material with reduced lignin is highly preferred to increase the pulp yield. Hence, understanding the molecular regulation of wood formation in this tree species is vital for selecting industrially suitable phenotypes for breeding programs. The lignin biosynthetic pathway has been extensively studied in tree species like Eucalypts, poplars, pines, Picea, Betula and Acacia sp. However, studies on wood formation at molecular level is presently lacking in casuarinas. Hence, in the present study, the transcriptome of the developing secondary tissues of 15 years old Casuarina equiseitfolia subsp. equisetifolia was sequenced, de novo assembled, annotated and mapped to functional pathways. Transcriptome sequencing generated a total of 26,985 transcripts mapped to 31 pathways. Mining of the annotated data identified nine genes involved in lignin biosynthesis pathway and relative expression of the transcripts in four tissues including scale-like leaves, needle-like brachlets, wood and root were documented. The expression of CeCCR1 and CeF5H were found to be significantly high in wood tissues, while maximum expression of CeHCT was documented in stem. Additionally, CeTUBA and CeH2A were identified as the most stable reference transcript for normalization of qRT-PCR data in C. equisetifolia. The present study is the first wood genomic resource in C. equisetifolia, which will be valuable for functional genomics research in this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arunachalam Shanthi
- Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, R.S. Puram, Coimbatore 641002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Modhumita Ghosh Dasgupta
- Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, R.S. Puram, Coimbatore 641002, Tamil Nadu, India.
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21
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Fan R, Chen Y, Ye X, Wu J, Lin B, Zhong H. Transcriptome analysis of Polianthes tuberosa during floral scent formation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199261. [PMID: 30183703 PMCID: PMC6124719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polianthes tuberosa is a popular ornamental plant. Its floral scent volatiles mainly consist of terpenes and benzenoids that emit a charming fragrance. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanism responsible for the floral scent of P. tuberosa is limited. Using transcriptome sequencing and de novo assembly, a total of 228,706,703 high-quality reads were obtained, which resulted in the identification of 96,906 unigenes (SRA Accession Number SRP126470, TSA Acc. No. GGEA00000000). Approximately 41.85% of the unigenes were functionally annotated using public databases. A total of 4,694 differentially expressed genes (DEGs)were discovered during flowering. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the majority of the volatiles comprised benzenoids and small amounts of terpenes. Homology analysis identified 13 and 17 candidate genes associated with terpene and benzenoid biosynthesis, respectively. Among these, PtTPS1, PtDAHPSs, PtPAL1, and PtBCMT2 might play important roles in regulating the formation of floral volatiles. The data generated by transcriptome sequencing provide a critical resource for exploring concrete characteristics as well as for supporting functional genomics studies. The results of the present study also lay the foundation for the elucidation of the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of floral scents in monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghui Fan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Flowers Research Center, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Engineering Research Center for Characteristic Floriculture, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yiquan Chen
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiuxian Ye
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Flowers Research Center, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Engineering Research Center for Characteristic Floriculture, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jianshe Wu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Flowers Research Center, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Engineering Research Center for Characteristic Floriculture, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Bing Lin
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Flowers Research Center, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Engineering Research Center for Characteristic Floriculture, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Huaiqin Zhong
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Flowers Research Center, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Engineering Research Center for Characteristic Floriculture, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- * E-mail:
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22
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Cole CT, Ingvarsson PK. Pathway position constrains the evolution of an ecologically important pathway in aspens (Populus tremula L.). Mol Ecol 2018; 27:3317-3330. [PMID: 29972878 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Many ecological interactions of aspens and their relatives (Populus spp.) are affected by products of the phenylpropanoid pathway synthesizing condensed tannins (CTs), whose production involves trade-offs with other ecologically important compounds and with growth. Genes of this pathway are candidates for investigating the role of selection on ecologically important, polygenic traits. We analysed sequences from 25 genes representing 10 steps of the CT synthesis pathway, which produces CTs used in defence and lignins used for growth, in 12 individuals of European aspen (Populus tremula). We compared these to homologs from P. trichocarpa, to a control set of 77 P. tremula genes, to genome-wide resequencing data and to RNA-seq expression levels, in order to identify signatures of selection distinct from those of demography. In Populus, pathway position exerts a strong influence on the evolution of these genes. Nonsynonymous diversity, divergence and allele frequency shifts (Tajima's D) were much lower than for synonymous measures. Expression levels were higher, and the direction of selection more negative, for upstream genes than for those downstream. Selective constraints act with increasing intensity on upstream genes, despite the presence of multiple paralogs in most gene families. Pleiotropy, expression level, flux control and codon bias appear to interact in determining levels and patterns of variation in genes of this pathway, whose products mediate a wide array of ecological interactions for this widely distributed species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Cole
- Division of Science and Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Morris, Morris, Minnesota
| | - Pär K Ingvarsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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23
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Que F, Wang GL, Feng K, Xu ZS, Wang F, Xiong AS. Hypoxia enhances lignification and affects the anatomical structure in hydroponic cultivation of carrot taproot. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:1021-1032. [PMID: 29680943 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2288-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia enhances lignification of carrot root. Hypoxia stress was thought to be one of the major abiotic stresses that inhibiting the growth and development of higher plants. The genes encoding the plant alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-P) were induced when suffering hypoxia. To investigate the impact of hypoxia on the carrot root growth, carrot plants were cultivated in the hydroponics with or without aeration. Morphological characteristics, anatomical structure, lignin content, and the expression profiles of DcADH-P genes and lignin biosynthesis-related genes were measured. Six DcADH-P genes were identified from the carrot genome. The expression profiles of only three (DcADH-P1, DcADH-P2, and DcADH-P3) genes could be detected and the other three (DcADH-P4, DcADH-P5, and DcADH-P6) could not be detected when carrot cultivated in the solution without aeration. In addition, carrot roots had more lignin content, aerenchyma and less fresh weight when cultivated in the solution without aeration. These results suggested that hypoxia could enhance the lignification and affect anatomical structure of the carrot root. However, the expression levels of the genes related to lignin biosynthesis were down-regulated under the hypoxia. The enhancement of lignification may be the consequence of the structure changes in the carrot root. Our work was potentially helpful for studying the effect of hypoxia on carrot growth and may provide useful information for carrot hydroponics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Que
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guang-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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24
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Liu X, He Z, Yin Y, Xu X, Wu W, Li L. Transcriptome sequencing and analysis during seed growth and development in Euryale ferox Salisb. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:343. [PMID: 29743016 PMCID: PMC5944168 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4707-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Euryale ferox Salisb., an annual aquatic plant, is the only species in the genus Euryale in the Nymphaeaceae. Seeds of E. ferox are a nutritious food and also used in traditional Chinese medicine (Qian Shi in Mandarin). The molecular events that occurred during seed development in E. ferox have not yet been characterized. In this study, we performed transcriptomic analysis of four developmental stages (T1, T2, T3, and T4) in E. ferox seeds with three biological replicates per developmental stage to understand the physiological and biochemical processes during E. ferox seeds development. RESULTS 313,844,425 clean reads were assembled into 160,107 transcripts and 85,006 unigenes with N50 lengths of 2052 bp and 1399 bp, respectively. The unigenes were annotated using five public databases (NR, COG, Swiss-Prot, KEGG, and GO). In the KEGG database, all of the unigenes were assigned to 127 pathways, of which phenylpropanoid biosynthesis was associated with the synthesis of secondary metabolites during E. ferox seed growth and development. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) as the first key enzyme catalyzed the conversion of phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid, then was related to the synthesis of flavonoids, lignins and alkaloid. The expression of PAL1 reached its peak at T3 stage, followed by a slight decrease at T4 stage. Cytochrome P450 (P450), encoded by CYP84A1 (which also called ferulate-5-hydroxylase (F5H) in Arabidopsis), was mainly involved in the biosynthesis of lignins. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a transcriptomic analysis to better understand the morphological changes and the accumulation of medicinal components during E. ferox seed development. The increasing expression of PAL and P450 encoded genes in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis may promote the maturation of E. ferox seed including size, color, hardness and accumulation of medicinal components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Liu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen He
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulai Yin
- Suzhou Vegetable Research Institute, 188 Xitang Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215008 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Xu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiwen Wu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009 People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangjun Li
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009 People’s Republic of China
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25
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Yu XZ, Fan WJ, Lin YJ, Zhang FF, Gupta DK. Differential expression of the PAL gene family in rice seedlings exposed to chromium by microarray analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 27:325-335. [PMID: 29404866 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1897-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is one of the principle enzymes involved in plant's secondary metabolism. Expression of individual isogene from the PAL gene family is variable with species of plants in responses to different stresses. In this study, transcriptome analysis of the PAL gene family in rice seedlings exposed to potassium chromate Cr(VI) or chromium nitrate Cr(III) was conducted using Agilent 44K rice microarray and real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Uptake and accumulation of both Cr species by rice seedlings and their effect on PAL activity were also determined. Three days of Cr exposure led to significant accumulation of Cr in plant tissues, but majority being in roots rather than shoots. Changes of PAL activities in rice tissues were evident from both Cr treatments. Individual isogene from the rice PAL gene family was expressed differentially in response to both Cr variants. Comparing gene expression between two Cr treatments, only osPAL2 and osPAL4 genes were expressed in similar patterns. Also, gene expression pattern was inconsistent in both plant tissues. Results indicated that expression of individual isoform from the rice PAL gene family is tissue, and stimulus specific under different Cr exposure, suggesting their different detoxification strategies for decreasing or eliminating Cr stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Zhang Yu
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory & Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 541004, Guilin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei-Jia Fan
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory & Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 541004, Guilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Juan Lin
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory & Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 541004, Guilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei-Fei Zhang
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory & Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 541004, Guilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dharmendra K Gupta
- Institut für Radioökologie und Strahlenschutz (IRS), Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
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26
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Yusuf CYL, Abdullah JO, Shaharuddin NA, Abu Seman I, Abdullah MP. Characterization of promoter of EgPAL1, a novel PAL gene from the oil palm Elaeis guineensis Jacq. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:265-278. [PMID: 29090330 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The oil palm EgPAL1 gene promoter and its regulatory region were functional as a promoter in the heterologous system of Arabidopsis according to the cis-acting elements present in that region. The promoter was developmentally regulated, vascular tissue specific and responsive to water stress agents. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.24) is the key enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway which plays important roles in plant development and adaptation. To date, there is no report on the study of PAL from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), an economically important oil crop. In this study, the 5' regulatory sequence of a highly divergent oil palm PAL gene (EgPAL1) was isolated and fused with GUS in Arabidopsis to create two transgenic plants carrying the minimal promoter with (2302 bp) and without its regulatory elements (139 bp). The regulatory sequence contained cis-acting elements known to be important for plant development and stress response including the AC-II element for lignin biosynthesis and several stress responsive elements. The promoter and its regulatory region were fully functional in Arabidopsis. Its activities were characterised by two common fundamental features of PAL which are responsive to plant internal developmental programme and external factors. The promoter was developmentally regulated in certain organs; highly active in young organs but less active or inactive in mature organs. The presence of the AC elements and global activity of the EgPAL1 promoter in all organs resembled the property of lignin-related genes. The existence of the MBS element and enhancement of the promoter activity by PEG reflected the behaviour of drought-responsive genes. Our findings provide a platform for evaluating oil palm gene promoters in the heterologous system of Arabidopsis and give insights into the activities of EgPAL1 promoter in oil palm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Yu Lok Yusuf
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kampus Jasin, 77300, Merlimau, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Janna Ong Abdullah
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor Azmi Shaharuddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Idris Abu Seman
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Puad Abdullah
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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27
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Ullah C, Unsicker SB, Fellenberg C, Constabel CP, Schmidt A, Gershenzon J, Hammerbacher A. Flavan-3-ols Are an Effective Chemical Defense against Rust Infection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:1560-1578. [PMID: 29070515 PMCID: PMC5717727 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic secondary metabolites are often thought to protect plants against attack by microbes, but their role in defense against pathogen infection in woody plants has not been investigated comprehensively. We studied the biosynthesis, occurrence, and antifungal activity of flavan-3-ols in black poplar (Populus nigra), which include both monomers, such as catechin, and oligomers, known as proanthocyanidins (PAs). We identified and biochemically characterized three leucoanthocyanidin reductases and two anthocyanidin reductases from P. nigra involved in catalyzing the last steps of flavan-3-ol biosynthesis, leading to the formation of catechin [2,3-trans-(+)-flavan-3-ol] and epicatechin [2,3-cis-(-)-flavan-3-ol], respectively. Poplar trees that were inoculated with the biotrophic rust fungus (Melampsora larici-populina) accumulated higher amounts of catechin and PAs than uninfected trees. The de novo-synthesized catechin and PAs in the rust-infected poplar leaves accumulated significantly at the site of fungal infection in the lower epidermis. In planta concentrations of these compounds strongly inhibited rust spore germination and reduced hyphal growth. Poplar genotypes with constitutively higher levels of catechin and PAs as well as hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × Populus alba) overexpressing the MYB134 transcription factor were more resistant to rust infection. Silencing PnMYB134, on the other hand, decreased flavan-3-ol biosynthesis and increased susceptibility to rust infection. Taken together, our data indicate that catechin and PAs are effective antifungal defenses in poplar against foliar rust infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhana Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sybille B Unsicker
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christin Fellenberg
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3N5, Canada
| | - C Peter Constabel
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3N5, Canada
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Almuth Hammerbacher
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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28
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Wu Y, Wang W, Li Y, Dai X, Ma G, Xing D, Zhu M, Gao L, Xia T. Six phenylalanine ammonia-lyases from Camellia sinensis: Evolution, expression, and kinetics. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 118:413-421. [PMID: 28711790 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), the branch point enzyme controlling the flow of primary metabolism into second metabolism, converts the L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) to yield cinnamic acid. Based on the sequencing data available from eight transcriptome projects, six PAL genes have been screened out, cloned, and designated as CsPALa-CsPALf. The phylogenetic tree showed that CsPALs were divided into three subgroups, PALa and PALb, PALc and PALd, and PALe and PALf. All six CsPALs exhibited indiscriminate cytosolic locations in epidermis cells and mesophyll cells. Then, the expression profiles of six PAL genes were qualitatively investigated and they displayed tissue-/induced-expression specificity in several tissues or under different exogenous treatments. Furthermore, in vitro enzymatic assays showed that all six recombinant proteins were characterized by the strict substrate specificity toward L-Phe, but no activity toward L-Tyr, and they displayed subtle differences in kinetics and enzymatic properties. These results indicate that CsPALs play both distinct and overlapping roles in plant growth and responses to environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Yanzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Xinlong Dai
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Guoliang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Dawei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Mengqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Liping Gao
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Tao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
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29
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Zhang C, Wang X, Zhang F, Dong L, Wu J, Cheng Q, Qi D, Yan X, Jiang L, Fan S, Li N, Li D, Xu P, Zhang S. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase2.1 contributes to the soybean response towards Phytophthora sojae infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7242. [PMID: 28775360 PMCID: PMC5543151 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07832-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] caused by Phytophthora sojae is a destructive disease worldwide. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is one of the most extensively studied enzymes related to plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the molecular mechanism of PAL in soybean in response to P. sojae is largely unclear. Here, we characterize a novel member of the soybean PAL gene family, GmPAL2.1, which is significantly induced by P. sojae. Overexpression and RNA interference analysis demonstrates that GmPAL2.1 enhances resistance to P. sojae in transgenic soybean plants. In addition, the PAL activity in GmPAL2.1-OX transgenic soybean is significantly higher than that of non-transgenic plants after infection with P. sojae, while that in GmPAL2.1-RNAi soybean plants is lower. Further analyses show that the daidzein, genistein and salicylic acid (SA) levels and the relative content of glyceollins are markedly increased in GmPAL2.1-OX transgenic soybean. Taken together, these results suggest the important role of GmPAL2.1 functioning as a positive regulator in the soybean response to P. sojae infection, possibly by enhancing the content of glyceollins, daidzein, genistein and SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanzhong Zhang
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Academy of Land Reclamation Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lidong Dong
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Junjiang Wu
- Soybean Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Soybean Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture P. R. China, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qun Cheng
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Dongyue Qi
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaofei Yan
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Liangyu Jiang
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Sujie Fan
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ninghui Li
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Jiamusi Branch Academy of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Shuzhen Zhang
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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Li H, Fu Y, Sun H, Zhang Y, Lan X. Transcriptomic analyses reveal biosynthetic genes related to rosmarinic acid in Dracocephalum tanguticum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:74. [PMID: 28250432 PMCID: PMC5428373 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00078-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dracocephalum tanguticum Maxim, a Lamiaceae species endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions, is an important ornamental, medicinal and aromatic herb. In this study, a comprehensive transcriptome of 18 libraries from six organs namely, roots, stems, leaves, sepals, flowers and seeds of D. tanguticum were generated. More than 100 Gb of sequence data were obtained and assembled de novo into 187,447 transcripts, including 151,463 unigenes, among which the six organs shared 17.7% (26,841). In addition, all unigenes were assigned to 362 pathways, in which 'biosynthesis of secondary metabolites' is the second enriched pathway. Furthermore, rosmarinic acid (RA) is one of the multifunctional phenolic bioactive compounds produced in some Lamiaceae species. The six organs of D. tanguticum were confirmed to produce RA. A total of 22 predicted biosynthetic genes related to RA from the transcriptome were further isolated. Two of these genes were identified as candidates by evaluating the correlation coefficient between the RA contents and the expression of the predicted biosynthetic genes in the six organs. The new sequence information will improve the knowledge of D. tanguticum, as well as provide a reference tool for future studies of biosynthetic genes related to RA in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huie Li
- Medicinal Plants Research Centre, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Nyingchi, 860000, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yaru Fu
- Medicinal Plants Research Centre, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Nyingchi, 860000, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yanfu Zhang
- Medicinal Plants Research Centre, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Nyingchi, 860000, China
| | - Xiaozhong Lan
- Medicinal Plants Research Centre, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Nyingchi, 860000, China.
- TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plants Joint Research and Development Centre, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Nyingchi, 860000, China.
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Nanda S, Mohanty JN, Mishra R, Joshi RK. Metabolic Engineering of Phenylpropanoids in Plants. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28669-3_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Xu Q, Zhu J, Zhao S, Hou Y, Li F, Tai Y, Wan X, Wei C. Transcriptome Profiling Using Single-Molecule Direct RNA Sequencing Approach for In-depth Understanding of Genes in Secondary Metabolism Pathways of Camellia sinensis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1205. [PMID: 28744294 PMCID: PMC5504172 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Characteristic secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, theanine and caffeine, are important components of Camellia sinensis, and their biosynthesis has attracted widespread interest. Previous studies on the biosynthesis of these major secondary metabolites using next-generation sequencing technologies limited the accurately prediction of full-length (FL) splice isoforms. Herein, we applied single-molecule sequencing to pooled tea plant tissues, to provide a more complete transcriptome of C. sinensis. Moreover, we identified 94 FL transcripts and four alternative splicing events for enzyme-coding genes involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids, theanine and caffeine. According to the comparison between long-read isoforms and assemble transcripts, we improved the quality and accuracy of genes sequenced by short-read next-generation sequencing technology. The resulting FL transcripts, together with the improved assembled transcripts and identified alternative splicing events, enhance our understanding of genes involved in the biosynthesis of characteristic secondary metabolites in C. sinensis.
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Wang GL, Huang Y, Zhang XY, Xu ZS, Wang F, Xiong AS. Transcriptome-based identification of genes revealed differential expression profiles and lignin accumulation during root development in cultivated and wild carrots. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:1-4. [PMID: 27160835 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1872-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Carrot root development associates lignin deposition and regulation. Carrot is consumed worldwide and is a good source of nutrients. However, excess lignin deposition may reduce the taste and quality of carrot root. Molecular mechanisms underlying lignin accumulation in carrot are still lacking. To address this problem, we collected taproots of wild and cultivated carrots at five developmental stages and analyzed the lignin content and characterized the lignin distribution using histochemical staining and autofluorescence microscopy. Genes involved in lignin biosynthesis were identified, and their expression profiles were determined. Results showed that lignin was mostly deposited in xylem vessels of carrot root. In addition, lignin content continuously decreased during root development, which was achieved possibly by reducing the expression of the genes involved in lignin biosynthesis. Carrot root may also prevent cell lignification to meet the demands of taproot growth. Our results will serve as reference for lignin biosynthesis in carrot and may also assist biologists to improve carrot quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xin-Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Wang GL, Huang Y, Zhang XY, Xu ZS, Wang F, Xiong AS. Transcriptome-based identification of genes revealed differential expression profiles and lignin accumulation during root development in cultivated and wild carrots. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:1743-55. [PMID: 27160835 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-1992-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Carrot root development associates lignin deposition and regulation. Carrot is consumed worldwide and is a good source of nutrients. However, excess lignin deposition may reduce the taste and quality of carrot root. Molecular mechanisms underlying lignin accumulation in carrot are still lacking. To address this problem, we collected taproots of wild and cultivated carrots at five developmental stages and analyzed the lignin content and characterized the lignin distribution using histochemical staining and autofluorescence microscopy. Genes involved in lignin biosynthesis were identified, and their expression profiles were determined. Results showed that lignin was mostly deposited in xylem vessels of carrot root. In addition, lignin content continuously decreased during root development, which was achieved possibly by reducing the expression of the genes involved in lignin biosynthesis. Carrot root may also prevent cell lignification to meet the demands of taproot growth. Our results will serve as reference for lignin biosynthesis in carrot and may also assist biologists to improve carrot quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xin-Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Transcriptomic analysis of Pseudostellariae Radix from different fields using RNA-seq. Gene 2016; 588:7-18. [PMID: 27125225 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pseudostellariae Radix is an important traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which is consumed commonly for its positive health effects. However, a lack of transcriptomic and genomic information hinders research on Pseudostellariae Radix. Here, high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was employed for the de novo assembly to analyze the transcriptome in Pseudostellariae Radix, finding significantly differentially expressed genes in this TCM from different fields based on RNA-seq and bioinformatic analysis. A total of 146,408,539 paired-end reads were generated and assembled into 89,857 unigenes with an average length of 862bp. All of the assembly unigenes were annotated by running BLASTx and BLASTn similarity searches on the Non-redundant nucleotide database (NT), the Non-redundant protein database (NR), Swiss-Prot, Cluster of Orthologous Groups (COG), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Gene Ontology (GO), and Interpro. On the basis of bioinformatic analysis and the expression profiles for Pseudostellariae Radix, 29 significantly differentially expressed genes were identified, which provides the basic information for exploring the molecular mechanisms that determine the quality of Pseudostellariae Radix from different fields. The expression levels of 29 genes were validated by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). This is the first study to sample Pseudostellariae Radix, which provides an invaluable resource for understanding the genome of this herb.
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Fugate KK, Ribeiro WS, Lulai EC, Deckard EL, Finger FL. Cold Temperature Delays Wound Healing in Postharvest Sugarbeet Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:499. [PMID: 27148322 PMCID: PMC4830815 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Storage temperature affects the rate and extent of wound-healing in a number of root and tuber crops. The effect of storage temperature on wound-healing in sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) roots, however, is largely unknown. Wound-healing of sugarbeet roots was investigated using surface-abraded roots stored at 6 and 12°C for 28 days. Surface abrasions are common injuries of stored roots, and the storage temperatures used are typical of freshly harvested or rapidly cooled roots. Transpiration rate from the wounded surface and root weight loss were used to quantify wound healing. At 12°C, transpiration rate from the wounded surface declined within 14 days and wounded roots lost weight at a rate similar to unwounded controls. At 6°C, transpiration rate from the wounded surface did not decline in the 28 days after injury, and wounded roots lost 44% more weight than controls after 28 days storage. Melanin formation, lignification, and suberization occurred more rapidly at 12°C than at 6°C, and a continuous layer of lignified and suberized cells developed at 12°C, but not at 6°C. Examination of enzyme activities involved in melanin, lignin, and suberin formation indicated that differences in melanin formation at 6 and 12°C were related to differences in polyphenol oxidase activity, although no relationships between suberin or lignin formation and phenylalanine ammonia lyase or peroxidase activity were evident. Wound-induced respiration was initially greater at 12°C than at 6°C. However, with continued storage, respiration rate of wounded roots declined more rapidly at 12°C, and over 28 days, the increase in respiration due to injury was 52% greater in roots stored at 6°C than in roots stored at 12°C. The data indicate that storage at 6°C severely slowed and impaired wound-healing of surface-abraded sugarbeet roots relative to roots stored at 12°C and suggest that postharvest losses may be accelerated if freshly harvested roots are cooled too quickly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K. Fugate
- Northern Crop Science Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research ServiceFargo, ND, USA
| | | | - Edward C. Lulai
- Northern Crop Science Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research ServiceFargo, ND, USA
| | - Edward L. Deckard
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State UniversityFargo, ND, USA
| | - Fernando L. Finger
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de ViçosaViçosa, Brazil
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Nguyen TN, Son S, Jordan MC, Levin DB, Ayele BT. Lignin biosynthesis in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): its response to waterlogging and association with hormonal levels. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:28. [PMID: 26811086 PMCID: PMC4727291 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignin is an important structural component of plant cell wall that confers mechanical strength and tolerance against biotic and abiotic stressors; however it affects the use of biomass such as wheat straw for some industrial applications such as biofuel production. Genetic alteration of lignin quantity and quality has been considered as a viable option to overcome this problem. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying lignin formation in wheat biomass has not been studied. Combining molecular and biochemical approaches, the present study investigated the transcriptional regulation of lignin biosynthesis in two wheat cultivars with varying lodging characteristics and also in response to waterlogging. It also examined the association of lignin level in tissues with that of plant hormones implicated in the control of lignin biosynthesis. RESULTS Analysis of lignin biosynthesis in the two wheat cultivars revealed a close association of lodging resistance with internode lignin content and expression of 4-coumarate:CoA ligase1 (4CL1), p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase1 (C3H1), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase2 (CCR2), ferulate 5-hydroxylase2 (F5H2) and caffeic acid O-methyltransferase2 (COMT2), which are among the genes highly expressed in wheat tissues, implying the importance of these genes in mediating lignin deposition in wheat stem. Waterlogging of wheat plants reduced internode lignin content, and this effect is accompanied by transcriptional repression of three of the genes characterized as highly expressed in wheat internode including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase6 (PAL6), CCR2 and F5H2, and decreased activity of PAL. Expression of the other genes was, however, induced by waterlogging, suggesting their role in the synthesis of other phenylpropanoid-derived molecules with roles in stress responses. Moreover, difference in internode lignin content between cultivars or change in its level due to waterlogging is associated with the level of cytokinin. CONCLUSION Lodging resistance, tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses and feedstock quality of wheat biomass are closely associated with its lignin content. Therefore, the findings of this study provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying lignin formation in wheat, an important step towards the development of molecular tools that can facilitate the breeding of wheat cultivars for optimized lignin content and enhanced feedstock quality without affecting other lignin-related agronomic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran-Nguyen Nguyen
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222 Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - SeungHyun Son
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222 Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Mark C Jordan
- Morden Reasearch and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB, R6M 1Y5, Canada.
| | - David B Levin
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 5V6, Canada.
| | - Belay T Ayele
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222 Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Cloning and expression analysis of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene family and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) from Dryopteris fragrans. Biologia (Bratisl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2015-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Liu HW, Liang CQ, Liu PF, Luo LX, Li JQ. Quantitative proteomics identifies 38 proteins that are differentially expressed in cucumber in response to cucumber green mottle mosaic virus infection. Virol J 2015; 12:216. [PMID: 26666291 PMCID: PMC4678648 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0442-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since it was first reported in 1935, Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) has become a serious pathogen in a range of cucurbit crops. The virus is generally transmitted by propagation materials, and to date no effective chemical or cultural methods of control have been developed to combat its spread. The current study presents a preliminary analysis of the pathogenic mechanisms from the perspective of protein expression levels in an infected cucumber host, with the objective of elucidating the infection process and potential strategies to reduce both the economic and yield losses associated with CGMMV. METHODS Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technology coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) were used to identify the differentially expressed proteins in cucumber plants infected with CGMMV compared with mock-inoculated plants. The functions of the proteins were deduced by functional annotation and their involvement in metabolic processes explored by KEGG pathway analysis to identify their interactions during CGMMV infection, while their in vivo expression was further verified by qPCR. RESULTS Infection by CGMMV altered both the expression level and absolute quantity of 38 proteins (fold change >0.6) in cucumber hosts. Of these, 23 were found to be up-regulated, while 15 were down-regulated. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that 22 of the proteins had a combined function and were associated with molecular function (MF), biological process (BP) and cellular component (CC). Several other proteins had a dual function with 1, 7, and 2 proteins being associated with BP/CC, BP/MF, CC/MF, respectively. The remaining 3 proteins were only involved in MF. In addition, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis identified 18 proteins that were involved in 13 separate metabolic pathways. These pathways were subsequently merged to generate three network diagrams illustrating the interactions between the different pathways, while qPCR was used to track the changes in expression levels of the proteins identified at 3 time points during CGMMV infection. Taken together these results greatly expand our understanding of the relationships between CGMMV and cucumber hosts. CONCLUSIONS The results of the study indicate that CGMMV infection significantly changes the physiology of cucumbers, affecting the expression levels of individual proteins as well as entire metabolic pathways. The bioinformatic analysis also identified several pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins that could be useful in the development of disease-resistant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Wei Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Seed and Plant Health (BERC-SPH), Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control (BKL-SDTC), Beijing, 100193, PR China.
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Chao-Qiong Liang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Seed and Plant Health (BERC-SPH), Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control (BKL-SDTC), Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Peng-Fei Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Seed and Plant Health (BERC-SPH), Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control (BKL-SDTC), Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Lai-Xin Luo
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Seed and Plant Health (BERC-SPH), Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control (BKL-SDTC), Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Jian-Qiang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Seed and Plant Health (BERC-SPH), Beijing Key Laboratory of Seed Disease Testing and Control (BKL-SDTC), Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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Gonzalez E, Brereton NJB, Marleau J, Guidi Nissim W, Labrecque M, Pitre FE, Joly S. Meta-transcriptomics indicates biotic cross-tolerance in willow trees cultivated on petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:246. [PMID: 26459343 PMCID: PMC4603587 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0636-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) pollution can be hazardous to human health and leave soils incapable of supporting agricultural crops. A cheap solution, which can help restore biodiversity and bring land back to productivity, is cultivation of high biomass yielding willow trees. However, the genetic mechanisms which allow these fast-growing trees to tolerate PHCs are as yet unclear. METHODS Salix purpurea 'Fish Creek' trees were pot-grown in soil from a former petroleum refinery, either lacking or enriched with C10-C50 PHCs. De novo assembled transcriptomes were compared between tree organs and impartially annotated without a priori constraint to any organism. RESULTS Over 45% of differentially expressed genes originated from foreign organisms, the majority from the two-spotted spidermite, Tetranychus urticae. Over 99% of T. urticae transcripts were differentially expressed with greater abundance in non-contaminated trees. Plant transcripts involved in the polypropanoid pathway, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), had greater expression in contaminated trees whereas most resistance genes showed higher expression in non-contaminated trees. CONCLUSIONS The impartial approach to annotation of the de novo transcriptomes, allowing for the possibility for multiple species identification, was essential for interpretation of the crop's response treatment. The meta-transcriptomic pattern of expression suggests a cross-tolerance mechanism whereby abiotic stress resistance systems provide improved biotic resistance. These findings highlight a valuable but complex biotic and abiotic stress response to real-world, multidimensional contamination which could, in part, help explain why crops such as willow can produce uniquely high biomass yields on challenging marginal land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Gonzalez
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, University of Montreal, 4101 Sherbrooke E, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada.
| | - Nicholas J B Brereton
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, University of Montreal, 4101 Sherbrooke E, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada.
| | - Julie Marleau
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, University of Montreal, 4101 Sherbrooke E, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada.
| | | | - Michel Labrecque
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, University of Montreal, 4101 Sherbrooke E, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada.
- Montreal Botanical Gardens, 4101 Sherbrooke E, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada.
| | - Frederic E Pitre
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, University of Montreal, 4101 Sherbrooke E, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada.
- Montreal Botanical Gardens, 4101 Sherbrooke E, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada.
| | - Simon Joly
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, University of Montreal, 4101 Sherbrooke E, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada.
- Montreal Botanical Gardens, 4101 Sherbrooke E, Montreal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada.
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Zhou X, Jacobs TB, Xue LJ, Harding SA, Tsai CJ. Exploiting SNPs for biallelic CRISPR mutations in the outcrossing woody perennial Populus reveals 4-coumarate:CoA ligase specificity and redundancy. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:298-301. [PMID: 25970829 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Zhou
- School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- College of Forest Resources and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Thomas B Jacobs
- Institute for Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Liang-Jiao Xue
- School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Scott A Harding
- School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Chung-Jui Tsai
- School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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de Jong F, Hanley SJ, Beale MH, Karp A. Characterisation of the willow phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene family reveals expression differences compared with poplar. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 117:90-97. [PMID: 26070140 PMCID: PMC4560161 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Willow is an important biomass crop for the bioenergy industry, and therefore optimal growth with minimal effects of biotic and abiotic stress is essential. The phenylpropanoid pathway is responsible for the biosynthesis of not only lignin but also of flavonoids, condensed tannins, benzenoids and phenolic glycosides which all have a role in protecting the plant against biotic and abiotic stress. All products of the phenylpropanoid pathway are important for the healthy growth of short rotation cropping species such as willow. However, the phenylpropanoid pathway in willow remains largely uncharacterised. In the current study we identified and characterised five willow phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) genes, which encode enzymes that catalyse the deamination of l-phenylalanine to form trans-cinnamic acid, the entry point into the phenylpropanoid pathway. Willow PAL1, PAL2, PAL3 and PAL4 genes were orthologous to the poplar genes. However no orthologue of PAL5 appears to be present in willow. Moreover, two tandemly repeated PAL2 orthologues were identified in a single contig. Willow PALs show similar sub-cellular localisation to the poplar genes. However, the enzyme kinetics and gene expression of the willow PAL genes differed slightly, with willow PAL2 being more widely expressed than its poplar orthologues implying a wider role for PALs in the production of flavonoids, condensed tannins, benzenoids, and phenolic glycosides, in willow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke de Jong
- AgroEcology Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Steven J Hanley
- AgroEcology Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael H Beale
- Plant Biology and Crop Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Angela Karp
- AgroEcology Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom.
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Didi V, Jackson P, Hejátko J. Hormonal regulation of secondary cell wall formation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:5015-27. [PMID: 26002972 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Secondary cell walls (SCWs) have critical functional importance but also constitute a high proportion of the plant biomass and have high application potential. This is true mainly for the lignocellulosic constituents of the SCWs in xylem vessels and fibres, which form a structured layer between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall (PCW). Specific patterning of the SCW thickenings contributes to the mechanical properties of the different xylem cell types, providing the plant with mechanical support and facilitating the transport of solutes via vessels. In the last decade, our knowledge of the basic molecular mechanisms controlling SCW formation has increased substantially. Several members of the multi-layered regulatory cascade participating in the initiation and transcriptional regulation of SCW formation have been described, and the first cellular components determining the pattern of SCW at the subcellular resolution are being uncovered. The essential regulatory role of phytohormones in xylem development is well known and the molecular mechanisms that link hormonal signals to SCW formation are emerging. Here, we review recent knowledge about the role of individual plant hormones and hormonal crosstalk in the control over the regulatory cascades guiding SCW formation and patterning. Based on the analogy between many of the mechanisms operating during PCW and SCW formation, recently identified mechanisms underlying the hormonal control of PCW remodelling are discussed as potentially novel mechanisms mediating hormonal regulatory inputs in SCW formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Didi
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Phil Jackson
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hejátko
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Padhan JK, Kumar V, Sood H, Singh TR, Chauhan RS. Contents of therapeutic metabolites in Swertia chirayita correlate with the expression profiles of multiple genes in corresponding biosynthesis pathways. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 116:38-47. [PMID: 26028519 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Swertia chirayita, an endangered medicinal herb, contains three major secondary metabolites swertiamarin, amarogentin and mangiferin, exhibiting valuable therapeutic traits. No information exists as of today on the biosynthesis of these metabolites in S. chirayita. The current study reports the expression profiling of swertiamarin, amarogentin and mangiferin biosynthesis pathway genes and their correlation with the respective metabolites content in different tissues of S. chirayita. Root tissues of greenhouse grown plants contained the maximum amount of secoiridoids (swertiamarin, 2.8% of fr. wt and amarogentin, 0.1% of fr. wt), whereas maximum accumulation of mangiferin (1.0% of fr. wt) was observed in floral organs. Differential gene expression analysis and their subsequent principal component analysis unveiled ten genes (encoding HMGR, PMK, MVK, ISPD, ISPE, GES, G10H, 8HGO, IS and 7DLGT) of the secoiridoids biosynthesis pathway and five genes (encoding EPSPS, PAL, ADT, CM and CS) of mangiferin biosynthesis with elevated transcript amounts in relation to corresponding metabolite contents. Three genes of the secoiridoids biosynthesis pathway (encoding PMK, ISPD and IS) showed elevated levels (∼57-104 fold increase in roots), and EPSPS of mangiferin biosynthesis showed an about 117 fold increase in transcripts in leaf tissues of the greenhouse grown plants. The study does provide leads on potential candidate genes correlating with the metabolites biosynthesis in S. chirayita as an initiative towards its genetic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibesh Kumar Padhan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat 173234, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Varun Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat 173234, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Hemant Sood
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat 173234, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Tiratha Raj Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat 173234, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajinder S Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat 173234, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Wang B, Sun W, Li Q, Li Y, Luo H, Song J, Sun C, Qian J, Zhu Y, Hayward A, Xu H, Chen S. Genome-wide identification of phenolic acid biosynthetic genes in Salvia miltiorrhiza. PLANTA 2015; 241:711-25. [PMID: 25471478 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Twenty-nine genes related to phenolic acid biosynthesis were identified in the Salvia miltiorrhiza genome. Nineteen of these are described for the first time, with ten genes experimentally correlating to phenolic acid biosynthesis. Vast stores of secondary metabolites exist in plants, many of which possess biological activities related to human health. Phenolic acid derivatives are a class of valuable bioactive pharmaceuticals abundant in the widely used Chinese medicinal herb, Salvia miltiorrhiza. The biosynthetic pathway for phenolic acids differs in this species from that of other investigated plants. However, the molecular basis for this is unknown, with systematic analysis of the genes involved not yet performed. As the first step towards unraveling this complex biosynthetic pathway in S. miltiorrhiza, the current genome assembly was searched for putatively involved genes. Twenty-nine genes were revealed, 19 of which are described here for the first time. These include 15 genes predicted in the phenylpropanoid pathway; seven genes in the tyrosine-derived pathway; six genes encoding putative hydroxycinnamoyltransferases, and one CYP98A, namely CYP98A78. The promoter regions, gene structures and expression patterns of these genes were examined. Furthermore, conserved domains and phylogenetic relationships with homologous proteins in other species were revealed. Most of the key enzymes, including 4-coumarate: CoA ligase, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase and hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, were found in multiple copies, each exhibiting different characteristics. Ten genes putatively involved in rosmarinic acid biosynthesis are also described. These findings provide a foundation for further analysis of this complex and diverse pathway, with potential to enhance the synthesis of water-soluble medicinal compounds in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China,
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Zhang X, Liu CJ. Multifaceted regulations of gateway enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:17-27. [PMID: 25578269 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in plants engenders a vast variety of aromatic metabolites critically important for their growth, development, and environmental adaptation. Some of these aromatic compounds have high economic value. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is the first committed enzyme in the pathway; it diverts the central flux of carbon from the primary metabolism to the synthesis of myriad phenolics. Over the decades, many studies have shown that exquisite regulatory mechanisms at multiple levels control the transcription and the enzymatic activity of PALs. In this review, a current overview of our understanding of the complicated regulatory mechanisms governing the activity of PAL is presented; recent progress in unraveling its post-translational modifications, its metabolite feedback regulation, and its enzyme organization is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Zhang
- Biological, Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Chang-Jun Liu
- Biological, Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
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Sutela S, Hahl T, Tiimonen H, Aronen T, Ylioja T, Laakso T, Saranpää P, Chiang V, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Häggman H. Phenolic compounds and expression of 4CL genes in silver birch clones and Pt4CL1a lines. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114434. [PMID: 25502441 PMCID: PMC4263613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A small multigene family encodes 4-coumarate:CoA ligases (4CLs) catalyzing the CoA ligation of hydroxycinnamic acids, a branch point step directing metabolites to a flavonoid or monolignol pathway. In the present study, we examined the effect of antisense Populus tremuloides 4CL (Pt4CL1) to the lignin and soluble phenolic compound composition of silver birch (Betula pendula) Pt4CL1a lines in comparison with non-transgenic silver birch clones. The endogenous expression of silver birch 4CL genes was recorded in the stems and leaves and also in leaves that were mechanically injured. In one of the transgenic Pt4CL1a lines, the ratio of syringyl (S) and guaiacyl (G) lignin units was increased. Moreover, the transcript levels of putative silver birch 4CL gene (Bp4CL1) were reduced and contents of cinnamic acid derivatives altered. In the other two Pt4CL1a lines changes were detected in the level of individual phenolic compounds. However, considerable variation was found in the transcript levels of silver birch 4CLs as well as in the concentration of phenolic compounds among the transgenic lines and non-transgenic clones. Wounding induced the expression of Bp4CL1 and Bp4CL2 in leaves in all clones and transgenic lines, whereas the transcript levels of Bp4CL3 and Bp4CL4 remained unchanged. Moreover, minor changes were detected in the concentrations of phenolic compounds caused by wounding. As an overall trend the wounding decreased the flavonoid content in silver birches and increased the content of soluble condensed tannins. The results indicate that by reducing the Bp4CL1 transcript levels lignin composition could be modified. However, the alterations found among the Pt4CL1a lines and the non-transgenic clones were within the natural variation of silver birches, as shown in the present study by the clonal differences in the transcripts levels of 4CL genes, soluble phenolic compounds and condensed tannins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Sutela
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Terhi Hahl
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heidi Tiimonen
- The Finnish Border Guard, Border and Coast Guard Academy, Imatra, Finland
| | - Tuija Aronen
- Finnish Forest Research Institute, Eastern Finland Regional Unit (Punkaharju Unit), Punkaharju, Finland
| | - Tiina Ylioja
- Finnish Forest Research Institute, Southern Finland Regional Unit (Vantaa Unit), Vantaa, Finland
| | - Tapio Laakso
- Finnish Forest Research Institute, Southern Finland Regional Unit (Vantaa Unit), Vantaa, Finland
| | - Pekka Saranpää
- Finnish Forest Research Institute, Southern Finland Regional Unit (Vantaa Unit), Vantaa, Finland
| | - Vincent Chiang
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Hely Häggman
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Chen HY, Babst BA, Nyamdari B, Hu H, Sykes R, Davis MF, Harding SA, Tsai CJ. Ectopic expression of a loblolly pine class II 4-coumarate:CoA ligase alters soluble phenylpropanoid metabolism but not lignin biosynthesis in Populus. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:1669-78. [PMID: 25016610 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
4-Coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL) catalyzes the formation of hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA esters for phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Phylogenetically distinct Class I and Class II 4CL isoforms occur in angiosperms, and support lignin and non-lignin phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, respectively. In contrast, the few experimentally characterized gymnosperm 4CLs are associated with lignin biosynthesis and belong to the conifer-specific Class III. Here we report a new Pinus taeda isoform Pinta4CL3 that is phylogenetically more closely related to Class II angiosperm 4CLs than to Class III Pinta4CL1. Like angiosperm Class II 4CLs, Pinta4CL3 transcript levels were detected in foliar and root tissues but were absent in xylem, and recombinant Pinta4CL3 exhibited a substrate preference for 4-coumaric acid. Constitutive expression of Pinta4CL3 in transgenic Populus led to significant increases of hydroxycinnamoyl-quinate esters at the expense of hydroxycinnamoyl-glucose esters in green tissues. In particular, large increases of cinnamoyl-quinate in transgenic leaves suggested in vivo utilization of cinnamic acid by Pinta4CL3. Lignin was unaffected in transgenic Populus, consistent with Pinta4CL3 involvement in biosynthesis of non-structural phenylpropanoids. We discuss the in vivo cinnamic acid utilization activity of Pinta4CL3 and its adaptive significance in conifer defense. Together with phylogenetic inference, our data support an ancient origin of Class II 4CLs that pre-dates the angiosperm-gymnosperm split.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yi Chen
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Benjamin A Babst
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA Present address: Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Batbayar Nyamdari
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Hao Hu
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert Sykes
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Mark F Davis
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Scott A Harding
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Chung-Jui Tsai
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Tian Q, Wang X, Li C, Lu W, Yang L, Jiang Y, Luo K. Functional characterization of the poplar R2R3-MYB transcription factor PtoMYB216 involved in the regulation of lignin biosynthesis during wood formation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76369. [PMID: 24204619 PMCID: PMC3810269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of the importance of wood in many industrial applications, tremendous studies have been performed on wood formation, especially in lignin biosynthesis. MYB transcription factors (TFs), which consist of a large family of plant TFs, have been reported to directly regulate lignin biosynthetic genes in a number of plants. In this study, we describe the cloning and functional characterization of PtoMYB216, a cDNA isolated from Chinese white poplar (Populus tomentosa Carr.). PtoMYB216 encodes a protein belonging to the R2R3-MYB family and displays significant similarity with other MYB factors shown to regulate lignin synthesis in Arabidopsis. Gene expression profiling studies showed that PtoMYB216 mRNA is specifically expressed during secondary wall formation in wood. The 1.8-kb promoter sequence of PtoMYB216 was fused to the GUS coding sequence and introduced into wild-type A. thaliana. GUS expression was shown to be restricted to tissues undergoing secondary cell wall formation. Overexpression of PtoMYB216 specifically activated the expression of the upstream genes in the lignin biosynthetic pathway and resulted in ectopic deposition of lignin in cells that are normally unligninified. These results suggest that PtoMYB216 is specific transcriptional activators of lignin biosynthesis and involved in the regulation of wood formation in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chaofeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wanxiang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanzhong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Keming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
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50
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Handakumbura PP, Matos DA, Osmont KS, Harrington MJ, Heo K, Kafle K, Kim SH, Baskin TI, Hazen SP. Perturbation of Brachypodium distachyon CELLULOSE SYNTHASE A4 or 7 results in abnormal cell walls. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:131. [PMID: 24024469 PMCID: PMC3847494 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellulose is an integral component of the plant cell wall and accounts for approximately forty percent of total plant biomass but understanding its mechanism of synthesis remains elusive. CELLULOSE SYNTHASE A (CESA) proteins function as catalytic subunits of a rosette-shaped complex that synthesizes cellulose at the plasma membrane. Arabidopsis thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa) secondary wall CESA loss-of-function mutants have weak stems and irregular or thin cell walls. RESULTS Here, we identify candidates for secondary wall CESAs in Brachypodium distachyon as having similar amino acid sequence and expression to those characterized in A. thaliana, namely CESA4/7/8. To functionally characterize BdCESA4 and BdCESA7, we generated loss-of-function mutants using artificial microRNA constructs, specifically targeting each gene driven by a maize (Zea mays) ubiquitin promoter. Presence of the transgenes reduced BdCESA4 and BdCESA7 transcript abundance, as well as stem area, cell wall thickness of xylem and fibers, and the amount of crystalline cellulose in the cell wall. CONCLUSION These results suggest BdCESA4 and BdCESA7 play a key role in B. distachyon secondary cell wall biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pubudu P Handakumbura
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Dominick A Matos
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Karen S Osmont
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Kyuyoung Heo
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Kabindra Kafle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Seong H Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Tobias I Baskin
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Samuel P Hazen
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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