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Fang C, Wu J, Liang W. Systematic Investigation of Aluminum Stress-Related Genes and Their Critical Roles in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9045. [PMID: 39201731 PMCID: PMC11354972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25169045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) stress is a dominant obstacle for plant growth in acidic soil, which accounts for approximately 40-50% of the world's potential arable land. The identification and characterization of Al stress response (Al-SR) genes in Arabidopsis, rice, and other plants have deepened our understanding of Al's molecular mechanisms. However, as a crop sensitive to acidic soil, only eight Al-SR genes have been identified and functionally characterized in maize. In this review, we summarize the Al-SR genes in plants, including their classifications, subcellular localizations, expression organs, functions, and primarily molecular regulatory networks. Moreover, we predict 166 putative Al-SR genes in maize based on orthologue analyses, facilitating a comprehensive understanding of the impact of Al stress on maize growth and development. Finally, we highlight the potential applications of alleviating Al toxicity in crop production. This review deepens our understanding of the Al response in plants and provides a blueprint for alleviating Al toxicity in crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaowei Fang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China;
| | - Jiajing Wu
- Xinxiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453000, China;
| | - Weihong Liang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China;
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2
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Ma Z, Miao J, Yu J, Pan Y, Li D, Xu P, Sun X, Li J, Zhang H, Li Z, Zhang Z. The wall-associated kinase GWN1 controls grain weight and grain number in rice. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2024; 137:150. [PMID: 38847846 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-024-04658-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Grain size is a crucial agronomic trait that determines grain weight and final yield. Although several genes have been reported to regulate grain size in rice (Oryza sativa), the function of Wall-Associated Kinase family genes affecting grain size is still largely unknown. In this study, we identified GRAIN WEIGHT AND NUMBER 1 (GWN1) using map-based cloning. GWN1 encodes the OsWAK74 protein kinase, which is conserved in plants. GWN1 negatively regulates grain length and weight by regulating cell proliferation in spikelet hulls. We also found that GWN1 negatively influenced grain number by influencing secondary branch numbers and finally increased plant grain yield. The GWN1 gene was highly expressed in inflorescences and its encoded protein is located at the cell membrane and cell wall. Moreover, we identified three haplotypes of GWN1 in the germplasm. GWN1hap1 showing longer grain, has not been widely utilized in modern rice varieties. In summary, GWN1 played a very important role in regulating grain length, weight and number, thereby exhibiting application potential in molecular breeding for longer grain and higher yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinli Miao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghua Pan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute of Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Danting Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rice Genetics and Breeding, Rice Research Institute of Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Peng Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, The Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Xingming Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinjie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zichao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
- Sanya Institute of Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, Hainan, China.
| | - Zhanying Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Guo C, Shabala S, Chen ZH, Zhou M, Zhao C. Aluminium tolerance and stomata operation: Towards optimising crop performance in acid soil. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108626. [PMID: 38615443 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Stomatal operation is crucial for optimising plant water and gas exchange and represents a major trait conferring abiotic stress tolerance in plants. About 56% of agricultural land around the globe is classified as acidic, and Al toxicity is a major limiting factor affecting plant performance in such soils. While most of the research work in the field discusses the impact of major abiotic stresses such as drought or salinity on stomatal operation, the impact of toxic metals and, specifically aluminium (Al) on stomatal operation receives much less attention. We aim to fill this knowledge gap by summarizing the current knowledge of the adverse effects of acid soils on plant stomatal development and operation. We summarised the knowledge of stomatal responses to both long-term and transient Al exposure, explored molecular mechanisms underlying plant adaptations to Al toxicity, and elucidated regulatory networks that alleviate Al toxicity. It is shown that Al-induced stomatal closure involves regulations of core stomatal signalling components, such as ROS, NO, and CO2 and key elements of ABA signalling. We also discuss possible targets and pathway to modify stomatal operation in plants grown in acid soils thus reducing the impact of Al toxicity on plant growth and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Guo
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia; International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China; School of Biological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia; Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, 2751, Australia
| | - Meixue Zhou
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia.
| | - Chenchen Zhao
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia.
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4
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Donnelly CP, De Sousa A, Cuypers B, Laukens K, Al-Huqail AA, Asard H, Beemster GTS, AbdElgawad H. Malate production, sugar metabolism, and redox homeostasis in the leaf growth zone of Rye (Secale cereale) increase stress tolerance to aluminum stress: A biochemical and genome-wide transcriptional study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 464:132956. [PMID: 37976853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Global soil acidification is increasing, enlarging aluminum (Al) availability in soils, leading to reductions in plant growth. This study investigates the effect of Al stress on the leaf growth zones of Rye (Secale cereale, cv Beira). Kinematic analysis showed that the effect of Al on leaf growth rates was mainly due to a reduced cell production rate in the meristem. Transcriptomic analysis identified 2272 significantly (log2fold > |0.5| FDR < 0.05) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for Al stress. There was a downregulation in several DEGs associated with photosynthetic processes and an upregulation in genes for heat/light response, and H2O2 production in all leaf zones. DEGs associated with heavy metals and malate transport were increased, particularly, in the meristem. To determine the putative function of these processes in Al tolerance, we performed biochemical analyses comparing the tolerant Beira with an Al sensitive variant RioDeva. Beira showed improved sugar metabolism and redox homeostasis, specifically in the meristem compared to RioDeva. Similarly, a significant increase in malate and citrate production, which are known to aid in Al detoxification in plants, was found in Beira. This suggests that Al tolerance in Rye is linked to its ability for Al exclusion from the leaf meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase P Donnelly
- ADReM Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Alexandra De Sousa
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Bart Cuypers
- ADReM Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Kris Laukens
- ADReM Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Asma A Al-Huqail
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Han Asard
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Gerrit T S Beemster
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2020, Belgium; Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt.
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5
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Liu J, Li W, Wu G, Ali K. An update on evolutionary, structural, and functional studies of receptor-like kinases in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1305599. [PMID: 38362444 PMCID: PMC10868138 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1305599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
All living organisms must develop mechanisms to cope with and adapt to new environments. The transition of plants from aquatic to terrestrial environment provided new opportunities for them to exploit additional resources but made them vulnerable to harsh and ever-changing conditions. As such, the transmembrane receptor-like kinases (RLKs) have been extensively duplicated and expanded in land plants, increasing the number of RLKs in the advanced angiosperms, thus becoming one of the largest protein families in eukaryotes. The basic structure of the RLKs consists of a variable extracellular domain (ECD), a transmembrane domain (TM), and a conserved kinase domain (KD). Their variable ECDs can perceive various kinds of ligands that activate the conserved KD through a series of auto- and trans-phosphorylation events, allowing the KDs to keep the conserved kinase activities as a molecular switch that stabilizes their intracellular signaling cascades, possibly maintaining cellular homeostasis as their advantages in different environmental conditions. The RLK signaling mechanisms may require a coreceptor and other interactors, which ultimately leads to the control of various functions of growth and development, fertilization, and immunity. Therefore, the identification of new signaling mechanisms might offer a unique insight into the regulatory mechanism of RLKs in plant development and adaptations. Here, we give an overview update of recent advances in RLKs and their signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guang Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Khawar Ali
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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Hu K, Dai Q, Ajayo BS, Wang H, Hu Y, Li Y, Huang H, Liu H, Liu Y, Wang Y, Gao L, Xie Y. Insights into ZmWAKL in maize kernel development: genome-wide investigation and GA-mediated transcription. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:760. [PMID: 38082218 PMCID: PMC10712088 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09849-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The functional roles of the Wall Associated Kinase (WAK) and Wall Associated Kinase Like (WAKL) families in cellular expansion and developmental processes have been well-established. However, the molecular regulation of these kinases in maize development is limited due to the absence of comprehensive genome-wide studies. RESULTS Through an in-depth analysis, we identified 58 maize WAKL genes, and classified them into three distinct phylogenetic clusters. Moreover, structural prediction analysis showed functional conservation among WAKLs across maize. Promoter analysis uncovered the existence of cis-acting elements associated with the transcriptional regulation of ZmWAKL genes by Gibberellic acid (GA). To further elucidate the role of WAKL genes in maize kernels, we focused on three highly expressed genes, viz ZmWAKL38, ZmWAKL42 and ZmWAKL52. Co-expression analyses revealed that their expression patterns exhibited a remarkable correlation with GA-responsive transcription factors (TF) TF5, TF6, and TF8, which displayed preferential expression in kernels. RT-qPCR analysis validated the upregulation of ZmWAKL38, ZmWAKL42, ZmWAKL52, TF5, TF6, and TF8 following GA treatment. Additionally, ZmWAKL52 showed significant increase of transcription in the present of TF8, with ZmWAKL52 localizing in both the plasma membrane and cell wall. TF5 positively regulated ZmWAKL38, while TF6 positively regulated ZmWAKL42. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings provide novel insights into the characterization and regulatory mechanisms of specific ZmWAKL genes involved in maize kernel development, offering prospects for their utilization in maize breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Sinograin Chengdu Storage Research Institute Co.Ltd, Chengdu, 610091, China
| | - Qiao Dai
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Babatope Samuel Ajayo
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hao Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yufeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yangping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Huanhuan Huang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hanmei Liu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Yinghong Liu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yayun Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ying Xie
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Crop Science Education, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Han GH, Huang RN, Hong LH, Xu JX, Hong YG, Wu YH, Chen WW. The transcription factor NAC102 confers cadmium tolerance by regulating WAKL11 expression and cell wall pectin metabolism in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:2262-2278. [PMID: 37565550 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) toxicity severely limits plant growth and development. Moreover, Cd accumulation in vegetables, fruits, and food crops poses health risks to animals and humans. Although the root cell wall has been implicated in Cd stress in plants, whether Cd binding by cell wall polysaccharides contributes to tolerance remains controversial, and the mechanism underlying transcriptional regulation of cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis in response to Cd stress is unknown. Here, we functionally characterized an Arabidopsis thaliana NAC-type transcription factor, NAC102, revealing its role in Cd stress responses. Cd stress rapidly induced accumulation of NAC102.1, the major transcript encoding functional NAC102, especially in the root apex. Compared to wild type (WT) plants, a nac102 mutant exhibited enhanced Cd sensitivity, whereas NAC102.1-overexpressing plants displayed the opposite phenotype. Furthermore, NAC102 localizes to the nucleus, binds directly to the promoter of WALL-ASSOCIATED KINASE-LIKE PROTEIN11 (WAKL11), and induces transcription, thereby facilitating pectin degradation and decreasing Cd binding by pectin. Moreover, WAKL11 overexpression restored Cd tolerance in nac102 mutants to the WT levels, which was correlated with a lower pectin content and lower levels of pectin-bound Cd. Taken together, our work shows that the NAC102-WAKL11 module regulates cell wall pectin metabolism and Cd binding, thus conferring Cd tolerance in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Hao Han
- Research Center for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Ru Nan Huang
- Research Center for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Li Hong Hong
- Research Center for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Jia Xi Xu
- Research Center for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Yi Guo Hong
- Research Center for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Huan Wu
- Research Center for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Wei Wei Chen
- Research Center for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Gandhi A, Oelmüller R. Emerging Roles of Receptor-like Protein Kinases in Plant Response to Abiotic Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14762. [PMID: 37834209 PMCID: PMC10573068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The productivity of plants is hindered by unfavorable conditions. To perceive stress signals and to transduce these signals to intracellular responses, plants rely on membrane-bound receptor-like kinases (RLKs). These play a pivotal role in signaling events governing growth, reproduction, hormone perception, and defense responses against biotic stresses; however, their involvement in abiotic stress responses is poorly documented. Plant RLKs harbor an N-terminal extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, and a C-terminal intracellular kinase domain. The ectodomains of these RLKs are quite diverse, aiding their responses to various stimuli. We summarize here the sub-classes of RLKs based on their domain structure and discuss the available information on their specific role in abiotic stress adaptation. Furthermore, the current state of knowledge on RLKs and their significance in abiotic stress responses is highlighted in this review, shedding light on their role in influencing plant-environment interactions and opening up possibilities for novel approaches to engineer stress-tolerant crop varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany;
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Li X, Ou M, Li L, Li Y, Feng Y, Huang X, Baluška F, Shabala S, Yu M, Shi W, Wu F. The wall-associated kinase gene family in pea (Pisum sativum) and its function in response to B deficiency and Al toxicity. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 287:154045. [PMID: 37356321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are embedded in a pectin matrix which is physically linked with the wall-associated kinases (WAKs), a subfamily of receptor-like kinases that participate in the cell wall integrity (CWI) sensing. Since cell walls are also the main binding sites for boron (B) and aluminum (Al), WAK may be potentially associated with the regulation of plant responses to Al toxicity and B deficiency. Using pea as a model species, we have identified a total of 28 WAK genes in the genome and named them according to its chromosomal location. All the PsWAKs were phylogenetically grouped into three clades. Phylogenetic relationship and synteny analysis showed that the PsWAKs in pea and Glycine max or Medicago truncatula shared a relatively conserved evolutionary history. Protein domain, motif, and transmembrane analysis indicated that all PsWAK proteins were predicted to be localized to the plasma membrane, and most PsWAKs shared a similar structure to their homologs. The RNA-seq data showed that the expression pattern of WAK genes in response to B deficiency was similar to that of Al toxicity, with most of PsWAKs being up-regulated. The qRT-PCR results further confirmed that PsWAK5, PsWAK9 and PsWAK14 were more specific for both B-deficiency and Al toxicity, and the expression levels of PsWAK5, PsWAK9 and PsWAK14 were significantly higher in the Al-sensitive cultivar Hyogo than in the Al-resistant cultivar Alaska under Al toxicity. This study provided an important basis for the functional and evolutionary analysis of PsWAKs and linked them to responses to cell wall damage induced by B-deficiency and Al toxicity, suggesting that PsWAKs may play a key role in the perception of cell wall integrity under Al toxicity or B-deficiency, as well as in the regulation of Al tolerance in pea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Li
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology& Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, 528000, China
| | - Meiyin Ou
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology& Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, 528000, China
| | - Li Li
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology& Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, 528000, China
| | - Yalin Li
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology& Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, 528000, China
| | - Yingming Feng
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology& Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, 528000, China
| | - Xin Huang
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology& Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, 528000, China
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sergey Shabala
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology& Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, 528000, China; School of Biological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Min Yu
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology& Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, 528000, China
| | - Weiming Shi
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology& Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, 528000, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Feihua Wu
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology& Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, 528000, China.
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10
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Demey ML, Mishra RC, Van Der Straeten D. Sound perception in plants: from ecological significance to molecular understanding. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:825-840. [PMID: 37002001 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In addition to positive effects on plant growth and resilience, sound alerts plants of potential danger and aids in defense. Sound guides plants towards essential resources, like water, through phonotropic root growth. Sound also facilitates mutualistic interactions such as buzz pollination. Molecularly, sound induces Ca2+ signatures, K+ fluxes, and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in a mechanosensitive ion channel-dependent fashion. We review the two major open questions in the field of plant acoustics: (i) what is the ecological relevance of sound in plant life, and (ii) how is sound sensed and transduced to evoke a morphophysiological response? We highlight the clear need to combine the ecological and molecular perspectives for a more holistic approach to better understand plant behavior.
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11
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Wang Z, Ma Y, Chen M, Da L, Su Z, Zhang Z, Liu X. Comparative genomics analysis of WAK/WAKL family in Rosaceae identify candidate WAKs involved in the resistance to Botrytis cinerea. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:337. [PMID: 37337162 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09371-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wall associated kinase (WAK) and WAK-like (WAKL) are typical pattern recognition receptors act as the first sentry of plant defense. But little of WAK/WAKL family is known in Rosaceae. RESULTS In this study, 131 WAK/WAKL genes from apple, peach and strawberry were identified using a bioinformatics approach. Together with 68 RcWAK/RcWAKL in rose, we performed a comparative analysis of 199 WAK/WAKL in four Rosaceae crops. The phylogenetic analysis divided all the WAK/WAKL into five clades. Among them, the cis-elements of Clade II and Clade V promoters were enriched in jasmonic acid (JA) signaling and abiotic stress, respectively. And this can also be verified by the rose transcriptome responding to different hormone treatments. WAK/WAKL families have experienced a considerable proportion of purifying selection during evolution, but still 26 amino acid sites evolved under positive selection, which focused on extracellular conserved domains. WAK/WAKL genes presented collinearity relationship within and between crops, throughout four crops we mined four orthologous groups (OGs). The WAK/WAKL genes in OG1 and OG4 were speculated to involve in plant-Botrytis cinerea interaction, which were validated in rose via VIGS as well as strawberry by qRT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS These results not only provide genetic resources and valuable information for the evolutionary relationship of WAK/WAKL gene family, but also offer a reference for future in-depth studies of Rosaceae WAK/WAKL genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lingling Da
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhen Su
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, China.
| | - Xintong Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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12
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Du X, Zhou L, Zhu B, Gu L, Yin H, Wang H. The TabHLH35-TaWAK20-TaSPL5 pathway positively regulates Cd stress in wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:153. [PMID: 37310523 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04400-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Cadmium-induced TaWAK20 regulates the cadmium stress response by phosphorylating TaSPL5 in wheat. Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are thought to play important roles in responses to abiotic stresses in plants. In this study, we identified a cadmium (Cd)-induced RLK in wheat, TaWAK20, which is a positive regulator of the Cd stress response. TaWAK20 is specifically expressed in root tissue. Overexpression of TaWAK20 significantly improved the tolerance of Cd stress in wheat and decreased Cd accumulation in wheat plants by regulating reactive oxygen species production and scavenging. Yeast one-hybrid assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and firefly luciferase activity analyses demonstrated that the TaWAK20 promoter was bound by the TabHLH35 transcription factor. TaWAK20 interacted with and phosphorylated squamosa promoter binding protein-like 5 (TaSPL5). Furthermore, phosphorylation of TaSPL5 increased its DNA-binding activity. In addition, Arabidopsis-expressing phosphorylated TaSPL5 exhibited greater Cd tolerance than Arabidopsis-expressing unphosphorylated TaSPL5. Taken together, these data identify a TabHLH35-TaWAK20-TaSPL5 module that regulates Cd stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuye Du
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Lizhou Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Lei Gu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China.
| | - Huayan Yin
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Hongcheng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China.
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13
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Kong W, Shi J, Yang B, Yu S, Zhao P, Guo Z, Zhu H. Genome-Wide Analysis of the Wall-Associated Kinase ( WAK) Genes in Medicago truncatula and Functional Characterization of MtWAK24 in Response to Pathogen Infection. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091849. [PMID: 37176907 PMCID: PMC10180995 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The wall-associated kinases (WAKs) can perceive and transmit extracellular signals as one kind of unique receptor-like kinases (RLKs) involved in the regulation of cell expansion, pathogen resistance and abiotic stress tolerance. To understand their potential roles and screen some key candidates in Medicago truncatula (M. truncatula), genome-wide identification and characterization of MtWAKs were conducted in this study. A total of 54 MtWAK genes were identified and classified into four groups based on their protein domains. They were distributed on all chromosomes, while most of them were clustered on chromosome 1 and 3. The synteny analysis showed that 11 orthologous pairs were identified between M. truncatula and Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana) and 31 pairs between M. truncatula and Glycine max (G. max). The phylogenetic analysis showed that WAK-RLKs were classified into five clades, and they exhibited a species-specific expansion. Most MtWAK-RLKs had similar exon-intron organization and motif distribution. Multiple cis-acting elements responsive to phytohormones, stresses, growth and development were observed in the promoter regions of MtWAK-RLKs. In addition, the expression patterns of MtWAK-RLKs varied with different plant tissues, developmental stages and biotic and abiotic stresses. Interestingly, plasm membrane localized MtWAK24 significantly inhibited Phytophthora infection in tobacco. The study provides valuable information for characterizing the molecular functions of MtWAKs in regulation of plant growth, development and stress tolerance in legume plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Kong
- College of Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jia Shi
- College of Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shuhan Yu
- College of Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhao
- College of Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhenfei Guo
- College of Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haifeng Zhu
- College of Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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14
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Oelmüller R, Tseng YH, Gandhi A. Signals and Their Perception for Remodelling, Adjustment and Repair of the Plant Cell Wall. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087417. [PMID: 37108585 PMCID: PMC10139151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the cell wall is important for plant cells. Mechanical or chemical distortions, tension, pH changes in the apoplast, disturbance of the ion homeostasis, leakage of cell compounds into the apoplastic space or breakdown of cell wall polysaccharides activate cellular responses which often occur via plasma membrane-localized receptors. Breakdown products of the cell wall polysaccharides function as damage-associated molecular patterns and derive from cellulose (cello-oligomers), hemicelluloses (mainly xyloglucans and mixed-linkage glucans as well as glucuronoarabinoglucans in Poaceae) and pectins (oligogalacturonides). In addition, several types of channels participate in mechanosensing and convert physical into chemical signals. To establish a proper response, the cell has to integrate information about apoplastic alterations and disturbance of its wall with cell-internal programs which require modifications in the wall architecture due to growth, differentiation or cell division. We summarize recent progress in pattern recognition receptors for plant-derived oligosaccharides, with a focus on malectin domain-containing receptor kinases and their crosstalk with other perception systems and intracellular signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Oelmüller
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Yu-Heng Tseng
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Akanksha Gandhi
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
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15
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Zhong X, Li J, Yang L, Wu X, Xu H, Hu T, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang Z. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of wall-associated kinase (WAK) and WAK-like kinase gene family in response to tomato yellow leaf curl virus infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:146. [PMID: 36927306 PMCID: PMC10021985 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a major monopartite virus in the family Geminiviridae and has caused severe yield losses in tomato and tobacco planting areas worldwide. Wall-associated kinases (WAKs) and WAK-like kinases (WAKLs) are a subfamily of the receptor-like kinase family implicated in cell wall signaling and transmitting extracellular signals to the cytoplasm, thereby regulating plant growth and development and resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Recently, many studies on WAK/WAKL family genes have been performed in various plants under different stresses; however, identification and functional survey of the WAK/WAKL gene family of Nicotiana benthamiana have not yet been performed, even though its genome has been sequenced for several years. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to identify the WAK/WAKL gene family in N. benthamiana and explore their possible functions in response to TYLCV infection. RESULTS Thirty-eight putative WAK/WAKL genes were identified and named according to their locations in N. benthamiana. Phylogenetic analysis showed that NbWAK/WAKLs are clustered into five groups. The protein motifs and gene structure compositions of NbWAK/WAKLs appear to be highly conserved among the phylogenetic groups. Numerous cis-acting elements involved in phytohormone and/or stress responses were detected in the promoter regions of NbWAK/WAKLs. Moreover, gene expression analysis revealed that most of the NbWAK/WAKLs are expressed in at least one of the examined tissues, suggesting their possible roles in regulating the growth and development of plants. Virus-induced gene silencing and quantitative PCR analyses demonstrated that NbWAK/WAKLs are implicated in regulating the response of N. benthamiana to TYLCV, ten of which were dramatically upregulated in locally or systemically infected leaves of N. benthamiana following TYLCV infection. CONCLUSIONS Our study lays an essential base for the further exploration of the potential functions of NbWAK/WAKLs in plant growth and development and response to viral infections in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000 China
| | - Jiapeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000 China
| | - Lianlian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000 China
| | - Xiaoyin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000 China
| | - Hong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000 China
| | - Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000 China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Zhanqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000 China
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16
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Huang B, Liao Q, Fu H, Ye Z, Mao Y, Luo J, Wang Y, Yuan H, Xin J. Effect of potassium intake on cadmium transporters and root cell wall biosynthesis in sweet potato. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 250:114501. [PMID: 36603483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Large areas of farmland soil in southern China are deficient in potassium (K) and are contaminated with cadmium (Cd). Previously, we suggested that the K supplementation could reduce Cd accumulation in sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam). In the present study, we investigated the underlying physiological and molecular mechanisms. A hydroponic experiment with different K and Cd treatments was performed to compare the transcriptome profile and the cell wall structure in the roots of sweet potato using RNA sequencing, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that K supply inhibits the expressions of IRT1 and YSL3, which are responsible for root Cd uptake under Cd exposure. Furthermore, the expressions of COPT5 and Nramp3 were downregulated by K, which increased Cd retention in the root vacuoles. The upregulation of POD, CAD, INT1 and SUS by K contributed to lignin and cellulose biosynthesis and thickening of root xylem cell wall, which further reduced Cd translocation to the shoot. In addition, K affected the expressions of LHT, ACS, TPS and TPP associated with the production of ethylene and trehalose, which involved in plant resistance to Cd toxicity. In general, K application could decrease the uptake and translocation of Cd in sweet potatoes by regulating the expression of genes associated with Cd transporters and root cell wall components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baifei Huang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China
| | - Qiong Liao
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China
| | - Huiling Fu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China
| | - Ziyi Ye
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China
| | - Yixiao Mao
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China
| | - Jiemei Luo
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China
| | - Yating Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China
| | - Haiwei Yuan
- Hunan Huanbaoqiao Ecology and Environment Engineering Co., Ltd., Changsha 410221, China
| | - Junliang Xin
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang 421002, China.
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17
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GmWAK1, Novel Wall-Associated Protein Kinase, Positively Regulates Response of Soybean to Phytophthora sojae Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010798. [PMID: 36614246 PMCID: PMC9821614 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora root rot is a destructive soybean disease worldwide, which is caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora sojae (P. sojae). Wall-associated protein kinase (WAK) genes, a family of the receptor-like protein kinase (RLK) genes, play important roles in the plant signaling pathways that regulate stress responses and pathogen resistance. In our study, we found a putative Glycine max wall-associated protein kinase, GmWAK1, which we identified by soybean GmLHP1 RNA-sequencing. The expression of GmWAK1 was significantly increased by P. sojae and salicylic acid (SA). Overexpression of GmWAK1 in soybean significantly improved resistance to P. sojae, and the levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), SA, and SA-biosynthesis-related genes were markedly higher than in the wild-type (WT) soybean. The activities of enzymatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) antioxidants in GmWAK1-overexpressing (OE) plants were significantly higher than those in in WT plants treated with P. sojae; reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation was considerably lower in GmWAK1-OE after P. sojae infection. GmWAK1 interacted with annexin-like protein RJ, GmANNRJ4, which improved resistance to P. sojae and increased intracellular free-calcium accumulation. In GmANNRJ4-OE transgenic soybean, the calmodulin-dependent kinase gene GmMPK6 and several pathogenesis-related (PR) genes were constitutively activated. Collectively, these results indicated that GmWAK1 interacts with GmANNRJ4, and GmWAK1 plays a positive role in soybean resistance to P. sojae via a process that might be dependent on SA and involved in alleviating damage caused by oxidative stress.
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18
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Liu H, Zhu R, Shu K, Lv W, Wang S, Wang C. Aluminum stress signaling, response, and adaptive mechanisms in plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2057060. [PMID: 35467484 PMCID: PMC9045826 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2057060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Over 40% of arable land in the world is acidic. Al stress has become a global agricultural problem affecting plant growth and limiting crop production in acidic soils. Plants have evolved different regulatory mechanisms of adaptation to exogenous environmental challenges, such as Al stress, by altering their growth patterns. In the past decades, several key genes involved in plant response to Al stress and the mechanism of Al detoxification have been revealed. However, the signaling pathways of plant response to Al stress and the regulatory mechanism of plant Al tolerance remain poorly understood. In this review, we summarized the findings of recent studies on the plant Al tolerance mechanism and the molecular regulation mechanism of phytohormones in response to Al stress. This review improves our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of plants in response to Al stress and provides a reference for the breeding of Al-tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabin Liu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Rong Zhu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Kai Shu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Weixiang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Song Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Chengliang Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Lab. of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
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19
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Hajiboland R, Panda CK, Lastochkina O, Gavassi MA, Habermann G, Pereira JF. Aluminum Toxicity in Plants: Present and Future. JOURNAL OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00344-022-10866-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
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20
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Sipahi H, Whyte TD, Ma G, Berkowitz G. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Wall-Associated Kinase (WAK) Gene Family in Cannabis sativa L. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2703. [PMID: 36297727 PMCID: PMC9609219 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wall-associated kinases (WAKs) are receptors that bind pectin or small pectic fragments in the cell wall and play roles in cell elongation and pathogen response. In the Cannabis sativa (Cs) genome, 53 CsWAK/CsWAKL (WAK-like) protein family members were identified and characterized; their amino acid lengths and molecular weights varied from 582 to 983, and from 65.6 to 108.8 kDa, respectively. They were classified into four main groups by a phylogenetic tree. Out of the 53 identified CsWAK/CsWAKL genes, 23 CsWAK/CsWAKL genes were unevenly distributed among six chromosomes. Two pairs of genes on chromosomes 4 and 7 have undergone duplication. The number of introns and exons among CsWAK/CsWAKL genes ranged from 1 to 6 and from 2 to 7, respectively. The promoter regions of 23 CsWAKs/CsWAKLs possessed diverse cis-regulatory elements that are involved in light, development, environmental stress, and hormone responsiveness. The expression profiles indicated that our candidate genes (CsWAK1, CsWAK4, CsWAK7, CsWAKL1, and CsWAKL7) are expressed in leaf tissue. These genes exhibit different expression patterns than their homologs in other plant species. These initial findings are useful resources for further research work on the potential roles of CsWAK/CsWAKL in cellular signalling during development, environmental stress conditions, and hormone treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hülya Sipahi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Eskişehir Osmangazi, Eskişehir 26160, Türkiye
| | - Terik Djabeng Whyte
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Eskişehir Osmangazi, Eskişehir 26160, Türkiye
| | - Gang Ma
- Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Gerald Berkowitz
- Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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21
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Ma L, Yang S. Growth and physiological response of Kandelia obovata and Bruguiera sexangula seedlings to aluminum stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:43251-43266. [PMID: 35091926 PMCID: PMC9148292 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17926-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The role of mangroves as a biogeochemical buffer for heavy metal pollutants in coastal wetlands has been demonstrated, but knowledge gaps still exist on the tolerant capacity of mangroves to aluminum (Al). This study assessed the growth and physiological response of viviparous mangroves Kandelia obovata and Bruguiera sexangula to Al stress. The two mangrove seedlings were treated with AlCl3 at concentrations of 0 (as control) to 100 mmol L-1, and the impact of Al on their growth and antioxidant parameters were determined. Additionally, the accumulation and translocation of metal elements were estimated in B. sexangula seedlings under relative long-term Al stress. K. obovata appeared to survive with a tolerance potential of 10 mmol L-1 AlCl3, whereas B. sexangula had a higher tolerant ability of 50 mmol L-1 AlCl3. Both root elongation and seedling growth were inhibited by Al stress. The exposure to 25-100 mmol L-1 AlCl3 induced increases in membrane lipid peroxidation and osmoprotectant molecule (proline) in mangrove seedlings. Both mangrove seedlings revealed significant changes in antioxidant enzyme activities that were attributed to Al stress-induced oxidative damages. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and/or ascorbate peroxidase were differently impacted by the treatment time (7 days for short term versus 60 days for long term) and AlCl3 concentrations in K. obovata and B. sexangula seedlings. For B. sexangula seedlings, Al accumulation was in an order root > leaf > stem, whereas the translocation of metal elements in the aboveground tissues (leaf and stem) was differently impacted by Al stress. In conclusion, this study provides insights into different Al-tolerant abilities operated in two mangrove species that are widespread in coastal wetlands of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chengde Petroleum College, Chengde, China
| | - Shengchang Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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22
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Yue ZL, Liu N, Deng ZP, Zhang Y, Wu ZM, Zhao JL, Sun Y, Wang ZY, Zhang SW. The receptor kinase OsWAK11 monitors cell wall pectin changes to fine-tune brassinosteroid signaling and regulate cell elongation in rice. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2454-2466.e7. [PMID: 35512695 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rates of plant cell elongation change with day-night alternation, reflecting differences in metabolism related to cell wall remodeling. Information from cell wall surveillance pathways must be integrated with growth regulation pathways to provide feedback regulation of cell wall modification; such feedback regulation is important to ensure sufficient strength and prevent rupture of the cell wall during growth. Several lines of evidence suggest that cell wall perturbations often influence phytohormone signaling, but the identity of the nexus between these two processes remained elusive. Here, we show that wall-associated kinase11 (OsWAK11) acts as a linker connecting cell wall pectin methyl-esterification changes and brassinosteroid (BR) signaling in rice. Our data show that OsWAK11 controls several important agronomical traits by regulating cell elongation in rice. OsWAK11 directly binds and phosphorylates the BR receptor OsBRI1 at residue Thr752, within a motif conserved across most monocot graminaceous crops, thus hindering OsBRI1 interaction with its co-receptor OsSERK1/OsBAK1 and inhibiting BR signaling. The extracellular domain of OsWAK11 shows a much stronger interaction toward methyl-esterified pectin as compared with de-methyl-esterified pectin. OsWAK11 is stabilized in light but is degraded in darkness, in a process triggered by changes in the ratio of methyl-esterified to de-methyl-esterified pectin, creating fluctuations in plant BR signaling in response to day and night alternation. We conclude that OsWAK11 is a cell wall monitor that regulates cell elongation rates to adapt to the environment from the outside in, which complements the well-established inside-out signaling pathway affecting cell elongation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Liang Yue
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, China; Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Wu
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Ji-Long Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sheng-Wei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, 050024 Shijiazhuang, China.
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Tang Y, Chen H, Deng T, Chang Y, Sun K, Ditta A, Khan MKR, Wang K, Wang B. Genome-wide identification and analysis of the GUB_WAK_bind gene family in Gossypium hirsutum. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:6405-6413. [PMID: 35441355 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upland cotton is one of the main cultivated species of cotton, and salt stress is an important factor in its growth and development. Wall-associated receptor kinase galacturonan binding (GUB_WAK_bind) is an extracellular domain of wall-associated kinase (WAK), which can sense the environment and play a role in the response to plant stress. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, the GUB_WAK_bind gene in Gossypium hirsutum was identified and analyzed by bioinformatics at the whole genome level, including its physicochemical properties, evolutionary development, gene structure, chromosome positioning, cis-acting elements in the promoter, etc., and the expression of the GUB_WAK_bind genes under salt stress were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). A total of 22 GUB_WAK_bind gene members were identified in Gossypium hirsutum and divided into three subgroups by evolutionary development and motif analysis, most of which contained motif 5, which is similar to the motif pattern of subgroup members. The number of exons in this gene family is between 1 and 4, the number of introns is between 0 and 3, and 22 gene members are distributed on 14 chromosomes of Gossypium hirsutum. Almost all gene members have adverse stress response elements in their promoter region. The expression analysis in response to salt stress showed that the selected six genes were induced by NaCl stress with significant expression differences (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study have a certain reference value for understanding the evolution and function of GUB_WAK_bind genes and studying the salt tolerance genes of Gossypium hirsutum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Haodong Chen
- Cotton Sciences Research Institute of Hunan/National Hybrid Cotton Research Promotion Center, Changde, 415101, Hunan, China
| | - Tingting Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Chang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kangtai Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China
| | - Allah Ditta
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kashif Riaz Khan
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Baohua Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, China.
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Chen W, Tang L, Wang J, Zhu H, Jin J, Yang J, Fan W. Research Advances in the Mutual Mechanisms Regulating Response of Plant Roots to Phosphate Deficiency and Aluminum Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031137. [PMID: 35163057 PMCID: PMC8835462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Low phosphate (Pi) availability and high aluminum (Al) toxicity constitute two major plant mineral nutritional stressors that limit plant productivity on acidic soils. Advances toward the identification of genes and signaling networks that are involved in both stresses in model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa), and in other plants as well have revealed that some factors such as organic acids (OAs), cell wall properties, phytohormones, and iron (Fe) homeostasis are interconnected with each other. Moreover, OAs are involved in recruiting of many plant-growth-promoting bacteria that are able to secrete both OAs and phosphatases to increase Pi availability and decrease Al toxicity. In this review paper, we summarize these mutual mechanisms by which plants deal with both Al toxicity and P starvation, with emphasis on OA secretion regulation, plant-growth-promoting bacteria, transcription factors, transporters, hormones, and cell wall-related kinases in the context of root development and root system architecture remodeling that plays a determinant role in improving P use efficiency and Al resistance on acidic soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.W.); (H.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Li Tang
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China;
| | - Jiayi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.W.); (H.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Huihui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.W.); (H.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Jianfeng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.W.); (H.Z.); (J.J.)
| | - Jianli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.W.); (H.Z.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (W.F.); Tel.: +86-871-6522-7681 (W.F.); Fax: +86-571-8820-6438 (J.Y.)
| | - Wei Fan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (W.F.); Tel.: +86-871-6522-7681 (W.F.); Fax: +86-571-8820-6438 (J.Y.)
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Li M, Ma J, Liu H, Ou M, Ye H, Zhao P. Identification and Characterization of Wall-Associated Kinase (WAK) and WAK-like (WAKL) Gene Family in Juglans regia and Its Wild Related Species Juglans mandshurica. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13010134. [PMID: 35052474 PMCID: PMC8775259 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Wall-associated kinase (WAK) and WAK-like kinase (WAKL) are receptor-like kinases (RLKs), which play important roles in signal transduction between the cell wall and the cytoplasm in plants. WAK/WAKLs have been studied in many plants, but were rarely studied in the important economic walnut tree. In this study, 27 and 14 WAK/WAKL genes were identified in Juglans regia and its wild related species Juglans mandshurica, respectively. We found tandem duplication might play a critical role in the expansion of WAK/WAKL gene family in J. regia, and most of the WAK/WAKL homologous pairs underwent purified selection during evolution. All WAK/WAKL proteins have the extracellular WAK domain and the cytoplasmic protein kinase domain, and the latter was more conserved than the former. Cis-acting elements analysis showed that WAK/WAKL might be involved in plant growth and development, plant response to abiotic stress and hormones. Gene expression pattern analysis further indicated that most WAK/WAKL genes in J. regia might play a role in the development of leaves and be involved in plant response to biotic stress. Our study provides a new perspective for the evolutionary analysis of gene families in tree species and also provides potential candidate genes for studying WAK/WAKL gene function in walnuts.
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26
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Zhou M, Zhang LL, Ye JY, Zhu QY, Du WX, Zhu YX, Liu XX, Lin XY, Jin CW. Knockout of FER decreases cadmium concentration in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana by inhibiting the pathway related to iron uptake. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149285. [PMID: 34340090 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the genes that affect cadmium (Cd) accumulation in plants is a prerequisite for minimizing dietary Cd uptake from contaminated edible parts of plants by genetic engineering. This study showed that Cd stress inhibited the expression of FERONIA (FER) gene in the roots of wild-type Arabidopsis. Knockout of FER in fer-4 mutants downregulated the Cd-induced expression of several genes related to iron (Fe) uptake, including IRT1, bHLH38, NRAMP1, NRAMP3, FRO2 andFIT. In addition, the Cd concentration in fer-4 mutant roots reduced to approximately half of that in the wild-type seedlings. As a result, the Cd tolerance of fer-4 was higher. Furthermore, increased Fe supplementation had little effect on the Cd tolerance of fer-4 mutants, but clearly improved the Cd tolerance of wild-type seedlings, showing that the alleviation of Cd toxicity by Fe depends on the action of FER. Taken together, the findings demonstrate that the knockout of FER might provide a strategy to reduce Cd contamination and improve the Cd tolerance in plants by regulating the pathways related to Fe uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lin Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jia Yuan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qing Yang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen Xin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ya Xin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xing Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xian Yong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chong Wei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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27
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Wang F, Chen S, Cai K, Lu Z, Yang Y, Tigabu M, Zhao X. Transcriptome sequencing and gene expression profiling of Pinus sibirica under different cold stresses. BREEDING SCIENCE 2021; 71:550-563. [PMID: 35087319 PMCID: PMC8784350 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.21009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cold stress is a major abiotic factor that affects plant growth and geographical distribution. Pinus sibirica is extremely frigostable tree species. To understand the molecular mechanisms of cold tolerance by P. sibirica, physiological responses were analyzed and transcriptome profiling was conducted to the plants treated by cold stress. The physiological data showed that membrane permeability relative conductivity (REC), reactive oxygen species (ROS), malonaldehyde (MDA) content, peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activity, soluble sugar, soluble protein and proline contents were increased significantly (p < 0.05) in response to cold stress. Transcriptome analysis identified a total of 871, 1397 and 872 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after cold treatment for 6 h, 24 h and 48 h at -20°C, respectively. The signaling pathway mediated by Ca2+ as a signaling molecule and abscisic acid pathways were the main cold signal transduction pathways in P. sibirica. The APETALA2/Ethylene-Responsive Factor (AP2/ERF) and MYB transcription factor families also play an important role in the transcriptional regulation of P. sibirica. In addition, many genes related to photosynthesis were differentially expressed under cold stress. We also validated the reliability of transcriptome data with quantitative real-time PCR. This study lays the foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms related to cold responses in P. sibirica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- College of Forestry and Grassland, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jinlin Provincial Academy of Forestry Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Song Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Kewei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhimin Lu
- Jinlin Provincial Academy of Forestry Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yuchun Yang
- Jinlin Provincial Academy of Forestry Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Mulualem Tigabu
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Xiyang Zhao
- College of Forestry and Grassland, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
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28
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Lin W, Wang Y, Liu X, Shang JX, Zhao L. OsWAK112, A Wall-Associated Kinase, Negatively Regulates Salt Stress Responses by Inhibiting Ethylene Production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:751965. [PMID: 34675955 PMCID: PMC8523997 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.751965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The wall-associated kinase (WAK) multigene family plays critical roles in various cellular processes and stress responses in plants, however, whether WAKs are involved in salt tolerance is obscure. Herein, we report the functional characterization of a rice WAK, WAK112, whose expression is suppressed by salt. Overexpression of OsWAK112 in rice and heterologous expression of OsWAK112 in Arabidopsis significantly decreased plant survival under conditions of salt stress, while knocking down the OsWAK112 in rice increased plant survival under salt stress. OsWAK112 is universally expressed in plant and associated with cell wall. Meanwhile, in vitro kinase assays and salt tolerance analyses showed that OsWAK112 possesses kinase activity and that it plays a negative role in the response of plants to salt stress. In addition, OsWAK112 interacts with S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase (SAMS) 1/2/3, which catalyzes SAM synthesis from ATP and L-methionine, and promotes OsSAMS1 degradation under salt stress. Furthermore, in OsWAK112-overexpressing plants, there is a decreased SAMS content and a decreased ethylene content under salt stress. These results indicate that OsWAK112 negatively regulates plant salt responses by inhibiting ethylene production, possibly via direct binding with OsSAMS1/2/3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Liqun Zhao
- *Correspondence: Liqun Zhao, ; orcid.org/0000-0001-6718-8130
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29
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Zhang Z, Ma W, Ren Z, Wang X, Zhao J, Pei X, Liu Y, He K, Zhang F, Huo W, Li W, Yang D, Ma X. Characterization and expression analysis of wall-associated kinase (WAK) and WAK-like family in cotton. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:867-879. [PMID: 34339786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The wall-associated kinases (WAKs) and WAK-like kinases (WAKLs) form a group of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) with extracellular domains tightly linked to the cell wall. The WAKs/WAKLs have been known to be involved in plant growth, development, and stress responses. However, the functions of WAKs/WAKLs are less well known in cotton. In this study, 58, 66, and 99 WAK/WAKL genes were identified in Gossypium arboreum, G. raimondii, and G. hirsutum, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed they were classified into five groups, with two groups specific to cotton. Collinearity analysis revealed that segmental and tandem duplications resulted in expansion of the WAK/WAKL gene family in cotton. Moreover, the Ka/Ks ratios indicated this family was exposed to purifying selection pressure during evolution. The structures of the GhWAK/WAKL genes and encoded proteins suggested the functions of WAKs/WAKLs in cotton were conserved. Transient expression of four WAK/WAKL-GFP fusion constructs in Arabidopsis protoplasts indicated that they were localized on the plasma membrane. The cis-elements in the GhWAK/WAKL promoters were responsive to multiple phytohormones and abiotic stresses. Expression profiling showed that GhWAK/WAKL genes were induced by various abiotic stresses. This study provides insights into the evolution of WAK/WAKL genes and presents fundamental information for further analysis in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Zhongying Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Xingxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Junjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Yangai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Kunlun He
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Wenqi Huo
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Daigang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xiongfeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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Amirbakhtiar N, Ismaili A, Ghaffari MR, Mirdar Mansuri R, Sanjari S, Shobbar ZS. Transcriptome analysis of bread wheat leaves in response to salt stress. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254189. [PMID: 34242309 PMCID: PMC8270127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity is one of the main abiotic stresses limiting crop productivity. In the current study, the transcriptome of wheat leaves in an Iranian salt-tolerant cultivar (Arg) was investigated in response to salinity stress to identify salinity stress-responsive genes and mechanisms. More than 114 million reads were generated from leaf tissues by the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. An amount of 81.9% to 85.7% of reads could be mapped to the wheat reference genome for different samples. The data analysis led to the identification of 98819 genes, including 26700 novel transcripts. A total of 4290 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were recognized, comprising 2346 up-regulated genes and 1944 down-regulated genes. Clustering of the DEGs utilizing Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) indicated that transcripts associated with phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, transporters, transcription factors, hormone signal transduction, glycosyltransferases, exosome, and MAPK signaling might be involved in salt tolerance. The expression patterns of nine DEGs were investigated by quantitative real-time PCR in Arg and Moghan3 as the salt-tolerant and susceptible cultivars, respectively. The obtained results were consistent with changes in transcript abundance found by RNA-sequencing in the tolerant cultivar. The results presented here could be utilized for salt tolerance enhancement in wheat through genetic engineering or molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Amirbakhtiar
- Plant Production and Genetic Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
- National Plant Gene Bank of Iran, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ismaili
- Plant Production and Genetic Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Ghaffari
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Raheleh Mirdar Mansuri
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Sepideh Sanjari
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Zahra-Sadat Shobbar
- Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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Wang X, Wu MH, Xiao D, Huang RL, Zhan J, Wang AQ, He LF. Genome-wide identification and evolutionary analysis of RLKs involved in the response to aluminium stress in peanut. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:281. [PMID: 34154532 PMCID: PMC8215822 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an important cash crop, the yield of peanut is influenced by soil acidification and pathogen infection. Receptor-like protein kinases play important roles in plant growth, development and stress responses. However, little is known about the number, location, structure, molecular phylogeny, and expression of RLKs in peanut, and no comprehensive analysis of RLKs in the Al stress response in peanuts have been reported. RESULTS A total of 1311 AhRLKs were identified from the peanut genome. The AhLRR-RLKs and AhLecRLKs were further divided into 24 and 35 subfamilies, respectively. The AhRLKs were randomly distributed across all 20 chromosomes in the peanut. Among these AhRLKs, 9.53% and 61.78% originated from tandem duplications and segmental duplications, respectively. The ka/ks ratios of 96.97% (96/99) of tandem duplication gene pairs and 98.78% (646/654) of segmental duplication gene pairs were less than 1. Among the tested tandem duplication clusters, there were 28 gene conversion events. Moreover, all total of 90 Al-responsive AhRLKs were identified by mining transcriptome data, and they were divided into 7 groups. Most of the Al-responsive AhRLKs that clustered together had similar motifs and evolutionarily conserved structures. The gene expression patterns of these genes in different tissues were further analysed, and tissue-specifically expressed genes, including 14 root-specific Al-responsive AhRLKs were found. In addition, all 90 Al-responsive AhRLKs which were distributed unevenly in the subfamilies of AhRLKs, showed different expression patterns between the two peanut varieties (Al-sensitive and Al-tolerant) under Al stress. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we analysed the RLK gene family in the peanut genome. Segmental duplication events were the main driving force for AhRLK evolution, and most AhRLKs subject to purifying selection. A total of 90 genes were identified as Al-responsive AhRLKs, and the classification, conserved motifs, structures, tissue expression patterns and predicted functions of Al-responsive AhRLKs were further analysed and discussed, revealing their putative roles. This study provides a better understanding of the structures and functions of AhRLKs and Al-responsive AhRLKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Ming-Hua Wu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Dong Xiao
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Nanning, 530004, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, GuangxiColleges and Universities, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Ruo-Lan Huang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jie Zhan
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Nanning, 530004, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, GuangxiColleges and Universities, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Ai-Qin Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Nanning, 530004, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, GuangxiColleges and Universities, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Long-Fei He
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Nanning, 530004, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, GuangxiColleges and Universities, Nanning, 530004, China
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32
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Hussain S, Hussain S, Ali B, Ren X, Chen X, Li Q, Saqib M, Ahmad N. Recent progress in understanding salinity tolerance in plants: Story of Na +/K + balance and beyond. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 160:239-256. [PMID: 33524921 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
High salt concentrations in the growing medium can severely affect the growth and development of plants. It is imperative to understand the different components of salt-tolerant network in plants in order to produce the salt-tolerant cultivars. High-affinity potassium transporter- and myelocytomatosis proteins have been shown to play a critical role for salinity tolerance through exclusion of sodium (Na+) ions from sensitive shoot tissues in plants. Numerous genes, that limit the uptake of salts from soil and their transport throughout the plant body, adjust the ionic and osmotic balance of cells in roots and shoots. In the present review, we have tried to provide a comprehensive report of major research advances on different mechanisms regulating plant tolerance to salinity stress at proteomics, metabolomics, genomics and transcriptomics levels. Along with the role of ionic homeostasis, a major focus was given on other salinity tolerance mechanisms in plants including osmoregulation and osmo-protection, cell wall remodeling and integrity, and plant antioxidative defense. Major proteins and genes expressed under salt-stressed conditions and their role in enhancing salinity tolerance in plants are discussed as well. Moreover, this manuscript identifies and highlights the key questions on plant salinity tolerance that remain to be discussed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadam Hussain
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Saddam Hussain
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Basharat Ali
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Xiaolong Ren
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Muhammad Saqib
- Agronomic Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Ahmad
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Liu H, Chen H, Ding G, Li K, Wang Y. Proteomic Insight into the Symbiotic Relationship of Pinus massoniana Lamb and Suillus luteus towards Developing Al-Stress Resistance. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:177. [PMID: 33672434 PMCID: PMC7926926 DOI: 10.3390/life11020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Global warming significantly impacts forest range areas by increasing soil acidification or aluminum toxicity. Aluminum (Al) toxicity retards plant growth by inhibiting the root development process, hindering water uptake, and limiting the bioavailability of other essential micronutrients. Pinus massoniana (masson pine), globally recognized as a reforestation plant, is resistant to stress conditions including biotic and abiotic stresses. This resistance is linked to the symbiotic relationship with diverse ectomycorrhizal fungal species. In the present study, we investigated the genetic regulators as expressed proteins, conferring a symbiotic relationship between Al-stress resistance and Suillus luteus in masson pine. Multi-treatment trials resulted in the identification of 12 core Al-stress responsive proteins conserved between Al stress conditions with or without S. luteus inoculation. These proteins are involved in chaperonin CPN60-2, protein refolding and ATP-binding, Cu-Zn-superoxide dismutase precursor, oxidation-reduction process, and metal ion binding, phosphoglycerate kinase 1, glycolytic process, and metabolic process. Furthermore, 198 Al responsive proteins were identified specifically under S. luteus-inoculation and are involved in gene regulation, metabolic process, oxidation-reduction process, hydrolase activity, and peptide activity. Chlorophyll a-b binding protein, endoglucanase, putative spermidine synthase, NADH dehydrogenase, and glutathione-S-transferase were found with a significant positive expression under a combined Al and S. luteus treatment, further supported by the up-regulation of their corresponding genes. This study provides a theoretical foundation for exploiting the regulatory role of ectomycorrhizal inoculation and associated genetic changes in resistance against Al stress in masson pine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Liu
- Institute for Forest Resources & Environment of Guizhou, Guiyang 550025, China; (H.L.); (H.C.); (K.L.)
- Guizhou Botanical Garden, Guiyang 550004, China;
| | - Houying Chen
- Institute for Forest Resources & Environment of Guizhou, Guiyang 550025, China; (H.L.); (H.C.); (K.L.)
| | - Guijie Ding
- Institute for Forest Resources & Environment of Guizhou, Guiyang 550025, China; (H.L.); (H.C.); (K.L.)
| | - Kuaifen Li
- Institute for Forest Resources & Environment of Guizhou, Guiyang 550025, China; (H.L.); (H.C.); (K.L.)
| | - Yao Wang
- Guizhou Botanical Garden, Guiyang 550004, China;
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Dou L, Li Z, Shen Q, Shi H, Li H, Wang W, Zou C, Shang H, Li H, Xiao G. Genome-wide characterization of the WAK gene family and expression analysis under plant hormone treatment in cotton. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:85. [PMID: 33509085 PMCID: PMC7842020 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07378-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wall-associated kinases (WAK), one of the receptor-like kinases (RLK), function directly in the connection and communication between the plant cell wall and the cytoplasm. WAK genes are highly conserved and have been identified in plants, such as rice, but there is little research on the WAK gene family in cotton. RESULTS In the present study, we identified 29 GhWAK genes in Gossypium hirsutum. Phylogenetic analysis showed that cotton WAK proteins can be divided into five clades. The results of synteny and Ka/Ks analysis showed that the GhWAK genes mainly originated from whole genome duplication (WGD) and were then mainly under purifying selection. Transcriptome data and real-time PCR showed that 97% of GhWAK genes highly expressed in cotton fibers and ovules. β-glucuronidase (GUS) staining assays showed that GhWAK5 and GhWAK16 expressed in Arabidopsis leaf trichomes. Fourteen GhWAK genes were found to possess putative gibberellin (GA) response elements in the promoter regions, 13 of which were significantly induced by GA treatment. Ten GhWAK genes contained auxin (IAA) response elements and the expression level of nine GhWAKs significantly increased under auxin treatment. CONCLUSIONS We provide a preliminary analysis of the WAK gene family in G. hirsutum, which sheds light on the potantial roles of GhWAK genes in cotton fiber cell development. Our data also provides a useful resource for future studies on the functional roles of GhWAK genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Dou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xianyang Normal University, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhifang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng, 475001, Henan, China
| | - Qian Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Huiran Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Huaizhu Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xianyang Normal University, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xianyang Normal University, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Changsong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng, 475001, Henan, China
| | - Haihong Shang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Guanghui Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
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Feng H, Li C, Zhou J, Yuan Y, Feng Z, Shi Y, Zhao L, Zhang Y, Wei F, Zhu H. A cotton WAKL protein interacted with a DnaJ protein and was involved in defense against Verticillium dahliae. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:633-643. [PMID: 33275973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that plant cell wall-associated receptor-like kinases (WAKs) involve in defense against pathogen attack, but their related signaling processes and regulatory mechanism remain largely unknown. We identified a WAK-like kinase (GhWAKL) from upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and characterized its functional mechanism. Expression of GhWAKL in cotton plants was induced by Verticillium dahliae infection and responded to the application of salicylic acid (SA). Knockdown of GhWAKL expression results in the reduction of SA content and suppresses the SA-mediated defense response, enhancing cotton plants susceptibility to V. dahliae. And, ecotopic overexpression of GhWAKL in Arabidopsis thaliana conferred plant resistance to the pathogen. Further analysis demonstrated that GhWAKL interacted with a cotton DnaJ protein (GhDNAJ1) on the cell membrane. Silencing GhDNAJ1 also enhanced cotton susceptibility to V. dahliae. Moreover, the mutation of GhWAKL at site Ser628 with the phosphorylation decreased the interaction with GhDNAJ1 and compromised the plant resistance to V. dahliae. We propose that GhWAKL is a potential molecular target for improving resistance to Verticillium wilt in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China; School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Jinglong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Zili Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Yongqiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Yalin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Feng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China; School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Heqin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China; School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
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Wu X, Bacic A, Johnson KL, Humphries J. The Role of Brachypodium distachyon Wall-Associated Kinases (WAKs) in Cell Expansion and Stress Responses. Cells 2020; 9:E2478. [PMID: 33202612 PMCID: PMC7698158 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant cell wall plays a critical role in signaling responses to environmental and developmental cues, acting as both the sensing interface and regulator of plant cell integrity. Wall-associated kinases (WAKs) are plant receptor-like kinases located at the wall-plasma membrane-cytoplasmic interface and implicated in cell wall integrity sensing. WAKs in Arabidopsis thaliana have been shown to bind pectins in different forms under various conditions, such as oligogalacturonides (OG)s in stress response, and native pectin during cell expansion. The mechanism(s) WAKs use for sensing in grasses, which contain relatively low amounts of pectin, remains unclear. WAK genes from the model monocot plant, Brachypodium distachyon were identified. Expression profiling during early seedling development and in response to sodium salicylate and salt treatment was undertaken to identify WAKs involved in cell expansion and response to external stimuli. The BdWAK2 gene displayed increased expression during cell expansion and stress response, in addition to playing a potential role in the hypersensitive response. In vitro binding assays with various forms of commercial polysaccharides (pectins, xylans, and mixed-linkage glucans) and wall-extracted fractions (pectic/hemicellulosic/cellulosic) from both Arabidopsis and Brachypodium leaf tissues provided new insights into the binding properties of BdWAK2 and other candidate BdWAKs in grasses. The BdWAKs displayed a specificity for the acidic pectins with similar binding characteristics to the AtWAKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwen Wu
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Victoria, Australia; (A.B.); (K.L.J.)
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Kim L. Johnson
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Victoria, Australia; (A.B.); (K.L.J.)
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - John Humphries
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Victoria, Australia; (A.B.); (K.L.J.)
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Barros VA, Chandnani R, de Sousa SM, Maciel LS, Tokizawa M, Guimaraes CT, Magalhaes JV, Kochian LV. Root Adaptation via Common Genetic Factors Conditioning Tolerance to Multiple Stresses for Crops Cultivated on Acidic Tropical Soils. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:565339. [PMID: 33281841 PMCID: PMC7688899 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.565339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Crop tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses has long been pursued as a Holy Grail in plant breeding efforts that target crop adaptation to tropical soils. On tropical, acidic soils, aluminum (Al) toxicity, low phosphorus (P) availability and drought stress are the major limitations to yield stability. Molecular breeding based on a small suite of pleiotropic genes, particularly those with moderate to major phenotypic effects, could help circumvent the need for complex breeding designs and large population sizes aimed at selecting transgressive progeny accumulating favorable alleles controlling polygenic traits. The underlying question is twofold: do common tolerance mechanisms to Al toxicity, P deficiency and drought exist? And if they do, will they be useful in a plant breeding program that targets stress-prone environments. The selective environments in tropical regions are such that multiple, co-existing regulatory networks may drive the fixation of either distinctly different or a smaller number of pleiotropic abiotic stress tolerance genes. Recent studies suggest that genes contributing to crop adaptation to acidic soils, such as the major Arabidopsis Al tolerance protein, AtALMT1, which encodes an aluminum-activated root malate transporter, may influence both Al tolerance and P acquisition via changes in root system morphology and architecture. However, trans-acting elements such as transcription factors (TFs) may be the best option for pleiotropic control of multiple abiotic stress genes, due to their small and often multiple binding sequences in the genome. One such example is the C2H2-type zinc finger, AtSTOP1, which is a transcriptional regulator of a number of Arabidopsis Al tolerance genes, including AtMATE and AtALMT1, and has been shown to activate AtALMT1, not only in response to Al but also low soil P. The large WRKY family of transcription factors are also known to affect a broad spectrum of phenotypes, some of which are related to acidic soil abiotic stress responses. Hence, we focus here on signaling proteins such as TFs and protein kinases to identify, from the literature, evidence for unifying regulatory networks controlling Al tolerance, P efficiency and, also possibly drought tolerance. Particular emphasis will be given to modification of root system morphology and architecture, which could be an important physiological "hub" leading to crop adaptation to multiple soil-based abiotic stress factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A. Barros
- Embrapa Maize and Sorghum, Sete Lagoas, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rahul Chandnani
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Laiane S. Maciel
- Embrapa Maize and Sorghum, Sete Lagoas, Brazil
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Mutsutomo Tokizawa
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Jurandir V. Magalhaes
- Embrapa Maize and Sorghum, Sete Lagoas, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Leon V. Kochian
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Sun Z, Song Y, Chen D, Zang Y, Zhang Q, Yi Y, Qu G. Genome-Wide Identification, Classification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of the Wall-Associated Kinase Family during Fruit Development and under Wound Stress in Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.). Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1186. [PMID: 33053790 PMCID: PMC7650724 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The wall-associated kinase (WAK) and wall-associated kinase like (WAKL) is a subfamily of receptor-like kinases associated with the cell wall, which have been suggested as sensors of the extracellular environment and triggers of intracellular signals. However, these proteins have not yet been comprehensively analyzed in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). In this study, 11 SlWAK and 18 SlWAKL genes were identified in an uneven distribution in 9 of 12 chromosomes. GUB-WAK-bind (wall-associated receptor kinase galacturonan-binding) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) domains appear more often in SlWAK proteins. However, more SlWAKLs (wall-associated kinase like) have a WAK-assoc (wall-associated receptor kinase C-terminal) domain. Based on their phylogenetic relationships, 29 SlWAK-RLKs (wall associated kinase-receptor like kinases) were clustered into three distinct categories analogous to those in Arabidopsis thaliana. High similarities were found in conserved motifs of the genes within each group. Cis-elements in the promoter region of these 29 genes were found mainly in response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA), abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), anaerobic, light, wound, and MYB transcription factors. Public tomato genome RNA-seq data indicates that multiple SlWAK-RLKs showed different expression patterns under developmental and ripening stages of fruits, such as SlWAK4, SlWAKL11, SlWAKL9, SlWAKL15, SlWAKL14, and SlWAKL1, their RPKM (Reads Per Kilo bases per Million reads) value constantly increases during the fruit expansion period, and decreases as the fruit matures. In tomato leaves, our RNA-seq data showed that nine SlWAK-RLKs transcripts (SlWAK3, SlWAK4, SlWAK10,SlWAKL1, SlWAKL2, SlWAKL3, SlWAKL5, SlWAKL14, and SlWAKL18) were significantly induced (p < 0.001), and three transcripts (SlWAK2, SlWAK5, and SlWAKL15) were significantly inhibited (p < 0.001) under mechanical wounding. The qRT-PCR (Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) of SlWAKL1 and SlWAKL6 verify these results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Guiqin Qu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (Z.S.); (Y.S.); (D.C.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (Y.Y.)
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Tripathi RK, Aguirre JA, Singh J. Genome-wide analysis of wall associated kinase (WAK) gene family in barley. Genomics 2020; 113:523-530. [PMID: 32987151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In plants, wall associated kinases (WAKs) form a unique subfamily of receptor like-kinases (RLKs). In Arabidopsis thaliana, WAK-RLKs are known to regulate biotic stress, cell expansion, and metal tolerance, but their detailed characterization in barley is lacking. In this study, we identified a total of 91 WAK genes in the barley genome and classified them into five groups. Evolutionary analysis of HvWAKs with AtWAKs revealed their species-specific expansion. The maximum number (19 to 20) of WAK genes were located on chromosomes 3, 5 and 6. WAK proteins exhibited similar types of motif distribution in their group. Characterization of a Ds transposon insertion mutant of the wak1 revealed differences in the root length. Further, HvSPL23 transcription factor was identified as a positive co-expressing gene with HvWAK1, suggesting its possible upstream regulator. Taken together, our study provides a base for the functional characterization of WAK family members in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv K Tripathi
- Plant Science Department, McGill University, 21111 Rue Lakeshore, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - John A Aguirre
- Plant Science Department, McGill University, 21111 Rue Lakeshore, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Jaswinder Singh
- Plant Science Department, McGill University, 21111 Rue Lakeshore, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada.
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Liu Y, Xu J, Guo S, Yuan X, Zhao S, Tian H, Dai S, Kong X, Ding Z. AtHB7/12 Regulate Root Growth in Response to Aluminum Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114080. [PMID: 32517364 PMCID: PMC7312248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) stress is a major limiting factor for plant growth and crop production in acid soils. At present, only a few transcription factors involved in the regulation of Al resistance have been characterized. Here, we used reversed genetic approach through phenotype analysis of overexpressors and mutants to demonstrate that AtHB7 and AtHB12, two HD-Zip I transcription factors, participate in Al resistance. In response to Al stress, AtHB7 and AtHB12 displayed different dynamic expression patterns. Although both AtHB7 and AtHB12 positively regulate root growth in the absence of Al stress, our results showed that AtHB7 antagonizes with AtHB12 to control root growth in response to Al stress. The athb7/12 double mutant displayed a wild-type phenotype under Al stress. Consistently, our physiological analysis showed that AtHB7 and AtHB12 oppositely regulate the capacity of cell wall to bind Al. Yeast two hybrid assays showed that AtHB7 and AtHB12 could form homo-dimers and hetero-dimers in vitro, suggesting the interaction between AtHB7 and AtHB12 in the regulation of root growth. The conclusion was that AtHB7 and AtHB12 oppositely regulate Al resistance by affecting Al accumulation in root cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Y.L.); (J.X.); (H.T.)
| | - Jiameng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Y.L.); (J.X.); (H.T.)
| | - Siyi Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Science, Henan University, JinMing Avenue, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China;
| | - Xianzheng Yuan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Y.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shan Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Y.); (S.Z.)
| | - Huiyu Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Y.L.); (J.X.); (H.T.)
| | - Shaojun Dai
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China;
| | - Xiangpei Kong
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Y.L.); (J.X.); (H.T.)
- Correspondence: (X.K.); (Z.D.); Tel.: +86-532-5863-0889 (Z.D.)
| | - Zhaojun Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Y.L.); (J.X.); (H.T.)
- Correspondence: (X.K.); (Z.D.); Tel.: +86-532-5863-0889 (Z.D.)
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Bacete L, Hamann T. The Role of Mechanoperception in Plant Cell Wall Integrity Maintenance. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E574. [PMID: 32369932 PMCID: PMC7285163 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell walls surrounding all plant cells are highly dynamic structures, which change their composition and organization in response to chemical and physical stimuli originating both in the environment and in plants themselves. They are intricately involved in all interactions between plants and their environment while also providing adaptive structural support during plant growth and development. A key mechanism contributing to these adaptive changes is the cell wall integrity (CWI) maintenance mechanism. It monitors and maintains the functional integrity of cell walls by initiating adaptive changes in cellular and cell wall metabolism. Despite its importance, both our understanding of its mode of action and knowledge regarding the molecular components that form it are limited. Intriguingly, the available evidence implicates mechanosensing in the mechanism. Here, we provide an overview of the knowledge available regarding the molecular mechanisms involved in and discuss how mechanoperception and signal transduction may contribute to plant CWI maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
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Lou HQ, Fan W, Jin JF, Xu JM, Chen WW, Yang JL, Zheng SJ. A NAC-type transcription factor confers aluminium resistance by regulating cell wall-associated receptor kinase 1 and cell wall pectin. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:463-478. [PMID: 31713247 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation is important for plants to respond to toxic effects of aluminium (Al). However, our current knowledge to these events is confined to a few transcription factors. Here, we functionally characterized a rice bean (Vigna umbellata) NAC-type transcription factor, VuNAR1, in terms of Al stress response. We demonstrated that rice bean VuNAR1 is a nuclear-localized transcriptional activator, whose expression was specifically upregulated by Al in roots but not in shoot. VuNAR1 overexpressing Arabidopsis plants exhibit improved Al resistance via Al exclusion. However, VuNAR1-mediated Al exclusion is independent of the function of known Al-resistant genes. Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed that VuNAR1 specifically regulates the expression of genes associated with protein phosphorylation and cell wall modification in Arabidopsis. Transient expression assay demonstrated the direct transcriptional activation of cell wall-associated receptor kinase 1 (WAK1) by VuNAR1. Moreover, yeast one-hybrid assays and MEME motif searches identified a new VuNAR1-specific binding motif in the promoter of WAK1. Compared with wild-type Arabidopsis plants, VuNAR1 overexpressing plants have higher WAK1 expression and less pectin content. Taken together, our results suggest that VuNAR1 regulates Al resistance by regulating cell wall pectin metabolism via directly binding to the promoter of WAK1 and induce its expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Qiang Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jian Feng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Meng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shao Jian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Nanda AK, El Habti A, Hocart CH, Masle J. ERECTA receptor-kinases play a key role in the appropriate timing of seed germination under changing salinity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6417-6435. [PMID: 31504732 PMCID: PMC6859730 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate timing of seed germination is crucial for the survival and propagation of plants, and for crop yield, especially in environments prone to salinity or drought. However, the exact mechanisms by which seeds perceive changes in soil conditions and integrate them to trigger germination remain elusive, especially once the seeds are non-dormant. In this study, we determined that the Arabidopsis ERECTA (ER), ERECTA-LIKE1 (ERL1), and ERECTA-LIKE2 (ERL2) leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like kinases regulate seed germination and its sensitivity to changes in salt and osmotic stress levels. Loss of ER alone, or in combination with ERL1 and/or ERL2, slows down the initiation of germination and its progression to completion, or arrests it altogether under saline conditions, until better conditions return. This function is maternally controlled via the tissues surrounding the embryo, with a primary role being played by the properties of the seed coat and its mucilage. These relate to both seed-coat expansion and subsequent differentiation and to salinity-dependent interactions between the mucilage, subtending seed coat layers and seed interior in the germinating seed. Salt-hypersensitive er105, er105 erl1.2, er105 erl2.1 and triple-mutant seeds also exhibit increased sensitivity to exogenous ABA during germination, and under salinity show an enhanced up-regulation of the germination repressors and inducers of dormancy ABA-insensitive-3, ABA-insensitive-5, DELLA-encoding RGL2, and Delay-Of-Germination-1. These findings reveal a novel role of the ERECTA receptor-kinases in the sensing of conditions at the seed surface and the integration of developmental, dormancy and stress signalling pathways in seeds. They also open novel avenues for the genetic improvement of plant adaptation to changing drought and salinity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit K Nanda
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Abdeljalil El Habti
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Charles H Hocart
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
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Yan L, Riaz M, Du C, Liu Y, Zeng Y, Jiang C. Ameliorative role of boron to toxicity of aluminum in trifoliate orange roots. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 179:212-221. [PMID: 31048217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a major limiting factor for plant productivity. Boron (B) could mitigate Al toxicity in many plant species. However, information about the mechanisms of B alleviating Al toxicity in citrus is lacking. Trifoliate orange rootstock (Poncirus trifoliate L. Raf.) seedlings were irrigated with a nutrient solution containing two B and two Al levels. Results showed that exposure to Al severely impeded plant growth-related parameters. However, B supply improved plant biomass, root activity and relative root elongation under Al stress. Furthermore, B reduced the Al-induced H2O2 accumulation in roots as evidenced by lower fluorescence intensity of H2O2 staining. Boron decreased the Al-stimulated ascorbate (AsA) synthesis by down-regulated AsA synthesis-related metabolites in the L-galactose pathway. Boron alleviated some of the toxic effects of Al by decreasing redox states of AsA and enzyme activities involved in ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle, ascorbate peroxidase, dehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase while increased glutathione (GSH) content and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS) activity. Overall, our results suggest that B protects roots against Al-induced oxidative stress possibly by reducing metabolites accumulation in the L-galactose pathway of AsA synthesis and regulating AsA-GSH cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yan
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Chenqing Du
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Yalin Liu
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Yu Zeng
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Cuncang Jiang
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China.
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Yang LT, Zhou YF, Wang YY, Wu YM, Ye X, Guo JX, Chen LS. Magnesium Deficiency Induced Global Transcriptome Change in Citrus sinensis Leaves Revealed by RNA-Seq. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133129. [PMID: 31248059 PMCID: PMC6651023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) deficiency is one of the major constraining factors that limit the yield and quality of agricultural products. Uniform seedlings of the Citrus sinensis were irrigated with Mg deficient (0 mM MgSO4) and Mg sufficient (1 mM MgSO4) nutrient solutions for 16 weeks. CO2 assimilation, starch, soluble carbohydrates, TBARS content and H2O2 production were measured. Transcriptomic analysis of C. sinensis leaves was performed by Illumina sequencing. Our results showed that Mg deficiency decreased CO2 assimilation, but increased starch, sucrose, TBARS content and H2O2 production in C. sinensis leaves. A total of 4864 genes showed differential expression in response to Mg deficiency revealed by RNA-Seq and the transcriptomic data were further validated by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis indicated that the mechanisms underlying Mg deficiency tolerance in C. sinensis may be attributed to the following aspects: (a) enhanced microtubule-based movement and cell cycle regulation; (b) elevated signal transduction in response to biotic and abiotic stimuli; (c) alteration of biological processes by tightly controlling phosphorylation especially protein phosphorylation; (d) down-regulation of light harvesting and photosynthesis due to the accumulation of carbohydrates; (e) up-regulation of cell wall remodeling and antioxidant system. Our results provide a comprehensive insight into the transcriptomic profile of key components involved in the Mg deficiency tolerance in C. sinensis and enrich our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which plants adapted to a Mg deficient condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Tong Yang
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yang-Fei Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yan-Yu Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yan-Mei Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xin Ye
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Jiu-Xin Guo
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Li-Song Chen
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Wang H, Niu H, Liang M, Zhai Y, Huang W, Ding Q, Du Y, Lu M. A Wall-Associated Kinase Gene CaWAKL20 From Pepper Negatively Modulates Plant Thermotolerance by Reducing the Expression of ABA-Responsive Genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:591. [PMID: 31156664 PMCID: PMC6528620 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress has become a major threat to crop production due to global warming; however, the mechanisms underlying plant high-temperature sensing are not well known. In plants, the membrane-anchored receptor-like kinases (RLKs) relay environmental signals into the cytoplasm. In a previous study, we isolated a wall-associated RLK-like (WAKL) gene CaWAKL20 from pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Here, the amino acid sequence of CaWAKL20 was characterized and found to consist of conserved domains of WAK/WAKL family, including an extracellular region containing a GUB-WAK binding domain and a degenerated EGF2-like domain; a transmembrane region; and an intercellular region with an STKc catalytic domain. Moreover, CaWAKL20 transcription was inhibited by heat stress, whereas it was induced by both ABA and H2O2 treatments. Silencing of CaWAKL20 enhanced pepper thermotolerance, while overexpression decreased Arabidopsis thermotolerance. Additionally, Arabidopsis lines overexpressing CaWAKL20 showed less sensitivity to ABA during seed germination and root growth. Finally, the survival rate of Arabidopsis seedlings under heat stress treatment was enhanced by ABA pre-treatment, while it was compromised by the overexpression of CaWAKL20. Furthermore, the heat-induced expression of several ABA-responsive genes and some key regulator genes for thermotolerance was decreased in Arabidopsis CaWAKL20-overexpression lines. These results suggest that CaWAKL20 negatively modulates plant thermotolerance by reducing the expression of ABA-responsive genes, laying a foundation for further investigation into the functional mechanisms of WAKs/WAKLs in plants undergoing environmental stresses.
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Héloir MC, Adrian M, Brulé D, Claverie J, Cordelier S, Daire X, Dorey S, Gauthier A, Lemaître-Guillier C, Negrel J, Trdá L, Trouvelot S, Vandelle E, Poinssot B. Recognition of Elicitors in Grapevine: From MAMP and DAMP Perception to Induced Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1117. [PMID: 31620151 PMCID: PMC6760519 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In a context of a sustainable viticulture, the implementation of innovative eco-friendly strategies, such as elicitor-triggered immunity, requires a deep knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying grapevine defense activation, from pathogen perception to resistance induction. During plant-pathogen interaction, the first step of plant defense activation is ensured by the recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns, which are elicitors directly derived from pathogenic or beneficial microbes. Vitis vinifera, like other plants, can perceive elicitors of different nature, including proteins, amphiphilic glycolipid, and lipopeptide molecules as well as polysaccharides, thanks to their cognate pattern recognition receptors, the discovery of which recently began in this plant species. Furthermore, damage-associated molecular patterns are another class of elicitors perceived by V. vinifera as an invader's hallmark. They are mainly polysaccharides derived from the plant cell wall and are generally released through the activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes secreted by microbes. Elicitor perception and subsequent activation of grapevine immunity end in some cases in efficient grapevine resistance against pathogens. Using complementary approaches, several molecular markers have been identified as hallmarks of this induced resistance stage. This review thus focuses on the recognition of elicitors by Vitis vinifera describing the molecular mechanisms triggered from the elicitor perception to the activation of immune responses. Finally, we discuss the fact that the link between elicitation and induced resistance is not so obvious and that the formulation of resistance inducers remains a key step before their application in vineyards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Héloir
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Marielle Adrian
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Daphnée Brulé
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Justine Claverie
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Sylvain Cordelier
- Unité RIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Xavier Daire
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Stéphan Dorey
- Unité RIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Adrien Gauthier
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- UniLaSalle, AGHYLE Research Unit UP 2018.C101, Rouen, France
| | | | - Jonathan Negrel
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Lucie Trdá
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany, the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Sophie Trouvelot
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Elodie Vandelle
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Benoit Poinssot
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- *Correspondence: Benoit Poinssot,
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Hitting the Wall-Sensing and Signaling Pathways Involved in Plant Cell Wall Remodeling in Response to Abiotic Stress. PLANTS 2018; 7:plants7040089. [PMID: 30360552 PMCID: PMC6313904 DOI: 10.3390/plants7040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plant cells are surrounded by highly dynamic cell walls that play important roles regulating aspects of plant development. Recent advances in visualization and measurement of cell wall properties have enabled accumulation of new data about wall architecture and biomechanics. This has resulted in greater understanding of the dynamics of cell wall deposition and remodeling. The cell wall is the first line of defense against different adverse abiotic and biotic environmental influences. Different abiotic stress conditions such as salinity, drought, and frost trigger production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) which act as important signaling molecules in stress activated cellular responses. Detection of ROS by still-elusive receptors triggers numerous signaling events that result in production of different protective compounds or even cell death, but most notably in stress-induced cell wall remodeling. This is mediated by different plant hormones, of which the most studied are jasmonic acid and brassinosteroids. In this review we highlight key factors involved in sensing, signal transduction, and response(s) to abiotic stress and how these mechanisms are related to cell wall-associated stress acclimatization. ROS, plant hormones, cell wall remodeling enzymes and different wall mechanosensors act coordinately during abiotic stress, resulting in abiotic stress wall acclimatization, enabling plants to survive adverse environmental conditions.
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Morkunas I, Woźniak A, Mai VC, Rucińska-Sobkowiak R, Jeandet P. The Role of Heavy Metals in Plant Response to Biotic Stress. Molecules 2018; 23:E2320. [PMID: 30208652 PMCID: PMC6225295 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review discusses the impact of heavy metals on the growth of plants at different concentrations, paying particular attention to the hormesis effect. Within the past decade, study of the hormesis phenomenon has generated considerable interest because it was considered not only in the framework of plant growth stimulation but also as an adaptive response of plants to a low level of stress which in turn can play an important role in their responses to other stress factors. In this review, we focused on the defence mechanisms of plants as a response to different metal ion doses and during the crosstalk between metal ions and biotic stressors such as insects and pathogenic fungi. Issues relating to metal ion acquisition and ion homeostasis that may be essential for the survival of plants, pathogens and herbivores competing in the same environment were highlighted. Besides, the influence of heavy metals on insects, especially aphids and pathogenic fungi, was shown. Our intention was also to shed light on the relationship between heavy metals deposition in the environment and ecological communities formed under a strong selective pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Morkunas
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Woźniak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Van Chung Mai
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland.
- Department of Plant Physiology, Vinh University, Le Duan 182, Vinh City, Vietnam.
| | - Renata Rucińska-Sobkowiak
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Research Unit "Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection", UPRES EA 4707, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims, P.O. Box 1039, 02 51687 Reims CEDEX, France.
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50
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Yan L, Riaz M, Wu X, Du C, Liu Y, Jiang C. Ameliorative effects of boron on aluminum induced variations of cell wall cellulose and pectin components in trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliate (L.) Raf.) rootstock. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:764-774. [PMID: 29778812 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) phytotoxicity is a major limitation in the production of crops in the soils with pH ≤ 5. Boron (B) is indispensable nutrient for the development of higher plants and B role has been reported in the alleviation Al toxicity. Trifoliate orange rootstock was grown in two B and two Al concentrations. The results of the present study showed that Al toxicity adversely inhibited root elongation and exhibited higher oxidative stress in terms of H2O2 and O2- under B-deficiency. Additionally, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the increase of the cellulose crystallinity in the cell wall (CW). Al-induced remarkable variations in the CW components were prominent in terms of alkali-soluble pectin, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid (KDO) and the degree of methyl-esterification (DME) of pectin. Interesting, B supply reduced the pectin (alkali-soluble) under Al toxicity. Moreover, the results of FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and 13C-NMR (13C nuclear magnetic resonance) spectra revealed the decrease of carboxyl groups and cellulose by B application during Al exposure. Furthermore, B supply tended to decrease the Al uptake, CW thickness and callose formation. The study concluded that B could mitigate Al phytotoxicity by shielding potential Al binding sites and by reducing Al induced alterations in the CW cellulose and pectin components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yan
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Xiuwen Wu
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Chenqing Du
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Yalin Liu
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China
| | - Cuncang Jiang
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China.
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