1
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Li L, Wonder J, Helming T, van Asselt G, Pantazopoulou CK, van de Kaa Y, Kohlen W, Pierik R, Kajala K. Evaluation of the roles of brassinosteroid, gibberellin and auxin for tomato internode elongation in response to low red:far-red light. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14558. [PMID: 39360434 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we explore the interplay between the plant hormones gibberellins (GA), brassinosteroids (BR), and Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) in their collective impact on plant shade avoidance elongation under varying light conditions. We focus particularly on low Red:Far-red (R:FR) light conditions achieved by supplementing the background light with FR. We characterized the tomato internode response to low R:FR and, with RNA-seq analysis, we were able to identify some of the potential regulatory hormonal pathways. Through a series of exogenous pharmacological modulations of GA, IAA, and BR, we demonstrate that GA and BR are sufficient but also necessary for inducing stem elongation under low R:FR light conditions. Intriguingly, while IAA alone shows limited effects, its combination with GA yields significant elongation, suggesting a nuanced hormonal balance. Furthermore, we unveil the complex interplay of these hormones under light with low R:FR, where the suppression of one hormone's effect can be compensated by the others. This study provides insights into the hormonal mechanisms governing plant adaptation to light, highlighting the intricate and adaptable nature of plant growth responses. Our findings have far-reaching implications for agricultural practices, offering potential strategies for optimizing plant growth and productivity in various lighting environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linge Li
- Experimental & Computational Plant Development, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jesse Wonder
- Experimental & Computational Plant Development, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ticho Helming
- Experimental & Computational Plant Development, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Asselt
- Experimental & Computational Plant Development, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chrysoula K Pantazopoulou
- Experimental & Computational Plant Development, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yorrit van de Kaa
- Experimental & Computational Plant Development, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Kohlen
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Cluster Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, PB, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Pierik
- Experimental & Computational Plant Development, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kaisa Kajala
- Experimental & Computational Plant Development, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Vicentini G, Biancucci M, Mineri L, Chirivì D, Giaume F, Miao Y, Kyozuka J, Brambilla V, Betti C, Fornara F. Environmental control of rice flowering time. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100610. [PMID: 37147799 PMCID: PMC10504588 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Correct measurement of environmental parameters is fundamental for plant fitness and survival, as well as for timing developmental transitions, including the switch from vegetative to reproductive growth. Important parameters that affect flowering time include day length (photoperiod) and temperature. Their response pathways have been best described in Arabidopsis, which currently offers a detailed conceptual framework and serves as a comparison for other species. Rice, the focus of this review, also possesses a photoperiodic flowering pathway, but 150 million years of divergent evolution in very different environments have diversified its molecular architecture. The ambient temperature perception pathway is strongly intertwined with the photoperiod pathway and essentially converges on the same genes to modify flowering time. When observing network topologies, it is evident that the rice flowering network is centered on EARLY HEADING DATE 1, a rice-specific transcriptional regulator. Here, we summarize the most important features of the rice photoperiodic flowering network, with an emphasis on its uniqueness, and discuss its connections with hormonal, temperature perception, and stress pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Vicentini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Biancucci
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Mineri
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Chirivì
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Giaume
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Yiling Miao
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Junko Kyozuka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Vittoria Brambilla
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Camilla Betti
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Fornara
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Lee SY, Park K, Jang BK, Ji B, Lee H, Baskin CC, Cho JS. Exogenous gibberellin can effectively and rapidly break intermediate physiological dormancy of Amsonia elliptica seeds. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1043897. [PMID: 36388572 PMCID: PMC9643720 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1043897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Accelerated global warming is leading to the loss of plant species diversity, and ex situ preservation of seeds is becoming an increasingly important aspect of species conservation. However, information on dormancy and germination is lacking in many endangered species. Amsonia elliptica (Apocynaceae) is the only Amsonia species native to Korea, and the South Korean Ministry of Environment has designated it Class II endangered wildlife. Nevertheless, the dormancy class and the dormancy breaking method for seeds of this species for germination are not precisely known. We identified the structure of A. elliptica seeds and the causes of dormancy, which inhibits germination. In addition, we tried to develop an effective germination promotion method by testing the wet stratified condition, which breaks dormancy, and the form of gibberellin that can replace it. Fresh seeds of A. elliptica imbibe water, but the covering layers (endosperm and seed coat) inhibit germination by mechanically restricting the embryo. Initial germination tests confirmed low embryo growth potential and physiological dormancy (PD). Restriction due to the covering layer was eliminated by seed scarification, and abnormal germination was observed. After 12 weeks of cold moist stratification at 4°C, only 12% of seeds germinated. However, 68.8% of seeds subjected to 8 weeks of warm moist stratification followed by 12 weeks of cold stratification germinated, indicating that warm stratification pretreatment before cold stratification is effective in breaking dormancy. A. elliptica seeds exhibited intermediate PD. Furthermore, 61.3% of seeds soaked in 500 mg/L GA4+7 for 14 days and incubated at 25/15°C germinated. Therefore, GA4+7 rapidly broke the dormancy of A. elliptica seeds compared with warm plus cold stratification treatment, thus providing an efficient method for seedling production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yeob Lee
- Kiban Operation Department (KOD) production planning, The Kiban Co. Ltd., Anseong, South Korea
- Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Health Industry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Kyungtae Park
- Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Health Industry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Bo-Kook Jang
- Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Health Industry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Garden and Plant Resources Division, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, South Korea
| | - Boran Ji
- Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Health Industry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hamin Lee
- Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Health Industry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Carol C. Baskin
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Ju-Sung Cho
- Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Health Industry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
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Tente E, Carrera E, Gordon A, Boyd LA. The Role of the Wheat Reduced height ( Rht)-DELLA Mutants and Associated Hormones in Infection by Claviceps purpurea, the Causal Agent of Ergot. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:842-851. [PMID: 34698539 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-21-0189-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Partial resistance to the biotrophic fungal pathogen Claviceps purpurea, causal agent of ergot, has been found that colocates with mutant alleles of the wheat Reduced height (Rht) loci on chromosomes 4B and 4D. These Rht loci represent the wheat orthologs of the Arabidopsis Della genes. To investigate the role of the Rht mutant DELLA proteins in ergot resistance, we assessed C. purpurea infection in wheat near-isogenic lines (NILs) carrying the gibberellic acid (GA)-insensitive semidwarf alleles Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b and the severe dwarf alleles Rht-B1c and Rht-D1c. NILs of the GA-sensitive alleles Rht8 (chromosome 2D) and Rht12 (chromosome 5A) were also included. A general trend toward increased resistance to C. purpurea, with smaller and lighter sclerotia, was observed on the NILs Rht-B1b, Rht-D1b, Rht-B1c, and Rht-D1c, and also on Rht8. Levels of the bioactive GA4 and the auxin indole-3-acetic acid increased after inoculation with C. purpurea, following similar patterns and implicating a potential auxin-mediated induction of GA biosynthesis. In contrast, jasmonic acid (JA) levels fell in the parental lines 'Mercia' and 'Maris Huntsman' after inoculation with C. purpurea, but increased in all the Rht-mutant NILs. Inoculation with C. purpurea did not show any informative changes in the levels of salicylic acid. Our results suggest that GA-mediated degradation of the DELLA proteins and down-regulation of JA-signaling pathways supports infection of wheat by C. purpurea. As these responses are generally associated with necrotrophic fungal pathogens, we propose that the biotroph C. purpurea may have a necrotrophic growth stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Tente
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Cambridge CB3 0LE, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Carrera
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Anna Gordon
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Cambridge CB3 0LE, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley A Boyd
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Cambridge CB3 0LE, United Kingdom
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He H, Yamamuro C. Interplays between auxin and GA signaling coordinate early fruit development. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab078. [PMID: 35043212 PMCID: PMC8955447 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones and their interactions are critical for fruit development and, are key topics in horticulture research. Auxin, together with gibberellic acid (GA), promotes cell division and expansion, thus subsequently regulates fruit development and enlargement after fertilization. Auxin and GA related mutants show parthenocarpy (fruit formation without fertilization of ovule) in many plant species, indicating that these hormones and possibly their interactions play a key role in the regulation of fruit initiation and development. Recent studies have shown clear molecular and genetic evidence that ARF/IAA and DELLA protein interact each other and regulate both auxin and GA signaling pathways in response to auxin and GA during fruit growth in horticultural plants, tomato (the most studied freshy fruit) and strawberry (the model of Rosaceae). These recent findings provide new insights into the mechanisms by which plant hormones auxin and GA regulate fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai He
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Chizuko Yamamuro
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
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Kupke BM, Tucker MR, Able JA, Porker KD. Manipulation of Barley Development and Flowering Time by Exogenous Application of Plant Growth Regulators. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:694424. [PMID: 35046965 PMCID: PMC8761979 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.694424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Matching flowering time to the optimal flowering period in Mediterranean cropping zones is pivotal to maximize yield. Aside from variety selection and sowing date, growers have limited options to alter development in season. Plant hormones and growth regulators are used in perennial horticultural systems to manipulate development and floral initiation. In this study, a range of plant hormonal products were tested to analyze their effects on barley (Hordeum vulgare L) development by exogenous spray applications. Plants were grown in controlled conditions under long and short photoperiods with different vernalization treatments. The gibberellin (GA) products demonstrated the greatest potential for altering development. The GA inhibitor trinexapac-ethyl was able to delay the time to flowering in genetically divergent barley cultivars by up to 200 degree days under controlled conditions. A similar delay in flowering could be achieved via application at both early (GS13) and late (GS33) stages, with higher rates delaying flowering further. Notably, trinexapac-ethyl was able to extend the duration of pre-anthesis phases of development. By contrast, GA3 was unable to accelerate development under extreme short (8 h) or long (16 h) day lengths. There was also little evidence that GA3 could reproducibly accelerate development under intermediate 10-12 h day lengths. In addition, sprays of the cytokinin 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) were unable to reduce the vernalization requirement of the winter genotype Urambie. The present study provides baseline data for plant growth regulator treatments that delay cereal development. These treatments might be extended in field studies to align flowering of early sown crops to the optimal flowering period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan M. Kupke
- School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
- Agronomy Group, Crop Sciences Research Division, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Matthew R. Tucker
- School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Jason A. Able
- School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Kenton D. Porker
- School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
- Agronomy Group, Crop Sciences Research Division, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
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Capelli M, Lauri PÉ, Léchaudel M, Normand F. Hormones and carbohydrates are both involved in the negative effects of reproduction on vegetative bud outgrowth in the mango tree: consequences for irregular bearing. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:2293-2307. [PMID: 34089058 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The negative effects of fruit production during one cycle on reproduction during the following cycle are generally explained by two complementary processes: hormone synthesis and carbohydrate mobilization. Our study focused on mango (Mangifera indica L.) for which it has been shown that reproduction decreases and delays vegetative bud outgrowth. This, in turn, affects flowering and fruiting in the following cycle. Vegetative growth therefore plays a pivotal role in irregular fruit production patterns across consecutive years. Our aim was to decipher the respective roles of hormones and carbohydrates on the negative effects of reproduction on vegetative growth. We analyzed the changes in various hormone (auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid) and carbohydrate (glucose, sucrose, starch) concentrations in terminal axes with vegetative and reproductive fates of two mango cultivars, Cogshall and José, characterized by different bearing patterns, across consecutive phenological periods during a growing cycle. Auxin concentrations were high in inflorescences, fruit peduncles and axes bearing inflorescences or fruit, suggesting auxin-induced inhibition of vegetative bud outgrowth in the flowering and fruiting axes. Moreover, growing fruits, which are strong sink organs, depleted carbohydrates from non-fruiting axes. During vegetative growth, this starch depletion probably contributed to decreasing the probability of and to delaying vegetative bud outgrowth of reproductive axes for Cogshall, and of reproductive and nonreproductive axes for José. Starch dynamics in quiescent and flowering growth units during early fruit growth and their starch concentrations at fruit maturity differed between the two cultivars, presumably in relation to the observed contrasted crop loads and/or to differences in photosynthetic capacity or carbohydrate allocation. These differences between the two cultivars in terms of starch concentration in terminal axes during vegetative growth could partly explain their different bearing patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Capelli
- CIRAD, UPR HortSys, Station de Bassin Plat, PO Box 180, F-97455 Saint-Pierre, Réunion, France
- Université de Montpellier, 163 rue Auguste Broussonnet, F-34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre-Éric Lauri
- Université de Montpellier, 163 rue Auguste Broussonnet, F-34090 Montpellier, France
- INRAE, UMR ABSys, 2 place Viala, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Mathieu Léchaudel
- Université de Montpellier, 163 rue Auguste Broussonnet, F-34090 Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Station de Neufchâteau-Sainte-Marie, F-97130 Capesterre-Belle-Eau, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Frédéric Normand
- CIRAD, UPR HortSys, Station de Bassin Plat, PO Box 180, F-97455 Saint-Pierre, Réunion, France
- Université de Montpellier, 163 rue Auguste Broussonnet, F-34090 Montpellier, France
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Gualano L, Moriconi JI, Oliferuk S, Silva M, Tranquilli GE, Santa-María GE. Barley plants carrying the altered function Sln1d allele display modified responses to low phosphorus supply: implications for phosphorus utilisation efficiency. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2021; 48:780-792. [PMID: 33715765 DOI: 10.1071/fp19250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The module GA-GID1-DELLA (Gibberellin-Gibberellin Receptor-DELLA proteins) provides a point for the integration of signals potentially relevant in determining nutrient utilisation and acquisition efficiencies. In this study, we explored the role of components of this module during the acclimation of barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L.) to different phosphorus (P) supplies by using two related genotypes, harbouring either the WT or the Sln1d alleles of the DELLA-coding gene Sln1. Dwarf Sln1d plants exhibited reduced shoot P utilisation efficiency (PUtE) and better performance at low levels of P supply. The superior PUtE displayed by WT plants disappeared when corrected by internal P concentration, indicating that multiple analyses are necessary to fully understand the meaning of PUtE estimates. Over a wide range of external supplies of P, Sln1d plants displayed enhanced P concentration, which was associated with low relative growth rate, high biomass partitioning to roots and high P-uptake-rate, thus suggesting that the effect of the Sln1d allele on P dynamics is not simply a consequence of slow growth habit. An enhanced P concentration was also found in a mutant with defective GAs-synthesis. Our results suggest that components of the GA-GID1-DELLAs module contribute to set the acclimation response of barley plants to low P supply through both P-dynamics dependent and P-dynamics independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Gualano
- Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (CONICET-UNSAM), Avenida Intendente Marino, km 8.2, Chascomús, 7130, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge I Moriconi
- Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (CONICET-UNSAM), Avenida Intendente Marino, km 8.2, Chascomús, 7130, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sonia Oliferuk
- Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (CONICET-UNSAM), Avenida Intendente Marino, km 8.2, Chascomús, 7130, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martha Silva
- Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (CONICET-UNSAM), Avenida Intendente Marino, km 8.2, Chascomús, 7130, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela E Tranquilli
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales, Instituto de Recursos Biológicos. Castelar. N. Repetto y Los Reseros s/n. Hurlingham, 1686, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo E Santa-María
- Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (CONICET-UNSAM), Avenida Intendente Marino, km 8.2, Chascomús, 7130, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Corresponding author.
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Ikram M, Ali N, Jan G, Jan FG, Khan N. Endophytic Fungal Diversity and their Interaction with Plants for Agriculture Sustainability Under Stressful Condition. Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric 2021; 11:115-123. [PMID: 31195952 DOI: 10.2174/2212798410666190612130139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi are an interesting group of organisms that colonize the healthy internal tissues of living plants, and do not cause any symptoms of disease in the host plants. Several decades of study and research have rustled the co-existing endophytes with their host plants, which can significantly influence the formation of metabolic products in plants, as they have the ability to produce a new interesting bioactive compound, which is of pharmaceutical, industrial and agricultural importance. Empirical evidences have indicated that endophytic fungi can confer profound impacts on plant communities by enhancing their growth, increasing their fitness, strengthening their tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, enhancing the defense mechanism and promoting the accumulation of secondary metabolites that provide immunity against pathogens. Many of these compounds are novel products and could be granted patents. Further, there are growing interests of multinational companies using these patents prepared in special formula to sell in international markets. This review addresses biodiversity and biological roles of endophytic fungi in association with their host plants through reviewing published research data obtained from the last 30 years and highlights their importance for plants, industry as well as ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ikram
- Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Niaz Ali
- Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Gul Jan
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Farzana G Jan
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Khan
- Department of Plant Scienes, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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10
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Kandpal M, Vishwakarma C, Krishnan K, Chinnusamy V, Pareek A, Sharma MK, Sharma R. Gene Expression Dynamics in Rice Peduncles at the Heading Stage. Front Genet 2020; 11:584678. [PMID: 33343630 PMCID: PMC7744745 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.584678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving grain yield in the staple food crop rice has been long sought goal of plant biotechnology. One of the traits with significant impact on rice breeding programs is peduncle elongation at the time of heading failing which leads to significant reduction in grain yield due to incomplete panicle exsertion. To decipher transcriptional dynamics and molecular players underlying peduncle elongation, we performed RNA sequencing analysis of elongating and non-elongating peduncles in two Indian cultivars, Swarna and Pokkali, at the time of heading. Along with genes associated with cell division and cell wall biosynthesis, we observed significant enrichment of genes associated with auxins, gibberellins, and brassinosteroid biosynthesis/signaling in the elongating peduncles before heading in both the genotypes. Similarly, genes associated with carbohydrate metabolism and mobilization, abiotic stress response along with cytokinin, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene biosynthesis/signaling were enriched in non-elongating peduncles post heading. Significant enrichment of genes belonging to key transcription factor families highlights their specialized roles in peduncle elongation and grain filling before and after heading, respectively. A comparison with anther/pollen development-related genes provided 76 candidates with overlapping roles in anther/pollen development and peduncle elongation. Some of these are important for carbohydrate remobilization to the developing grains. These can be engineered to combat with incomplete panicle exsertion in male sterile lines and manipulate carbohydrate dynamics in grasses. Overall, this study provides baseline information about potential target genes for engineering peduncle elongation with implications on plant height, biomass composition and grain yields in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Kandpal
- Grass Genetics and Informatics Group, School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Chandrapal Vishwakarma
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Kushagra Krishnan
- Grass Genetics and Informatics Group, School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Viswanathan Chinnusamy
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashwani Pareek
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Manoj K. Sharma
- Grass Genetics and Informatics Group, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rita Sharma
- Grass Genetics and Informatics Group, School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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GOSWAMI M, DEKA S. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria—alleviators of abiotic stresses in soil: A review. PEDOSPHERE 2020; 30:40-61. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/s1002-0160(19)60839-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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12
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Antioxidant and the Dwarfing Candidate Gene of "Nantongxiaofangshi" ( Diospyros kaki Thunb.). OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1629845. [PMID: 31885771 PMCID: PMC6899303 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1629845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this work were to identify genes related to dwarfing for subsequent dwarfing-related research in persimmon and evaluate the relationship between antioxidant activity, dwarf, and hormones of persimmon trees for analyzing the possible dwarf mechanism oxidation factors. In the present study, a transcriptome analysis of “Nantongxiaofangshi” was used to identify and clone 22 candidate genes related to gibberellin signal transduction pathways and synthetic pathway. The expression of these genes was assessed in two persimmon cultivars, “Dafangshi” and “Nantongxiaofangshi,” by RT-qPCR at different phenological stages and in response to the exogenous application of GA3 (GA treatment) and PAZ (paclobutrazol, a plant growth inhibitor, also called PP333). The results revealed differential expression of 14 of these 22 genes in the two varieties. Subsequently, endogenous hormone levels were assessed of the two varieties, along with the number of internodes and internode length. The results suggested that the persimmon could be used as a valuable and powerful natural candidate for providing information on the functional role of dwarfing.
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13
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Duan AQ, Feng K, Liu JX, Que F, Xu ZS, Xiong AS. Elevated gibberellin altered morphology, anatomical structure, and transcriptional regulatory networks of hormones in celery leaves. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1507-1517. [PMID: 31168667 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01396-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellins (GAs), as one of the important hormones in regulating the growth and development of higher plants, can significantly promote cell elongation and expansion. Celery is a widely grown leafy vegetable crop with rich nutritional value. However, the effect of gibberellins on celery leaves is unclear. In this paper, the celery variety "Jinnan Shiqin" plants were treated with gibberellic acid (GA3) and paclobutrazol (PBZ, a gibberellin inhibitor). Our results showed that GA3 treatment promoted the growth of celery leaves and caused lignification of celery leaf tissue. In addition, the transcript levels of genes associated with gibberellins, auxin, cytokinins, ethylene, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, and brassinolide were altered in response to increased or decreased exogenous gibberellins or inhibitor. GA3 may regulate celery growth by interacting with other hormones through crosstalk mechanisms. This study provided a reference for further study of the regulation mechanism of gibberellins metabolism, and exerted effects on understanding the role of gibberellins in the growth and development of celery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao-Qi Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jie-Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Que
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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14
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Moriconi JI, Kotula L, Santa-María GE, Colmer TD. Root phenotypes of dwarf and "overgrowth" SLN1 barley mutants, and implications for hypoxic stress tolerance. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 234-235:60-70. [PMID: 30665049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellins are central to the regulation of plant development and growth. Action of gibberellins involves the degradation of DELLA proteins, which are negative regulators of growth. In barley (Hordeum vulgare), certain mutations affecting genes involved in gibberellin synthesis or coding for the barley DELLA protein (Sln1) confer dwarfism. Recent studies have identified new alleles of Sln1 with the capacity to revert the dwarf phenotype back to the taller phenotypes. While the effect of these overgrowth alleles on shoot phenotypes has been explored, no information is available for roots. Here, we examined aspects of the root phenotypes displayed by plants with various Sln1 gene alleles, and tested responses to growth in an O2-deficient root-zone as occurs during soil waterlogging. One overgrowth line, bearing the Sln1d.8 allele carrying two amino acid substitutions (one in the amino terminus and one in the GRAS domain of the encoded DELLA protein), displays profound and opposite effects on shoot height and root length. While it stimulates shoot height, it severely compromises root length by a reduction of cell size in zones distal to the root apex. In addition, Sln1d.8 plants counteract the negative effect of the original mutation on the formation of adventitious roots. Interestingly, plants bearing this allele display enhanced resistance to flooding stress in a way non-related with increased root porosity. Thus, various Sln1 gene alleles contribute to root phenotypes and can also influence plant responses to root-zone O2-deficiency stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge I Moriconi
- Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (CONICET-UNSAM), Avenida Intendente Marino, km 8.2, Chascomús, 7130 Buenos Aires, Argentina; UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Lukasz Kotula
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Guillermo E Santa-María
- Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (CONICET-UNSAM), Avenida Intendente Marino, km 8.2, Chascomús, 7130 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Timothy D Colmer
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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15
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McKim SM. How plants grow up. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:257-277. [PMID: 30697935 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A plant's lateral structures, such as leaves, branches and flowers, literally hinge on the shoot axis, making its integrity and growth fundamental to plant form. In all plants, subapical proliferation within the shoot tip displaces cells downward to extrude the cylindrical stem. Following the transition to flowering, many plants show extensive axial elongation associated with increased subapical proliferation and expansion. However, the cereal grasses also elongate their stems, called culms, due to activity within detached intercalary meristems which displaces cells upward, elevating the grain-bearing inflorescence. Variation in culm length within species is especially relevant to cereal crops, as demonstrated by the high-yielding semi-dwarfed cereals of the Green Revolution. Although previously understudied, recent renewed interest the regulation of subapical and intercalary growth suggests that control of cell division planes, boundary formation and temporal dynamics of differentiation, are likely critical mechanisms coordinating axial growth and development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M McKim
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
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16
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Liu J, Sherif SM. Hormonal Orchestration of Bud Dormancy Cycle in Deciduous Woody Perennials. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1136. [PMID: 31620159 PMCID: PMC6759871 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Woody perennials enter seasonal dormancy to avoid unfavorable environmental conditions. Plant hormones are the critical mediators regulating this complex process, which is subject to the influence of many internal and external factors. Over the last two decades, our knowledge of hormone-mediated dormancy has increased considerably, primarily due to advancements in molecular biology, omics, and bioinformatics. These advancements have enabled the elucidation of several aspects of hormonal regulation associated with bud dormancy in various deciduous tree species. Plant hormones interact with each other extensively in a context-dependent manner. The dormancy-associated MADS (DAM) transcription factors appear to enable hormones and other internal signals associated with the transition between different phases of bud dormancy. These proteins likely hold a great potential in deciphering the underlying mechanisms of dormancy initiation, maintenance, and release. In this review, a recent understanding of the roles of plant hormones, their cross talks, and their potential interactions with DAM proteins during dormancy is discussed.
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17
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Bessho-Uehara K, Nugroho JE, Kondo H, Angeles-Shim RB, Ashikari M. Sucrose affects the developmental transition of rhizomes in Oryza longistaminata. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:693-707. [PMID: 29740707 PMCID: PMC6488557 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-018-1033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Oryza longistaminata, the African wild rice, can propagate vegetatively through rhizomes. Rhizomes elongate horizontally underground as sink organs, however, they undergo a developmental transition that shifts their growth to the surface of the ground to become aerial stems. This particular stage is essential for the establishment of new ramets. While several determinants such as abiotic stimuli and plant hormones have been reported as key factors effecting developmental transition in aerial stem, the cause of this phenomenon in rhizome remains elusive. This study shows that depletion of nutrients, particularly sucrose, is the key stimulus that induces the developmental transition in rhizomes, as indicated by the gradient of sugars from the base to the tip of the rhizome. Sugar treatments revealed that sucrose specifically represses the developmental transition from rhizome to aerial stem by inhibiting the expression of sugar metabolism and hormone synthesis genes at the bending point. Sucrose depletion affected several factors contributing to the developmental transition of rhizome including signal transduction, transcriptional regulation and plant hormone balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Bessho-Uehara
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Jovano Erris Nugroho
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hirono Kondo
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Rosalyn B Angeles-Shim
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Motoyuki Ashikari
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
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Egamberdieva D, Wirth SJ, Alqarawi AA, Abd_Allah EF, Hashem A. Phytohormones and Beneficial Microbes: Essential Components for Plants to Balance Stress and Fitness. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2104. [PMID: 29163398 PMCID: PMC5671593 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are subjected to various abiotic stresses, such as drought, extreme temperature, salinity, and heavy metals. Abiotic stresses have negative impact on the physiology and morphology of plants through defects in the genetic regulation of cellular pathways. Plants employ several tolerance mechanisms and pathways to avert the effects of stresses that are triggered whenever alterations in metabolism are encountered. Phytohormones are among the most important growth regulators; they are known for having a prominent impact on plant metabolism, and additionally, they play a vital role in the stimulation of plant defense response mechanisms against stresses. Exogenous phytohormone supplementation has been adopted to improve growth and metabolism under stress conditions. Recent investigations have shown that phytohormones produced by root-associated microbes may prove to be important metabolic engineering targets for inducing host tolerance to abiotic stresses. Phytohormone biosynthetic pathways have been identified using several genetic and biochemical methods, and numerous reviews are currently available on this topic. Here, we review current knowledge on the function of phytohormones involved in the improvement of abiotic stress tolerance and defense response in plants exposed to different stressors. We focus on recent successes in identifying the roles of microbial phytohormones that induce stress tolerance, especially in crop plants. In doing so, this review highlights important plant morpho-physiological traits that can be exploited to identify the positive effects of phytohormones on stress tolerance. This review will therefore be helpful to plant physiologists and agricultural microbiologists in designing strategies and tools for the development of broad spectrum microbial inoculants supporting sustainable crop production under hostile environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilfuza Egamberdieva
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Institute of Landscape Biogeochemistry, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Stephan J. Wirth
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Institute of Landscape Biogeochemistry, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Abdulaziz A. Alqarawi
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elsayed F. Abd_Allah
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer Hashem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Mycology and Plant Disease Survey Department, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
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19
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Khalloufi M, Martínez-Andújar C, Lachaâl M, Karray-Bouraoui N, Pérez-Alfocea F, Albacete A. The interaction between foliar GA 3 application and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation improves growth in salinized tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants by modifying the hormonal balance. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 214:134-144. [PMID: 28482334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The agriculture industry is frequently affected by various abiotic stresses limiting plant productivity. To decrease the negative effect of salinity and improve growth performance, some strategies have been used, such as exogenous application of plant growth regulators (i.e. gibberellic acid, GA3), or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation. To gain insights about the cross-talk effect of exogenous GA3 application and AMF inoculation on growth under salinity conditions, tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum, cv. TT-115) were inoculated or not with the AMF Rhizophagus irregularis and exposed to different treatments during two weeks: 0M GA3+0mM NaCl, 10-6M GA3+0mM NaCl, 0M GA3+100mM NaCl and 10-6M GA3+100mM NaCl. Results have revealed that AMF inoculation or GA3 application alone, but especially their interaction, resulted in growth improvement under salinity conditions. The growth improvement observed in AMF-inoculated tomato plants under salinity conditions was mainly associated to ionic factors (higherK concentration and K/Na ratio) while the alleviating effect of GA3 application and its interaction with AMF appear to be due to changes in the hormonal balance. Foliar GA3 application was found to increase the active gibberellins (GAs), resulting in a positive correlation between GA3 and the growth-related parameters. Furthermore, cytokinins, indoleacetic acid and abscisic acid concentrations increased in AMF inoculated or GA3 treated plants but, notably, in AMF plants treated with GA3, which showed improved growth under salinity conditions. This suggests that there is an interactive positive effect between GAs and AMF which alleviates growth impairment under salinity conditions by modifying the hormonal balance of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Khalloufi
- Department of Plant Nutrition, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Unité de Physiologie et Biochimie de la Réponse des Plantes aux Contraintes Abiotiques, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire, 2092 Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | | | - Mokhtar Lachaâl
- Unité de Physiologie et Biochimie de la Réponse des Plantes aux Contraintes Abiotiques, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire, 2092 Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Najoua Karray-Bouraoui
- Unité de Physiologie et Biochimie de la Réponse des Plantes aux Contraintes Abiotiques, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire, 2092 Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Francisco Pérez-Alfocea
- Department of Plant Nutrition, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alfonso Albacete
- Department of Plant Nutrition, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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20
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Acheampong AK, Zheng C, Halaly T, Giacomelli L, Takebayashi Y, Jikumaru Y, Kamiya Y, Lichter A, Or E. Abnormal Endogenous Repression of GA Signaling in a Seedless Table Grape Cultivar with High Berry Growth Response to GA Application. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:850. [PMID: 28596775 PMCID: PMC5442209 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellin (GA) application is routinely used in the table grape industry to increase berry size and cluster length. Although grapevine cultivars show a wide range of growth responsiveness to GA3 application, the reasons for these differences is unclear. To shed light on this issue, two commercial grapevine cultivars with contrasting berry response to GA were selected for comparative analysis, in which we tested if the differences in response: (1) is organ-specific or cultivar-related; (2) will be reflected in qualitative/quantitative differences in transcripts/proteins of central components of GA metabolism and signaling and levels of GA metabolites. Our results showed that in addition to the high response of its berries to GA, internodes and rachis of cv. Black finger (BF) presented a greater growth response compared to that of cv. Spring blush (SB). In agreement, the results exposed significant quantitative differences in GA signaling components in several organs of both cultivars. Exceptionally higher level of all three functional VvDELLA proteins was recorded in young BF organs, accompanied by elevated VvGID1 expression and lower VvSLY1b transcripts. Absence of seed traces, low endogenous GA quantities and lower expression of VvGA20ox4 and VvGA3ox3 were also recorded in berries of BF. Our results raise the hypothesis that, in young organs of BF, low expression of VvSLY1b may be responsible for the massive accumulation of VvDELLA proteins, which then leads to elevated VvGID1 levels. This integrated analysis suggests causal relationship between endogenous mechanisms leading to anomalous GA signaling repression in BF, manifested by high quantities of VvDELLA proteins, and greater growth response to GA application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiako K. Acheampong
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani CenterBet Dagan, Israel
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, The Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovot, Israel
| | - Chuanlin Zheng
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani CenterBet Dagan, Israel
| | - Tamar Halaly
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani CenterBet Dagan, Israel
| | - Lisa Giacomelli
- Research and Innovation Centre-Fondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Amnon Lichter
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani CenterBet Dagan, Israel
| | - Etti Or
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani CenterBet Dagan, Israel
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21
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Cantalapiedra CP, García-Pereira MJ, Gracia MP, Igartua E, Casas AM, Contreras-Moreira B. Large Differences in Gene Expression Responses to Drought and Heat Stress between Elite Barley Cultivar Scarlett and a Spanish Landrace. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:647. [PMID: 28507554 PMCID: PMC5410667 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Drought causes important losses in crop production every season. Improvement for drought tolerance could take advantage of the diversity held in germplasm collections, much of which has not been incorporated yet into modern breeding. Spanish landraces constitute a promising resource for barley breeding, as they were widely grown until last century and still show good yielding ability under stress. Here, we study the transcriptome expression landscape in two genotypes, an outstanding Spanish landrace-derived inbred line (SBCC073) and a modern cultivar (Scarlett). Gene expression of adult plants after prolonged stresses, either drought or drought combined with heat, was monitored. Transcriptome of mature leaves presented little changes under severe drought, whereas abundant gene expression changes were observed under combined mild drought and heat. Developing inflorescences of SBCC073 exhibited mostly unaltered gene expression, whereas numerous changes were found in the same tissues for Scarlett. Genotypic differences in physiological traits and gene expression patterns confirmed the different behavior of landrace SBCC073 and cultivar Scarlett under abiotic stress, suggesting that they responded to stress following different strategies. A comparison with related studies in barley, addressing gene expression responses to drought, revealed common biological processes, but moderate agreement regarding individual differentially expressed transcripts. Special emphasis was put in the search of co-expressed genes and underlying common regulatory motifs. Overall, 11 transcription factors were identified, and one of them matched cis-regulatory motifs discovered upstream of co-expressed genes involved in those responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos P. Cantalapiedra
- Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (CSIC)Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María J. García-Pereira
- Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (CSIC)Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María P. Gracia
- Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (CSIC)Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ernesto Igartua
- Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (CSIC)Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana M. Casas
- Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (CSIC)Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Bruno Contreras-Moreira
- Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (CSIC)Zaragoza, Spain
- Fundación ARAIDZaragoza, Spain
- *Correspondence: Bruno Contreras-Moreira
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22
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Heat-induced phytohormone changes are associated with disrupted early reproductive development and reduced yield in rice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34978. [PMID: 27713528 PMCID: PMC5054528 DOI: 10.1038/srep34978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress causes morphological and physiological changes and reduces crop yield in rice (Oryza sativa). To investigate changes in phytohormones and their relationships with yield and other attributes under heat stress, four rice varieties (Nagina22, Huanghuazhan, Liangyoupeijiu, and Shanyou 63) were grown in pots and subjected to three high temperature treatments plus control in temperature-controlled greenhouses for 15 d during the early reproductive phase. Yield reductions in Nagina22, Huanghuazhan, and Liangyoupeijiu were attributed to reductions in spikelet fertility, spikelets per panicle, and grain weight. The adverse effects of high temperature were alleviated by application of exogenous 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) in the heat-susceptible Liangyoupeijiu. High temperature stress reduced active cytokinins, gibberellin A1 (GA1), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), but increased abscisic acid (ABA) and bound cytokinins in young panicles. Correlation analyses and application of exogenous 6-BA revealed that high temperature-induced cytokinin changes may regulate yield components by modulating the differentiation and degradation of branches and spikelets, panicle exsertion, pollen vigor, anther dehiscence, and grain size. Heat-tolerant Shanyou 63 displayed minor changes in phytohormones, panicle formation, and grain yield under high temperature compared with those of the other three varieties. These results suggest that phytohormone changes are closely associated with yield formation, and a small reduction or stability in phytohormone content is required to avoid large yield losses under heat stress.
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23
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Ross JJ, Quittenden LJ. Interactions between Brassinosteroids and Gibberellins: Synthesis or Signaling? THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:829-32. [PMID: 27006485 PMCID: PMC4863384 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John J Ross
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of TasmaniaSandy Bay, Tasmania, Australia 7005
| | - Laura J Quittenden
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of TasmaniaSandy Bay, Tasmania, Australia 7005
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24
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Jeon HW, Cho JS, Park EJ, Han KH, Choi YI, Ko JH. Developing xylem-preferential expression of PdGA20ox1, a gibberellin 20-oxidase 1 from Pinus densiflora, improves woody biomass production in a hybrid poplar. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:1161-70. [PMID: 26503830 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Woody biomass has gained popularity as an environmentally friendly, renewable and sustainable resource for liquid fuel production. Here, we demonstrate biotechnological improvement of the quantity and quality of woody biomass by employing developing xylem (DX)-preferential production of gibberellin (GA), a phytohormone that positively regulates stem growth. First, for the proof of concept experiment, we produced transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing GA20-oxidase, a key enzyme in the production of bioactive GAs, from Pinus densiflora (PdGA20ox1) under the control of either a constitutive 35S promoter, designated 35S::PdGA20ox1, or a DX-specific promoter (originated from poplar), designated DX15::PdGA20ox1. As we hypothesized, both transgenic Arabidopsis plants (35S::PdGA20ox1 and DX15::PdGA20ox1) exhibited an accelerated stem growth that resulted in a large increase of biomass, up to 300% compared to wild-type control plants, together with increased secondary wall thickening and elongation of fibre cells. Next, we applied our concept to the production of transgenic poplar trees. Both transgenic poplar trees (35S::PdGA20ox1 and DX15::PdGA20ox1) showed dramatic increases in biomass, up to 300%, with accelerated stem growth and xylem differentiation. Cell wall monosaccharide composition analysis revealed that in both Arabidopsis and poplar, glucose and xylose contents were significantly increased. However, undesirable phenotypes of 35S::PdGA20ox1 poplar, including poor root growth and leaf development, were found. Interestingly, DX15::PdGA20ox1 poplar resulted in a reduction of undesirable phenotypes. Our results indicate that the controlled production of GAs through a tissue-specific promoter can be utilized as an efficient biotechnological tool for producing enhanced plant biomass, minimizing unwanted effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Woo Jeon
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
| | - Jin-Seong Cho
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
- Division of Forest Biotechnology, Korea Forest Research Institute, Suwon, Korea
| | - Eung-Jun Park
- Division of Forest Biotechnology, Korea Forest Research Institute, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwan Han
- Department of Horticulture and Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Young-Im Choi
- Division of Forest Biotechnology, Korea Forest Research Institute, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jae-Heung Ko
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
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Avila LM, Cerrudo D, Swanton C, Lukens L. Brevis plant1, a putative inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase, is required for internode elongation in maize. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:1577-88. [PMID: 26767748 PMCID: PMC4762392 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In maize (Zea mays L.), as in other grass species, stem elongation occurs during growth and most noticeably upon the transition to flowering. Genes that reduce stem elongation have been important to reduce stem breakage, or lodging. Stem elongation has been mediated by dwarf and brachytic/brevis plant mutants that affect giberellic acid and auxin pathways, respectively. Maize brevis plant1 (bv1) mutants, first identified over 80 years ago, strongly resemble brachytic2 mutants that have shortened internodes, short internode cells, and are deficient in auxin transport. Here, we characterized two novel bv1 maize mutants. We found that an inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase orthologue of the rice gene dwarf50 was the molecular basis for the bv1 phenotype, implicating auxin-mediated inositol polyphosphate and/or phosphoinositide signalling in stem elongation. We suggest that auxin-mediated internode elongation involves processes that also contribute to stem gravitropism. Genes misregulated in bv1 mutants included genes important for cell wall synthesis, transmembrane transport, and cytoskeletal function. Mutant and wild-type plants were indistinguishable early in development, responded similarly to changes in light quality, had unaltered flowering times, and had normal flower development. These attributes suggest that breeding could utilize bv1 alleles to increase crop grain yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Avila
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Diego Cerrudo
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Clarence Swanton
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lewis Lukens
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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Fang W, Zhao F, Sun Y, Xie D, Sun L, Xu Z, Zhu W, Yang L, Zhao Y, Lv S, Tang Z, Nie L, Li W, Hou J, Duan Z, Yu Y, Yang X. Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals Complex Molecular Regulation in Cotton Genic Male Sterile Mutant Yu98-8A. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133425. [PMID: 26382878 PMCID: PMC4575049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although cotton genic male sterility (GMS) plays an important role in the utilization of hybrid vigor, its precise molecular mechanism remains unclear. To characterize the molecular events of pollen abortion, transcriptome analysis, combined with histological observations, was conducted in the cotton GMS line, Yu98-8A. A total of 2,412 genes were identified as significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) before and during the critical pollen abortion stages. Bioinformatics and biochemical analysis showed that the DEGs mainly associated with sugars and starch metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and plant endogenous hormones play a critical and complicated role in pollen abortion. These findings extend a better understanding of the molecular events involved in the regulation of pollen abortion in genic male sterile cotton, which may provide a foundation for further research studies on cotton heterosis breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Fang
- Economic Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan province, 450002, R.P. China
- * E-mail: (WPF); (XJY)
| | - Fu'an Zhao
- Economic Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan province, 450002, R.P. China
| | - Yao Sun
- Economic Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan province, 450002, R.P. China
| | - Deyi Xie
- Economic Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan province, 450002, R.P. China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zhenzhen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Anyang, Henan province, 455000, R.P. China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, 450002, R.P. China
| | - Lirong Yang
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan province, 450002, R.P. China
| | - Yuanming Zhao
- Economic Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan province, 450002, R.P. China
| | - Shuping Lv
- Economic Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan province, 450002, R.P. China
| | - Zhongjie Tang
- Economic Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan province, 450002, R.P. China
| | - Lihong Nie
- Economic Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan province, 450002, R.P. China
| | - Wu Li
- Economic Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan province, 450002, R.P. China
| | - Jianan Hou
- Economic Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan province, 450002, R.P. China
| | - Zhengzheng Duan
- Economic Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan province, 450002, R.P. China
| | - Yuebo Yu
- Economic Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan province, 450002, R.P. China
| | - Xiaojie Yang
- Economic Crop Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan province, 450002, R.P. China
- * E-mail: (WPF); (XJY)
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Fahad S, Hussain S, Bano A, Saud S, Hassan S, Shan D, Khan FA, Khan F, Chen Y, Wu C, Tabassum MA, Chun MX, Afzal M, Jan A, Jan MT, Huang J. Potential role of phytohormones and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in abiotic stresses: consequences for changing environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:4907-4921. [PMID: 25369916 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-0143754-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants are sessile beings, so the need of mechanisms to flee from unfavorable circumstances has provided the development of unique and sophisticated responses to environmental stresses. Depending on the degree of plasticity, many morphological, cellular, anatomical, and physiological changes occur in plants in response to abiotic stress. Phytohormones are small molecules that play critical roles in regulating plant growth and development, as well as stress tolerance to promote survival and acclimatize to varying environments. To congregate the challenges of salinity, temperature extremes, and osmotic stress, plants use their genetic mechanism and different adaptive and biological approaches for survival and high production. In the present attempt, we review the potential role of different phytohormones and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in abiotic stresses and summarize the research progress in plant responses to abiotic stresses at physiological and molecular levels. We emphasized the regulatory circuits of abscisic acid, indole acetic acid, cytokinins, gibberellic acid, salicylic acid, brassinosteroids, jasmonates, ethylene, and triazole on exposure to abiotic stresses. Current progress is exemplified by the identification and validation of several significant genes that enhanced crop tolerance to stress in the field. These findings will make the modification of hormone biosynthetic pathways for the transgenic plant generation with augmented abiotic stress tolerance and boosting crop productivity in the coming decades possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Fahad
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
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Fahad S, Hussain S, Bano A, Saud S, Hassan S, Shan D, Khan FA, Khan F, Chen Y, Wu C, Tabassum MA, Chun MX, Afzal M, Jan A, Jan MT, Huang J. Potential role of phytohormones and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in abiotic stresses: consequences for changing environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:4907-21. [PMID: 25369916 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3754-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants are sessile beings, so the need of mechanisms to flee from unfavorable circumstances has provided the development of unique and sophisticated responses to environmental stresses. Depending on the degree of plasticity, many morphological, cellular, anatomical, and physiological changes occur in plants in response to abiotic stress. Phytohormones are small molecules that play critical roles in regulating plant growth and development, as well as stress tolerance to promote survival and acclimatize to varying environments. To congregate the challenges of salinity, temperature extremes, and osmotic stress, plants use their genetic mechanism and different adaptive and biological approaches for survival and high production. In the present attempt, we review the potential role of different phytohormones and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in abiotic stresses and summarize the research progress in plant responses to abiotic stresses at physiological and molecular levels. We emphasized the regulatory circuits of abscisic acid, indole acetic acid, cytokinins, gibberellic acid, salicylic acid, brassinosteroids, jasmonates, ethylene, and triazole on exposure to abiotic stresses. Current progress is exemplified by the identification and validation of several significant genes that enhanced crop tolerance to stress in the field. These findings will make the modification of hormone biosynthetic pathways for the transgenic plant generation with augmented abiotic stress tolerance and boosting crop productivity in the coming decades possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Fahad
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
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Park EJ, Lee WY, Kurepin LV, Zhang R, Janzen L, Pharis RP. Plant hormone-assisted early family selection in Pinus densiflora via a retrospective approach. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:86-94. [PMID: 25536962 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In an even-aged pine forest trees can vary considerably in stem size. We examined the basis for this anomaly using a retrospective approach. Twelve open-pollinated families of Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. were deliberately chosen for their variation in stem volumes at age 32 years. Seedlings obtained from these families were grown to age 6 months under optimal nursery conditions. Endogenous levels of growth hormones (auxin [IAA] and gibberellins [GAs]) and expression of the GA biosynthesis gene, PdGA20ox1, all assessed at age 3 months, were significantly correlated, across family, with seedling stem and/or shoot dry biomass at age 6 months. Retrospective comparisons of seedling growth, seedling stem tissue GA(20) and seedling stem expression levels of PdGA20ox1 were then made, across family, with tree stem growth at age 32 years. Age 6 months length and shoot dry biomass at age 6 months showed positive and significant Pearson's correlations with age 32 years tree stem diameters and a tree stem volume index, as did seedling stem tissue GA(20). Even seedling stem PdGA20ox1 expression levels were positively and near significantly (P = 0.088) correlated with age 32 years tree stem diameters. Auxin and GAs control nursery growth of seedlings at the family level, and this control also extends, for GAs at least, to field growth of older trees. We propose that family differences in PdGA20ox1 gene expression, and thus endogenous GA levels, may explain much of the natural variation seen for tree stem size in even-aged pine forests. If our hypothesis is correct, then the heritable components of variation in tree stem growth capacity should be predictable by hormonal and gene expression profiling. Such profiling, combined with the measurement of seedling phenotypic growth characters, could have the potential to accelerate the early selection of those conifer families that possess traits for inherently rapid stem wood growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eung-Jun Park
- Department of Forest Genetic Resources, Korea Forest Research Institute, Suwon 441-847, Republic of Korea
| | - Wi-Young Lee
- Department of Forest Genetic Resources, Korea Forest Research Institute, Suwon 441-847, Republic of Korea
| | - Leonid V Kurepin
- Biological Sciences Department, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4 Present address: Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Ruichuan Zhang
- Biological Sciences Department, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Loeke Janzen
- Biological Sciences Department, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Richard P Pharis
- Biological Sciences Department, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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Fahad S, Nie L, Chen Y, Wu C, Xiong D, Saud S, Hongyan L, Cui K, Huang J. Crop Plant Hormones and Environmental Stress. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09132-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Duca M, Port A, Orozco-Cardenas M, Lovatt C. Gibberellin-Induced Gene Expression Associated with Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Sunflower. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2008.10817536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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El-Sharkawy I, Sherif S, El Kayal W, Mahboob A, Abubaker K, Ravindran P, Jyothi-Prakash PA, Kumar PP, Jayasankar S. Characterization of gibberellin-signalling elements during plum fruit ontogeny defines the essentiality of gibberellin in fruit development. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 84:399-413. [PMID: 24142379 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Fruit growth is a coordinated, complex interaction of cell division, differentiation and expansion. Gibberellin (GA) involvement in the reproductive events is an important aspect of GA effects. Perennial fruit-trees such as plum (Prunus salicina L.) have distinct features that are economically important and provide opportunities to dissect specific GA mechanisms. Currently, very little is known on the molecular mechanism(s) mediating GA effects on fruit development. Determination of bioactive GA content during plum fruit ontogeny revealed that GA1 and GA4 are critical for fruit growth and development. Further, characterization of several genes involved in GA-signalling showed that their transcriptional regulation are generally GA-dependent, confirming their involvement in GA-signalling. Based on these results, a model is presented elucidating how the potential association between GA and other hormones may contribute to fruit development. PslGID1 proteins structure, Y2H and BiFC assays indicated that plum GA-receptors can form a complex with AtDELLA-repressors in a GA-dependent manner. Moreover, phenotypical-, molecular- and GA-analyses of various Arabidopsis backgrounds ectopically expressing PslGID1 sequences provide evidence on their role as active GA-signalling components that mediate GA-responsiveness. Our findings support the critical contribution of GA alone or in association with other hormones in mediating plum fruit growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam El-Sharkawy
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, 4890 Victoria Av. N., P.O. Box 7000, Vineland Station, ON, L0R 2E0, Canada
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de Saint Germain A, Ligerot Y, Dun EA, Pillot JP, Ross JJ, Beveridge CA, Rameau C. Strigolactones stimulate internode elongation independently of gibberellins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:1012-25. [PMID: 23943865 PMCID: PMC3793021 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.220541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactone (SL) mutants in diverse species show reduced stature in addition to their extensive branching. Here, we show that this dwarfism in pea (Pisum sativum) is not attributable to the strong branching of the mutants. The continuous supply of the synthetic SL GR24 via the root system using hydroponics can restore internode length of the SL-deficient rms1 mutant but not of the SL-response rms4 mutant, indicating that SLs stimulate internode elongation via RMS4. Cytological analysis of internode epidermal cells indicates that SLs control cell number but not cell length, suggesting that SL may affect stem elongation by stimulating cell division. Consequently, SLs can repress (in axillary buds) or promote (in the stem) cell division in a tissue-dependent manner. Because gibberellins (GAs) increase internode length by affecting both cell division and cell length, we tested if SLs stimulate internode elongation by affecting GA metabolism or signaling. Genetic analyses using SL-deficient and GA-deficient or DELLA-deficient double mutants, together with molecular and physiological approaches, suggest that SLs act independently from GAs to stimulate internode elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth A. Dun
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA UMR1318, INRA-AgroParisTech, F–78000 Versailles, France (A.d.S.G., Y.L., J-P.P., C.R.)
- University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia (E.A.D., C.A.B.); and
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005 Australia (J.J.R.)
| | - Jean-Paul Pillot
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA UMR1318, INRA-AgroParisTech, F–78000 Versailles, France (A.d.S.G., Y.L., J-P.P., C.R.)
- University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia (E.A.D., C.A.B.); and
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005 Australia (J.J.R.)
| | - John J. Ross
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA UMR1318, INRA-AgroParisTech, F–78000 Versailles, France (A.d.S.G., Y.L., J-P.P., C.R.)
- University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia (E.A.D., C.A.B.); and
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005 Australia (J.J.R.)
| | - Christine A. Beveridge
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA UMR1318, INRA-AgroParisTech, F–78000 Versailles, France (A.d.S.G., Y.L., J-P.P., C.R.)
- University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia (E.A.D., C.A.B.); and
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005 Australia (J.J.R.)
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Niu S, Li Z, Yuan H, Fang P, Chen X, Li W. Proper gibberellin localization in vascular tissue is required to regulate adventitious root development in tobacco. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:3411-24. [PMID: 23918971 PMCID: PMC3733162 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive gibberellins (GAs) are involved in many developmental aspects of the life cycle of plants, acting either directly or through interaction with other hormones. Accumulating evidence suggests that GAs have an important effect on root growth; however, there is currently little information on the specific regulatory mechanism of GAs during adventitious root development. A study was conducted on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants for altered rates of biosynthesis, catabolism, and GA signalling constitutively or in specific tissues using a transgenic approach. In the present study, PtGA20ox, PtGA2ox1, and PtGAI were overexpressed under the control of the 35S promoter, vascular cambium-specific promoter (LMX5), or root meristem-specific promoter (TobRB7), respectively. Evidence is provided that the precise localization of bioactive GA in the stem but not in the roots is required to regulate adventitious root development in tobacco. High levels of GA negatively regulate the early initiation step of root formation through interactions with auxin, while a proper and mobile GA signal is required for the emergence and subsequent long-term elongation of established primordia. The results demonstrated that GAs have an inhibitory effect on adventitious root formation but a stimulatory effect on root elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Niu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Forest Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Zhexin Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Forest Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Huwei Yuan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Forest Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Pan Fang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Forest Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- Laboratory of Bio-technology of Tropical and Subtropical Forestry, College of Forestry, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Forest Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
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Wong CE, Singh MB, Bhalla PL. The dynamics of soybean leaf and shoot apical meristem transcriptome undergoing floral initiation process. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65319. [PMID: 23762343 PMCID: PMC3675103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flowering process governs seed set and thus affects agricultural productivity. Soybean, a major legume crop, requires short-day photoperiod conditions for flowering. While leaf-derived signal(s) are essential for the photoperiod-induced floral initiation process at the shoot apical meristem, molecular events associated with early floral transition stages in either leaves or shoot apical meristems are not well understood. To provide novel insights into the molecular basis of floral initiation, RNA-Seq was used to characterize the soybean transcriptome of leaf and micro-dissected shoot apical meristem at different time points after short-day treatment. Shoot apical meristem expressed a higher number of transcripts in comparison to that of leaf highlighting greater diversity and abundance of transcripts expressed in the shoot apical meristem. A total of 2951 shoot apical meristem and 13,609 leaf sequences with significant profile changes during the time course examined were identified. Most changes in mRNA level occurred after 1short-day treatment. Transcripts involved in mediating responses to stimulus including hormones or in various metabolic processes represent the top enriched GO functional category for the SAM and leaf dataset, respectively. Transcripts associated with protein degradation were also significantly changing in leaf and SAM implicating their involvement in triggering the developmental switch. RNA-Seq analysis of shoot apical meristem and leaf from soybean undergoing floral transition reveal major reprogramming events in leaves and the SAM that point toward hormones gibberellins (GA) and cytokinin as key regulators in the production of systemic flowering signal(s) in leaves. These hormones may form part of the systemic signals in addition to the established florigen, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). Further, evidence is emerging that the conversion of shoot apical meristem to inflorescence meristem is linked with the interplay of auxin, cytokinin and GA creating a low cytokinin and high GA environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chui E. Wong
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Group, ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, Melbourne School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mohan B. Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Group, ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, Melbourne School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Prem L. Bhalla
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Group, ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, Melbourne School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Chandler PM, Harding CA. 'Overgrowth' mutants in barley and wheat: new alleles and phenotypes of the 'Green Revolution' DELLA gene. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:1603-13. [PMID: 23382550 PMCID: PMC3617830 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A suppressor screen using dwarf mutants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) led to the isolation of 'overgrowth' derivatives, which retained the original dwarfing gene but grew at a faster rate because of a new mutation. The new mutations were in the Slender1 (Sln1) gene (11/13 cases), which encodes the DELLA protein central to gibberellin (GA) signalling, showed 100% genetic linkage to Sln1 (1/13), or were in the Spindly1 (Spy1) gene (1/13), which encodes another protein involved in GA signalling. The overgrowth mutants were characterized by increased GA signalling, although the extent still depended on the background GA biosynthesis capacity, GA receptor function, and DELLA activity. A comparison between two GA responses, α-amylase production and leaf growth rate, revealed degrees of specificity for both the overgrowth allele and the GA response under consideration. Many overgrowth mutants were also isolated in a dwarf line of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and 19 new alleles were identified in the Rht-B1 gene, one of the 'Green Revolution' semi-dwarfing genes and the orthologue of Sln1. The sites of amino acid substitutions in the DELLA proteins of both species provide insight into DELLA function, and included examples where identical but independent substitutions were observed. In both species, the starting lines were too dwarfed to be directly useful in breeding programmes, but new overgrowth derivatives with semidwarf heights have now been characterized. The variation they exhibit in GA-influenced traits identifies novel alleles with perfect markers that are of potential use in breeding.
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Rubio-Somoza I, Weigel D. Coordination of flower maturation by a regulatory circuit of three microRNAs. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003374. [PMID: 23555288 PMCID: PMC3610633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of multicellular organisms relies on interconnected genetic programs that control progression through their life cycle. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and transcription factors (TFs) play key roles in such regulatory circuits. Here, we describe how three evolutionary conserved miRNA-TF pairs interact to form multiple checkpoints during reproductive development of Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetic, cellular, and physiological experiments show that miR159- and miR319-regulated MYB and TCP transcription factors pattern the expression of miR167 family members and their ARF6/8 targets. Coordinated action of these miRNA-TF pairs is crucial for the execution of consecutive hormone-dependent transitions during flower maturation. Cross-regulation includes both cis- and trans-regulatory interactions between these miRNAs and their targets. Our observations reveal how different miRNA-TF pairs can be organized into modules that coordinate successive steps in the plant life cycle. Development of multicellular organisms relies on properly timed execution of different genetic programs. An example is provided by developmental progression of flowers, which begins with the initiation of individual organs, followed by differentiation, growth, and finally production of the gametes. This article investigates the contribution of three microRNAs (miRNAs) and the transcription factors (TFs) that are regulated by these miRNAs to this process. Two of the miRNA-TF pairs act early to control in parallel the activity of the third miRNA-TF pair, which in turn modulates hormone programs that drive organ maturation and reproduction. Importantly, the two upstream TFs directly interact to regulate expression of the downstream miRNA. The results described here demonstrate how miRNA-TF pairs can be organized into regulatory circuits, with independent miRNA-TF pairs converging on common downstream genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Rubio-Somoza
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany.
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Overexpression of the AtSHI gene in poinsettia, Euphorbia pulcherrima, results in compact plants. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53377. [PMID: 23308204 PMCID: PMC3538768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Euphorbia pulcherrima, poinsettia, is a non-food and non-feed vegetatively propagated ornamental plant. Appropriate plant height is one of the most important traits in poinsettia production and is commonly achieved by application of chemical growth retardants. To produce compact poinsettia plants with desirable height and reduce the utilization of growth retardants, the Arabidopsis SHORT INTERNODE (AtSHI) gene controlled by the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter was introduced into poinsettia by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Three independent transgenic lines were produced and stable integration of transgene was verified by PCR and Southern blot analysis. Reduced plant height (21–52%) and internode lengths (31–49%) were obtained in the transgenic lines compared to control plants. This correlates positively with the AtSHI transcript levels, with the highest levels in the most dwarfed transgenic line (TL1). The indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content appeared lower (11–31% reduction) in the transgenic lines compared to the wild type (WT) controls, with the lowest level (31% reduction) in TL1. Total internode numbers, bract numbers and bract area were significantly reduced in all transgenic lines in comparison with the WT controls. Only TL1 showed significantly lower plant diameter, total leaf area and total dry weight, whereas none of the AtSHI expressing lines showed altered timing of flower initiation, cyathia abscission or bract necrosis. This study demonstrated that introduction of the AtSHI gene into poinsettia by genetic engineering can be an effective approach in controlling plant height without negatively affecting flowering time. This can help to reduce or avoid the use of toxic growth retardants of environmental and human health concern. This is the first report that AtSHI gene was overexpressed in poinsettia and transgenic poinsettia plants with compact growth were produced.
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Kay P, Groszmann M, Ross JJ, Parish RW, Swain SM. Modifications of a conserved regulatory network involving INDEHISCENT controls multiple aspects of reproductive tissue development in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 197:73-87. [PMID: 23126654 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04373.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Disrupting pollen tube growth and fertilization in Arabidopsis plants leads to reduced seed set and silique size, providing a powerful genetic system with which to identify genes with important roles in plant fertility. A transgenic Arabidopsis line with reduced pollen tube growth, seed set and silique growth was used as the progenitor in a genetic screen to isolate suppressors with increased seed set and silique size. This screen generated a new allele of INDEHISCENT (IND), a gene originally identified by its role in valve margin development and silique dehiscence (pod shatter). IND forms part of a regulatory network that involves several other transcriptional regulators and involves the plant hormones GA and auxin. Using GA and auxin mutants that alter various aspects of reproductive development, we have identified novel roles for IND, its paralogue HECATE3, and the MADS box proteins SHATTERPROOF1/2 in flower and fruit development. These results suggest that modified forms of the regulatory network originally described for the Arabidopsis valve margin, which include these genes and/or their recently evolved paralogs, function in multiple components of GA/auxin-regulated reproductive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kay
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Department of Botany, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - M Groszmann
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - J J Ross
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - R W Parish
- Department of Botany, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - S M Swain
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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40
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Ursache R, Nieminen K, Helariutta Y. Genetic and hormonal regulation of cambial development. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 147:36-45. [PMID: 22551327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The stems and roots of most dicot plants increase in diameter by radial growth, due to the activity of secondary meristems. Two types of meristems function in secondary plant body formation: the vascular cambium, which gives rise to secondary xylem and phloem, and the cork cambium, which produces a bark layer that replaces the epidermis and protects the plant stem from mechanical damage and pathogens. Cambial development, the initiation and activity of the vascular cambium, leads to an accumulation of wood, the secondary xylem tissue. The thick, cellulose-rich cell walls of wood provide a source of cellulose and have the potential to be used as a raw material for sustainable and renewable energy production. In this review, we will discuss what is known about the mechanisms regulating the cambium and secondary tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robertas Ursache
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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41
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Zhu XF, Jiang T, Wang ZW, Lei GJ, Shi YZ, Li GX, Zheng SJ. Gibberellic acid alleviates cadmium toxicity by reducing nitric oxide accumulation and expression of IRT1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 239-240:302-7. [PMID: 23021314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellic acid (GA) is involved in not only plant growth and development but also plant responses to abiotic stresses. Here it was found that treating the plants with GA concentrations from 0.1 to 5 μM for 24 h had no obvious effect on root elongation in the absence of cadmium (Cd), whereas in the presence of Cd2+, GA at 5 μM improved root growth, reduced Cd content and lipid peroxidation in the roots, indicating that GA can partially alleviate Cd toxicity. Cd2+ increased nitric oxide (NO) accumulation in the roots, but GA remarkably reduced it, and suppressed the up-regulation of the expression of IRT1. In contrary, the beneficial effect of GA on alleviating Cd toxicity was not observed in an IRT1 knock-out mutant irt1, suggesting the involvement of IRT1 in Cd2+ absorption. Furthermore, the GA-induced reduction of NO and Cd content can also be partially reversed by the application of a NO donor (S-nitrosoglutathione [GSNO]). Taken all these together, the results showed that GA-alleviated Cd toxicity is mediated through the reduction of the Cd-dependent NO accumulation and expression of Cd2+ uptake related gene-IRT1 in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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42
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Csukasi F, Osorio S, Gutierrez JR, Kitamura J, Giavalisco P, Nakajima M, Fernie AR, Rathjen JP, Botella MA, Valpuesta V, Medina-Escobar N. Gibberellin biosynthesis and signalling during development of the strawberry receptacle. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 191:376-390. [PMID: 21443649 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The enlargement of receptacle cells during strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) fruit development is a critical factor determining fruit size, with the increase in cell expansion being one of the most important physiological processes regulated by the phytohormone gibberellin (GA). Here, we studied the role of GA during strawberry fruit development by analyzing the endogenous content of bioactive GAs and the expression of key components of GA signalling and metabolism. Bioactive GA(1) , GA(3) and GA(4) were monitored during fruit development, with the content of GA(4) being extremely high in the receptacle, peaking at the white stage of development. •Genes with high homology to genes encoding GA pathway components, including receptors (FaGID1(GIBBERELLIN-INSENSITIVE DWARF1)b and FaGID1c), DELLA (FaRGA(REPRESSOR OF GA) and FaGAI(GA-INSENSITIVE)), and enzymes involved in GA biosynthesis (FaGA3ox) and catabolism (FaGA2ox), were identified, and their expression in different tissues and developmental stages of strawberry fruit was studied in detail. The expression of all of these genes showed a stage-specific pattern during fruit development and was highest in the receptacle. FaGID1c bound GA in vitro, interacted with FaRGA in vitro and in vivo, and increased GA responses when ectopically expressed in Arabidopsis. This study thus reveals key elements of GA responses in strawberry and points to a critical role for GA in the development of the receptacle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Csukasi
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Sonia Osorio
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Jun Kitamura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Masatoshi Nakajima
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Miguel A Botella
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Victoriano Valpuesta
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Nieves Medina-Escobar
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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43
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Mai YX, Wang L, Yang HQ. A gain-of-function mutation in IAA7/AXR2 confers late flowering under short-day light in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 53:480-92. [PMID: 21564544 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2011.01050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Floral initiation is a major step in the life cycle of plants, which is influenced by photoperiod, temperature, and phytohormones, such as gibberellins (GAs). It is known that GAs promote floral initiation under short-day light conditions (SDs) by regulating the floral meristem-identity gene LEAFY (LFY) and the flowering-time gene SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO 1 (SOC1). We have defined the role of the auxin signaling component INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID 7 (IAA7)/AUXIN RESISTANT 2 (AXR2) in the regulation of flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana. We demonstrate that the gain-of-function mutant of IAA7/AXR2, axr2-1, flowers late under SDs. The exogenous application of GAs rescued the late flowering phenotype of axr2-1 plants. The expression of the GA20 oxidase (GA20ox) genes, GA20ox1 and GA20ox2, was reduced in axr2-1 plants, and the levels of both LFY and SOC1 transcripts were reduced in axr2-1 mutants under SDs. Furthermore, the overexpression of SOC1 or LFY in axr2-1 mutants rescued the late flowering phenotype under SDs. Our results suggest that IAA7/AXR2 might act to inhibit the timing of floral transition under SDs, at least in part, by negatively regulating the expressions of the GA20ox1 and GA20ox2 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xia Mai
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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44
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Reid JB, Davidson SE, Ross JJ. Auxin acts independently of DELLA proteins in regulating gibberellin levels. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:406-8. [PMID: 21358281 PMCID: PMC3142423 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.3.14352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Shoot elongation is a vital process for plant development and productivity, in both ecological and economic contexts. Auxin and bioactive gibberellins (GAs), such as GA1, play critical roles in the control of elongation, along with environmental and endogenous factors, including other hormones such as the brassinosteroids. The effect of auxins, such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), is at least in part mediated by its effect on GA metabolism, since auxin up-regulates biosynthesis genes such as GA 3-oxidase and GA 20-oxidase and down regulates GA catabolism genes such as GA 2-oxidases, leading to elevated levels of bioactive GA 1. In our recent paper, we have provided evidence that this action of IAA is largely independent of DELLA proteins, the negative regulators of GA action, since the auxin effects are still present in the DELLA-deficient la cry-s genotype of pea. This was a crucial issue to resolve, since like auxin, the DELLAs also promote GA 1 synthesis and inhibit its deactivation. DELLAs are deactivated by GA, and thereby mediate a feedback system by which bioactive GA regulates its own level. However, our recent results, in themselves, do not show the generality of the auxin-GA relationship across species and phylogenetic groups or across different tissue types and responses. Further, they do not touch on the ecological benefits of the auxin-GA interaction. These issues are discussed below as well as the need for the development of suitable experimental systems to allow this process to be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Reid
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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45
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Knöller AS, Blakeslee JJ, Richards EL, Peer WA, Murphy AS. Brachytic2/ZmABCB1 functions in IAA export from intercalary meristems. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:3689-96. [PMID: 20581123 PMCID: PMC2921204 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Dwarfism traits in Zea mays are regulated by multiple factors including the hormone auxin. Dwarf brachytic2 (br2) mutants harbour lesions in the gene encoding an orthologue of Arabidopsis thaliana ABCB1 which functions in auxin efflux out of meristematic regions in the shoot and root. br2 mesocotyls and coleoptiles exhibit reduced auxin transport. However, the dwarf stature of br2 derives from shortened lower internodes whilst the upper portion of the plant is completely normal. As such, it is counter-intuitive to attribute br2 dwarfism exclusively to reduced auxin export out of the shoot apex. Arabidopsis abcb1 mutants exhibit only minor reductions in auxin transport and plant height unless combined with mutations in the ABCB19 auxin transporter. Phylogenetic modelling analysis excludes the possibility that BR2 is more closely related to ABCB19 which has three more closely related orthologues in maize. BR2 is expressed in nodal meristems, and analyses of auxin transport and content indicate that BR2 function in these grass-specific tissues is analogous to ABCB1 function in the shoot and root apex of Arabidopsis. These results indicate that ABCB1/BR2 function is conserved between dicots and monocots, but also suggests that this function must be understood in the context of the segmental organization of grass plants.
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46
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Chandler JW. Auxin as compère in plant hormone crosstalk. PLANTA 2009; 231:1-12. [PMID: 19888599 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-1036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The architecture of many hormone perceptions and signalling pathways has been recently well established, together with an awareness that plant hormone responses are the product of networks of interactions involving multiple hormones. As growth is quantitative, so are hormone responses, which underlie a systems approach to development and response. Auxin is arguably one of the best characterised hormones in plant development, and despite many excellent reviews on auxin perception, polar transport, and signal transduction, too little attention has been given to auxin crosstalk. This review, therefore, gives a précis of recent developments in hormone crosstalk involving auxin. For decades, the literature has described the involvement of multiple hormones in particular processes, although the mechanistic bases underlying points of crosstalk have been harder to pinpoint. Crosstalk falls into different categories, such as direct, indirect, or co-regulation. One conclusion for auxin crosstalk is that crosstalk operates extensively via the metabolism of other hormones, however, microarray approaches are increasingly identifying co-regulated genes and nodes of crosstalk at shared signalling components. Auxin crosstalk is often local, and is spatially and temporally regulated to provide adaptive value to environmental conditions and fine-tuning of responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Chandler
- Department of Developmental Biology, Cologne University, Gyrhofstrasse 17, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
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47
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Nefed’eva EE, Mazey NG. Gibberellin A3 detection in plants with high-performance liquid chromatography. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s000368380904019x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Mauriat M, Moritz T. Analyses of GA20ox- and GID1-over-expressing aspen suggest that gibberellins play two distinct roles in wood formation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 58:989-1003. [PMID: 19228336 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellins (GAs) are involved in many aspects of plant development, including shoot growth, flowering and wood formation. Increased levels of bioactive GAs are known to induce xylogenesis and xylem fiber elongation in aspen. However, there is currently little information on the response pathway(s) that mediate GA effects on wood formation. Here we characterize an important element of the GA pathway in hybrid aspen: the GA receptor, GID1. Four orthologs of GID1 were identified in Populus tremula x P. tremuloides (PttGID1.1-1.4). These were functional when expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana, and appear to present a degree of sub-functionalization in hybrid aspen. PttGID1.1 and PttGID1.3 were over-expressed in independent lines of hybrid aspen using either the 35S promoter or a xylem-specific promoter (LMX5). The 35S:PttGID1 over-expressors shared several phenotypic traits previously described in 35S:AtGA20ox1 over-expressors, including rapid growth, increased elongation, and increased xylogenesis. However, their xylem fibers were not elongated, unlike those of 35S:AtGA20ox1 plants. Similar differences in the xylem fiber phenotype were observed when PttGID1.1, PttGID1.3 or AtGA20ox1 were expressed under the control of the LMX5 promoter, suggesting either that PttGID1.1 and PttGID1.3 play no role in fiber elongation or that GA homeostasis is strongly controlled when GA signaling is altered. Our data suggest that GAs are required in two distinct wood-formation processes that have tissue-specific signaling pathways: xylogenesis, as mediated by GA signaling in the cambium, and fiber elongation in the developing xylem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Mauriat
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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49
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Weston DE, Reid JB, Ross JJ. Auxin regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis in the roots of pea (Pisum sativum). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2009; 36:362-369. [PMID: 32688653 DOI: 10.1071/fp08301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Auxin promotes GA biosynthesis in the aboveground parts of plants. However, it has not been demonstrated previously that this interaction occurs in roots. To understand the interactions between auxin and GAs in these organs, we treated wild-type pea (Pisum sativum L.) roots with the inhibitors of auxin action, p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (PCIB) and yokonolide B (YkB), and with the auxin transport inhibitor N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). These compounds generally downregulated GA synthesis genes and upregulated GA deactivation genes, and reduced the level of the bioactive GA1. These effects indicate that in pea roots, auxin at normal endogenous levels stimulates GA biosynthesis. We show also that supra-optimal levels of exogenous auxin reduce the endogenous level of bioactive GA in roots, although the effect appears too small to account for the strong growth-inhibitory effect of high auxin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana E Weston
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - James B Reid
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - John J Ross
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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50
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Song Y, Wang L, Xiong L. Comprehensive expression profiling analysis of OsIAA gene family in developmental processes and in response to phytohormone and stress treatments. PLANTA 2009; 229:577-91. [PMID: 19034497 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0853-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is one of the most important phytohormones and exerts pleiotropic effects on plant growth and development. Aux/IAA and auxin response factor (ARF) are two important protein families that are well recognized for their roles in auxin-mediated responses. Aux/IAA proteins are short-lived transcriptional regulators that mediate auxin responses through interaction with ARF transcription factors. Here, we systematically compared the genomic organization of the two families in rice. The expression profiles of both families were compared to show possible association of the two gene families at expression level, which would help reveal their synergistic relationships and functions. The expression profile analysis of Aux/IAA and ARF genes in 30 organs/tissues (collected from an entire life cycle of rice) suggested that Aux/IAA and ARF genes are expressed in very diverse patterns. In general, the genes showing similar expression patterns tended to be in the same phylogenetic subgroup even though their expression patterns were not always the same. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that there are eight pairs of IAA and ARF genes, with each pair showing highly correlated expression. The expression levels of the IAA gene family were also checked under various hormone treatments including abscisic acid, kinetin, gibberellin, jasmonic acid, auxin and brassinolide. The results indicated that most of the IAA genes respond to at least one of the treatments. Furthermore, DNA chip and real-time PCR results show that many genes in these families were responsive to various abiotic stresses, indicating an interaction between plant growth and abiotic stress. The effect of abiotic stress on plant growth and auxin distribution was further confirmed with the root growth of DR5-GUS transgenic rice under mannitol treatment, in which a close association between mannitol-induced changes of auxin distribution and root growth was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Song
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
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