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Mishra B, Bansal S, Tripathi S, Mishra S, Yadav RK, Sangwan NS. Differential regulation of key triterpene synthase gene under abiotic stress in Withania somnifera L. Dunal and its co-relation to sterols and withanolides. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108419. [PMID: 38377888 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), is one of the most reputed Indian medicinal plants, having immense pharmacological activities due to the occurrence of withanolides. The withanolides are biosynthesized through triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway with the involvement of WsCAS leading to cyclization of 2, 3 oxidosqualene, which is a key metabolite to further diversify to a myriad of phytochemicals. In contrast to the available reports on the studies of WsCAS in withanolide biosynthesis, its involvement in phytosterol biosynthesis needs investigation. Present work deals with the understanding of role of WsCAS triterpenoid synthase gene in the regulation of biosynthesis of phytosterols & withanolides. Docking studies of WsCAS protein revealed Conserved amino acids, DCATE motif, and QW motif which are involved in efficient substrate binding, structure stabilization, and catalytic activity. Overexpression/silencing of WsCAS leading to increment/decline of phytosterols confers its stringent regulation in phytosterols biosynthesis. Differential regulation of WsCAS on the metabolic flux towards phytosterols and withanolide biosynthesis was observed under abiotic stress conditions. The preferential channelization of 2, 3 oxidosqualene towards withanolides and/or phytosterols occurred under heat/salt stress and cold/water stress, respectively. Stigmasterol and β-sitosterol showed major contribution in high/low temperature and salt stress, and campesterol in water stress management. Overexpression of WsCAS in Arabidopsis thaliana led to the increment in phytosterols in general. Thus, the WsCAS plays important regulatory role in the biosynthetic pathway of phytosterols and withanolides under abiotic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawana Mishra
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) (An Institution of National Importance by an Act of Parliament), AcSIR Campus, CSIR-HRDC, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shilpi Bansal
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) (An Institution of National Importance by an Act of Parliament), AcSIR Campus, CSIR-HRDC, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sandhya Tripathi
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) (An Institution of National Importance by an Act of Parliament), AcSIR Campus, CSIR-HRDC, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Smrati Mishra
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ritesh K Yadav
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neelam S Sangwan
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) (An Institution of National Importance by an Act of Parliament), AcSIR Campus, CSIR-HRDC, Sector-19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India; School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana 123031, India.
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Lin Y, Hu Q, Ye Q, Zhang H, Bao Z, Li Y, Mo LJ. Diosgenin biosynthesis pathway and its regulation in Dioscorea cirrhosa L. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16702. [PMID: 38282859 PMCID: PMC10812585 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Dioscorea cirrhosa L. (D. cirrhosa) tuber is a traditional medicinal plant that is abundant in various pharmacological substances. Although diosgenin is commonly found in many Dioscoreaceae plants, its presence in D. cirrhosa remained uncertain. To address this, HPLC-MS/MS analysis was conducted and 13 diosgenin metabolites were identified in D. cirrhosa tuber. Furthermore, we utilized transcriptome data to identify 21 key enzymes and 43 unigenes that are involved in diosgenin biosynthesis, leading to a proposed pathway for diosgenin biosynthesis in D. cirrhosa. A total of 3,365 unigenes belonging to 82 transcription factor (TF) families were annotated, including MYB, AP2/ERF, bZIP, bHLH, WRKY, NAC, C2H2, C3H, SNF2 and Aux/IAA. Correlation analysis revealed that 22 TFs are strongly associated with diosgenin biosynthesis genes (-r2- > 0.9, P < 0.05). Moreover, our analysis of the CYP450 gene family identified 206 CYP450 genes (CYP450s), with 40 being potential CYP450s. Gene phylogenetic analysis revealed that these CYP450s were associated with sterol C-22 hydroxylase, sterol-14-demethylase and amyrin oxidase in diosgenin biosynthesis. Our findings lay a foundation for future genetic engineering studies aimed at improving the biosynthesis of diosgenin compounds in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- Dongguan Institute of Forestry Science, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiuyan Hu
- Dongguan Institute of Forestry Science, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiang Ye
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haohua Zhang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziyu Bao
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongping Li
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Luo Jian Mo
- Dongguan Institute of Forestry Science, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
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3
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Zhang W, Li H, Li Q, Wang Z, Zeng W, Yin H, Qi K, Zou Y, Hu J, Huang B, Gu P, Qiao X, Zhang S. Genome-wide identification, comparative analysis and functional roles in flavonoid biosynthesis of cytochrome P450 superfamily in pear (Pyrus spp.). BMC Genom Data 2023; 24:58. [PMID: 37789271 PMCID: PMC10548706 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-023-01159-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily is the largest enzyme metabolism family in plants identified to date, and it is involved in many biological processes, including secondary metabolite biosynthesis, hormone metabolism and stress resistance. However, the P450 gene superfamily has not been well studied in pear (Pyrus spp.). RESULTS Here, the comprehensive identification and a comparative analysis of P450 superfamily members were conducted in cultivated and wild pear genomes. In total, 338, 299 and 419 P450 genes were identified in Chinese white pear, European pear and the wild pear, respectively. Based on the phylogenetic analyses, pear P450 genes were divided into ten clans, comprising 48 families. The motif and gene structure analyses further supported this classification. The expansion of the pear P450 gene family was attributed to whole-genome and single-gene duplication events. Several P450 gene clusters were detected, which have resulted from tandem and proximal duplications. Purifying selection was the major force imposed on the long-term evolution of P450 genes. Gene dosage balance, subfunctionalization and neofunctionalization jointly drove the retention and functional diversification of P450 gene pairs. Based on the association analysis between transcriptome expression profiles and flavonoid content during fruit development, three candidate genes were identified as being closely associated with the flavonoid biosynthesis, and the expression of one gene was further verified using qRT-PCR and its function was validated through transient transformation in pear fruit. CONCLUSIONS The study results provide insights into the evolution and biological functions of P450 genes in pear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hongxiang Li
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qionghou Li
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zewen Wang
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weiwei Zeng
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kaijie Qi
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ying Zou
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jian Hu
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Baisha Huang
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Peng Gu
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xin Qiao
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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4
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Wang D, Yu Z, Guan M, Cai Q, Wei J, Ma P, Xue Z, Ma R, Oksman-Caldentey KM, Rischer H. Comparative transcriptome analysis of Veratrum maackii and Veratrum nigrum reveals multiple candidate genes involved in steroidal alkaloid biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8198. [PMID: 37211560 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35429-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Veratrum (Melanthiaceae; Liliales) is a genus of perennial herbs known for the production of unique bioactive steroidal alkaloids. However, the biosynthesis of these compounds is incompletely understood because many of the downstream enzymatic steps have yet to be resolved. RNA-Seq is a powerful method that can be used to identify candidate genes involved in metabolic pathways by comparing the transcriptomes of metabolically active tissues to controls lacking the pathway of interest. The root and leaf transcriptomes of wild Veratrum maackii and Veratrum nigrum plants were sequenced and 437,820 clean reads were assembled into 203,912 unigenes, 47.67% of which were annotated. We identified 235 differentially expressed unigenes potentially involved in the synthesis of steroidal alkaloids. Twenty unigenes, including new candidate cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and transcription factors, were selected for validation by quantitative real-time PCR. Most candidate genes were expressed at higher levels in roots than leaves but showed a consistent profile across both species. Among the 20 unigenes putatively involved in the synthesis of steroidal alkaloids, 14 were already known. We identified three new CYP450 candidates (CYP76A2, CYP76B6 and CYP76AH1) and three new transcription factor candidates (ERF1A, bHLH13 and bHLH66). We propose that ERF1A, CYP90G1-1 and CYP76AH1 are specifically involved in the key steps of steroidal alkaloid biosynthesis in V. maackii roots. Our data represent the first cross-species analysis of steroidal alkaloid biosynthesis in the genus Veratrum and indicate that the metabolic properties of V. maackii and V. nigrum are broadly conserved despite their distinct alkaloid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133000, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijing Yu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Guan
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinan Cai
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Wei
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengda Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheyong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Ma
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130033, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China.
| | | | - Heiko Rischer
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P. O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland.
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5
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Das A, Begum K, Akhtar S, Ahmed R, Tamuli P, Kulkarni R, Banu S. Genome-wide investigation of Cytochrome P450 superfamily of Aquilaria agallocha: Association with terpenoids and phenylpropanoids biosynthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:123758. [PMID: 36812976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Agarwood is a dark resinous wood, produced when Aquilaria tree responds to wounding and microbial infection resulting in the accumulation of fragrant metabolites. Sesquiterpenoids and 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones are the major phytochemicals in agarwood and Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are one of the important enzymes in the biosynthesis of these fragrant chemicals. Thus, understanding the repertoire of CYP superfamily in Aquilaria can not only give insights into the fundamentals of agarwood formation, but can also provide a tool for the overproduction of the aroma chemicals. Therefore, current study was designed to investigate CYPs of an agarwood producing plant, Aquilaria agallocha. We identified 136 CYP genes from A. agallocha genome (AaCYPs) and classified them into 8 clans and 38 families. The promoter regions had stress and hormone-related cis-regulatory elements which indicate their participation in the stress response. Duplication and synteny analysis revealed segmental and tandem duplicated and evolutionary related CYP members in other plants. Potential members involved in the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenoids and phenylpropanoids were identified and found to be upregulated in methyl jasmonate-induced callus and infected Aquilaria trees by real-time quantitative PCR analyses. This study highlights the possible involvement of AaCYPs in agarwood resin development and their complex regulation during stress exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Das
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 781014, India
| | - Khaleda Begum
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 781014, India
| | - Suraiya Akhtar
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 781014, India
| | - Raja Ahmed
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 781014, India
| | | | - Ram Kulkarni
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Pune 411042, India
| | - Sofia Banu
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 781014, India.
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6
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Jin Q, Li G, Qin K, Shang Y, Yan H, Liu H, Zeng B, Hu Z. The expression pattern, subcellular localization and function of three sterol 14α-demethylases in Aspergillus oryzae. Front Genet 2023; 14:1009746. [PMID: 36755574 PMCID: PMC9899854 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1009746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sterol 14α-demethylase catalyzes lanosterol hydroxylation, which is one of the key reactions in the biosynthetic pathway of sterols. There is only one sterol 14α-demethylases gene named Erg11 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome. In this study, three sterol 14α-demethylases genes named AoErg11A, AoErg11B and AoErg11C were identified in Aspergillus oryzae genome through bioinformatics analysis. The function of these three genes were studied by yeast complementation, and the expression pattern/subcellular localization of these genes/proteins were detected. The results showed that the three AoErg11s were expressed differently at different growth times and under different abiotic stresses. All of the three proteins were located in endoplasmic reticulum. The AoErg11s could not restore the temperature-sensitive phenotype of S. cerevisiae erg11 mutant. Overexpression of the three AoErg11s affected both growth and sporulation, which may be due to the effect of AoErg11s on ergosterol content. Therefore, this study revealed the functions of three AoErg11s and their effects on the growth and ergosterol biosynthesis of A. oryzae, which may contribute to the further understanding of the ergosterol biosynthesis and regulation mechanism in this important filamentous fungus, A. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jin
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ganghua Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
| | - Kunhai Qin
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yitong Shang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huanhuan Yan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China,*Correspondence: Zhihong Hu, ; Bin Zeng,
| | - Zhihong Hu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China,*Correspondence: Zhihong Hu, ; Bin Zeng,
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7
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Jiang Y, Wang Z, Du H, Dong R, Yuan Y, Hua J. Assessment of functional relevance of genes associated with local temperature variables in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:3290-3304. [PMID: 35943206 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
How likely genetic variations associated with environment identified in silico from genome wide association study are functionally relevant to environmental adaptation has been largely unexplored experimentally. Here we analyzed top 29 genes containing polymorphisms associated with local temperature variation (minimum, mean, maximum) among 1129 natural accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana. Their loss-of-function mutants were assessed for growth and stress tolerance at five temperatures. Twenty genes were found to affect growth or tolerance at one or more of these temperatures. Significantly, genes associated with maximum temperature more likely have a detect a function at higher temperature, while genes associated with minimum temperature more likely have a function at lower temperature. In addition, gene variants are distributed more frequently at geographic locations where they apparently offer an enhanced growth or tolerance for five genes tested. Furthermore, variations in a large proportion of the in silico identified genes associated with minimum or mean-temperatures exhibited a significant association with growth phenotypes experimentally assessed at low temperature for a small set of natural accessions. This study shows a functional relevance of gene variants associated with environmental variables and supports the feasibility of the use of local temperature factors in investigating the genetic basis of temperature adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Jiang
- Jilin Engineering Research Center of Crop Biotechnology Breeding, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Zhixue Wang
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Hui Du
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Runlong Dong
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Yaping Yuan
- Jilin Engineering Research Center of Crop Biotechnology Breeding, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Hua
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Qu L, Gan C, Cheng X, Lin C, Wang Y, Wang L, Huang J, Wang J. Discovery of physalin biosynthesis and structure modification of physalins in Physalis alkekengi L. var. Franchetii. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:956083. [PMID: 36299788 PMCID: PMC9589361 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.956083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Physalins, active ingredients from the Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii (P. alkekengi) plant, have shown anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer activities. Whereas the bioactivity of physalins have been confirmed, their biosynthetic pathways, and those of quite a few derivatives, remain unknown. In this paper, biosynthesis and structure modification-related genes of physalins were mined through transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling. Firstly, we rapidly and conveniently analyzed physalins by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS utilizing mass accuracy, diagnostic fragment ions, and common neutral losses. In all, 58 different physalin metabolites were isolated from P. alkekengi calyxes and berries. In an analysis of the physalin biosynthesis pathway, we determined that withanolides and withaphysalins may represent a crucial intermediate between lanosterol and physalins. and those steps were decanted according to previous reports. Our results provide valuable information on the physalin metabolites and the candidate enzymes involved in the physalins biosynthesis pathways of P. alkekengi. In addition, we further analyzed differential metabolites collected from calyxes in the Jilin (Daodi of P. alkekengi) and others. Among them, 20 physalin metabolites may represent herb quality biomarkers for Daodi P. alkekengi, providing an essential role in directing the quality control index of P. alkekengi.
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9
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Jiao Z, Yin L, Zhang Q, Xu W, Jia Y, Xia K, Zhang M. The putative obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase OsCYP51H3 affects multiple aspects of rice growth and development. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13764. [PMID: 35975452 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Some members of the CYP51G subfamily has been shown to be obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase, key enzyme of the sterol and brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis, which mediate plant development and response to stresses. However, little is known about the functions of CYP51H subfamily in rice. Here, OsCYP51H3, an ortholog of rice OsCYP51G1 was identified. Compared with wild type, the mutants oscyp51H3 and OsCYP51H3-RNAi showed dwarf phenotype, late flowering, erected leaves, lower seed-setting rate, and smaller and shorter seeds. In contrast, the phenotypic changes of OsCYP51H3-OE plants are not obvious. Metabolomic analysis of oscyp51H3 mutant indicated that OsCYP51H3 may also encode an obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase involved in phytosterol and BR biosynthesis, but possibly not that of triterpenes. The RNA-seq results showed that OsCYP51H3 may affect the expression of a lot of genes related to rice development. These findings showed that OsCYP51H3 codes for a putative obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase involved in phytosterol and BR biosynthesis, and mediates rice development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengli Jiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiming Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weijuan Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxia Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kuaifei Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingyong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Wang M, Dean RA. Host induced gene silencing of Magnaporthe oryzae by targeting pathogenicity and development genes to control rice blast disease. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:959641. [PMID: 36035704 PMCID: PMC9403838 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.959641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rice blast disease caused by the hemi-biotrophic fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is the most destructive disease of rice world-wide. Traditional disease resistance strategies for the control of rice blast disease have not proved durable. HIGS (host induced gene silencing) is being developed as an alternative strategy. Six genes (CRZ1, PMC1, MAGB, LHS1, CYP51A, CYP51B) that play important roles in pathogenicity and development of M. oryzae were chosen for HIGS. HIGS vectors were transformed into rice calli through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and T0, T1 and T2 generations of transgenic rice plants were generated. Except for PMC1 and LHS1, HIGS transgenic rice plants challenged with M. oryzae showed significantly reduced disease compared with non-silenced control plants. Following infection with M. oryzae of HIGS transgenic plants, expression levels of target genes were reduced as demonstrated by Quantitative RT-PCR. In addition, treating M. oryzae with small RNA derived from the target genes inhibited fungal growth. These findings suggest RNA silencing signals can be transferred from host to an invasive fungus and that HIGS has potential to generate resistant rice against M. oryzae.
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11
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Zhang C, Xu X, Xu X, Li Y, Zhao P, Chen X, Shen X, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Liu S, XuHan X, Lin Y, Lai Z. Genome-wide identification, evolution analysis of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase multigene family and their expression patterns during the early somatic embryogenesis in Dimocarpus longan Lour. Gene 2022; 826:146453. [PMID: 35337851 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP), a multi-gene superfamily, is involved in a broad range of physiological processes, including hormone responses and secondary metabolism throughout the plant life cycle. Longan (Dimocarpus longan), a subtropical and tropical evergreen fruit tree, its embryonic development is closely related to the yield and quality of fruits. And a large number of secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids and carotenoids, are also produced during the longan somatic embryogenesis (SE). It is important, therefore, to study potential functions of CYPs in longan. However, the knowledge of longan CYPs is still very limited. Here, a total of 327 DlCYPs were identified using the genome-search method, which could be classified into nine clans. The expansion of the DlCYP family was mainly caused by tandem duplication (TD) events. Promoter cis-acting elements analysis elucidated that DlCYPs played important roles in hormonal responses. A total of 246 DlCYPs exhibited six different expression patterns during the early SE based on longan transcriptomic data. Eight DlCYPs underwent alternative splicing (AS) events, and they might produce one to six isoforms. And the AS transcript of DlCYP97C1 might act as an alternative to the full-length transcript in ICpEC and GE stages. Finally, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and miRNA target prediction elucidated that DlCYPs might be involved in the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway and primarily regulated and targeted by miR413. In summary, our results provided valuable inventory for understanding the classification and biological functions of DlCYPs and provided insight into further functional verification of DlCYPs during the longan early SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Zhang
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Xu
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiaoping Xu
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhao
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xu Shen
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zihao Zhang
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yukun Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shengcai Liu
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xu XuHan
- Institut de la Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Toulouse, IRIT-ARI, 31300, Toulouse, France
| | - Yuling Lin
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhongxiong Lai
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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12
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Guo Q, Liu L, Rupasinghe TWT, Roessner U, Barkla BJ. Salt stress alters membrane lipid content and lipid biosynthesis pathways in the plasma membrane and tonoplast. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:805-826. [PMID: 35289902 PMCID: PMC9157097 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell membranes are the sites of sensing and initiation of rapid responses to changing environmental factors including salinity stress. Understanding the mechanisms involved in membrane remodeling is important for studying salt tolerance in plants. This task remains challenging in complex tissue due to suboptimal subcellular membrane isolation techniques. Here, we capitalized on the use of a surface charge-based separation method, free flow electrophoresis, to isolate the tonoplast (TP) and plasma membrane (PM) from leaf tissue of the halophyte ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.). Results demonstrated a membrane-specific lipidomic remodeling in this plant under salt conditions, including an increased proportion of bilayer forming lipid phosphatidylcholine in the TP and an increase in nonbilayer forming and negatively charged lipids (phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine) in the PM. Quantitative proteomics showed salt-induced changes in proteins involved in fatty acid synthesis and desaturation, glycerolipid, and sterol synthesis, as well as proteins involved in lipid signaling, binding, and trafficking. These results reveal an essential plant mechanism for membrane homeostasis wherein lipidome remodeling in response to salt stress contributes to maintaining the physiological function of individual subcellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Guo
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Lei Liu
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Thusitha W T Rupasinghe
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
- Sciex, Mulgrave, VIC 3170, Australia
| | - Ute Roessner
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Bronwyn J Barkla
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
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Kumar P, Acharya V, Warghat AR. Comparative transcriptome analysis infers bulb derived in vitro cultures as a promising source for sipeimine biosynthesis in Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don (Liliaceae, syn. Fritillaria roylei Hook.) - High value Himalayan medicinal herb. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 183:112631. [PMID: 33370713 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don (Liliaceae, syn. Fritillaria roylei Hook.) is a critically endangered medicinal herb of immense importance due to its pharmaceutical bioactive compound, especially sipeimine, used for the treatment of chronic respiratory disorders. However, the industrial demand for sipeimine solely depends on its endangered natural habitat. Therefore; there is an utmost need for its biodiversity conservation as well as for the sustainable utilization of phytochemicals. Plant cell culture and transcriptomics-based molecular bioprospection of key regulatory genes involved in sipeimine biosynthesis as such will play a crucial role in exploring the unexplored traits, that are in supply crisis or nearly in extinction stage. De novo comparative transcriptome sequencing of the bulb (in vivo), callus, and regenerated plantlets (in vitro) resulted in more than 150 million high-quality paired-end clean reads that assembled into final 31,428 transcripts. Functional annotation and unigenes classification with multiple public databases such as KEGG, Refseq, Uniprot, TAIR, GO, and COG, etc. along with chemical structures and functional biocatalytic activity analysis of different steroidal alkaloids facilitated the identification of 30 unigenes specific to sipeimine biosynthesis. Additionally, ABC transporters and TFs like bHLH, MYC, MYB, and WRKY suggests their possible role in metabolite translocation and regulation in vivo as well as in vitro tissues. Differential gene expression and quantitative analysis revealed that the MVA pathway probably the predominant route for 5C intermediate (IPP & DMAPP) biosynthesis. Further, the genes involved in the downstream biosynthesis pathway viz. SQLE, CAS1, SMT1, SMO1, SMO2, SC5DL, DHCR7, DHCR24, CYP710A, 3β-HSD, CYP90D2, and CYP374A6 shown similar expression pattern with RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR findings. The positive correlation between higher expression of proposed biosynthetic pathway genes and relatively higher accumulation of sipeimine in differentiated naturally grown bulb tissues (in vivo), undifferentiated cells (callus), and de-differentiated tissues i.e. regenerated plantlets (in vitro) has been evident from the present study. Comprehensive genomic resources created in F. cirrhosa will provide strong evidence of bulb derived in vitro culture as an alternative promising source for steroidal alkaloids biosynthesis and metabolite upscaling through genetic and metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Vishal Acharya
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India.
| | - Ashish R Warghat
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India.
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14
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De Vriese K, Pollier J, Goossens A, Beeckman T, Vanneste S. Dissecting cholesterol and phytosterol biosynthesis via mutants and inhibitors. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:241-253. [PMID: 32929492 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants stand out among eukaryotes due to the large variety of sterols and sterol derivatives that they can produce. These metabolites not only serve as critical determinants of membrane structures, but also act as signaling molecules, as growth-regulating hormones, or as modulators of enzyme activities. Therefore, it is critical to understand the wiring of the biosynthetic pathways by which plants generate these distinct sterols, to allow their manipulation and to dissect their precise physiological roles. Here, we review the complexity and variation of the biosynthetic routes of the most abundant phytosterols and cholesterol in the green lineage and how different enzymes in these pathways are conserved and diverged from humans, yeast, and even bacteria. Many enzymatic steps show a deep evolutionary conservation, while others are executed by completely different enzymes. This has important implications for the use and specificity of available human and yeast sterol biosynthesis inhibitors in plants, and argues for the development of plant-tailored inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell De Vriese
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jacob Pollier
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Metabolomics Core, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Songdomunhwa-Ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Wang M, Li P, Ma Y, Nie X, Grebe M, Men S. Membrane Sterol Composition in Arabidopsis thaliana Affects Root Elongation via Auxin Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010437. [PMID: 33406774 PMCID: PMC7794993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant membrane sterol composition has been reported to affect growth and gravitropism via polar auxin transport and auxin signaling. However, as to whether sterols influence auxin biosynthesis has received little attention. Here, by using the sterol biosynthesis mutant cyclopropylsterol isomerase1-1 (cpi1-1) and sterol application, we reveal that cycloeucalenol, a CPI1 substrate, and sitosterol, an end-product of sterol biosynthesis, antagonistically affect auxin biosynthesis. The short root phenotype of cpi1-1 was associated with a markedly enhanced auxin response in the root tip. Both were neither suppressed by mutations in polar auxin transport (PAT) proteins nor by treatment with a PAT inhibitor and responded to an auxin signaling inhibitor. However, expression of several auxin biosynthesis genes TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS1 (TAA1) was upregulated in cpi1-1. Functionally, TAA1 mutation reduced the auxin response in cpi1-1 and partially rescued its short root phenotype. In support of this genetic evidence, application of cycloeucalenol upregulated expression of the auxin responsive reporter DR5:GUS (β-glucuronidase) and of several auxin biosynthesis genes, while sitosterol repressed their expression. Hence, our combined genetic, pharmacological, and sterol application studies reveal a hitherto unexplored sterol-dependent modulation of auxin biosynthesis during Arabidopsis root elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tianjin 300071, China; (M.W.); (P.L.); (Y.M.); (X.N.)
| | - Panpan Li
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tianjin 300071, China; (M.W.); (P.L.); (Y.M.); (X.N.)
| | - Yao Ma
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tianjin 300071, China; (M.W.); (P.L.); (Y.M.); (X.N.)
| | - Xiang Nie
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tianjin 300071, China; (M.W.); (P.L.); (Y.M.); (X.N.)
| | - Markus Grebe
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany;
| | - Shuzhen Men
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tianjin 300071, China; (M.W.); (P.L.); (Y.M.); (X.N.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Rastogi S, Satapathy S, Shah S, Mytrai, Prakash H. In silico identification of cytochrome P450s involved in Ocimum tenuiflorum subjected to four abiotic stresses. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Jiao Z, Xu W, Zeng X, Xu X, Zhang M, Xia K. Obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase OsCYP51G1 is involved in phytosterol synthesis and affects pollen and seed development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:91-96. [PMID: 32560825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
As structural components of biological membranes, phytosterols are essential not only for a variety of cellular functions but are also precursors for brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis. Plant CYP51 is the oldest and most conserved obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase in eukaryotes and is an essential component of the sterol biosynthesis pathway. However, little is known about rice (Oryza sativa L.) CYP51G1. In this study, we showed that rice OsCYP51G1 shared high homology with obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase and OsCYP51G1 was strongly expressed in most of rice organs. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that OsCYP51G1 was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. Knockdown and knockout of OsCYP51G1 resulted in delayed flowering, impaired membrane integrity, abnormal pollen, and reduced grain yield, whereas OsCYP51G1 overexpression led to increased grain yield. Knockdown of OsCYP51G1 also reduced the levels of end-products (sitosterol and stigmasterol) and increased those of upstream intermediates (24-methylene-cycloartenol and cycloeucalenol) of the OsCYP51G1-mediated sterol biosynthesis step. In contrast, overexpression of OsCYP51G1 increased the sitosterol and stigmasterol content and reduced that of cycloeucalenol. However, knockdown of OsCYP51G1 by RNAi did not elicit these BR deficiency-related phenotypes, such as dwarfism, erect leaves and small seeds, nor was the leaf lamina angle sensitive to brassinolide treatment. These results revealed that rice OsCYP15G1 encodes an obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase for the phytosterols biosynthesis and possible without affecting the biosynthesis of downstream BRs, which was different from its homolog, OsCYP51G3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengli Jiao
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weijuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinlan Xu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Kuaifei Xia
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
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18
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Bajguz A, Chmur M, Gruszka D. Comprehensive Overview of the Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis Pathways: Substrates, Products, Inhibitors, and Connections. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1034. [PMID: 32733523 PMCID: PMC7358554 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) as a class of steroid plant hormones participate in the regulation of numerous developmental processes, including root and shoot growth, vascular differentiation, fertility, flowering, and seed germination, as well as in responding to environmental stresses. During four decades of research, the BR biosynthetic pathways have been well studied with forward- and reverse genetics approaches. The free BRs contain 27, 28, and 29 carbons within their skeletal structure: (1): 5α-cholestane or 26-nor-24α-methyl-5α-cholestane for C27-BRs; (2) 24α-methyl-5α-cholestane, 24β-methyl-5α-cholestane or 24-methylene-5α-cholestane for C28-BRs; (3) 24α-ethyl-5α-cholestane, 24(Z)-ethylidene-5α-cholestane, 25-methyl-5α-campestane or 24-methylene-25-methyl-5α-cholestane for C29-BRs, as well as different kinds and orientations of oxygenated functions in A- and B-ring. These alkyl substituents are also common structural features of sterols. BRs are derived from sterols carrying the same side chain. The C27-BRs without substituent at C-24 are biosynthesized from cholesterol. The C28-BRs carrying either an α-methyl, β-methyl, or methylene group are derived from campesterol, 24-epicampesterol or 24-methylenecholesterol, respectively. The C29-BRs with an α-ethyl group are produced from sitosterol. Furthermore, the C29 BRs carrying methylene at C-24 and an additional methyl group at C-25 are derived from 24-methylene-25-methylcholesterol. Generally, BRs are biosynthesized via cycloartenol and cycloartanol dependent pathways. Till now, more than 17 compounds were characterized as inhibitors of the BR biosynthesis. For nine of the inhibitors (e.g., brassinazole and YCZ-18) a specific target reaction within the BR biosynthetic pathway has been identified. Therefore, the review highlights comprehensively recent advances in our understanding of the BR biosynthesis, sterol precursors, and dependencies between the C27-C28 and C28-C29 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Bajguz
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- *Correspondence: Andrzej Bajguz,
| | - Magdalena Chmur
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Damian Gruszka
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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19
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Wei Z, Li J. Regulation of Brassinosteroid Homeostasis in Higher Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:583622. [PMID: 33133120 PMCID: PMC7550685 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.583622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are known as one of the major classes of phytohormones essential for various processes during normal plant growth, development, and adaptations to biotic and abiotic stresses. Significant progress has been achieved on revealing mechanisms regulating BR biosynthesis, catabolism, and signaling in many crops and in model plant Arabidopsis. It is known that BRs control plant growth and development in a dosage-dependent manner. Maintenance of BR homeostasis is therefore critical for optimal functions of BRs. In this review, updated discoveries on mechanisms controlling BR homeostasis in higher plants in response to internal and external cues are discussed.
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20
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Inês C, Corbacho J, Paredes MA, Labrador J, Cordeiro AM, Gomez-Jimenez MC. Regulation of sterol content and biosynthetic gene expression during flower opening and early fruit development in olive. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 167:526-539. [PMID: 30912149 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterols are lipophilic membrane components essential not only for diverse cellular functions but also are biosynthetic precursors of the plant hormone, brassinosteroid (BR). However, the interaction between phytosterol and BR during early fleshy-fruit growth remains largely uncharacterized. In olive, phytosterols are important lipids because they affect oil quality, but phytosterol composition during flowering and early fruit development has not been explored. Here, we first investigated the temporal changes in phytosterol composition, and biosynthetic gene expression that occurred during olive flower opening and early fruit growth. Next, we analyzed the interrelationship between phytosterol and BR, whose levels we manipulated through the application of exogenous BRs (24-epibrassinolide, EBR) or a BR biosynthesis inhibitor (brassinazole, Brz). In this report, the profiling of phytosterol measurement revealed that β-sitosterol is the most abundant in olive reproductive organs. Our data demonstrate that both OeCYP51 and OeSMT2 genes are upregulated during floral anthesis in good agreement with the rise in cholesterol and β-sitosterol contents in olive flower. By contrast, the OeCYP51 and OeSMT2 genes displayed different expression patterns during early olive-fruit development. Furthermore, our data show that exogenous EBR enhanced the early olive-fruit growth, as well as the OeSMT2 transcript and β-sitosterol levels, but decreased the OeCYP51 transcript, squalene, campesterol and cholesterol levels, whereas the Brz treatment exerted the opposite effect. Overall, our findings indicate an up-regulation of β-sitosterol biosynthesis by BR at the transcriptional level during early olive-fruit growth, providing a valuable tool to unravel the physiological function of SMT2 in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Inês
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, 06006, Spain
| | - Jorge Corbacho
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, 06006, Spain
| | - Miguel A Paredes
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, 06006, Spain
| | - Juana Labrador
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, 06006, Spain
| | - António M Cordeiro
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., UEIS Biotecnologia e Recursos Genéticos, Elvas, 7351-901, Portugal
| | - Maria C Gomez-Jimenez
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, 06006, Spain
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21
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Rozhon W, Akter S, Fernandez A, Poppenberger B. Inhibitors of Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis and Signal Transduction. Molecules 2019; 24:E4372. [PMID: 31795392 PMCID: PMC6930552 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical inhibitors are invaluable tools for investigating protein function in reverse genetic approaches. Their application bears many advantages over mutant generation and characterization. Inhibitors can overcome functional redundancy, their application is not limited to species for which tools of molecular genetics are available and they can be applied to specific tissues or developmental stages, making them highly convenient for addressing biological questions. The use of inhibitors has helped to elucidate hormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways and here we review compounds that were developed for the plant hormones brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are steroids that have strong growth-promoting capacities, are crucial for all stages of plant development and participate in adaptive growth processes and stress response reactions. In the last two decades, impressive progress has been made in BR inhibitor development and application, which has been instrumental for studying BR modes of activity and identifying and characterizing key players. Both, inhibitors that target biosynthesis, such as brassinazole, and inhibitors that target signaling, such as bikinin, exist and in a comprehensive overview we summarize knowledge and methodology that enabled their design and key findings of their use. In addition, the potential of BR inhibitors for commercial application in plant production is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Rozhon
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | | | | | - Brigitte Poppenberger
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Song J, Sun S, Ren H, Grison M, Boutté Y, Bai W, Men S. The SMO1 Family of Sterol 4α-Methyl Oxidases Is Essential for Auxin- and Cytokinin-Regulated Embryogenesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:578-594. [PMID: 31341004 PMCID: PMC6776873 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In the plant sterol biosynthetic pathway, sterol 4α-methyl oxidase1 (SMO1) and SMO2 enzymes are involved in the removal of the first and second methyl groups at the C-4 position, respectively. SMO2s have been found to be essential for embryonic and postembryonic development, but the roles of SMO1s remain unclear. Here, we found that the three Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) SMO1 genes displayed different expression patterns. Single smo1 mutants and smo1-1 smo1-3 double mutants showed no obvious phenotype, but the smo1-1 smo1-2 double mutant was embryo lethal. The smo1-1 smo1-2 embryos exhibited severe defects, including no cotyledon or shoot apical meristem formation, abnormal division of suspensor cells, and twin embryos. These defects were associated with enhanced and ectopic expression of auxin biosynthesis and response reporters. Consistently, the expression pattern and polar localization of PIN FORMED1, PIN FORMED7, and AUXIN RESISTANT1 auxin transporters were dramatically altered in smo1-1 smo1-2 embryos. Moreover, cytokinin biosynthesis and response were reduced in smo1-1 smo1-2 embryos. Tissue culture experiments further demonstrated that homeostasis between auxin and cytokinin was altered in smo1-1 smo1-2 heterozygous mutants. This disturbed balance of auxin and cytokinin in smo1-1 smo1-2 embryos was accompanied by unrestricted expression of the quiescent center marker WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX5 Accordingly, exogenous application of either auxin biosynthesis inhibitor or cytokinin partially rescued the embryo lethality of smo1-1 smo1-2 Sterol analyses revealed that 4,4-dimethylsterols dramatically accumulated in smo1-1 smo1-2 heterozygous mutants. Together, these data demonstrate that SMO1s function through maintaining correct sterol composition to balance auxin and cytokinin activities during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqiong Song
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Shuangli Sun
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, 300071 Tianjin, China
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, 999077 Hong Kong, China
| | - Huiwen Ren
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Magali Grison
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Yohann Boutté
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Weili Bai
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Shuzhen Men
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, 300071 Tianjin, China
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Yang Z, Yang L, Liu C, Qin X, Liu H, Chen J, Ji Y. Transcriptome analyses of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis, Ypsilandra thibetica, and Polygonatum kingianum characterize their steroidal saponin biosynthesis pathway. Fitoterapia 2019; 135:52-63. [PMID: 30999023 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Steroidal saponins, one of the most diverse groups of plant-derived natural products, elicit biological and pharmacological activities; however, the genes involved in their biosynthesis and the corresponding biosynthetic pathway in monocotyledon plants remain unclear. This study aimed to identify genes involved in the biosynthesis of steroidal saponins by performing a comparative analysis among transcriptomes of Paris polyphylla var. chinensis (PPC), Ypsilandra thibetica (YT), and Polygonatum kingianum (PK). De novo transcriptome assemblies generated 57,537, 140,420, and 151,773 unigenes from PPC, YT, and PK, respectively, of which 56.54, 47.81, and 44.30% were successfully annotated, respectively. Among the transcriptomes for PPC, YT, and PK, we identified 194, 169, and 131; 17, 14, and 26; and, 80, 122, and 113 unigenes corresponding to terpenoid backbone biosynthesis; sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis; and, steroid biosynthesis pathways, respectively. These genes are putatively involved in the biosynthesis of cholesterol that is the primary precursor of steroidal saponins. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that lanosterol synthase may be exclusive to dicotyledon plant species, and the cytochrome P450 unigenes were closely related to clusters CYP90B1 and CYP734A1, which are UDP-glycosyltransferases unigenes homologous with the UGT73 family. Thus, unigenes of β-glucosidase may be candidate genes for catalysis of later period modifications of the steroidal saponin skeleton. Our data provide evidence to support the hypothesis that monocotyledons biosynthesize steroidal saponins from cholesterol via the cycloartenol pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Population, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Lifang Yang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, PR China; School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Changkun Liu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Population, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Xujie Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Haiyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, PR China.
| | - Yunheng Ji
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Population, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, PR China.
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Teng L, Fan X, Nelson DR, Han W, Zhang X, Xu D, Renault H, Markov GV, Ye N. Diversity and evolution of cytochromes P450 in stramenopiles. PLANTA 2019; 249:647-661. [PMID: 30341489 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Comparative genomic analysis of cytochromes P450 revealed high diversification and dynamic changes in stramenopiles, associated with transcriptional responsiveness to various environmental stimuli. Comparative genomic and molecular evolution approaches were used to characterize cytochromes P450 (P450) diversity in stramenopiles. Phylogenetic analysis pointed to a high diversity of P450 in stramenopiles and identified three major clans. The CYP51 and CYP97 clans were present in brown algae, diatoms and Nannochloropsis gaditana, whereas the CYP5014 clan mainly includes oomycetes. Gene gain and loss patterns revealed that six CYP families-CYP51, CYP97, CYP5160, CYP5021, CYP5022, and CYP5165-predated the split of brown algae and diatoms. After they diverged, diatoms gained more CYP families, especially in the cold-adapted species Fragilariopsis cylindrus, in which eight new CYP families were found. Selection analysis revealed that the expanded CYP51 family in the brown alga Cladosiphon okamuranus exhibited a more relaxed selection constraint compared with those of other brown algae and diatoms. Our RNA-seq data further evidenced that most of P450s in Saccharina japonica are highly expressed in large sporophytes, which could potentially promote the large kelp formation in this developmental stage. A survey of Ectocarpus siliculosus and diatom transcriptomes showed that many P450s are responsive to stress, nutrient limitation or light quality, suggesting pivotal roles in detoxification or metabolic processes under adverse environmental conditions. The information provided in this study will be helpful in designing functional experiments and interpreting P450 roles in this particular lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhong Teng
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiao Fan
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 858 Madison Ave. Suite G01, Memphis, 38163, TN, USA
| | - Wentao Han
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Dong Xu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hugues Renault
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gabriel V Markov
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Naihao Ye
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Phylogenomic analysis of cytochrome P450 multigene family and their differential expression analysis in Solanum lycopersicum L. suggested tissue specific promoters. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:116. [PMID: 30732561 PMCID: PMC6367802 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5483-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytochrome P450 (P450) is a functionally diverse and multifamily class of enzymes which catalyses vast variety of biochemical reactions. P450 genes play regulatory role in growth, development and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Solanum lycopersicum L. (Tomato) is an economically important crop plant and model system for various studies with massive genomic data. The comprehensive identification and characterization of P450 genes was lacking. Probing tomato genome for P450 identification would provide valuable information about the functions and evolution of the P450 gene family. Results In the present study, we have identified 233 P450 genes from tomato genome along with conserved motifs. Through the phylogenetic analysis of Solanum lycopersicum P450 (SlP450) protein sequences, they were classified into two major clades and nine clans further divided into 42 families. RT-qPCR analysis of selected six candidate genes were corroborated with digital expression profile. Out of 233 SlP450 genes, 73 showed expression evidence in 19 tissues of tomato. Out of 22 intron gain/loss positions, two positions were conserved in tomato P450 genes supporting intron late theory of intron evolution in SlP450 families. The comparison between tomato and other related plant P450s families showed that CYP728, CYP733, CYP80, CYP92, CYP736 and CYP749 families have been evolved in tomato and few higher plants whereas lost from Arabidopsis. The global promoter analysis of SlP450 against all the protein coding genes, coupled with expression data, revealed statistical overrepresentation of few promoter motifs in SlP450 genes which were highly expressed in specific tissue of tomato. Hence, these identified promoter motifs can be pursued further as tissue specific promoter that are driving expression of respective SlP450. Conclusions The phylogenetic analysis and expression profiles of tomato P450 gene family offers essential genomic resource for their functional characterization. This study allows comparison of SlP450 gene family with other Solanaceae members which are also economically important and attempt to classify functionally important SlP450 genes into groups and families. This report would enable researchers working on Tomato P450 to select appropriate candidate genes from huge repertoire of P450 genes depending on their phylogenetic class, tissue specific expression and promoter prevalence. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5483-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Metabolism and Biological Activities of 4-Methyl-Sterols. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030451. [PMID: 30691248 PMCID: PMC6385002 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
4,4-Dimethylsterols and 4-methylsterols are sterol biosynthetic intermediates (C4-SBIs) acting as precursors of cholesterol, ergosterol, and phytosterols. Their accumulation caused by genetic lesions or biochemical inhibition causes severe cellular and developmental phenotypes in all organisms. Functional evidence supports their role as meiosis activators or as signaling molecules in mammals or plants. Oxygenated C4-SBIs like 4-carboxysterols act in major biological processes like auxin signaling in plants and immune system development in mammals. It is the purpose of this article to point out important milestones and significant advances in the understanding of the biogenesis and biological activities of C4-SBIs.
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Zhang J, Li Y, Guo J, Du B, He G, Zhang Y, Chen R, Li J. Lipid profiles reveal different responses to brown planthopper infestation for pest susceptible and resistant rice plants. Metabolomics 2018; 14:120. [PMID: 30830454 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1422-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brown planthopper (BPH) is the most destructive insect pest for rice, causing major reductions in rice yield and large economic losses. More than 31 BPH-resistance genes have been located, and several of them have been isolated. Nevertheless, the metabolic mechanism related to BPH-resistance genes remain uncharacterized. OBJECTIVES To elucidate the resistance mechanism of the BPH-resistance gene Bph6 at the metabolic level, a Bph6-transgenic line R6 (BPH-resistant) and the wild-type Nipponbare (BPH-susceptible) were used to investigate their lipid profiles under control and BPH treatments. METHODS In conjunction with multivariate statistical analysis and quantitative real-time PCR, BPH-induced lipid changes in leaf blade and leaf sheath were investigated by GC-MS-based lipidomics. RESULTS Forty-five lipids were identified in leaf sheath extracts. Leaf sheath lipidomics analysis results show that BPH infestation induces significant differences in the lipid profiles of Nipponbare and R6. The levels of hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, linoleic acid, methyl ester, linolenic acid, methyl ester, glycidyl palmitate, eicosanoic acid, methyl ester, docosanoic acid, methyl ester, beta-monolinolein, campesterol, beta-sitosterol, cycloartenol, phytol and phytyl acetate had undergone enormous changes after BPH feeding. These results illustrate that BPH feeding enhances sterol biosynthetic pathway in Nipponbare plants, and strengthens wax biosynthesis and phytol metabolism in R6 plants. The results of quantitative real-time PCR of 5 relevant genes were consistent with the changes in metabolic level. Forty-five lipids were identified in the leaf blade extracts. BPH infestation induces distinct changes in the lipid profiles of the leaf blade samples of Nipponbare and R6. Although the lipid changes in Nipponbare are more drastic, the changes within the two varieties are similar. Lipid profiles in leaf sheath brought out significant differences than in leaf blade within Nipponbare and R6. We propose that Bph6 mainly affects the levels of lipids in leaf sheath, and mediates resistance by deploying metabolic re-programming during BPH feeding. CONCLUSION The results indicate that wax biosynthesis, sterol biosynthetic pathway and phytol metabolism play vital roles in rice response to BPH infestation. This finding demonstrated that the combination of lipidomics and quantitative real-time PCR is an effective approach to elucidating the interactions between brown planthopper and rice mediated by resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jianping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Bo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Guangcun He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yingjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Rongzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Jiaru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Wagatsuma T, Maejima E, Watanabe T, Toyomasu T, Kuroda M, Muranaka T, Ohyama K, Ishikawa A, Usui M, Hossain Khan S, Maruyama H, Tawaraya K, Kobayashi Y, Koyama H. Dark conditions enhance aluminum tolerance in several rice cultivars via multiple modulations of membrane sterols. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:567-577. [PMID: 29294038 PMCID: PMC5853495 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum-sensitive rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars showed increased Al tolerance under dark conditions, because less Al accumulated in the root tips (1 cm) under dark than under light conditions. Under dark conditions, the root tip concentration of total sterols, which generally reduce plasma membrane permeabilization, was higher in the most Al-sensitive japonica cultivar, Koshihikari (Ko), than in the most Al-tolerant cultivar, Rikuu-132 (R132), but the phospholipid content did not differ between the two. The Al treatment increased the proportion of stigmasterol (which has no ability to reduce membrane permeabilization) out of total sterols similarly in both cultivars under light conditions, but it decreased more in Ko under dark conditions. The carotenoid content in the root tip of Al-treated Ko was significantly lower under dark than under light conditions, indicating that isopentenyl diphosphate transport from the cytosol to plastids was decreased under dark conditions. HMG2 and HMG3 (encoding the key sterol biosynthetic enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase) transcript levels in the root tips were enhanced under dark conditions. We suggest that the following mechanisms contribute to the increase in Al tolerance under dark conditions: inhibition of stigmasterol formation to retain membrane integrity; greater partitioning of isopentenyl diphosphate for sterol biosynthesis; and enhanced expression of HMGs to increase sterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadao Wagatsuma
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Eriko Maejima
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Plant Science Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | - Masami Usui
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | | | - Hayato Maruyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Yuriko Kobayashi
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koyama
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Liu C, Wang B, Li Z, Peng Z, Zhang J. TsNAC1 Is a Key Transcription Factor in Abiotic Stress Resistance and Growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:742-756. [PMID: 29122985 PMCID: PMC5761785 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
NAC proteins constitute one of the largest families of plant-specific transcription factors, and a number of these proteins participate in the regulation of plant development and responses to abiotic stress. T. HALOPHILA STRESS RELATED NAC1 (TsNAC1), cloned from the halophyte Thellungiella halophila, is a NAC transcription factor gene, and its overexpression can improve abiotic stress resistance, especially in salt stress tolerance, in both T. halophila and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and retard the growth of these plants. In this study, the transcriptional activation activity of TsNAC1 and RD26 from Arabidopsis was compared with the target genes' promoter regions of TsNAC1 from T. halophila, and the results showed that the transcriptional activation activity of TsNAC1 was higher in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and yeast. The target sequence of the promoter from the target genes also was identified, and TsNAC1 was shown to target the positive regulators of ion transportation, such as T. HALOPHILA H+-PPASE1, and the transcription factors MYB HYPOCOTYL ELONGATION-RELATED and HOMEOBOX12 In addition, TsNAC1 negatively regulates the expansion of cells, inhibits LIGHT-DEPENDENT SHORT HYPOCOTYLS1 and UDP-XYLOSYLTRANSFERASE2, and directly controls the expression of MULTICOPY SUPPRESSOR OF IRA14 Based on these results, we propose that TsNAC1 functions as an important upstream regulator of plant abiotic stress responses and vegetative growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Baomei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaoxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenghua Peng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Juren Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
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Ferrer A, Altabella T, Arró M, Boronat A. Emerging roles for conjugated sterols in plants. Prog Lipid Res 2017; 67:27-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lung SC, Liao P, Yeung EC, Hsiao AS, Xue Y, Chye ML. Acyl-CoA-Binding Protein ACBP1 Modulates Sterol Synthesis during Embryogenesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:1420-1435. [PMID: 28500265 PMCID: PMC5490911 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) and sterols are primary metabolites that exert interrelated functions as structural and signaling lipids. Despite their common syntheses from acetyl-coenzyme A, homeostatic cross talk remains enigmatic. Six Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) acyl-coenzyme A-binding proteins (ACBPs) are involved in FA metabolism. ACBP1 interacts with PHOSPHOLIPASE Dα1 and regulates phospholipid composition. Here, its specific role in the negative modulation of sterol synthesis during embryogenesis is reported. ACBP1, likely in a liganded state, interacts with STEROL C4-METHYL OXIDASE1-1 (SMO1-1), a rate-limiting enzyme in the sterol pathway. Proembryo abortion in the double mutant indicated that the ACBP1-SMO1-1 interaction is synthetic lethal, corroborating with their strong promoter activities in developing ovules. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed quantitative and compositional changes in FAs and sterols upon overexpression or mutation of ACBP1 and/or SMO1-1 Aberrant levels of these metabolites may account for the downstream defect in lipid signaling. GLABRA2 (GL2), encoding a phospholipid/sterol-binding homeodomain transcription factor, was up-regulated in developing seeds of acbp1, smo1-1, and ACBP1+/-smo1-1 in comparison with the wild type. Consistent with the corresponding transcriptional alteration of GL2 targets, high-oil, low-mucilage phenotypes of gl2 were phenocopied in ACBP1+/-smo1-1 Thus, ACBP1 appears to modulate the metabolism of two important lipid classes (FAs and sterols) influencing cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiu-Cheung Lung
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pan Liao
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edward C Yeung
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - An-Shan Hsiao
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Xue
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mee-Len Chye
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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Huang B, Qian P, Gao N, Shen J, Hou S. Fackel interacts with gibberellic acid signaling and vernalization to mediate flowering in Arabidopsis. PLANTA 2017; 245:939-950. [PMID: 28108812 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2652-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fackel (FK) is involved in the flowering of Arabidopsis mainly via the gibberellin pathway and vernalization pathway. This new function of FK is partially dependent on the FLOWERING LOCUS C ( FLC ). A common transitional process from vegetative stage to reproductive stage exists in higher plants during their life cycle. The initiation of flower bud differentiation, which plays a key role in the reproductive phase, is affected by both external environmental and internal regulatory factors. In this study, we showed that the Arabidopsis weak mutant allele fk-J3158, impaired in the FACKEL (FK) gene, which encodes a C-14 reductase involved in sterol biosynthesis, had a long life cycle and delayed flowering time in different photoperiods. In addition, FK overexpression lines displayed an earlier flowering phenotype than that of the wild type. These processes might be independent of the downstream brassinosteroid (BR) pathway and the autonomous pathway. However, the fk-J3158 plants were more sensitive than wild type in reducing the bolting days and total leaf number under gibberellic acid (GA) treatment. Further studies suggested that FK mutation led to an absence of endogenous GAs in fk-J3158 and FK gene expression was also affected under GA and paclobutrazol (PAC) treatment. Moreover, the delayed flowering time of fk-J3158 could be rescued by a 3-week vernalization treatment, and the expression of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) was accordingly down-regulated in fk-J3158. We also demonstrated that flowering time of fk-J3158 flc double mutant was significantly earlier than that of fk-J3158 under the long-day (LD) conditions. All these results indicated that FK may affect the flowering in Arabidopsis mainly via GA pathway and vernalization pathway. And these effects are partially dependent on the FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyao Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingping Qian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Na Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Shen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Suiwen Hou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
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Ghosh S. Triterpene Structural Diversification by Plant Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1886. [PMID: 29170672 PMCID: PMC5684119 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) represent the largest enzyme family of the plant metabolism. Plants typically devote about 1% of the protein-coding genes for the P450s to execute primary metabolism and also to perform species-specific specialized functions including metabolism of the triterpenes, isoprene-derived 30-carbon compounds. Triterpenes constitute a large and structurally diverse class of natural products with various industrial and pharmaceutical applications. P450-catalyzed structural modification is crucial for the diversification and functionalization of the triterpene scaffolds. In recent times, a remarkable progress has been made in understanding the function of the P450s in plant triterpene metabolism. So far, ∼80 P450s are assigned biochemical functions related to the plant triterpene metabolism. The members of the subfamilies CYP51G, CYP85A, CYP90B-D, CYP710A, CYP724B, and CYP734A are generally conserved across the plant kingdom to take part in plant primary metabolism related to the biosynthesis of essential sterols and steroid hormones. However, the members of the subfamilies CYP51H, CYP71A,D, CYP72A, CYP81Q, CYP87D, CYP88D,L, CYP93E, CYP705A, CYP708A, and CYP716A,C,E,S,U,Y are required for the metabolism of the specialized triterpenes that might perform species-specific functions including chemical defense toward specialized pathogens. Moreover, a recent advancement in high-throughput sequencing of the transcriptomes and genomes has resulted in identification of a large number of candidate P450s from diverse plant species. Assigning biochemical functions to these P450s will be of interest to extend our knowledge on triterpene metabolism in diverse plant species and also for the sustainable production of valuable phytochemicals.
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Manzano D, Andrade P, Caudepón D, Altabella T, Arró M, Ferrer A. Suppressing Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase Alters Chloroplast Development and Triggers Sterol-Dependent Induction of Jasmonate- and Fe-Related Responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:93-117. [PMID: 27382138 PMCID: PMC5074618 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) catalyzes the synthesis of farnesyl diphosphate from isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) contains two genes (FPS1 and FPS2) encoding FPS. Single fps1 and fps2 knockout mutants are phenotypically indistinguishable from wild-type plants, while fps1/fps2 double mutants are embryo lethal. To assess the effect of FPS down-regulation at postembryonic developmental stages, we generated Arabidopsis conditional knockdown mutants expressing artificial microRNAs devised to simultaneously silence both FPS genes. Induction of silencing from germination rapidly caused chlorosis and a strong developmental phenotype that led to seedling lethality. However, silencing of FPS after seed germination resulted in a slight developmental delay only, although leaves and cotyledons continued to show chlorosis and altered chloroplasts. Metabolomic analyses also revealed drastic changes in the profile of sterols, ubiquinones, and plastidial isoprenoids. RNA sequencing and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction transcriptomic analysis showed that a reduction in FPS activity levels triggers the misregulation of genes involved in biotic and abiotic stress responses, the most prominent one being the rapid induction of a set of genes related to the jasmonic acid pathway. Down-regulation of FPS also triggered an iron-deficiency transcriptional response that is consistent with the iron-deficient phenotype observed in FPS-silenced plants. The specific inhibition of the sterol biosynthesis pathway by chemical and genetic blockage mimicked these transcriptional responses, indicating that sterol depletion is the primary cause of the observed alterations. Our results highlight the importance of sterol homeostasis for normal chloroplast development and function and reveal important clues about how isoprenoid and sterol metabolism is integrated within plant physiology and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Manzano
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain (D.M., P.A., D.C., T.A., M.A., A.F.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M., P.A., D.C., M.A., A.F.) and Plant Physiology Unit (T.A.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paola Andrade
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain (D.M., P.A., D.C., T.A., M.A., A.F.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M., P.A., D.C., M.A., A.F.) and Plant Physiology Unit (T.A.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Caudepón
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain (D.M., P.A., D.C., T.A., M.A., A.F.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M., P.A., D.C., M.A., A.F.) and Plant Physiology Unit (T.A.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Altabella
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain (D.M., P.A., D.C., T.A., M.A., A.F.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M., P.A., D.C., M.A., A.F.) and Plant Physiology Unit (T.A.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Arró
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain (D.M., P.A., D.C., T.A., M.A., A.F.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M., P.A., D.C., M.A., A.F.) and Plant Physiology Unit (T.A.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Ferrer
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain (D.M., P.A., D.C., T.A., M.A., A.F.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M., P.A., D.C., M.A., A.F.) and Plant Physiology Unit (T.A.), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Nestola M, Schmidt TC. Fully automated determination of the sterol composition and total content in edible oils and fats by online liquid chromatography–gas chromatography–flame ionization detection. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1463:136-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zhang X, Sun S, Nie X, Boutté Y, Grison M, Li P, Kuang S, Men S. Sterol Methyl Oxidases Affect Embryo Development via Auxin-Associated Mechanisms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:468-82. [PMID: 27006488 PMCID: PMC4854682 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sterols are essential molecules for multiple biological processes, including embryogenesis, cell elongation, and endocytosis. The plant sterol biosynthetic pathway is unique in the involvement of two distinct sterol 4α-methyl oxidase (SMO) families, SMO1 and SMO2, which contain three and two isoforms, respectively, and are involved in sequential removal of the two methyl groups at C-4. In this study, we characterized the biological functions of members of the SMO2 gene family. SMO2-1 was strongly expressed in most tissues during Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) development, whereas SMO2-2 showed a more specific expression pattern. Although single smo2 mutants displayed no obvious phenotype, the smo2-1 smo2-2 double mutant was embryonic lethal, and the smo2-1 smo2-2/+ mutant was dwarf, whereas the smo2-1/+ smo2-2 mutant exhibited a moderate phenotype. The phenotypes of the smo2 mutants resembled those of auxin-defective mutants. Indeed, the expression of DR5rev:GFP, an auxin-responsive reporter, was reduced and abnormal in smo2-1 smo2-2 embryos. Furthermore, the expression and subcellular localization of the PIN1 auxin efflux facilitator also were altered. Consistent with these observations, either the exogenous application of auxin or endogenous auxin overproduction (YUCCA9 overexpression) partially rescued the smo2-1 smo2-2 embryonic lethality. Surprisingly, the dwarf phenotype of smo2-1 smo2-2/+ was completely rescued by YUCCA9 overexpression. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed a substantial accumulation of 4α-methylsterols, substrates of SMO2, in smo2 heterozygous double mutants. Together, our data suggest that SMO2s are important for correct sterol composition and function partially through effects on auxin accumulation, auxin response, and PIN1 expression to regulate Arabidopsis embryogenesis and postembryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China (X.Z., S.S., X.N., P.L., S.K., S.M.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique-University of Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200 Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (Y.B., M.G.)
| | - Shuangli Sun
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China (X.Z., S.S., X.N., P.L., S.K., S.M.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique-University of Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200 Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (Y.B., M.G.)
| | - Xiang Nie
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China (X.Z., S.S., X.N., P.L., S.K., S.M.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique-University of Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200 Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (Y.B., M.G.)
| | - Yohann Boutté
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China (X.Z., S.S., X.N., P.L., S.K., S.M.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique-University of Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200 Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (Y.B., M.G.)
| | - Magali Grison
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China (X.Z., S.S., X.N., P.L., S.K., S.M.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique-University of Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200 Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (Y.B., M.G.)
| | - Panpan Li
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China (X.Z., S.S., X.N., P.L., S.K., S.M.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique-University of Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200 Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (Y.B., M.G.)
| | - Susu Kuang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China (X.Z., S.S., X.N., P.L., S.K., S.M.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique-University of Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200 Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (Y.B., M.G.)
| | - Shuzhen Men
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, China (X.Z., S.S., X.N., P.L., S.K., S.M.); andCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique-University of Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200 Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (Y.B., M.G.)
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Deng S, Wei T, Tan K, Hu M, Li F, Zhai Y, Ye S, Xiao Y, Hou L, Pei Y, Luo M. Phytosterol content and the campesterol:sitosterol ratio influence cotton fiber development: role of phytosterols in cell elongation. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:183-93. [PMID: 26803301 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4992-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phytosterols play an important role in plant growth and development, including cell division, cell elongation, embryogenesis, cellulose biosynthesis, and cell wall formation. Cotton fiber, which undergoes synchronous cell elongation and a large amount of cellulose synthesis, is an ideal model for the study of plant cell elongation and cell wall biogenesis. The role of phytosterols in fiber growth was investigated by treating the fibers with tridemorph, a sterol biosynthetic inhibitor. The inhibition of phytosterol biosynthesis resulted in an apparent suppression of fiber elongation in vitro or in planta. The determination of phytosterol quantity indicated that sitosterol and campesterol were the major phytosterols in cotton fibers; moreover, higher concentrations of these phytosterols were observed during the period of rapid elongation of fibers. Furthermore, the decrease and increase in campesterol:sitosterol ratio was associated with the increase and decease in speed of elongation, respectively, during the elongation stage. The increase in the ratio was associated with the transition from cell elongation to secondary cell wall synthesis. In addition, a number of phytosterol biosynthetic genes were down-regulated in the short fibers of ligon lintless-1 mutant, compared to its near-isogenic wild-type TM-1. These results demonstrated that phytosterols play a crucial role in cotton fiber development, and particularly in fiber elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Deng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Ting Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Kunling Tan
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Mingyu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Yunlan Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Shue Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Yuehua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Lei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Yan Pei
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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Xia K, Ou X, Tang H, Wang R, Wu P, Jia Y, Wei X, Xu X, Kang SH, Kim SK, Zhang M. Rice microRNA osa-miR1848 targets the obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase gene OsCYP51G3 and mediates the biosynthesis of phytosterols and brassinosteroids during development and in response to stress. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:790-802. [PMID: 26083975 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterols are membrane components or precursors for brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis. As they cannot be transported long distances, their homeostasis is tightly controlled through their biosynthesis and metabolism. However, it is unknown whether microRNAs are involved in their homeostatic regulation. Rice (Oryza sativa) plants transformed with microRNA osa-miR1848 and its target, the obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase gene, OsCYP51G3, were used to investigate the role of osa-miR1848 in the regulation of phytosterol biosynthesis. osa-miR1848 directs OsCYP51G3 mRNA cleavage to regulate phytosterol and BR biosynthesis in rice. The role of OsCYP51G3 as one of the osa-miR1848 targets is supported by the opposite expression patterns of osa-miR1848 and OsCYP51G3 in transgenic rice plants, and by the identification of OsCYP51G3 mRNA cleavage sites. Increased osa-miR1848 and decreased OsCYP51G3 expression reduced phytosterol and BR concentrations, and caused typical phenotypic changes related to phytosterol and BR deficiency, including dwarf plants, erect leaves, semi-sterile pollen grains, and shorter cells. Circadian expression of osa-miR1848 regulated the diurnal abundance of OsCYP51G3 transcript in developing organs, and the response of OsCYP51G3 to salt stress. We propose that osa-miR1848 regulates OsCYP51G3 expression posttranscriptionally, and mediates phytosterol and BR biosynthesis. osa-miR1848 and OsCYP51G3 might have potential applications in rice breeding to modulate leaf angle, and the size and quality of seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuaifei Xia
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Xiaojing Ou
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huadan Tang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ren Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Yongxia Jia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Xinlan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Seung-Hye Kang
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, South Korea
| | - Seong-Ki Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, South Korea
| | - Mingyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
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Wagatsuma T, Khan MSH, Watanabe T, Maejima E, Sekimoto H, Yokota T, Nakano T, Toyomasu T, Tawaraya K, Koyama H, Uemura M, Ishikawa S, Ikka T, Ishikawa A, Kawamura T, Murakami S, Ueki N, Umetsu A, Kannari T. Higher sterol content regulated by CYP51 with concomitant lower phospholipid content in membranes is a common strategy for aluminium tolerance in several plant species. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:907-18. [PMID: 25416794 PMCID: PMC4321553 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that differences in lipid composition and in the lipid biosynthetic pathway affect the aluminium (Al) tolerance of plants, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying these differences. Phospholipids create a negative charge at the surface of the plasma membrane and enhance Al sensitivity as a result of the accumulation of positively charged Al(3+) ions. The phospholipids will be balanced by other electrically neutral lipids, such as sterols. In the present research, Al tolerance was compared among pea (Pisum sativum) genotypes. Compared with Al-tolerant genotypes, the Al-sensitive genotype accumulated more Al in the root tip, had a less intact plasma membrane, and showed a lower expression level of PsCYP51, which encodes obtusifoliol-14α-demethylase (OBT 14DM), a key sterol biosynthetic enzyme. The ratio of phospholipids to sterols was higher in the sensitive genotype than in the tolerant genotypes, suggesting that the sterol biosynthetic pathway plays an important role in Al tolerance. Consistent with this idea, a transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana line with knocked-down AtCYP51 expression showed an Al-sensitive phenotype. Uniconazole-P, an inhibitor of OBT 14DM, suppressed the Al tolerance of Al-tolerant genotypes of maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), rice (Oryza sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmark cv. Currency). These results suggest that increased sterol content, regulated by CYP51, with concomitant lower phospholipid content in the root tip, results in lower negativity of the plasma membrane. This appears to be a common strategy for Al tolerance among several plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadao Wagatsuma
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan
| | | | - Toshihiro Watanabe
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Eriko Maejima
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sekimoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8505, Japan
| | - Takao Yokota
- Department of Bioscience, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakano
- Antibiotics Laboratory RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; RIKEN Centre for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Japan
| | - Tomonobu Toyomasu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan
| | - Keitaro Tawaraya
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koyama
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Matsuo Uemura
- Cryobiosystem Research Centre, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
| | - Satoru Ishikawa
- National Institute for Agro-Environmental Science, Tsukuba 305-8604, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Akifumi Ishikawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawamura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Murakami
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Nozomi Ueki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan
| | - Asami Umetsu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kannari
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan
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Rozhon W, Wang W, Berthiller F, Mayerhofer J, Chen T, Petutschnig E, Sieberer T, Poppenberger B, Jonak C. Bikinin-like inhibitors targeting GSK3/Shaggy-like kinases: characterisation of novel compounds and elucidation of their catabolism in planta. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:172. [PMID: 24947596 PMCID: PMC4078015 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant GSK-3/Shaggy-like kinases are key players in brassinosteroid (BR) signalling which impact on plant development and participate in response to wounding, pathogens and salt stress. Bikinin was previously identified in a chemical genetics screen as an inhibitor targeting these kinases. To dissect the structural elements crucial for inhibition of GSK-3/Shaggy-like kinases by bikinin and to isolate more potent compounds we synthesised a number of related substances and tested their inhibitory activity in vitro and in vivo using Arabidopsis thaliana. RESULTS A pyridine ring with an amido succinic acid residue in position 2 and a halogen in position 5 were crucial for inhibitory activity. The compound with an iodine substituent in position 5, denoted iodobikinin, was most active in inhibiting BIN2 activity in vitro and efficiently induced brassinosteroid-like responses in vivo. Its methyl ester, methyliodobikinin, showed improved cell permeability, making it highly potent in vivo although it had lower activity in vitro. HPLC analysis revealed that the methyl residue was rapidly cleaved off in planta liberating active iodobikinin. In addition, we provide evidence that iodobikinin and bikinin are inactivated in planta by conjugation with glutamic acid or malic acid and that the latter process is catalysed by the malate transferase SNG1. CONCLUSION Brassinosteroids participate in regulation of many aspects of plant development and in responses to environmental cues. Thus compounds modulating their action are valuable tools to study such processes and may be an interesting opportunity to modify plant growth and performance in horticulture and agronomy. Here we report the development of bikinin derivatives with increased potency that can activate BR signalling and mimic BR action. Methyliodobikinin was 3.4 times more active in vivo than bikinin. The main reason for the superior activity of methyliodobikinin, the most potent compound, is its enhanced plant tissue permeability. Inactivation of bikinin and its derivatives in planta involves SNG1, which constitutes a novel pathway for modification of xenobiotic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Rozhon
- GMI-Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna 1030, Austria
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, Freising 85354, Germany
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Wuyan Wang
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, Freising 85354, Germany
- Present address: Plant Biochemistry, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstr. 2, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - Juliane Mayerhofer
- GMI-Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Tingting Chen
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Elena Petutschnig
- GMI-Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna 1030, Austria
- Present address: Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Cell Biology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Tobias Sieberer
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria
- Department of Plant Sciences, Research Unit Plant Growth Regulation, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, Freising-Weihenstephan 85354, Germany
| | - Brigitte Poppenberger
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, Freising 85354, Germany
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Claudia Jonak
- GMI-Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna 1030, Austria
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Lu Y, Zhou W, Wei L, Li J, Jia J, Li F, Smith SM, Xu J. Regulation of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway and its integration with fatty acid biosynthesis in the oleaginous microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2014; 7:81. [PMID: 24920959 PMCID: PMC4052811 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-7-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sterols are vital structural and regulatory components in eukaryotic cells; however, their biosynthetic pathways and functional roles in microalgae remain poorly understood. RESULTS In the oleaginous microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica, the sterol biosynthetic pathway produces phytosterols as minor products and cholesterol as the major product. The evidence together with their deduced biosynthetic pathways suggests that N. oceanica exhibits features of both higher plants and mammals. Temporal tracking of sterol profiles and sterol-biosynthetic transcripts in response to changes in light intensity and nitrogen supply reveal that sterols play roles in cell proliferation, chloroplast differentiation, and photosynthesis. Furthermore, the dynamics of fatty acid (FA) and FA-biosynthetic transcripts upon chemical inhibitor-induced sterol depletion reveal possible co-regulation of sterol production and FA synthesis, in that the squalene epoxidase inhibitor terbinafine reduces sterol content yet significantly elevates free FA production. Thus, a feedback regulation of sterol and FA homeostasis is proposed, with the 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS, the committed enzyme in isoprenoid and sterol biosynthesis) gene potentially subject to feedback regulation by sterols. CONCLUSION These findings reveal features of sterol function and biosynthesis in microalgae and suggest new genetic engineering or chemical biology approaches for enhanced oil production in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandu Lu
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Wenxu Zhou
- Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Li Wei
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Jing Li
- Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jing Jia
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Fei Li
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Steven M Smith
- Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jian Xu
- Single-Cell Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
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Cheon J, Fujioka S, Dilkes BP, Choe S. Brassinosteroids regulate plant growth through distinct signaling pathways in Selaginella and Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81938. [PMID: 24349155 PMCID: PMC3862569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are growth-promoting steroid hormones that regulate diverse physiological processes in plants. Most BR biosynthetic enzymes belong to the cytochrome P450 (CYP) family. The gene encoding the ultimate step of BR biosynthesis in Arabidopsis likely evolved by gene duplication followed by functional specialization in a dicotyledonous plant-specific manner. To gain insight into the evolution of BRs, we performed a genomic reconstitution of Arabidopsis BR biosynthetic genes in an ancestral vascular plant, the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii. Selaginella contains four members of the CYP90 family that cluster together in the CYP85 clan. Similar to known BR biosynthetic genes, the Selaginella CYP90s exhibit eight or ten exons and Selaginella produces a putative BR biosynthetic intermediate. Therefore, we hypothesized that Selaginella CYP90 genes encode BR biosynthetic enzymes. In contrast to typical CYPs in Arabidopsis, Selaginella CYP90E2 and CYP90F1 do not possess amino-terminal signal peptides, suggesting that they do not localize to the endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, one of the three putative CYP reductases (CPRs) that is required for CYP enzyme function co-localized with CYP90E2 and CYP90F1. Treatments with a BR biosynthetic inhibitor, propiconazole, and epi-brassinolide resulted in greatly retarded and increased growth, respectively. This suggests that BRs promote growth in Selaginella, as they do in Arabidopsis. However, BR signaling occurs through different pathways than in Arabidopsis. A sequence homologous to the Arabidopsis BR receptor BRI1 was absent in Selaginella, but downstream components, including BIN2, BSU1, and BZR1, were present. Thus, the mechanism that initiates BR signaling in Selaginella seems to differ from that in Arabidopsis. Our findings suggest that the basic physiological roles of BRs as growth-promoting hormones are conserved in both lycophytes and Arabidopsis; however, different BR molecules and BRI1-based membrane receptor complexes evolved in these plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyeong Cheon
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shozo Fujioka
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Brian P. Dilkes
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SC); (BD)
| | - Sunghwa Choe
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Convergence Research Center for Functional Plant Products, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, Gyeonggi, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (SC); (BD)
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Mialoundama AS, Jadid N, Brunel J, Di Pascoli T, Heintz D, Erhardt M, Mutterer J, Bergdoll M, Ayoub D, Van Dorsselaer A, Rahier A, Nkeng P, Geoffroy P, Miesch M, Camara B, Bouvier F. Arabidopsis ERG28 tethers the sterol C4-demethylation complex to prevent accumulation of a biosynthetic intermediate that interferes with polar auxin transport. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4879-93. [PMID: 24326590 PMCID: PMC3903993 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.115576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Sterols are vital for cellular functions and eukaryotic development because of their essential role as membrane constituents. Sterol biosynthetic intermediates (SBIs) represent a potential reservoir of signaling molecules in mammals and fungi, but little is known about their functions in plants. SBIs are derived from the sterol C4-demethylation enzyme complex that is tethered to the membrane by Ergosterol biosynthetic protein28 (ERG28). Here, using nonlethal loss-of-function strategies focused on Arabidopsis thaliana ERG28, we found that the previously undetected SBI 4-carboxy-4-methyl-24-methylenecycloartanol (CMMC) inhibits polar auxin transport (PAT), a key mechanism by which the phytohormone auxin regulates several aspects of plant growth, including development and responses to environmental factors. The induced accumulation of CMMC in Arabidopsis erg28 plants was associated with diagnostic hallmarks of altered PAT, including the differentiation of pin-like inflorescence, loss of apical dominance, leaf fusion, and reduced root growth. PAT inhibition by CMMC occurs in a brassinosteroid-independent manner. The data presented show that ERG28 is required for PAT in plants. Furthermore, it is accumulation of an atypical SBI that may act to negatively regulate PAT in plants. Hence, the sterol pathway offers further prospects for mining new target molecules that could regulate plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Samba Mialoundama
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Nurul Jadid
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
- Department of Biology Botanical and Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Sepuluh Nopember Institut of Technology, 60111 East-Java, Indonesia
| | - Julien Brunel
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Thomas Di Pascoli
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Dimitri Heintz
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Mathieu Erhardt
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Mutterer
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Marc Bergdoll
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Daniel Ayoub
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Département des Sciences Analytiques, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, 67087 Strasbourg cedex 2, France
| | - Alain Van Dorsselaer
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Département des Sciences Analytiques, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, 67087 Strasbourg cedex 2, France
| | - Alain Rahier
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Paul Nkeng
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Sciences de l'Education et de la Communication, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Geoffroy
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Synthétique, Université de Strasbourg-Institut de Chimie, 67008 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Michel Miesch
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Synthétique, Université de Strasbourg-Institut de Chimie, 67008 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Bilal Camara
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Florence Bouvier
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
- Address correspondence to
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Serra AA, Nuttens A, Larvor V, Renault D, Couée I, Sulmon C, Gouesbet G. Low environmentally relevant levels of bioactive xenobiotics and associated degradation products cause cryptic perturbations of metabolism and molecular stress responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:2753-66. [PMID: 23645866 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Anthropic changes and chemical pollution confront wild plant communities with xenobiotic combinations of bioactive molecules, degradation products, and adjuvants that constitute chemical challenges potentially affecting plant growth and fitness. Such complex challenges involving residual contamination and mixtures of pollutants are difficult to assess. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana was confronted by combinations consisting of the herbicide glyphosate, the fungicide tebuconazole, the glyphosate degradation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), and the atrazine degradation product hydroxyatrazine, which had been detected and quantified in soils of field margins in an agriculturally intensive region. Integrative analysis of physiological, metabolic, and gene expression responses was carried out in dose-response experiments and in comparative experiments of varying pesticide combinations. Field margin contamination levels had significant effects on plant growth and metabolism despite low levels of individual components and the presence of pesticide degradation products. Biochemical and molecular analysis demonstrated that these less toxic degradation products, AMPA and hydroxyatrazine, by themselves elicited significant plant responses, thus indicating underlying mechanisms of perception and transduction into metabolic and gene expression changes. These mechanisms may explain observed interactions, whether positive or negative, between the effects of pesticide products (AMPA and hydroxyatrazine) and the effects of bioactive xenobiotics (glyphosate and tebuconazole). Finally, the metabolic and molecular perturbations induced by low levels of xenobiotics and associated degradation products were shown to affect processes (carbon balance, hormone balance, antioxidant defence, and detoxification) that are likely to determine environmental stress sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Antonella Serra
- Université de Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Campus de Beaulieu, bâtiment 14A. 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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Qian P, Han B, Forestier E, Hu Z, Gao N, Lu W, Schaller H, Li J, Hou S. Sterols are required for cell-fate commitment and maintenance of the stomatal lineage in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 74:1029-44. [PMID: 23551583 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division is important for regulating cell proliferation and fate determination during stomatal development in plants. Although genes that control asymmetric division and cell differentiation in stomatal development have been reported, regulators controlling the process from asymmetric division to cell differentiation remain poorly understood. Here, we report a weak allele (fk-J3158) of the Arabidopsis sterol C-14 reductase gene FACKEL (FK) that shows clusters of small cells and stomata in leaf epidermis, a common phenomenon that is often seen in mutants defective in stomatal asymmetric division. Interestingly, the physical asymmetry of these divisions appeared to be intact in fk mutants, but the cell-fate asymmetry was greatly disturbed, suggesting that the FK pathway links these two crucial events in the process of asymmetric division. Sterol profile analysis revealed that the fk-J3158 mutation blocked downstream sterol production. Further investigation indicated that cyclopropylsterol isomerase1 (cpi1), sterol 14α-demethylase (cyp51A2) and hydra1 (hyd1) mutants, corresponding to enzymes in the same branch of the sterol biosynthetic pathway, displayed defective stomatal development phenotypes, similar to those observed for fk. Fenpropimorph, an inhibitor of the FK sterol C-14 reductase in Arabidopsis, also caused these abnormal small-cell and stomata phenotypes in wild-type leaves. Genetic experiments demonstrated that sterol biosynthesis is required for correct stomatal patterning, probably through an additional signaling pathway that has yet to be defined. Detailed analyses of time-lapse cell division patterns, stomatal precursor cell division markers and DNA ploidy suggest that sterols are required to properly restrict cell proliferation, asymmetric fate specification, cell-fate commitment and maintenance in the stomatal lineage cells. These events occur after physical asymmetric division of stomatal precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Qian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Genetic variation in plant CYP51s confers resistance against voriconazole, a novel inhibitor of brassinosteroid-dependent sterol biosynthesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53650. [PMID: 23335967 PMCID: PMC3546049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant steroid hormones with structural similarity to mammalian sex steroids and ecdysteroids from insects. The BRs are synthesized from sterols and are essential regulators of cell division, cell elongation and cell differentiation. In this work we show that voriconazole, an antifungal therapeutic drug used in human and veterinary medicine, severely impairs plant growth by inhibiting sterol-14α-demethylation and thereby interfering with BR production. The plant growth regulatory properties of voriconazole and related triazoles were identified in a screen for compounds with the ability to alter BR homeostasis. Voriconazole suppressed growth of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and of a wide range of both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. We uncover that voriconazole toxicity in plants is a result of a deficiency in BRs that stems from an inhibition of the cytochrome P450 CYP51, which catalyzes a step of BR-dependent sterol biosynthesis. Interestingly, we found that the woodland strawberry Fragaria vesca, a member of the Rosaceae, is naturally voriconazole resistant and that this resistance is conferred by the specific CYP51 variant of F. vesca. The potential of voriconazole as a novel tool for plant research is discussed.
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Sezutsu H, Le Goff G, Feyereisen R. Origins of P450 diversity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120428. [PMID: 23297351 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The P450 enzymes maintain a conserved P450 fold despite a considerable variation in sequence. The P450 family even includes proteins that lack the single conserved cysteine and are therefore no longer haem-thiolate proteins. The mechanisms of successive gene duplications leading to large families in plants and animals are well established. Comparisons of P450 CYP gene clusters in related species illustrate the rapid changes in CYPome sizes. Examples of CYP copy number variation with effects on fitness are emerging, and these provide an opportunity to study the proximal causes of duplication or pseudogenization. Birth and death models can explain the proliferation of CYP genes that is amply illustrated by the sequence of every new genome. Thus, the distribution of P450 diversity within the CYPome of plants and animals, a few families with many genes (P450 blooms) and many families with few genes, follows similar power laws in both groups. A closer look at some families with few genes shows that these, often single member families, are not stable during evolution. The enzymatic prowess of P450 may predispose them to switch back and forth between metabolism of critical structural or signal molecules and metabolism dedicated to environmental response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Sezutsu
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058634, Japan
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Go YS, Lee SB, Kim HJ, Kim J, Park HY, Kim JK, Shibata K, Yokota T, Ohyama K, Muranaka T, Arseniyadis S, Suh MC. Identification of marneral synthase, which is critical for growth and development in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 72:791-804. [PMID: 22882494 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.05120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce structurally diverse triterpenoids, which are important for their life and survival. Most triterpenoids and sterols share a common biosynthetic intermediate, 2,3-oxidosqualene (OS), which is cyclized by 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC). To investigate the role of an OSC, marneral synthase 1 (MRN1), in planta, we characterized a Arabidopsis mrn1 knock-out mutant displaying round-shaped leaves, late flowering, and delayed embryogenesis. Reduced growth of mrn1 was caused by inhibition of cell expansion and elongation. Marnerol, a reduced form of marneral, was detected in Arabidopsis overexpressing MRN1, but not in the wild type or mrn1. Alterations in the levels of sterols and triterpenols and defects in membrane integrity and permeability were observed in the mrn1. In addition, GUS expression, under the control of the MRN1 gene promoter, was specifically detected in shoot and root apical meristems, which are responsible for primary growth, and the mRNA expression of Arabidopsis clade II OSCs was preferentially observed in roots and siliques containing developing seeds. The eGFP:MRN1 was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum in tobacco protoplasts. Taken together, this report provides evidence that the unusual triterpenoid pathway via marneral synthase is important for the growth and development of Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young S Go
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
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Bak S, Beisson F, Bishop G, Hamberger B, Höfer R, Paquette S, Werck-Reichhart D. Cytochromes p450. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2011; 9:e0144. [PMID: 22303269 PMCID: PMC3268508 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
There are 244 cytochrome P450 genes (and 28 pseudogenes) in the Arabidopsis genome. P450s thus form one of the largest gene families in plants. Contrary to what was initially thought, this family diversification results in very limited functional redundancy and seems to mirror the complexity of plant metabolism. P450s sometimes share less than 20% identity and catalyze extremely diverse reactions leading to the precursors of structural macromolecules such as lignin, cutin, suberin and sporopollenin, or are involved in biosynthesis or catabolism of all hormone and signaling molecules, of pigments, odorants, flavors, antioxidants, allelochemicals and defense compounds, and in the metabolism of xenobiotics. The mechanisms of gene duplication and diversification are getting better understood and together with co-expression data provide leads to functional characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Bak
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fred Beisson
- Department of Plant Biology and Environmental Microbiology, CEA/CNRS/Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 6191 Cadarache, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Gerard Bishop
- Division of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ
| | - Björn Hamberger
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René Höfer
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, CNRS UPR 2357, University of Strasbourg, 28 rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Suzanne Paquette
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biological Structure, HSB G-514, Box 357420, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-9420
| | - Danièle Werck-Reichhart
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, CNRS UPR 2357, University of Strasbourg, 28 rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Banks JA, Nishiyama T, Hasebe M, Bowman JL, Gribskov M, dePamphilis C, Albert VA, Aono N, Aoyama T, Ambrose BA, Ashton NW, Axtell MJ, Barker E, Barker MS, Bennetzen JL, Bonawitz ND, Chapple C, Cheng C, Correa LGG, Dacre M, DeBarry J, Dreyer I, Elias M, Engstrom EM, Estelle M, Feng L, Finet C, Floyd SK, Frommer WB, Fujita T, Gramzow L, Gutensohn M, Harholt J, Hattori M, Heyl A, Hirai T, Hiwatashi Y, Ishikawa M, Iwata M, Karol KG, Koehler B, Kolukisaoglu U, Kubo M, Kurata T, Lalonde S, Li K, Li Y, Litt A, Lyons E, Manning G, Maruyama T, Michael TP, Mikami K, Miyazaki S, Morinaga SI, Murata T, Mueller-Roeber B, Nelson DR, Obara M, Oguri Y, Olmstead RG, Onodera N, Petersen BL, Pils B, Prigge M, Rensing SA, Riaño-Pachón DM, Roberts AW, Sato Y, Scheller HV, Schulz B, Schulz C, Shakirov EV, Shibagaki N, Shinohara N, Shippen DE, Sørensen I, Sotooka R, Sugimoto N, Sugita M, Sumikawa N, Tanurdzic M, Theissen G, Ulvskov P, Wakazuki S, Weng JK, Willats WWGT, Wipf D, Wolf PG, Yang L, Zimmer AD, Zhu Q, Mitros T, Hellsten U, Loqué D, Otillar R, Salamov A, Schmutz J, Shapiro H, Lindquist E, Lucas S, Rokhsar D, Grigoriev IV. The Selaginella genome identifies genetic changes associated with the evolution of vascular plants. Science 2011; 332:960-3. [PMID: 21551031 PMCID: PMC3166216 DOI: 10.1126/science.1203810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 590] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vascular plants appeared ~410 million years ago, then diverged into several lineages of which only two survive: the euphyllophytes (ferns and seed plants) and the lycophytes. We report here the genome sequence of the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii (Selaginella), the first nonseed vascular plant genome reported. By comparing gene content in evolutionarily diverse taxa, we found that the transition from a gametophyte- to a sporophyte-dominated life cycle required far fewer new genes than the transition from a nonseed vascular to a flowering plant, whereas secondary metabolic genes expanded extensively and in parallel in the lycophyte and angiosperm lineages. Selaginella differs in posttranscriptional gene regulation, including small RNA regulation of repetitive elements, an absence of the trans-acting small interfering RNA pathway, and extensive RNA editing of organellar genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Ann Banks
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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