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Bai Y, Liu X, Baldwin IT. Using Synthetic Biology to Understand the Function of Plant Specialized Metabolites. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 75:629-653. [PMID: 38424065 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-060223-013842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Plant specialized metabolites (PSMs) are variably distributed across taxa, tissues, and ecological contexts; this variability has inspired many theories about PSM function, which, to date, remain poorly tested because predictions have outpaced the available data. Advances in mass spectrometry-based metabolomics have enabled unbiased PSM profiling, and molecular biology techniques have produced PSM-free plants; the combination of these methods has accelerated our understanding of the complex ecological roles that PSMs play in plants. Synthetic biology techniques and workflows are producing high-value, structurally complex PSMs in quantities and purities sufficient for both medicinal and functional studies. These workflows enable the reengineering of PSM transport, externalization, structural diversity, and production in novel taxa, facilitating rigorous tests of long-standing theoretical predictions about why plants produce so many different PSMs in particular tissues and ecological contexts. Plants use their chemical prowess to solve ecological challenges, and synthetic biology workflows are accelerating our understanding of these evolved functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; ,
| | - Xinyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; ,
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany;
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2
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Dillon FM, Panagos C, Gouveia G, Tayyari F, Chludil HD, Edison AS, Zavala JA. Changes in primary metabolite content may affect thrips feeding preference in soybean crops. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 220:114014. [PMID: 38354875 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Past research has characterized the induction of plant defenses in response to chewing insect damage. However, little is known about plant responses to piercing-sucking insects that feed on plant cell-contents like thrips (Caliothrips phaseoli). In this study, we used NMR spectroscopy to measure metabolite changes in response to six days of thrips damage from two field-grown soybean cultivars (cv.), known for their different susceptibility to Caliothrips phaseoli. We observed that thrips damage reduces sucrose concentration in both cultivars, while pinitol, the most abundant leaf soluble carbohydrate, is induced in cv. Charata but not in cv. Williams. Thrips did not show preference for leaves where sucrose or pinitol were externally added, at tested concentration. In addition, we also noted that cv. Charata was less naturally colonized and contained higher levels of trigonelline, tyrosine as well as several compounds that we have not yet identified. We have established that preference-feeding clues are not dependent on the plants major soluble carbohydrates but may depend on other types of compounds or leaf physical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M Dillon
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Cátedra de Bioquímica, Facultad de Agronomía, Avenida San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina; INBA/CONICET, Avenida San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Charalampos Panagos
- University of Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Gonçalo Gouveia
- University of Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Fariba Tayyari
- University of Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Hugo D Chludil
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Cátedra de Química de Biomoléculas, Facultad de Agronomía, Avenida San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Arthur S Edison
- University of Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jorge A Zavala
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Cátedra de Bioquímica, Facultad de Agronomía, Avenida San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina; INBA/CONICET, Avenida San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Cátedra de Zoología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía, Avenida San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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3
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Barneto JA, Sardoy PM, Pagano EA, Zavala JA. Lipoxygenases regulate digestive enzyme inhibitor activities in developing seeds of field-grown soybean against the southern green stink bug ( Nezara viridula). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP22192. [PMID: 38220246 DOI: 10.1071/fp22192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max ) is the world's most widely grown seed legume. One of the most important pests that decrease seed quality and reduce yield of soybean crops is the southern green stink bug (Nezara viridula ). Insect damage triggers accumulation of defensive compounds such as protease inhibitors (PIs), isoflavonoids and reactive oxygen species, which are regulated by the lipoxygenase (LOX)-regulated jasmonic acid (JA) to stop insect feeding. This study identified and characterised the role of LOX isoforms in the modulation of chemical defences in seeds of field-grown soybean that decreased digestive enzyme activities of N. viridula after insect attack. Stink bugs attack increased LOX 1 and LOX 2 expression, and activities of LOX 1 and LOX 3 isoenzymes in developing soybean seeds. In addition, stink bug damage and methyl jasmonate application induced expression and activity of both cysteine PIs and trypsin PIs in developing soybean seeds, suggesting that herbivory induced JA in soybean seeds. High PI activity levels in attacked seeds decreased cysteine proteases and α-amylases activities in the gut of stink bugs that fed on field-grown soybean. We demonstrated that LOX isoforms of seeds are concomitantly induced with JA-regulated PIs by stink bugs attack, and these PIs inhibit the activity of insect digestive enzymes. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the participation of LOX in modulating JA-regulated defences against stink bugs in seeds of field-grown soybean, and our results suggest that soybean PIs may inhibit α-amylase activity in the gut of N. viridula .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jésica A Barneto
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Instituto Nacional de Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pedro M Sardoy
- Instituto Nacional de Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Zoología Agrícola, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo A Pagano
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Instituto Nacional de Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge A Zavala
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Instituto Nacional de Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales (INBA)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Zoología Agrícola, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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4
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Luo M, Li B, Jander G, Zhou S. Non-volatile metabolites mediate plant interactions with insect herbivores. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:1164-1177. [PMID: 36891808 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Non-volatile metabolites constitute the bulk of plant biomass. From the perspective of plant-insect interactions, these structurally diverse compounds include nutritious core metabolites and defensive specialized metabolites. In this review, we synthesize the current literature on multiple scales of plant-insect interactions mediated by non-volatile metabolites. At the molecular level, functional genetics studies have revealed a large collection of receptors targeting plant non-volatile metabolites in model insect species and agricultural pests. By contrast, examples of plant receptors of insect-derived molecules remain sparse. For insect herbivores, plant non-volatile metabolites function beyond the dichotomy of core metabolites, classed as nutrients, and specialized metabolites, classed as defensive compounds. Insect feeding tends to elicit evolutionarily conserved changes in plant specialized metabolism, whereas its effect on plant core metabolism varies widely based the interacting species. Finally, several recent studies have demonstrated that non-volatile metabolites can mediate tripartite communication on the community scale, facilitated by physical connections established through direct root-to-root communication, parasitic plants, arbuscular mycorrhizae and the rhizosphere microbiome. Recent advances in both plant and insect molecular biology will facilitate further research on the role of non-volatile metabolites in mediating plant-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Luo
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100091, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Shaoqun Zhou
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
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He C, Lin Y, Zhang Y, Tong L, Ding Y, Yao M, Liu Q, Zeng R, Chen D, Song Y. Aboveground herbivory does not affect mycorrhiza-dependent nitrogen acquisition from soil but inhibits mycorrhizal network-mediated nitrogen interplant transfer in maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1080416. [PMID: 36589048 PMCID: PMC9795027 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1080416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are considered biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture due to their ability to facilitate plant uptake of important mineral elements, such as nitrogen (N). However, plant mycorrhiza-dependent N uptake and interplant transfer may be highly context-dependent, and whether it is affected by aboveground herbivory remains largely unknown. Here, we used 15N labeling and tracking to examine the effect of aboveground insect herbivory by Spodoptera frugiperda on mycorrhiza-dependent N uptake in maize (Zea mays L.). To minimize consumption differences and 15N loss due to insect chewing, insect herbivory was simulated by mechanical wounding and oral secretion of S. frugiperda larvae. Inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis (Rir) significantly improved maize growth, and N/P uptake. The 15N labeling experiment showed that maize plants absorbed N from soils via the extraradical mycelium of mycorrhizal fungi and from neighboring plants transferred by common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs). Simulated aboveground leaf herbivory did not affect mycorrhiza-mediated N acquisition from soil. However, CMN-mediated N transfer from neighboring plants was blocked by leaf simulated herbivory. Our findings suggest that aboveground herbivory inhibits CMN-mediated N transfer between plants but does not affect N acquisition from soil solutions via extraradical mycorrhizal mycelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenling He
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yibin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yifang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lu Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuanxing Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Min Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rensen Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Chemical Ecology and Crop Resistance, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Chemical Ecology and Crop Resistance, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Chemical Ecology and Crop Resistance, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Li X, Zhang J, Lin S, Xing Y, Zhang X, Ye M, Chang Y, Guo H, Sun X. (+)-Catechin, epicatechin and epigallocatechin gallate are important inducible defensive compounds against Ectropis grisescens in tea plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:496-511. [PMID: 34719788 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The tea plant, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze, is an economically important, perennial woody plant rich in catechins. Although catechins have been reported to play an important role in plant defences against microbes, their roles in the defence of tea plants against herbivores remain unknown. In this study, we allowed the larvae of Ectropis grisescens, a leaf-feeding pest, to feed on the plants, and alternatively, we wounded the plants and then treated them with E. grisescens oral secretions (WOS). Both approaches triggered jasmonic acid-, ethylene- and auxin-mediated signalling pathways; as a result, plants accumulated three catechin compounds: (+)-catechin, epicatechin and epigallocatechin. Not only was the mass of E. grisescens larvae fed on plants previously infested with E. grisescens or treated with WOS significantly lower than that of larvae fed on controls, but also artificial diet supplemented with epicatechin, (+)-catechin or epigallocatechin gallate reduced larval growth rates. In addition, the exogenous application of jasmonic acid, ethylene or auxin induced the biosynthesis of the three catechins, which, in turn, enhanced the resistance of tea plants to E. grisescens, leading to the coordination of the three signalling pathways. Our results suggest that the three catechins play an important role in the defences of tea plants against E. grisescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwang Li
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Songbo Lin
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxian Xing
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Ye
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yali Chang
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huawei Guo
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Sun
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
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Kallure GS, Shinde BA, Barvkar VT, Kumari A, Giri AP. Dietary influence on modulation of Helicoverpa armigera oral secretion composition leading to differential regulation of tomato plant defense. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 314:111120. [PMID: 34895549 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about how different plant-based diets influence the insect herbivores' oral secretion (OS) composition and eventually the plant defense responses. We analyzed the OS composition of the generalist Lepidopteran insect, Helicoverpa armigera feeding on the host plant tomato (OSH), non-host plant capsicum (OSNH), and artificial diet (OSAD) using Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Higher numbers and levels of alkaloids and terpenoids were observed in OSH and OSNH, respectively while OSAD was rich in phospholipids. Interestingly, treatment of H. armigera OSAD, OSH and OSNH on wounded tomato leaves showed differential expression of (i) genes involved in JA and SA biosynthesis and their responsive genes, and (ii) biosynthetic pathway genes of chlorogenic acid (CGA) and trehalose, which exhibited increased accumulation along with several other plant defensive metabolites. Specifically, high levels of CGA were detected after OSH and OSNH treatments in tomato leaves. There was higher expression of the genes involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, which may lead to the increased accumulation of CGA and related metabolites. In the insect bioassay, CGA significantly inhibited H. armigera larval growth. Our results underline the differential accumulation of plant and insect OS metabolites and identified potential plant metabolite(s) affecting insect growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal S Kallure
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Balkrishna A Shinde
- Department of Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Vidya Nagar, Kolhapur, 416004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vitthal T Barvkar
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Archana Kumari
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok P Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Kallure GS, Kumari A, Shinde BA, Giri AP. Characterized constituents of insect herbivore oral secretions and their influence on the regulation of plant defenses. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 193:113008. [PMID: 34768189 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.113008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
For more than 350 million years, there have been ongoing dynamic interactions between plants and insects. In several cases, insects cause-specific feeding damage with ensuing herbivore-associated molecular patterns that invoke characteristic defense responses. During feeding on plant tissue, insects release oral secretions (OSs) containing a repertoire of molecules affecting plant defense (effectors). Some of these OS components might elicit a defense response to combat insect attacks (elicitors), while some might curb the plant defenses (suppressors). Few reports suggest that the synthesis and function of OS components might depend on the host plant and associated microorganisms. We review these intricate plant-insect interactions, during which there is a continuous exchange of molecules between plants and feeding insects along with the associated microorganisms. We further provide a list of commonly identified inducible plant produced defensive molecules released upon insect attack as well as in response to OS treatments of the plants. Thus, we describe how plants specialized and defense-related metabolism is modulated at innumerable phases by OS during plant-insect interactions. A molecular understanding of these complex interactions will provide a means to design eco-friendly crop protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal S Kallure
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Archana Kumari
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Balkrishna A Shinde
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, Maharashtra, India; Department of Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Vidya Nagar, Kolhapur, 416004, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashok P Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, Maharashtra, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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9
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Singh A, Singh S, Singh R, Kumar S, Singh SK, Singh IK. Dynamics of Zea mays transcriptome in response to a polyphagous herbivore, Spodoptera litura. Funct Integr Genomics 2021; 21:571-592. [PMID: 34415472 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-021-00796-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Zea mays defense response is well-crafted according to the physical and chemical weapons utilized by their invaders during the coevolutionary period. Maize plants employ diversified defense strategies and alter the spatiotemporal distribution of several classes of defensive compounds to affect insect herbivore performance. However, only little knowledge is available about the defense orchestration of maize in response to Spodoptera litura, a voracious Noctuidae pest. In order to decipher the defense status of Zea mays (African tall variety) against S. litura, a comparative feeding bioassay was executed, which revealed reduced performance of the herbivore on maize. In order to understand the molecular mechanism behind maize tolerance against S. litura, a microarray-based genome-wide expression analysis was performed. The comparative analysis displayed 792 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), wherein 357 genes were upregulated and 435 genes were downregulated at fold change ≥ 2 and p value ≤ 0.05. The upregulated genes were identified and categorized as defense-related, oxidative stress-related, transcription regulatory genes, protein synthesis genes, phytohormone-related, and primary and secondary metabolism-related. In contrast, downregulated genes were mainly associated with plant growth and development, indicating a balance of growth and defense response and utilization of a highly evolved C-diversion response were noticed. Maize plants showed better tolerance against herbivory and maintained its fitness using a combinatorial strategy. This peculiar response of Zea mays against S. litura offers an excellent possibility of managing polyphagous pests by spicing up the plant's defensive response with tolerance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Singh
- Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India.
| | - Sujata Singh
- Molecular Biology Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, Delhi-110019, India
| | - Ragini Singh
- Department of Botany, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Molecular Biology Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, Delhi-110019, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Singh
- Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Indrakant Kumar Singh
- Molecular Biology Research Lab, Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, Delhi-110019, India. .,DBC i4 Centre, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, Delhi-110019, India.
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Noman A, Aqeel M, Islam W, Khalid N, Akhtar N, Qasim M, Yasin G, Hashem M, Alamri S, Al-Zoubi OM, Jalees MM, Al-Sadi A. Insects-plants-pathogens: Toxicity, dependence and defense dynamics. Toxicon 2021; 197:87-98. [PMID: 33848517 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In a natural ecosystem, the pathogen-plant-insect relationship has diverse implications for each other. The pathogens as well as insect-pests consume plant tissues as their feed that mostly results in damage. In turn, plant species have evolved specialized defense system to not only protect themselves but reduce the damage also. Such tripartite interactions involve toxicity, metabolic modulations, resistance etc. among all participants of interaction. These attributes result in selection pressure among participants. Coevolution of such traits reveals need to focus and unravel multiple hidden aspects of insect-plant-pathogen interactions. The definite modulations during plant responses to biotic stress and the operating defense network against herbivores are vital to research areas. Different types of plant pathogens and herbivores are tackled with various changes in plants, e.g. changes in genes expression, glucosinolate metabolism detoxification, signal transduction, cell wall modifications, Ca2+dependent signaling. It is essential to clarify which chemical in plants can work as a defense signal or weapon in plant-pathogen-herbivore interactions. In spite of increased knowledge regarding signal transduction pathways regulating growth-defense balance, much more is needed to unveil the coordination of growth rate with metabolic modulations in bi-trophic interactions. Here, we addressed plant-pathogen-insect interaction for toxicity as well as dependnce along with plant defense dynamics against pathogens and insects with broad range effects at the physio-biochemical and molecular level. We have reviewed interfaces in plant-pathogen-insect research to show pulsating regulation of plant immunity for attuning survival and ecological equilibrium. An improved understanding of the systematic foundation of growth-defense stability has vital repercussions for enhancing crop yield, including insights into uncoupling of host-parasite tradeoffs for ecological and environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Aqeel
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, PR China.
| | - Waqar Islam
- College of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Noreen Khalid
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Noreen Akhtar
- Department of Botany, Government College for Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Ghulam Yasin
- Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahau Din Zakria University Multan Pakistan, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- King Khalid University, College of Science, Department of Biology, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt.
| | - Saad Alamri
- King Khalid University, College of Science, Department of Biology, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Muhammad Moazam Jalees
- Department of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Al-Sadi
- College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat. Sultanate of Oman, Oman
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Label-free quantitative proteomics of Sorghum bicolor reveals the proteins strengthening plant defense against insect pest Chilo partellus. Proteome Sci 2021; 19:6. [PMID: 33810819 PMCID: PMC8019186 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-021-00173-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spotted stem borer- Chilo partellus - a Lepidopteran insect pest of Sorghum bicolor is responsible for major economic losses. It is an oligophagous pest, which bores through the plant stem, causing 'deadheart' and hampering the development of the main cob. We applied a label-free quantitative proteomics approach on three genotypes of S. bicolor with differential resistance/ susceptibility to insect pests, intending to identify the S. bicolor's systemic protein complement contributing to C. partellus tolerance. METHODS The proteomes of S. bicolor with variable resistance to insect pests, ICSV700, IS2205 (resistant) and Swarna (susceptible) were investigated and compared using label-free quantitative proteomics to identify putative leaf proteins contributing to resistance to C. partellus. RESULTS The multivariate analysis on a total of 967 proteins led to the identification of proteins correlating with insect resistance/susceptibility of S. bicolor. Upon C. partellus infestation S. bicolor responded by suppression of protein and amino acid biosynthesis, and induction of proteins involved in maintaining photosynthesis and responding to stresses. The gene ontology analysis revealed that C. partellus-responsive proteins in resistant S. bicolor genotypes were mainly involved in stress and defense, small molecule biosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, catalytic and translation regulation activities. At steady-state, the resistant S. bicolor genotypes displayed at least two-fold higher numbers of unique proteins than the susceptible genotype Swarna, mostly involved in catalytic activities. Gene expression analysis of selected candidates was performed on S. bicolor by artificial induction to mimic C. partellus infestation. CONCLUSION The collection of identified proteins differentially expressed in resistant S. bicolor, are interesting candidates for further elucidation of their role in defense against insect pests.
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Mitra S, Estrada-Tejedor R, Volke DC, Phillips MA, Gershenzon J, Wright LP. Negative regulation of plastidial isoprenoid pathway by herbivore-induced β-cyclocitral in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2008747118. [PMID: 33674379 PMCID: PMC7958287 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008747118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect damage to plants is known to up-regulate defense and down-regulate growth processes. While there are frequent reports about up-regulation of defense signaling and production of defense metabolites in response to herbivory, much less is understood about the mechanisms by which growth and carbon assimilation are down-regulated. Here we demonstrate that insect herbivory down-regulates the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), a pathway making primarily metabolites for use in photosynthesis. Simulated feeding by the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis suppressed flux through the MEP pathway and decreased steady-state levels of the intermediate 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP). Simulated herbivory also increased reactive oxygen species content which caused the conversion of β-carotene to β-cyclocitral (βCC). This volatile oxidation product affected the MEP pathway by directly inhibiting DXP synthase (DXS), the rate-controlling enzyme of the MEP pathway in Arabidopsis and inducing plant resistance against S. littoralis βCC inhibited both DXS transcript accumulation and DXS activity. Molecular models suggested that βCC binds to DXS at the binding site for the thymine pyrophosphate cofactor and blocks catalysis, which was confirmed by direct assays of βCC with the purified DXS protein in vitro. Another intermediate of the MEP pathway, 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-2, 4-cyclodiphosphate, which is known to stimulate salicylate defense signaling, showed greater accumulation and enhanced export out of the plastid in response to simulated herbivory. Together, our work implicates βCC as a signal of herbivore damage in Arabidopsis that increases defense and decreases flux through the MEP pathway, a pathway involved in growth and carbon assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirsha Mitra
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany;
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune-411007, India
| | - Roger Estrada-Tejedor
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Group, IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel C Volke
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michael A Phillips
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Louwrance P Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany;
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Garcia A, Martinez M, Diaz I, Santamaria ME. The Price of the Induced Defense Against Pests: A Meta-Analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:615122. [PMID: 33552106 PMCID: PMC7859116 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.615122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants and phytophagous arthropods have co-evolved for millions of years. During this long coexistence, plants have developed defense mechanisms including constitutive and inducible defenses. In an effort to survive upon herbivore attack, plants suffer a resource reallocation to facilitate the prioritization of defense toward growth. These rearrangements usually end up with a penalty in plant growth, development or reproduction directly linked to crop losses. Achieving the balance to maximize crop yield requires a fine tune regulation specific for each host-arthropod combination, which remains to be fully elucidated. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the effects of induced plant defenses produced upon pest feeding on plant fitness and surrogate parameters. The majority of the studies are focused on specific plant-pest interactions based on artificial herbivory damage or simulated defoliation on specific plant hosts. In this meta-analysis, the relevance of the variables mediating plant-pest interactions has been studied. The importance of plant and pest species, the infestation conditions (plant age, length/magnitude of infestation) and the parameters measured to estimate fitness (carbohydrate content, growth, photosynthesis and reproduction) in the final cost have been analyzed through a meta-analysis of 209 effects sizes from 46 different studies. Herbivore infestation reduced growth, photosynthesis and reproduction but not carbohydrate content. When focusing on the analyses of the variables modulating plant-pest interactions, new conclusions arise. Differences on the effect on plant growth and photosynthesis were observed among different feeding guilds or plant hosts, suggesting that these variables are key players in the final effects. Regarding the ontogenetic stage of a plant, negative effects were reported only in infestations during the vegetative stage of the plant, while no effect was observed during the reproductive stage. In addition, a direct relation was found between the durability and magnitude of the infestation, and the final negative effect on plant fitness. Among the parameters used to estimate the cost, growth and photosynthesis revealed more differences among subgroups than reproduction parameters. Altogether, this information on defense-growth trade-offs should be of great help for the scientific community to design pest management strategies reducing costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Garcia
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentación, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentación, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentación, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Estrella Santamaria
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentación, Madrid, Spain
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Nihranz CT, Walker WS, Brown SJ, Mescher MC, De Moraes CM, Stephenson AG. Transgenerational impacts of herbivory and inbreeding on reproductive output in Solanum carolinense. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:286-297. [PMID: 31944272 PMCID: PMC7064912 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Plant maternal effects on offspring phenotypes are well documented. However, little is known about how herbivory on maternal plants affects offspring fitness. Furthermore, while inbreeding is known to reduce plant reproductive output, previous studies have not explored whether and how such effects may extend across generations. Here, we addressed the transgenerational consequences of herbivory and maternal plant inbreeding on the reproduction of Solanum carolinense offspring. METHODS Manduca sexta caterpillars were used to inflict weekly damage on inbred and outbred S. carolinense maternal plants. Cross-pollinations were performed by hand to produce seed from herbivore-damaged outbred plants, herbivore-damaged inbred plants, undamaged outbred plants, and undamaged inbred plants. The resulting seeds were grown in the greenhouse to assess emergence rate and flower production in the absence of herbivores. We also grew offspring in the field to examine reproductive output under natural conditions. RESULTS We found transgenerational effects of herbivory and maternal plant inbreeding on seedling emergence and reproductive output. Offspring of herbivore-damaged plants had greater emergence, flowered earlier, and produced more flowers and seeds than offspring of undamaged plants. Offspring of outbred maternal plants also had greater seedling emergence and reproductive output than offspring of inbred maternal plants, even though all offspring were outbred. Moreover, the effects of maternal plant inbreeding were more severe when plant offspring were grown in field conditions. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that both herbivory and inbreeding have fitness consequences that extend across generations even in outbred progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad T. Nihranz
- Intercollege Graduate Program in EcologyPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
- Department of BiologyPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - William S. Walker
- Department of BiologyPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Steven J. Brown
- Department of BiologyPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Mark C. Mescher
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceSwiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich)CH‐8092ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Consuelo M. De Moraes
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceSwiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich)CH‐8092ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Andrew G. Stephenson
- Intercollege Graduate Program in EcologyPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
- Department of BiologyPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
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Ban YW, Roy NS, Yang H, Choi HK, Kim JH, Babu P, Ha KS, Ham JK, Park KC, Choi IY. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals higher expression of stress and defense responsive genes in dwarf soybeans obtained from the crossing of G. max and G. soja. Genes Genomics 2019; 41:1315-1327. [PMID: 31363917 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00846-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant height is an important component of plant architecture and significantly affects crop breeding practices and yield. Dwarfism in plants prevents lodging and therefore it's a desired trait in crops. OBJECTIVE To find differentially expressed genes to classify and understand the regulation of genes related to plant growth in mutant dwarf soybeans, which appeared in the F5 generation. METHODS We obtained a few segregated dwarf soybeans in the populations derived from the crossing of Glycine max var. Peking and Glycine soja var. IT182936 in an F5 RIL population. These dwarf soybeans may be useful genetic resources for plant breeders, geneticists and biologists. Using the Illumina high-throughput platform, transcriptomes were generated and compared among normal and dwarf soybeans in triplicate. CONCLUSION We found complex relationship of the expressed genes to plant growth. There were highly significantly up-/downregulated genes according to the comparison of gene expression in normal and dwarf soybeans. The genes related to disease and stress responses were found to be upregulated in dwarf soybeans. Such over-expression of disease resistance and other immune response genes can be targeted to understand how the immune genes regulate the response of plant growth. In addition, photosynthesis-related genes showed very low expression in dwarf lines. The transcriptome expression and genes classified as related to plant growth may be useful resources to researchers studying plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Wook Ban
- Department of Agriculture and Life Industry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
- Department of Forest Environmental System, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Neha Samir Roy
- Department of Agriculture and Life Industry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
- Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Heejung Yang
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Hong-Kyu Choi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hyun Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, South Korea
| | - Prakash Babu
- Department of Forest Environmental System, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Keon-Soo Ha
- Gangwondo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Chuncheon, 24226, South Korea
| | - Jin-Kwan Ham
- Gangwondo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Chuncheon, 24226, South Korea
| | - Kyong Cheul Park
- Department of Agriculture and Life Industry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Ik-Young Choi
- Department of Agriculture and Life Industry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea.
- Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea.
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H 2O 2 Induces Association of RCA with the Thylakoid Membrane to Enhance Resistance of Oryza meyeriana to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8090351. [PMID: 31527548 PMCID: PMC6784163 DOI: 10.3390/plants8090351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oryza meyeriana is a wild species of rice with high resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), but the detailed resistance mechanism is unclear. Ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activase (RCA) is an important enzyme that regulates photosynthesis by activating Rubisco. We have previously reported that Xoo infection induced the relocation of RCA from the chloroplast stroma to the thylakoid membrane in O. meyeriana, but the underlying regulating mechanism and physiological significance of this association remains unknown. In this study, "H2O2 burst" with rapid and large increase in the amount of H2O2 was found to be induced by Xoo invasion in the leaves of O. meyeriana. 3, 3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) and oxidative 2, 7-Dichlorodi-hydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) staining experiments both showed that H2O2 was generated in the chloroplast of O. meyeriana, and that this H2O2 generation as well as Xoo resistance of the wild rice were dramatically dependent on light. H2O2, methyl viologen with light, and the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system all induced RCA to associate with the thylakoid membrane in vitro, which showed that H2O2 could induce the relocation of RCA. In vitro experiments also showed that H2O2 induced changes in both the RCA and thylakoid membrane that were required for them to associate and that this association only occurred in O. meyeriana and not in the susceptible cultivated rice. These results suggest that the association of RCA with the thylakoid membrane helps to protect the thylakoid membrane against oxidative damage from H2O2. Therefore, in addition to its universal function of activating Rubisco, RCA appears to play a novel role in the resistance of O. meyeriana to Xoo.
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Zhang Y, Gao X, Li J, Gong X, Yang P, Gao J, Wang P, Feng B. Comparative analysis of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) leaf transcriptomes for insight into drought tolerance mechanisms. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:397. [PMID: 31510928 PMCID: PMC6737659 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought stress is a major abiotic stress that causes huge losses in agricultural production. Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) can efficiently adapt to drought stress and provides important information and gene resources to improve drought tolerance. However, its complex drought-responsive mechanisms remain unclear. RESULTS Among 37 core Chinese proso millet cultivars, Jinshu 6 (JS6) was selected as the drought-sensitive test material, whereas Neimi 5 (NM5) was selected as the drought-tolerant test material under PEG-induced water stress. After sequencing, 1695 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed in JS6 and NM5 without PEG-induced water stress (JS6CK and NM5CK). A total of 833 and 2166 DEGs were found in the two cultivars under simulated drought by using 20% PEG-6000 for 6 (JS6T6 and NM5T6) and 24 h (JS6T24 and NM5T24), respectively. The DEGs in JS6T6 and JS6T24 treatments were approximately 0.298- and 0.754-fold higher than those in NM5T6 and NM5T24, respectively. Compared with the respective controls, more DEGs were found in T6 treatments than in T24 treatments. A delay in the transcriptional responses of the ROS scavenging system to simulated drought treatment and relatively easy recovery of the expression of photosynthesis-associated genes were observed in NM5. Compared with JS6, different regulation strategies were observed in the jasmonic acid (JA) signal transduction pathway of NM5. CONCLUSION Under PEG-induced water stress, NM5 maintained highly stable gene expression levels. Compared with drought-sensitive cultivars, the different regulation strategies in the JA signal transduction pathway in drought-tolerant cultivars may be one of the driving forces underlying drought stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University / State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Xiaoli Gao
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University / State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University / State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Xiangwei Gong
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University / State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Pu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University / State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Jinfeng Gao
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University / State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Pengke Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University / State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Baili Feng
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University / State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
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Li S, Huang X, McNeill MR, Liu W, Tu X, Ma J, Lv S, Zhang Z. Dietary Stress From Plant Secondary Metabolites Contributes to Grasshopper ( Oedaleus asiaticus) Migration or Plague by Regulating Insect Insulin-Like Signaling Pathway. Front Physiol 2019; 10:531. [PMID: 31130873 PMCID: PMC6509742 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diets essentially affect the ecological distribution of insects, and may contribute to or even accelerate pest plague outbreaks. The grasshopper, Oedaleus asiaticus B-Bienko (OA), is a persistent pest occurring in northern Asian grasslands. Migration and plague of this grasshopper is tightly related to two specific food plants, Stipa krylovii Roshev and Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel. However, how these diets regulate and contribute to plague is not clearly understood. Ecological studies have shown that L. chinensis is detrimental to OA growth due to the presence of high secondary metabolites, and that S. krylovii is beneficial because of the low levels of secondary metabolites. Moreover, in field habitats consisting mainly of these two grasses, OA density has negative correlation to high secondary metabolites and a positive correlation to nutrition content for high energy demand. These two grasses act as a 'push-pull,' thus enabling the grasshopper plague. Molecular analysis showed that gene expression and protein phosphorylation level of the IGF → FOXO cascade in the insulin-like signaling pathway (ILP) of OA negatively correlated to dietary secondary metabolites. High secondary metabolites in L. chinensis down-regulates the ILP pathway that generally is detrimental to insect survival and growth, and benefits insect detoxification with high energy cost. The changed ILP could explain the poor growth of grasshoppers and fewer distributions in the presence of L. chinensis. Plants can substantially affect grasshopper gene expression, protein function, growth, and ecological distribution. Down-regulation of grasshopper ILP due to diet stress caused by high secondary metabolites containing plants, such as L. chinensis, results in poor grasshopper growth and consequently drives grasshopper migration to preferable diet, such as S. krylovii, thus contributing to grasshopper plague outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xunbing Huang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Mark Richard McNeill
- Canterbury Agriculture and Science Centre, AgResearch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Wen Liu
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Xiongbing Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, China
| | - Jingchuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, China
| | - Shenjin Lv
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Zehua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, China
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Mei X, Liu Y, Huang H, Du F, Huang L, Wu J, Li Y, Zhu S, Yang M. Benzothiazole inhibits the growth of Phytophthora capsici through inducing apoptosis and suppressing stress responses and metabolic detoxification. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 154:7-16. [PMID: 30765059 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Benzothiazole (BZO) is an antimicrobial secondary metabolite volatilized by many plants and microbes. However, the mechanism of BZO against phytopathogens is still unclear. Here, we found that BZO has antimicrobial activity against the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici. Transcriptome and proteome analyses demonstrated that BZO significantly suppressed the expression of genes and proteins involved in morphology, abiotic stress defense and detoxification, but induced the activity of apoptosis. Annexin V-FITC/PI staining confirmed that the process of apoptosis was significantly induced by BZO at concentration of 150 mg L-1. FITC-phalloidin actin-cytoskeleton staining combined with hyphal cell wall staining and hyphal ultrastructure studies further confirmed that BZO disrupted the cell membrane and hyphal morphology through disrupting the cytoskeleton, eventually inhibiting the growth of hyphae. These data demonstrated that BZO has multiple modes of action and may act as potential leading compound for the development of new oomycete fungicides. These results also showed that the combination of transcriptomic and proteomic approaches was a useful method for exploring the novel antifungal mechanisms of natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Mei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yixiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Huichuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Fei Du
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Lanlin Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jiaqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yiwen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Shusheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.
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Santamaria ME, Arnaiz A, Gonzalez-Melendi P, Martinez M, Diaz I. Plant Perception and Short-Term Responses to Phytophagous Insects and Mites. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1356. [PMID: 29751577 PMCID: PMC5983831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant⁻pest relationships involve complex processes encompassing a network of molecules, signals, and regulators for overcoming defenses they develop against each other. Phytophagous arthropods identify plants mainly as a source of food. In turn, plants develop a variety of strategies to avoid damage and survive. The success of plant defenses depends on rapid and specific recognition of the phytophagous threat. Subsequently, plants trigger a cascade of short-term responses that eventually result in the production of a wide range of compounds with defense properties. This review deals with the main features involved in the interaction between plants and phytophagous insects and acari, focusing on early responses from the plant side. A general landscape of the diverse strategies employed by plants within the first hours after pest perception to block the capability of phytophagous insects to develop mechanisms of resistance is presented, with the potential of providing alternatives for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Estrella Santamaria
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Biotecnologia-Biologia Vegetal, Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieria Agronomica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Arnaiz
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Biotecnologia-Biologia Vegetal, Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieria Agronomica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pablo Gonzalez-Melendi
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Biotecnologia-Biologia Vegetal, Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieria Agronomica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Biotecnologia-Biologia Vegetal, Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieria Agronomica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM), Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Biotecnologia-Biologia Vegetal, Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieria Agronomica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Huang X, Ma J, Qin X, Tu X, Cao G, Wang G, Nong X, Zhang Z. Biology, physiology and gene expression of grasshopper Oedaleus asiaticus exposed to diet stress from plant secondary compounds. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8655. [PMID: 28819233 PMCID: PMC5561062 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09277-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the role of plant primary and secondary metabolites in mediating plant-insect interactions by conducting a no-choice single-plant species field experiment to compare the suitability, enzyme activities, and gene expression of Oedaleus asiaticus grasshoppers feeding on four host and non-host plants with different chemical traits. O. asiaticus growth showed a positive relationship to food nutrition content and a negative relationship to secondary compounds content. Grasshopper amylase, chymotrypsin, and lipase activities were positively related to food starch, crude protein, and lipid content, respectively. Activity of cytochrome P450s, glutathione-S-transferase, and carboxylesterase were positively related to levels of secondary plant compounds. Gene expression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2C1, cytochrome P450 6K1 were also positively related to secondary compounds content in the diet. Grasshoppers feeding on Artemisia frigida, a species with low nutrient content and a high level of secondary compounds, had reduced growth and digestive enzyme activity. They also had higher detoxification enzyme activity and gene expression compared to grasshoppers feeding on the grasses Cleistogenes squarrosa, Leymus chinensis, or Stipa krylovii. These results illustrated Oedaleus asiaticus adaptive responses to diet stress resulting from toxic chemicals, and support the hypothesis that nutritious food benefits insect growth, but plant secondary compounds are detrimental for insect growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunbing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P.R. China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, 02600, P.R. China
| | - Jingchuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P.R. China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, 02600, P.R. China
| | - Xinghu Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P.R. China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, 02600, P.R. China
| | - Xiongbing Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P.R. China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, 02600, P.R. China
| | - Guangchun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P.R. China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, 02600, P.R. China
| | - Guangjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P.R. China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, 02600, P.R. China
| | - Xiangqun Nong
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P.R. China
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, 02600, P.R. China
| | - Zehua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P.R. China.
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot, 02600, P.R. China.
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Machado RAR, Baldwin IT, Erb M. Herbivory-induced jasmonates constrain plant sugar accumulation and growth by antagonizing gibberellin signaling and not by promoting secondary metabolite production. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:803-812. [PMID: 28631319 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to herbivory by reconfiguring hormonal networks, increasing secondary metabolite production and decreasing growth. Furthermore, some plants display a decrease in leaf energy reserves in the form of soluble sugars and starch, leading to the hypothesis that herbivory-induced secondary metabolite production and growth reduction may be linked through a carbohydrate-based resource trade-off. In order to test the above hypothesis, we measured leaf carbohydrates and plant growth in seven genetically engineered Nicotiana attenuata genotypes that are deficient in one or several major herbivore-induced, jasmonate-dependent defensive secondary metabolites and proteins. Furthermore, we manipulated gibberellin and jasmonate signaling, and quantified the impact of these phytohormones on secondary metabolite production, sugar accumulation and growth. Simulated herbivore attack by Manduca sexta specifically reduced leaf sugar concentrations and growth in a jasmonate-dependent manner. These effects were similar or even stronger in defenseless genotypes with intact jasmonate signaling. Gibberellin complementation rescued carbohydrate accumulation and growth in induced plants without impairing the induction of defensive secondary metabolites. These results are consistent with a hormonal antagonism model rather than a resource-cost model to explain the negative relationship between herbivory-induced defenses, leaf energy reserves and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A R Machado
- Root-Herbivore Interactions Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Erb
- Root-Herbivore Interactions Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
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Meza-Canales ID, Meldau S, Zavala JA, Baldwin IT. Herbivore perception decreases photosynthetic carbon assimilation and reduces stomatal conductance by engaging 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, mitogen-activated protein kinase 4 and cytokinin perception. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1039-1056. [PMID: 27925291 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Herbivory-induced changes in photosynthesis have been documented in many plant species; however, the complexity of photosynthetic regulation and analysis has thwarted progress in understanding the mechanism involved, particularly those elicited by herbivore-specific elicitors. Here, we analysed the early photosynthetic gas exchange responses in Nicotiana attenuata plants after wounding and elicitation with Manduca sexta oral secretions and the pathways regulating these responses. Elicitation with M. sexta oral secretions rapidly decreased photosynthetic carbon assimilation (AC ) in treated and systemic (untreated, vascularly connected) leaves, which were associated with changes in stomatal conductance, rather than with changes in Rubisco activity and 1-5 ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate turnover. Phytohormone profiling and gas exchange analysis of oral secretion-elicited transgenic plants altered in phytohormone regulation, biosynthesis and perception, combined with micrografting techniques, revealed that the local photosynthetic responses were mediated by 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, while the systemic responses involved interactions among jasmonates, cytokinins and abscisic acid signalling mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase 4. The analysis also revealed a role for cytokinins interacting with mitogen-activated protein kinase 4 in CO2 -mediated stomatal regulation. Hence, oral secretions, while eliciting jasmonic acid-mediated defence responses, also elicit 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid-mediated changes in stomatal conductance and AC , an observation illustrating the complexity and economy of the signalling that regulates defence and carbon assimilation pathways in response to herbivore attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan D Meza-Canales
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Meldau
- KWS SAAT AG, Molecular Physiology, Einbeck, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Jorge A Zavala
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Bioquímica - INBA/CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Lortzing T, Firtzlaff V, Nguyen D, Rieu I, Stelzer S, Schad M, Kallarackal J, Steppuhn A. Transcriptomic responses of Solanum dulcamara to natural and simulated herbivory. Mol Ecol Resour 2017; 17:e196-e211. [PMID: 28449359 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plants are attacked by diverse herbivores and respond with manifold defence responses. To study transcriptional and other early regulation events of these plant responses, herbivory is often simulated to standardize the temporal and spatial dynamics that vary tremendously for natural herbivory. Yet, to what extent such simulations of herbivory are able to elicit the same plant response as real herbivory remains largely undetermined. We examined the transcriptional response of a wild model plant to herbivory by lepidopteran larvae and to a commonly used herbivory simulation by applying the larvae's oral secretions to standardized wounds. We designed a microarray for Solanum dulcamara and showed that the transcriptional responses to real and to simulated herbivory by Spodoptera exigua overlapped moderately by about 40%. Interestingly, certain responses were mimicked better than others; 60% of the genes upregulated but not even a quarter of the genes downregulated by herbivory were similarly affected by application of oral secretions to wounds. While the regulation of genes involved in signalling, defence and water stress was mimicked well by the simulated herbivory, most of the genes related to photosynthesis, carbohydrate- and lipid metabolism were exclusively regulated by real herbivory. Thus, wounding and application of oral secretions decently mimics herbivory-induced defence responses but likely not the reallocation of primary metabolites induced by real herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Lortzing
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vivien Firtzlaff
- Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Duy Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo Rieu
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Stelzer
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Anke Steppuhn
- Molecular Ecology, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Genome-wide characterization of JASMONATE-ZIM DOMAIN transcription repressors in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). BMC Genomics 2017; 18:152. [PMID: 28193162 PMCID: PMC5307646 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3582-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The JASMONATE-ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) repressor family proteins are jasmonate co-receptors and transcriptional repressor in jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway, and they play important roles in regulating the growth and development of plants. Recently, more and more researches on JAZ gene family are reported in many plants. Although the genome sequencing of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its relatives is complete, our knowledge about this gene family remains vacant. RESULTS Fourteen JAZ genes were identified in the wheat genome. Structural analysis revealed that the TaJAZ proteins in wheat were as conserved as those in other plants, but had structural characteristics. By phylogenetic analysis, all JAZ proteins from wheat and other plants were clustered into 11 sub-groups (G1-G11), and TaJAZ proteins shared a high degree of similarity with some JAZ proteins from Aegliops tauschii, Brachypodium distachyon and Oryza sativa. The Ka/Ks ratios of TaJAZ genes ranged from 0.0016 to 0.6973, suggesting that the TaJAZ family had undergone purifying selection in wheat. Gene expression patterns obtained by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed differential temporal and spatial regulation of TaJAZ genes under multifarious abiotic stress treatments of high salinity, drought, cold and phytohormone. Among these, TaJAZ7, 8 and 12 were specifically expressed in the anther tissues of the thermosensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) wheat line BS366 and normal control wheat line Jing411. Compared with the gene expression patterns in the normal wheat line Jing411, TaJAZ7, 8 and 12 had different expression patterns in abnormally dehiscent anthers of BS366 at the heading stage 6, suggesting that specific up- or down-regulation of these genes might be associated with the abnormal anther dehiscence in TGMS wheat line. CONCLUSION This study analyzed the size and composition of the JAZ gene family in wheat, and investigated stress responsive and differential tissue-specific expression profiles of each TaJAZ gene in TGMS wheat line BS366. In addition, we isolated 3 TaJAZ genes that would be more likely to be involved in the regulation of abnormal anther dehiscence in TGMS wheat line. In conclusion, the results of this study contributed some novel and detailed information about JAZ gene family in wheat, and also provided 3 potential candidate genes for improving the TGMS wheat line.
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Santamaría ME, Martinez M, Arnaiz A, Ortego F, Grbic V, Diaz I. MATI, a Novel Protein Involved in the Regulation of Herbivore-Associated Signaling Pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:975. [PMID: 28649257 PMCID: PMC5466143 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The defense response of the plants against herbivores relies on a complex network of interconnected signaling pathways. In this work, we characterized a new key player in the response of Arabidopsis against the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae, the MATI (Mite Attack Triggered Immunity) gene. This gene was differentially induced in resistant Bla-2 strain relative to susceptible Kon Arabidopsis accessions after mite attack, suggesting a potential role in the control of spider mites. To study the MATI gene function, it has been performed a deep molecular characterization of the gene combined with feeding bioassays using modified Arabidopsis lines and phytophagous arthropods. The MATI gene belongs to a new gene family that had not been previously characterized. Biotic assays showed that it confers a high tolerance not only to T. urticae, but also to the chewing lepidopteran Spodoptera exigua. Biochemical analyses suggest that MATI encodes a protein involved in the accumulation of reducing agents upon herbivore attack to control plant redox homeostasis avoiding oxidative damage and cell death. Besides, molecular analyses demonstrated that MATI is involved in the modulation of different hormonal signaling pathways, affecting the expression of genes involved in biosynthesis and signaling of the jasmonic acid and salicylic acid hormones. The fact that MATI is also involved in defense through the modulation of the levels of photosynthetic pigments highlights the potential of MATI proteins to be exploited as biotechnological tools for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Estrella Santamaría
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, LondonON, Canada
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Ana Arnaiz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Félix Ortego
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain
| | - Vojislava Grbic
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, LondonON, Canada
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Isabel Diaz,
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27
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Dworak A, Nykiel M, Walczak B, Miazek A, Szworst-Łupina D, Zagdańska B, Kiełkiewicz M. Maize proteomic responses to separate or overlapping soil drought and two-spotted spider mite stresses. PLANTA 2016; 244:939-60. [PMID: 27334025 PMCID: PMC5018026 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In maize, leaf proteome responses evoked by soil drought applied separately differ from those evoked by mite feeding or both types of stresses occurring simultaneously. This study focuses on the involvement of proteomic changes in defence responses of a conventional maize cultivar (Bosman) to the two-spotted spider mite infestation, soil drought and both stresses coexisting for 6 days. Under watering cessation or mite feeding applied separately, the protein carbonylation was not directly linked to the antioxidant enzymes' activities. Protein carbonylation increased at higher and lower SOD, APX, GR, POX, PPO activities following soil drought and mite feeding, respectively. Combination of these stresses resulted in protein carbonylation decrease despite the increased activity of all antioxidant enzymes (except the CAT). However, maize protein network modification remains unknown upon biotic/abiotic stresses overlapping. Here, using multivariate chemometric methods, 94 leaf protein spots (out of 358 considered; 2-DE) were identified (LC-MS/MS) as differentiating the studied treatments. Only 43 of them had individual discrimination power. The soil drought increased abundance of leaf proteins related mainly to photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, defence (molecular chaperons) and protection. On the contrary, mite feeding decreased the abundance of photosynthesis related proteins and enhanced the abundance of proteins protecting the mite-infested leaf against photoinhibition. The drought and mites occurring simultaneously increased abundance of proteins that may improve the efficiency of carbon fixation, as well as carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. Furthermore, increased abundance of the Rubisco large subunit-binding protein (subunit β), fructose-bisphosphate aldolase and mitochondrial precursor of Mn-SOD and decreased abundance of the glycolysis-related enzymes in the mite-free leaf (in the vicinity of mite-infested leaf) illustrate the involvement of these proteins in systemic maize response to mite feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dworak
- Section of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Nykiel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Walczak
- Institute of Chemistry, Silesian University, 9 Szkolna, 40-006, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Miazek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dagmara Szworst-Łupina
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Zagdańska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kiełkiewicz
- Section of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
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28
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Giacometti R, Barneto J, Barriga LG, Sardoy PM, Balestrasse K, Andrade AM, Pagano EA, Alemano SG, Zavala JA. Early perception of stink bug damage in developing seeds of field-grown soybean induces chemical defences and reduces bug attack. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:1585-94. [PMID: 26593446 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Southern green stink bugs (Nezara viridula L.) invade field-grown soybean crops, where they feed on developing seeds and inject phytotoxic saliva, which causes yield reduction. Although leaf responses to herbivory are well studied, no information is available about the regulation of defences in seeds. RESULTS This study demonstrated that mitogen-activated protein kinases MPK3, MPK4 and MPK6 are expressed and activated in developing seeds of field-grown soybean and regulate a defensive response after stink bug damage. Although 10-20 min after stink bug feeding on seeds induced the expression of MPK3, MPK6 and MPK4, only MPK6 was phosphorylated after damage. Herbivory induced an early peak of jasmonic acid (JA) accumulation and ethylene (ET) emission after 3 h in developing seeds, whereas salicylic acid (SA) was also induced early, and at increasing levels up to 72 h after damage. Damaged seeds upregulated defensive genes typically modulated by JA/ET or SA, which in turn reduced the activity of digestive enzymes in the gut of stink bugs. Induced seeds were less preferred by stink bugs. CONCLUSION This study shows that stink bug damage induces seed defences, which is perceived early by MPKs that may activate defence metabolic pathways in developing seeds of field-grown soybean. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Giacometti
- Cátedra de Bioquímica/Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jesica Barneto
- Cátedra de Bioquímica/Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucia G Barriga
- Cátedra de Biomoléculas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pedro M Sardoy
- CONICET - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Zoología, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina Balestrasse
- Cátedra de Bioquímica/Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea M Andrade
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Rio Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Eduardo A Pagano
- Cátedra de Bioquímica/Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio G Alemano
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Rio Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Jorge A Zavala
- Cátedra de Bioquímica/Instituto de Investigaciones en Biociencias Agrícolas y Ambientales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Qi J, Sun G, Wang L, Zhao C, Hettenhausen C, Schuman MC, Baldwin IT, Li J, Song J, Liu Z, Xu G, Lu X, Wu J. Oral secretions from Mythimna separata insects specifically induce defence responses in maize as revealed by high-dimensional biological data. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1749-1766. [PMID: 26991784 PMCID: PMC5295635 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Attack from insect herbivores poses a major threat to plant survival, and accordingly, plants have evolved sophisticated defence systems. Maize is cultivated as a staple crop worldwide, and insect feeding causes large production losses. Despite its importance in agriculture, little is known about how maize reacts to insect herbivory. Taking advantage of advances in sequencing and mass spectrometry technology, we studied the response of maize to mechanical wounding and simulated Mythimna separata (a specialist insect) herbivory by applying its oral secretions (OS) to wounds. In comparison to the responses induced by mechanical wounding, OS elicited larger and longer-lasting changes in the maize transcriptome, proteome, metabolome and phytohormones. Specifically, many genes, proteins and metabolites were uniquely induced or repressed by OS. Nearly 290 transcription factor genes from 39 families were involved in OS-induced responses, and among these, more transcription factor genes were specifically regulated by OS than by wounding. This study provides a large-scale omics dataset for understanding maize response to chewing insects and highlights the essential role of OS in plant-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Qi
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Guiling Sun
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Christian Hettenhausen
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Meredith C. Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Juan Song
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zhudong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Guowang Xu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Corresponding author: Jianqiang Wu, Phone/Fax: +86-871-65229562,
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Fang Y, Zhang L, Jiao Y, Liao J, Luo L, Ji S, Li J, Dai K, Zhu S, Yang M. Tobacco Rotated with Rapeseed for Soil-Borne Phytophthora Pathogen Biocontrol: Mediated by Rapeseed Root Exudates. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:894. [PMID: 27379037 PMCID: PMC4904020 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Black shank, caused by Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, is a widespread and destructive disease of tobacco. Crop rotation is essential in controlling black shank. Here, we confirmed that rotating black shank-infested fields with rapeseed (Brassica napus) suppressed the incidence this disease. Further study demonstrated that rapeseed roots have a strong ability to attract zoospores and subsequently stop the swimming of zoospores into cystospores. Then, rapeseed roots secrete a series of antimicrobial compounds, including 2-butenoic acid, benzothiazole, 2-(methylthio)benzothiazole, 1-(4-ethylphenyl)-ethanone, and 4-methoxyindole, to inhibit the cystospore germination and mycelial growth of P. parasitica var. nicotianae. Thus, rapeseed rotated with tobacco suppresses tobacco black shank disease through the chemical weapons secreted by rapeseed roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | | | - Yongge Jiao
- Yunnan Tobacco Company, Yuxi BranchYuxi, China
| | - Jingjing Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Lifen Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Sigui Ji
- Yunnan Tobacco Company, Yuxi BranchYuxi, China
| | | | - Kuai Dai
- Yunnan Tobacco Company, Yuxi BranchYuxi, China
| | - Shusheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural UniversityKunming, China
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Zhang J, Du H, Chao M, Yin Z, Yang H, Li Y, Huang F, Yu D. Identification of Two bZIP Transcription Factors Interacting with the Promoter of Soybean Rubisco Activase Gene (GmRCAα). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:628. [PMID: 27242832 PMCID: PMC4868853 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Rubisco activase (RCA), a key photosynthetic protein, catalyses the activation of Rubisco and thus plays an important role in photosynthesis. Although the RCA gene has been characterized in a variety of species, the molecular mechanism regulating its transcription remains unclear. Our previous studies on RCA gene expression in soybean suggested that expression of this gene is regulated by trans-acting factors. In the present study, we verified activity of the GmRCAα promoter in both soybean and Arabidopsis and used a yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) system for screening a leaf cDNA expression library to identify transcription factors (TFs) interacting with the GmRCAα promoter. Four basic leucine zipper (bZIP) TFs, GmbZIP04g, GmbZIP07g, GmbZIP1, and GmbZIP71, were isolated, and GmbZIP04g and GmbZIP07g were confirmed as able to bind to a 21-nt G-box-containing sequence. Additionally, the expression patterns of GmbZIP04g, GmbZIp07g, and GmRCAα were analyzed in response to abiotic stresses and during a 24-h period. Our study will help to advance elucidation of the network regulating GmRCAα transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Zhang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Hongyang Du
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Maoni Chao
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and TechnologyXinxiang, China
| | - Zhitong Yin
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China
| | - Hui Yang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yakai Li
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Fang Huang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Deyue Yu
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
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Havko NE, Major IT, Jewell JB, Attaran E, Browse J, Howe GA. Control of Carbon Assimilation and Partitioning by Jasmonate: An Accounting of Growth-Defense Tradeoffs. PLANTS 2016; 5:plants5010007. [PMID: 27135227 PMCID: PMC4844420 DOI: 10.3390/plants5010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Plant growth is often constrained by the limited availability of resources in the microenvironment. Despite the continuous threat of attack from insect herbivores and pathogens, investment in defense represents a lost opportunity to expand photosynthetic capacity in leaves and absorption of nutrients and water by roots. To mitigate the metabolic expenditure on defense, plants have evolved inducible defense strategies. The plant hormone jasmonate (JA) is a key regulator of many inducible defenses. Synthesis of JA in response to perceived danger leads to the deployment of a variety of defensive structures and compounds, along with a potent inhibition of growth. Genetic studies have established an important role for JA in mediating tradeoffs between growth and defense. However, several gaps remain in understanding of how JA signaling inhibits growth, either through direct transcriptional control of JA-response genes or crosstalk with other signaling pathways. Here, we highlight recent progress in uncovering the role of JA in controlling growth-defense balance and its relationship to resource acquisition and allocation. We also discuss tradeoffs in the context of the ability of JA to promote increased leaf mass per area (LMA), which is a key indicator of leaf construction costs and leaf life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan E Havko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - Ian T Major
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Jeremy B Jewell
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - Elham Attaran
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - John Browse
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - Gregg A Howe
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Reynolds OL, Padula MP, Zeng R, Gurr GM. Silicon: Potential to Promote Direct and Indirect Effects on Plant Defense Against Arthropod Pests in Agriculture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:744. [PMID: 27379104 PMCID: PMC4904004 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Silicon has generally not been considered essential for plant growth, although it is well recognized that many plants, particularly Poaceae, have substantial plant tissue concentrations of this element. Recently, however, the International Plant Nutrition Institute [IPNI] (2015), Georgia, USA has listed it as a "beneficial substance". This reflects that numerous studies have now established that silicon may alleviate both biotic and abiotic stress. This paper explores the existing knowledge and recent advances in elucidating the role of silicon in plant defense against biotic stress, particularly against arthropod pests in agriculture and attraction of beneficial insects. Silicon confers resistance to herbivores via two described mechanisms: physical and biochemical/molecular. Until recently, studies have mainly centered on two trophic levels; the herbivore and plant. However, several studies now describe tri-trophic effects involving silicon that operate by attracting predators or parasitoids to plants under herbivore attack. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that silicon-treated, arthropod-attacked plants display increased attractiveness to natural enemies, an effect that was reflected in elevated biological control in the field. The reported relationships between soluble silicon and the jasmonic acid (JA) defense pathway, and JA and herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) suggest that soluble silicon may enhance the production of HIPVs. Further, it is feasible that silicon uptake may affect protein expression (or modify proteins structurally) so that they can produce additional, or modify, the HIPV profile of plants. Ultimately, understanding silicon under plant ecological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular contexts will assist in fully elucidating the mechanisms behind silicon and plant response to biotic stress at both the bi- and tri-trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia L. Reynolds
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, FujianChina
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSWAustralia
- *Correspondence: Geoff M. Gurr, ; Olivia L. Reynolds,
| | - Matthew P. Padula
- Proteomics Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSWAustralia
| | - Rensen Zeng
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, FujianChina
| | - Geoff M. Gurr
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, FujianChina
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSWAustralia
- *Correspondence: Geoff M. Gurr, ; Olivia L. Reynolds,
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Truong DH, Bauwens J, Delaplace P, Mazzucchelli G, Lognay G, Francis F. Proteomic analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh responses to a generalist sucking pest (Myzus persicae Sulzer). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:1210-7. [PMID: 26153342 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Herbivorous insects can cause severe cellular changes to plant foliage following infestations, depending on feeding behaviour. Here, a proteomic study was conducted to investigate the influence of green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) as a polyphagous pest on the defence response of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh after aphid colony establishment on the host plant (3 days). Analysis of about 574 protein spots on 2-DE gels revealed 31 differentially expressed protein spots. Twenty out of these 31 differential proteins were selected for analysis by mass spectrometry. In 12 of the 20 analysed spots, we identified seven and nine proteins using MALDI-TOF-MS and LC-ESI-MS/MS, respectively. Of the analysed spots, 25% contain two proteins. Different metabolic pathways were modulated in Arabidopsis leaves according to aphid feeding: most corresponded to carbohydrate, amino acid and energy metabolism, photosynthesis, defence response and translation. This paper has established a survey of early alterations induced in the proteome of Arabidopsis by M. persicae aphids. It provides valuable insights into the complex responses of plants to biological stress, particularly for herbivorous insects with sucking feeding behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-H Truong
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - J Bauwens
- Functional & Evolutionary Entomology, University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - P Delaplace
- Plant Biology, University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - G Mazzucchelli
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - G Lognay
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - F Francis
- Functional & Evolutionary Entomology, University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium
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Zhou S, Lou YR, Tzin V, Jander G. Alteration of Plant Primary Metabolism in Response to Insect Herbivory. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:1488-98. [PMID: 26378101 PMCID: PMC4634104 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants in nature, which are continuously challenged by diverse insect herbivores, produce constitutive and inducible defenses to reduce insect damage and preserve their own fitness. In addition to inducing pathways that are directly responsible for the production of toxic and deterrent compounds, insect herbivory causes numerous changes in plant primary metabolism. Whereas the functions of defensive metabolites such as alkaloids, terpenes, and glucosinolates have been studied extensively, the fitness benefits of changes in photosynthesis, carbon transport, and nitrogen allocation remain less well understood. Adding to the complexity of the observed responses, the feeding habits of different insect herbivores can significantly influence the induced changes in plant primary metabolism. In this review, we summarize experimental data addressing the significance of insect feeding habits, as related to herbivore-induced changes in plant primary metabolism. Where possible, we link these physiological changes with current understanding of their underlying molecular mechanisms. Finally, we discuss the potential fitness benefits that host plants receive from altering their primary metabolism in response to insect herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqun Zhou
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research (S.Z., Y.-R.L., V.T., G.J.) and School of Integrated Plant Sciences (S.Z., Y.-R.L.), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Yann-Ru Lou
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research (S.Z., Y.-R.L., V.T., G.J.) and School of Integrated Plant Sciences (S.Z., Y.-R.L.), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Vered Tzin
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research (S.Z., Y.-R.L., V.T., G.J.) and School of Integrated Plant Sciences (S.Z., Y.-R.L.), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research (S.Z., Y.-R.L., V.T., G.J.) and School of Integrated Plant Sciences (S.Z., Y.-R.L.), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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36
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Zhou S, Lou YR, Tzin V, Jander G. Alteration of Plant Primary Metabolism in Response to Insect Herbivory. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:1488-1498. [PMID: 26378101 PMCID: PMC4634104 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01405%0a%0a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants in nature, which are continuously challenged by diverse insect herbivores, produce constitutive and inducible defenses to reduce insect damage and preserve their own fitness. In addition to inducing pathways that are directly responsible for the production of toxic and deterrent compounds, insect herbivory causes numerous changes in plant primary metabolism. Whereas the functions of defensive metabolites such as alkaloids, terpenes, and glucosinolates have been studied extensively, the fitness benefits of changes in photosynthesis, carbon transport, and nitrogen allocation remain less well understood. Adding to the complexity of the observed responses, the feeding habits of different insect herbivores can significantly influence the induced changes in plant primary metabolism. In this review, we summarize experimental data addressing the significance of insect feeding habits, as related to herbivore-induced changes in plant primary metabolism. Where possible, we link these physiological changes with current understanding of their underlying molecular mechanisms. Finally, we discuss the potential fitness benefits that host plants receive from altering their primary metabolism in response to insect herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqun Zhou
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research (S.Z., Y.-R.L., V.T., G.J.) and School of Integrated Plant Sciences (S.Z., Y.-R.L.), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Yann-Ru Lou
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research (S.Z., Y.-R.L., V.T., G.J.) and School of Integrated Plant Sciences (S.Z., Y.-R.L.), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Vered Tzin
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research (S.Z., Y.-R.L., V.T., G.J.) and School of Integrated Plant Sciences (S.Z., Y.-R.L.), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research (S.Z., Y.-R.L., V.T., G.J.) and School of Integrated Plant Sciences (S.Z., Y.-R.L.), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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Robert S, Goulet MC, D'Aoust MA, Sainsbury F, Michaud D. Leaf proteome rebalancing in Nicotiana benthamiana for upstream enrichment of a transiently expressed recombinant protein. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1169-79. [PMID: 26286859 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A key factor influencing the yield of biopharmaceuticals in plants is the ratio of recombinant to host proteins in crude extracts. Postextraction procedures have been devised to enrich recombinant proteins before purification. Here, we assessed the potential of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) as a generic trigger of recombinant protein enrichment in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves before harvesting. Previous studies have reported a significant rebalancing of the leaf proteome via the jasmonate signalling pathway, associated with ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (RuBisCO) depletion and the up-regulation of stress-related proteins. As expected, leaf proteome alterations were observed 7 days post-MeJA treatment, associated with lowered RuBisCO pools and the induction of stress-inducible proteins such as protease inhibitors, thionins and chitinases. Leaf infiltration with the Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacterial vector 24 h post-MeJA treatment induced a strong accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins after 6 days, along with a near-complete reversal of MeJA-mediated stress protein up-regulation. RuBisCO pools were partly restored upon infiltration, but most of the depletion effect observed in noninfiltrated plants was maintained over six more days, to give crude protein samples with 50% less RuBisCO than untreated tissue. These changes were associated with net levels reaching 425 μg/g leaf tissue for the blood-typing monoclonal antibody C5-1 expressed in MeJA-treated leaves, compared to less than 200 μg/g in untreated leaves. Our data confirm overall the ability of MeJA to trigger RuBisCO depletion and recombinant protein enrichment in N. benthamiana leaves, estimated here for C5-1 at more than 2-fold relative to host proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Robert
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétaux, Pavillon Envirotron, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Claire Goulet
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétaux, Pavillon Envirotron, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Frank Sainsbury
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétaux, Pavillon Envirotron, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- The University of Queensland, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Dominique Michaud
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétaux, Pavillon Envirotron, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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Shyu C, Brutnell TP. Growth-defence balance in grass biomass production: the role of jasmonates. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4165-76. [PMID: 25711704 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Growth-defence balance is the selective partitioning of resources between biomass accumulation and defence responses. Although it is generally postulated that reallocation of limited carbon pools drives the antagonism between growth and defence, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this regulation. Jasmonates (JAs) are a group of oxylipins that are required for a broad range of responses from defence against insects to reproductive growth. Application of JAs to seedlings also leads to inhibited growth and repression of photosynthesis, suggesting a role for JAs in regulating growth-defence balance. The majority of JA research uses dicot models such as Arabidopsis and tomato, while understanding of JA biology in monocot grasses, which comprise most bioenergy feedstocks, food for human consumption, and animal feed, is limited. Interestingly, JA mutants of grasses exhibit unique phenotypes compared with well-studied dicot models. Gene expression analyses in bioenergy grasses also suggest roles for JA in rhizome development, which has not been demonstrated in Arabidopsis. In this review we summarize current knowledge of JA biology in panicoid grasses-the group that consists of the world's emerging bioenergy grasses such as switchgrass, sugarcane, Miscanthus, and sorghum. We discuss outstanding questions regarding the role of JAs in panicoid grasses, and highlight the importance of utilizing emerging grass models for molecular studies to provide a basis for engineering bioenergy grasses that can maximize biomass accumulation while efficiently defending against stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Shyu
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO 63132, USA
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Fang X, Chen J, Dai L, Ma H, Zhang H, Yang J, Wang F, Yan C. Proteomic dissection of plant responses to various pathogens. Proteomics 2015; 15:1525-43. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianping Fang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests; Hunan Agricultural University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control; Institute of Virology and Biotechnology; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou P. R. China
- Institute of Biology; Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests; Hunan Agricultural University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control; Institute of Virology and Biotechnology; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Liangying Dai
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests; Hunan Agricultural University; Changsha Hunan P. R. China
| | - Huasheng Ma
- Institute of Biology; Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Hengmu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control; Institute of Virology and Biotechnology; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control; Institute of Virology and Biotechnology; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- Laboratory of Biotechnology; Institute of Biotechnology; Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Ningbo P. R. China
| | - Chengqi Yan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control; Institute of Virology and Biotechnology; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou P. R. China
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Barah P, Bones AM. Multidimensional approaches for studying plant defence against insects: from ecology to omics and synthetic biology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:479-93. [PMID: 25538257 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The biggest challenge for modern biology is to integrate multidisciplinary approaches towards understanding the organizational and functional complexity of biological systems at different hierarchies, starting from the subcellular molecular mechanisms (microscopic) to the functional interactions of ecological communities (macroscopic). The plant-insect interaction is a good model for this purpose with the availability of an enormous amount of information at the molecular and the ecosystem levels. Changing global climatic conditions are abruptly resetting plant-insect interactions. Integration of discretely located heterogeneous information from the ecosystem to genes and pathways will be an advantage to understand the complexity of plant-insect interactions. This review will present the recent developments in omics-based high-throughput experimental approaches, with particular emphasis on studying plant defence responses against insect attack. The review highlights the importance of using integrative systems approaches to study plant-insect interactions from the macroscopic to the microscopic level. We analyse the current efforts in generating, integrating and modelling multiomics data to understand plant-insect interaction at a systems level. As a future prospect, we highlight the growing interest in utilizing the synthetic biology platform for engineering insect-resistant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Barah
- Cell Molecular Biology and Genomics Group, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Atle M Bones
- Cell Molecular Biology and Genomics Group, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Xu S, Zhou W, Pottinger S, Baldwin IT. Herbivore associated elicitor-induced defences are highly specific among closely related Nicotiana species. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:2. [PMID: 25592329 PMCID: PMC4304619 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbivore-induced defence responses are often specific - different herbivores induce different defence responses in plants - and their specificity is largely mediated by chemical cues (herbivore-associated elicitors: HAEs) in insect oral or oviposition secretions. However, the specificity and the mechanisms of HAE-induced defence have not been investigated in the context of the evolutionary relationships among plant species. Here we compare the responses of six closely related Nicotiana species to a synthetic elicitor, N-linolenoyl-glutamic acid (C18:3-Glu) and HAE of two insect herbivores (the Solanaceae specialist Manduca sexta and generalist Spodoptera littoralis). RESULTS HAE-induced defences are highly specific among closely related Nicotiana species at three perspectives. 1) A single Nicotiana species can elicit distinct responses to different HAEs. N. pauciflora elicited increased levels of JA and trypsin proteinase inhibitors (TPI) in response to C18:3-Glu and the oral secretions of M. sexta (OS Ms ) but not to oral secretions of S. littoralis (OS Sl ). In contrast, N. miersii only responded to OS Sl but not to the other two HAEs. The specific responses to different HAEs in Nicotiana species are likely due to the perception by the plant of each specific component of the HAE. 2) One HAE can induce different defence responses among closely related Nicotiana species. OS Ms and C18:3-Glu induced JA and TPI accumulations in N. linearis, N. attenuata, N. acuminata and N. pauciflora, but not in N. miersii and N. obtusifolia. 3) The effect of HAE-induced defences differ for the Solanaceae specialist M. sexta and the generalist S. littoralis. Among the four tested Nicotiana species, while the growth rate of M. sexta was only reduced by the induced defences elicited by C18:3-Glu; the growth rate of S. littoralis can be reduced by the induced defences elicited by all three HAEs. This is likely due to differences in the susceptibility of the specialist M. sexta and generalist S. littoralis to induced defences of their host. CONCLUSIONS Closely related Nicotiana species elicit highly specific defence responses to herbivore associated elicitors and provide an ideal framework for investigating the molecular mechanisms and evolutionary divergence of induced resistance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing Xu
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Wenwu Zhou
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Sarah Pottinger
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany.
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Appel HM, Fescemyer H, Ehlting J, Weston D, Rehrig E, Joshi T, Xu D, Bohlmann J, Schultz J. Transcriptional responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to chewing and sucking insect herbivores. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:565. [PMID: 25452759 PMCID: PMC4231836 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that Arabidopsis can recognize and respond differentially to insect species at the transcriptional level using a genome wide microarray. Transcriptional reprogramming was characterized using co-expression analysis in damaged and undamaged leaves at two times in response to mechanical wounding and four insect species. In all, 2778 (10.6%) of annotated genes on the array were differentially expressed in at least one treatment. Responses differed mainly between aphid and caterpillar and sampling times. Responses to aphids and caterpillars shared only 10% of up-regulated and 8% of down-regulated genes. Responses to two caterpillars shared 21 and 12% of up- and down-regulated genes, whereas responses to the two aphids shared only 7 and 4% of up-regulated and down-regulated genes. Overlap in genes expressed between 6 and 24 h was 3-15%, and depended on the insect species. Responses in attacked and unattacked leaves differed at 6 h but converged by 24 h. Genes responding to the insects are also responsive to many stressors and included primary metabolism. Aphids down-regulated amino acid catabolism; caterpillars stimulated production of amino acids involved in glucosinolate synthesis. Co-expression analysis revealed 17 response networks. Transcription factors were a major portion of differentially expressed genes throughout and responsive genes shared most of the known or postulated binding sites. However, cis-element composition of genes down regulated by the aphid M. persicae was unique, as were those of genes down-regulated by caterpillars. As many as 20 cis-elements were over-represented in one or more treatments, including some from well-characterized classes and others as yet uncharacterized. We suggest that transcriptional changes elicited by wounding and insects are heavily influenced by transcription factors and involve both enrichment of a common set of cis-elements and a unique enrichment of a few cis-elements in responding genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M. Appel
- Bond Life Sciences Center and Division of Plant Sciences, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Howard Fescemyer
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA, USA
| | - Juergen Ehlting
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of VictoriaVictoria, BC, Canada
| | - David Weston
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Erin Rehrig
- Biology and Chemistry Department, Fitchburg State UniversityFitchburg, MA, USA
| | - Trupti Joshi
- Department of Computer Science, Bond Life Sciences Center, Informatics Institute, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Computer Science, Bond Life Sciences Center, Informatics Institute, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Joerg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jack Schultz
- Bond Life Sciences Center and Division of Plant Sciences, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
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Attaran E, Major IT, Cruz JA, Rosa BA, Koo AJK, Chen J, Kramer DM, He SY, Howe GA. Temporal Dynamics of Growth and Photosynthesis Suppression in Response to Jasmonate Signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:1302-1314. [PMID: 24820026 PMCID: PMC4081338 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.239004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Biotic stress constrains plant productivity in natural and agricultural ecosystems. Repression of photosynthetic genes is a conserved plant response to biotic attack, but how this transcriptional reprogramming is linked to changes in photosynthesis and the transition from growth- to defense-oriented metabolism is poorly understood. Here, we used a combination of noninvasive chlorophyll fluorescence imaging technology and RNA sequencing to determine the effect of the defense hormone jasmonate (JA) on the growth, photosynthetic efficiency, and gene expression of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) rosette leaves. High temporal resolution was achieved through treatment with coronatine (COR), a high-affinity agonist of the JA receptor. We show that leaf growth is rapidly arrested after COR treatment and that this effect is tightly correlated with changes in the expression of genes involved in growth, photosynthesis, and defense. Rapid COR-induced expression of defense genes occurred concomitantly with the repression of photosynthetic genes but was not associated with a reduced quantum efficiency of photosystem II. These findings support the view that photosynthetic capacity is maintained during the period in which stress-induced JA signaling redirects metabolism from growth to defense. Chlorophyll fluorescence images captured in a multiscale time series, however, revealed a transient COR-induced decrease in quantum efficiency of photosystem II at dawn of the day after treatment. Physiological studies suggest that this response results from delayed stomatal opening at the night-day transition. These collective results establish a high-resolution temporal view of how a major stress response pathway modulates plant growth and photosynthesis and highlight the utility of chlorophyll fluorescence imaging for revealing transient stress-induced perturbations in photosynthetic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Attaran
- Departments of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory (E.A., I.T.M., J.A.C., B.A.R., A.J.K.K., J.C., D.M.K., S.Y.H., G.A.H.), Computer Sciences and Engineering (B.A.R., J.C.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M.K., G.A.H.), and Plant Biology (S.Y.H.), andHoward Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (S.Y.H.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Ian T Major
- Departments of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory (E.A., I.T.M., J.A.C., B.A.R., A.J.K.K., J.C., D.M.K., S.Y.H., G.A.H.), Computer Sciences and Engineering (B.A.R., J.C.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M.K., G.A.H.), and Plant Biology (S.Y.H.), andHoward Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (S.Y.H.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Jeffrey A Cruz
- Departments of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory (E.A., I.T.M., J.A.C., B.A.R., A.J.K.K., J.C., D.M.K., S.Y.H., G.A.H.), Computer Sciences and Engineering (B.A.R., J.C.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M.K., G.A.H.), and Plant Biology (S.Y.H.), andHoward Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (S.Y.H.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Bruce A Rosa
- Departments of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory (E.A., I.T.M., J.A.C., B.A.R., A.J.K.K., J.C., D.M.K., S.Y.H., G.A.H.), Computer Sciences and Engineering (B.A.R., J.C.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M.K., G.A.H.), and Plant Biology (S.Y.H.), andHoward Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (S.Y.H.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Abraham J K Koo
- Departments of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory (E.A., I.T.M., J.A.C., B.A.R., A.J.K.K., J.C., D.M.K., S.Y.H., G.A.H.), Computer Sciences and Engineering (B.A.R., J.C.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M.K., G.A.H.), and Plant Biology (S.Y.H.), andHoward Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (S.Y.H.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Jin Chen
- Departments of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory (E.A., I.T.M., J.A.C., B.A.R., A.J.K.K., J.C., D.M.K., S.Y.H., G.A.H.), Computer Sciences and Engineering (B.A.R., J.C.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M.K., G.A.H.), and Plant Biology (S.Y.H.), andHoward Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (S.Y.H.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - David M Kramer
- Departments of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory (E.A., I.T.M., J.A.C., B.A.R., A.J.K.K., J.C., D.M.K., S.Y.H., G.A.H.), Computer Sciences and Engineering (B.A.R., J.C.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M.K., G.A.H.), and Plant Biology (S.Y.H.), andHoward Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (S.Y.H.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Departments of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory (E.A., I.T.M., J.A.C., B.A.R., A.J.K.K., J.C., D.M.K., S.Y.H., G.A.H.), Computer Sciences and Engineering (B.A.R., J.C.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M.K., G.A.H.), and Plant Biology (S.Y.H.), andHoward Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (S.Y.H.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Gregg A Howe
- Departments of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory (E.A., I.T.M., J.A.C., B.A.R., A.J.K.K., J.C., D.M.K., S.Y.H., G.A.H.), Computer Sciences and Engineering (B.A.R., J.C.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.M.K., G.A.H.), and Plant Biology (S.Y.H.), andHoward Hughes Medical Institute-Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (S.Y.H.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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Mitra S, Baldwin IT. RuBPCase activase (RCA) mediates growth-defense trade-offs: silencing RCA redirects jasmonic acid (JA) flux from JA-isoleucine to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) to attenuate induced defense responses in Nicotiana attenuata. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:1385-1395. [PMID: 24491116 PMCID: PMC4996320 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
• RuBPCase activase (RCA), an abundant photosynthetic protein, is strongly down-regulated in response to Manduca sexta's oral secretion (OS) in Nicotiana attenuata. RCA-silenced plants are impaired not only in photosynthetic capacity and growth, but also in jasmonic acid-isoleucine (JA-Ile) signaling, and herbivore resistance mediated by JA-Ile-dependent defense traits. These responses are consistent with a resource-based growth-defense trade-off. • As JA + Ile supplementation of OS restored wild-type (WT) levels of JA-Ile, defenses and resistance to M. sexta, but OS supplemented individually with JA or Ile did not, the JA-Ile deficiency of RCA-silenced plants could not be attributed to lower JA or Ile pools or JAR4/6 conjugating activity. Similar levels of JA-Ile derivatives after OS elicitation indicated unaltered JA-Ile turnover, and lower levels of other JA conjugates ruled out competition from other conjugation reactions. • RCA-silenced plants accumulated more methyl jasmonate (MeJA) after OS elicitation, which corresponded to increased jasmonate methyltransferase (JMT) activity. RCA silencing phenocopies JMT overexpression, wherein elevated JMT activity redirects OS-elicited JA flux towards inactive MeJA, creating a JA sink which depletes JA-Ile and its associated defense responses. • Hence, RCA plays an additional non-photosynthetic role in attenuating JA-mediated defenses and their associated costs, potentially allowing plants to anticipate resource-based constraints on growth before they actually occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirsha Mitra
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Mahajan NS, Mishra M, Tamhane VA, Gupta VS, Giri AP. Stress inducible proteomic changes in Capsicum annuum leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 74:212-7. [PMID: 24316010 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore attack induces defense responses in plants, activating several signaling cascades. As a result, molecules deterrent to the herbivores are produced and accumulated in plants. Expression of defense mechanism/traits requires reorganization of the plant metabolism, redirecting the resources otherwise meant for growth. In the present work, protein profile of Capsicum annuum leaves was examined after herbivore attack/induction. Majority of proteins identified as differentially accumulated, were having roles in redox metabolism and photosynthesis. For example, superoxide dismutase and NADP oxidoreductase were upregulated by 10- and 6-fold while carbonic anhydrase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase were downregulated by 9- and 4-fold, respectively. Also, superoxide dismutase, NADPH quinone oxidoreductase and NADP dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase transcripts showed a higher accumulation in induced leaf tissues at early time points. In general, proteins having role in defense and damage repair were upregulated while those involved in photosynthesis appeared downregulated. Thus metabolic reconfiguration to balance defense and tolerance was evident in the stress-induced leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha S Mahajan
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, MS, India
| | - Manasi Mishra
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, MS, India
| | - Vaijayanti A Tamhane
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, MS, India
| | - Vidya S Gupta
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, MS, India
| | - Ashok P Giri
- Plant Molecular Biology Unit, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, MS, India.
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Gulati J, Baldwin IT, Gaquerel E. An integrative statistical method to explore herbivory-specific responses in plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:doi: 10.4161/psb.25638. [PMID: 23857359 PMCID: PMC4091209 DOI: 10.4161/psb.25638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Spatial-temporal coordination between multiple processes/pathways is a key determinant of whole-organism transcriptome and metabolome reconfigurations in plants' response to biotic stresses. To explore tissue-based interdependencies in Nicotiana attenuata's resistance to insect attack, we performed time course analyses of the plant's transcriptome and metabolome in herbivory-elicited source leaves and unelicited sink leaves and roots. To dissect the multidimensionality of these responses, we have recently designed a novel approach of constructing interactive motifs by combining an extended self-organizing maps (SOM) based dimensionality reduction method with bootstrap-based non-parametric AN OVA models. In this previous study, we used this method to study nonlinearities in gene-metabolite associations involved in the acyclic diterpene glucoside pathway. Here, we extend the application of this method to the extraction of genes showing herbivory-elicitation specifically in systemic (distal from the treatment sites) tissues using motif analysis for different combinations of treatment applied to Nicotiana attenuata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotasana Gulati
- Department of Molecular Ecology; Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology; Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology; Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology; Jena, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Department of Molecular Ecology; Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology; Jena, Germany
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Dinh ST, Baldwin IT, Galis I. The HERBIVORE ELICITOR-REGULATED1 gene enhances abscisic acid levels and defenses against herbivores in Nicotiana attenuata plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:2106-24. [PMID: 23784463 PMCID: PMC3729786 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.221150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nicotiana attenuata plants can distinguish the damage caused by herbivore feeding from other types of damage by perceiving herbivore-associated elicitors, such as the fatty acid-amino acid conjugates (FACs) in oral secretions (OS) of Manduca sexta larvae, which are introduced into wounds during feeding. However, the transduction of FAC signals into downstream plant defense responses is still not well established. We identified a novel FAC-regulated protein in N. attenuata (NaHER1; for herbivore elicitor regulated) and show that it is an indispensable part of the OS signal transduction pathway. N. attenuata plants silenced in the expression of NaHER1 by RNA interference (irHER1) were unable to amplify their defenses beyond basal, wound-induced levels in response to OS elicitation. M. sexta larvae performed 2-fold better when reared on irHER1 plants, which released less volatile organic compounds (indirect defense) and had strongly reduced levels of several direct defense metabolites, including trypsin proteinase inhibitors, 17-hydroxygeranyllinallool diterpene glycosides, and caffeoylputrescine, after real and/or simulated herbivore attack. In parallel to impaired jasmonate signaling and metabolism, irHER1 plants were more drought sensitive and showed reduced levels of abscisic acid (ABA) in the leaves, suggesting that silencing of NaHER1 interfered with ABA metabolism. Because treatment of irHER1 plants with ABA results in both the accumulation of significantly more ABA catabolites and the complete restoration of normal wild-type levels of OS-induced defense metabolites, we conclude that NaHER1 acts as a natural suppressor of ABA catabolism after herbivore attack, which, in turn, activates the full defense profile and resistance against herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Truong Dinh
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D–07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D–07745 Jena, Germany
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Hettenhausen C, Baldwin IT, Wu J. Nicotiana attenuata MPK4 suppresses a novel jasmonic acid (JA) signaling-independent defense pathway against the specialist insect Manduca sexta, but is not required for the resistance to the generalist Spodoptera littoralis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:787-99. [PMID: 23672856 PMCID: PMC4996321 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
How plants tailor their defense responses to attack from different insects remains largely unknown. Here, we studied the role of a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), MPK4, in the resistance of a wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata to two herbivores, the specialist Manduca sexta and the generalist Spodoptera littoralis. Stably transformed N. attenuata plants silenced in MPK4 (irMPK4) were generated and characterized for traits important for defense against herbivores. Only the oral secretions (OS) from M. sexta, but not the OS from S. littoralis or mechanical wounding, induced elevated levels of jasmonic acid (JA) in irMPK4 plants relative to the wild-type plants. Moreover, silencing of MPK4 strongly increased the resistance of N. attenuata to M. sexta in a fashion that was independent of COI1 (CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1)-mediated JA signaling. Untargeted metabolomic screening identified several new MPK4-dependent putative defensive compounds against M. sexta. By contrast, silencing of MPK4 did not affect the growth of the generalist insect S. littoralis, and we propose that this was because of the very low levels of fatty acid-amino acid conjugates (FACs) in S. littoralis OS. Thus, MPK4 is likely to be a key signaling element that enables plants to tailor defense responses to different attackers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Ullmann-Zeunert L, Stanton MA, Wielsch N, Bartram S, Hummert C, Svatoš A, Baldwin IT, Groten K. Quantification of growth-defense trade-offs in a common currency: nitrogen required for phenolamide biosynthesis is not derived from ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase turnover. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 75:417-429. [PMID: 23590461 PMCID: PMC4996319 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Induced defenses are thought to be economical: growth and fitness-limiting resources are only invested into defenses when needed. To date, this putative growth-defense trade-off has not been quantified in a common currency at the level of individual compounds. Here, a quantification method for ¹⁵N-labeled proteins enabled a direct comparison of nitrogen (N) allocation to proteins, specifically, ribulose-1,5-bisposphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO), as proxy for growth, with that to small N-containing defense metabolites (nicotine and phenolamides), as proxies for defense after herbivory. After repeated simulated herbivory, total N decreased in the shoots of wild-type (WT) Nicotiana attenuata plants, but not in two transgenic lines impaired in jasmonate defense signaling (irLOX3) and phenolamide biosynthesis (irMYB8). N was reallocated among different compounds within elicited rosette leaves: in the WT, a strong decrease in total soluble protein (TSP) and RuBisCO was accompanied by an increase in defense metabolites, irLOX3 showed a similar, albeit attenuated, pattern, whereas irMYB8 rosette leaves were the least responsive to elicitation, with overall higher levels of RuBisCO. Induced defenses were higher in the older compared with the younger rosette leaves, supporting the hypothesis that tissue developmental stage influences defense investments. We propose that MYB8, probably by regulating the production of phenolamides, indirectly mediates protein pool sizes after herbivory. Although the decrease in absolute N invested in TSP and RuBisCO elicited by simulated herbivory was much larger than the N-requirements of nicotine and phenolamide biosynthesis, ¹⁵N flux studies revealed that N for phenolamide synthesis originates from recently assimilated N, rather than from RuBisCO turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Ullmann-Zeunert
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena
- Qiagen, Hilden
| | - Mariana A. Stanton
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena
| | | | - Stefan Bartram
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena
| | - Christian Hummert
- Systems Biology/Bioinformatics Research Group, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena
| | - Aleš Svatoš
- MS Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena
| | - Karin Groten
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena
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Santamaria ME, Martínez M, Cambra I, Grbic V, Diaz I. Understanding plant defence responses against herbivore attacks: an essential first step towards the development of sustainable resistance against pests. Transgenic Res 2013; 22:697-708. [PMID: 23793555 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-013-9725-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant-herbivore relationships are complex interactions encompassing elaborate networks of molecules, signals and strategies used to overcome defences developed by each other. Herbivores use multiple feeding strategies to obtain nutrients from host plants. In turn, plants respond by triggering defence mechanisms to inhibit, block or modify the metabolism of the pest. As part of these defences, herbivore-challenged plants emit volatiles to attract natural enemies and warn neighbouring plants of the imminent threat. In response, herbivores develop a variety of strategies to suppress plant-induced protection. Our understanding of the plant-herbivore interphase is limited, although recent molecular approaches have revealed the participation of a battery of genes, proteins and volatile metabolites in attack-defence processes. This review describes the intricate and dynamic defence systems governing plant-herbivore interactions by examining the diverse strategies plants employ to deny phytophagous arthropods the ability to breach newly developed mechanisms of plant resistance. A cornerstone of this understanding is the use of transgenic tools to unravel the complex networks that control these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Estrella Santamaria
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM-INIA, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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