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Hoffmann N, Mohammad E, McFarlane HE. Disrupting cell wall integrity impacts endomembrane trafficking to promote secretion over endocytic trafficking. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3731-3747. [PMID: 38676707 PMCID: PMC11194303 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The plant cell wall provides a strong yet flexible barrier to protect cells from the external environment. Modifications of the cell wall, either during development or under stress conditions, can induce cell wall integrity responses and ultimately lead to alterations in gene expression, hormone production, and cell wall composition. These changes in cell wall composition presumably require remodelling of the secretory pathway to facilitate synthesis and secretion of cell wall components and cell wall synthesis/remodelling enzymes from the Golgi apparatus. Here, we used a combination of live-cell confocal imaging and transmission electron microscopy to examine the short-term and constitutive impact of isoxaben, which reduces cellulose biosynthesis, and Driselase, a cocktail of cell-wall-degrading fungal enzymes, on cellular processes during cell wall integrity responses in Arabidopsis. We show that both treatments altered organelle morphology and triggered rebalancing of the secretory pathway to promote secretion while reducing endocytic trafficking. The actin cytoskeleton was less dynamic following cell wall modification, and organelle movement was reduced. These results demonstrate active remodelling of the endomembrane system and actin cytoskeleton following changes to the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Hoffmann
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, M5S 3B2Canada
| | - Eskandar Mohammad
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, M5S 3B2Canada
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2
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Kuznetsova X, Dodueva I, Afonin A, Gribchenko E, Danilov L, Gancheva M, Tvorogova V, Galynin N, Lutova L. Whole-Genome Sequencing and Analysis of Tumour-Forming Radish ( Raphanus sativus L.) Line. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6236. [PMID: 38892425 PMCID: PMC11172632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous tumour formation in higher plants can occur in the absence of pathogen invasion, depending on the plant genotype. Spontaneous tumour formation on the taproots is consistently observed in certain inbred lines of radish (Raphanus sativus var. radicula Pers.). In this paper, using Oxford Nanopore and Illumina technologies, we have sequenced the genomes of two closely related radish inbred lines that differ in their ability to spontaneously form tumours. We identified a large number of single nucleotide variants (amino acid substitutions, insertions or deletions, SNVs) that are likely to be associated with the spontaneous tumour formation. Among the genes involved in the trait, we have identified those that regulate the cell cycle, meristem activity, gene expression, and metabolism and signalling of phytohormones. After identifying the SNVs, we performed Sanger sequencing of amplicons corresponding to SNV-containing regions to validate our results. We then checked for the presence of SNVs in other tumour lines of the radish genetic collection and found the ERF118 gene, which had the SNVs in the majority of tumour lines. Furthermore, we performed the identification of the CLAVATA3/ESR (CLE) and WUSCHEL (WOX) genes and, as a result, identified two unique radish CLE genes which probably encode proteins with multiple CLE domains. The results obtained provide a basis for investigating the mechanisms of plant tumour formation and also for future genetic and genomic studies of radish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Kuznetsova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.D.); (L.D.); (V.T.); (N.G.); (L.L.)
| | - Irina Dodueva
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.D.); (L.D.); (V.T.); (N.G.); (L.L.)
| | - Alexey Afonin
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 190608 Saint Petersburg, Russia (E.G.)
| | - Emma Gribchenko
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 190608 Saint Petersburg, Russia (E.G.)
| | - Lavrentii Danilov
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.D.); (L.D.); (V.T.); (N.G.); (L.L.)
| | - Maria Gancheva
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.D.); (L.D.); (V.T.); (N.G.); (L.L.)
| | - Varvara Tvorogova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.D.); (L.D.); (V.T.); (N.G.); (L.L.)
- Plant Biology and Biotechnology Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Nikita Galynin
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.D.); (L.D.); (V.T.); (N.G.); (L.L.)
| | - Lyudmila Lutova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.D.); (L.D.); (V.T.); (N.G.); (L.L.)
- Plant Biology and Biotechnology Department, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Avenue, 354340 Sochi, Russia
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3
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Armendariz I, López de Heredia U, Soler M, Puigdemont A, Ruiz MM, Jové P, Soto Á, Serra O, Figueras M. Rhytidome- and cork-type barks of holm oak, cork oak and their hybrids highlight processes leading to cork formation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:488. [PMID: 38825683 PMCID: PMC11145776 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The periderm is basic for land plants due to its protective role during radial growth, which is achieved by the polymers deposited in the cell walls. In most trees, like holm oak, the first periderm is frequently replaced by subsequent internal periderms yielding a heterogeneous outer bark made of a mixture of periderms and phloem tissues, known as rhytidome. Exceptionally, cork oak forms a persistent or long-lived periderm which results in a homogeneous outer bark of thick phellem cell layers known as cork. Cork oak and holm oak distribution ranges overlap to a great extent, and they often share stands, where they can hybridize and produce offspring showing a rhytidome-type bark. RESULTS Here we use the outer bark of cork oak, holm oak, and their natural hybrids to analyse the chemical composition, the anatomy and the transcriptome, and further understand the mechanisms underlying periderm development. We also include a unique natural hybrid individual corresponding to a backcross with cork oak that, interestingly, shows a cork-type bark. The inclusion of hybrid samples showing rhytidome-type and cork-type barks is valuable to approach cork and rhytidome development, allowing an accurate identification of candidate genes and processes. The present study underscores that abiotic stress and cell death are enhanced in rhytidome-type barks whereas lipid metabolism and cell cycle are enriched in cork-type barks. Development-related DEGs showing the highest expression, highlight cell division, cell expansion, and cell differentiation as key processes leading to cork or rhytidome-type barks. CONCLUSION Transcriptome results, in agreement with anatomical and chemical analyses, show that rhytidome and cork-type barks are active in periderm development, and suberin and lignin deposition. Development and cell wall-related DEGs suggest that cell division and expansion are upregulated in cork-type barks whereas cell differentiation is enhanced in rhytidome-type barks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iker Armendariz
- Laboratori del suro, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Campmany 40, Girona, 17003, Spain
| | - Unai López de Heredia
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales. ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Antonio Novais 10, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Marçal Soler
- Laboratori del suro, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Campmany 40, Girona, 17003, Spain
| | - Adrià Puigdemont
- Laboratori del suro, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Campmany 40, Girona, 17003, Spain
| | - Maria Mercè Ruiz
- Institut Català del Suro. Carrer Miquel Vincke i Meyer 13, Palafrugell, 17200, Spain
| | - Patricia Jové
- Institut Català del Suro. Carrer Miquel Vincke i Meyer 13, Palafrugell, 17200, Spain
| | - Álvaro Soto
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales. ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Antonio Novais 10, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Olga Serra
- Laboratori del suro, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Campmany 40, Girona, 17003, Spain
| | - Mercè Figueras
- Laboratori del suro, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Campmany 40, Girona, 17003, Spain.
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4
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Villalobos JA, Cahoon RE, Cahoon EB, Wallace IS. Glucosylceramides impact cellulose deposition and cellulose synthase complex motility in Arabidopsis. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwae035. [PMID: 38690785 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwae035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is an abundant component of plant cell wall matrices, and this para-crystalline polysaccharide is synthesized at the plasma membrane by motile Cellulose Synthase Complexes (CSCs). However, the factors that control CSC activity and motility are not fully resolved. In a targeted chemical screen, we identified the alkylated nojirimycin analog N-Dodecyl Deoxynojirimycin (ND-DNJ) as a small molecule that severely impacts Arabidopsis seedling growth. Previous work suggests that ND-DNJ-related compounds inhibit the biosynthesis of glucosylceramides (GlcCers), a class of glycosphingolipid associated with plant membranes. Our work uncovered major changes in the sphingolipidome of plants treated with ND-DNJ, including reductions in GlcCer abundance and altered acyl chain length distributions. Crystalline cellulose content was also reduced in ND-DNJ-treated plants as well as plants treated with the known GlcCer biosynthesis inhibitor N-[2-hydroxy-1-(4-morpholinylmethyl)-2-phenyl ethyl]-decanamide (PDMP) or plants containing a genetic disruption in GLUCOSYLCERAMIDE SYNTHASE (GCS), the enzyme responsible for sphingolipid glucosylation that results in GlcCer synthesis. Live-cell imaging revealed that CSC speed distributions were reduced upon treatment with ND-DNJ or PDMP, further suggesting an important relationship between glycosylated sphingolipid composition and CSC motility across the plasma membrane. These results indicate that multiple interventions compromising GlcCer biosynthesis disrupt cellulose deposition and CSC motility, suggesting that GlcCers regulate cellulose biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Villalobos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Rebecca E Cahoon
- Department of Biochemistry & Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, 1901 Vine St. Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Edgar B Cahoon
- Department of Biochemistry & Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, 1901 Vine St. Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Ian S Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd. Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, B122 Life Science Building Athens, GA 30602, USA
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5
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Shi L, Lin K, Su T, Shi F. Abscisic Acid Inhibits Cortical Microtubules Reorganization and Enhances Ultraviolet-B Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040892. [PMID: 37107650 PMCID: PMC10137628 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation is one of the important environmental factors limiting plant growth. Both abscisic acid (ABA) and microtubules have been previously reported to be involved in plant response to UV-B. However, whether there is a potential link between ABA and microtubules and the consequent signal transduction mechanism underlying plant response to UV-B radiation remains largely unclear. Here, by using sad2-2 mutant plants (sensitive to ABA and drought) and exogenous application of ABA, we saw that ABA strengthens the adaptive response to UV-B stress in Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana). The abnormal swelling root tips of ABA-deficient aba3 mutants demonstrated that ABA deficiency aggravated the growth retardation imposed by UV-B radiation. In addition, the cortical microtubule arrays of the transition zones of the roots were examined in the aba3 and sad2-2 mutants with or without UV-B radiation. The observation revealed that UV-B remodels cortical microtubules, and high endogenous ABA can stabilize the microtubules and reduce their UV-B-induced reorganization. To further confirm the role of ABA on microtubule arrays, root growth and cortical microtubules were evaluated after exogenous ABA, taxol, and oryzalin feeding. The results suggested that ABA can promote root elongation by stabilizing the transverse cortical microtubules under UV-B stress conditions. We thus uncovered an important role of ABA, which bridges UV-B and plants' adaptive response by remodeling the rearrangement of the cortical microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Shi
- School of Life Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Kun Lin
- School of Life Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Tongbing Su
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing 100097, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasms Improvement, Beijing 100097, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing 100097, China
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science (BAAFS), Beijing 100097, China
| | - Fumei Shi
- School of Life Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
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6
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Chen C, Zhang Y, Cai J, Qiu Y, Li L, Gao C, Gao Y, Ke M, Wu S, Wei C, Chen J, Xu T, Friml J, Wang J, Li R, Chao D, Zhang B, Chen X, Gao Z. Multi-copper oxidases SKU5 and SKS1 coordinate cell wall formation using apoplastic redox-based reactions in roots. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023:kiad207. [PMID: 37010107 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The primary cell wall is a fundamental plant constituent that is flexible but sufficiently rigid to support the plant cell shape. Although many studies have demonstrated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) serve as important signaling messengers to modify the cell wall structure and affect cellular growth, the regulatory mechanism underlying the spatial-temporal regulation of ROS activity for cell wall maintenance remains largely unclear. Here, we demonstrate a role of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) multi-copper oxidase-like protein skewed 5 (SKU5) and its homolog SKU5-similar 1 (SKS1) in root cell wall formation through modulating ROS homeostasis. Loss of SKU5 and SKS1 function resulted in aberrant division planes, protruding cell walls, ectopic deposition of iron, and NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS overproduction in the root epidermis-cortex and cortex-endodermis junctions. A decrease of ROS level or inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity rescued the cell wall defects of sku5 sks1 double mutants. SKU5 and SKS1 proteins were activated by iron treatment, and iron over-accumulated in the walls between root epidermis and cortex cell layers of sku5 sks1. The glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored motif was crucial for membrane association and functionality of SKU5 and SKS1. Overall, our results identified SKU5 and SKS1 as regulators of ROS at the cell surface for regulation of cell wall structure and root cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Chen
- College of Life Science and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Life Science and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jianfa Cai
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yuting Qiu
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Lihong Li
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chengxu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yiqun Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Meiyu Ke
- College of Life Science and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shengwei Wu
- College of Life Science and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chuan Wei
- College of Life Science and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jiaomei Chen
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Tongda Xu
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Junqi Wang
- Department of Biology, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Ruixi Li
- Department of Biology, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Daiyin Chao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xu Chen
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhen Gao
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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7
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McFarlane HE. Open questions in plant cell wall synthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023:erad110. [PMID: 36961357 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells are surrounded by strong yet flexible polysaccharide-based cell walls that support the cell while also allowing growth by cell expansion. Plant cell wall research has advanced tremendously in recent years. Sequenced genomes of many model and crop plants have facilitated cataloging and characterization of many enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis. Structural information has been generated for several important cell wall synthesizing enzymes. Important tools have been developed including antibodies raised against a variety of cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins, collections of enzyme clones and synthetic glycan arrays for characterizing enzymes, herbicides that specifically affect cell wall synthesis, live-cell imaging probes to track cell wall synthesis, and an inducible secondary cell wall synthesis system. Despite these advances, and often because of the new information they provide, many open questions about plant cell wall polysaccharide synthesis persist. This article highlights some of the key questions that remain open, reviews the data supporting different hypotheses that address these questions, and discusses technological developments that may answer these questions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
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8
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Abstract
Understanding the mechanism by which patterned gene activity leads to mechanical deformation of cells and tissues to create complex forms is a major challenge for developmental biology. Plants offer advantages for addressing this problem because their cells do not migrate or rearrange during morphogenesis, which simplifies analysis. We synthesize results from experimental analysis and computational modeling to show how mechanical interactions between cellulose fibers translate through wall, cell, and tissue levels to generate complex plant tissue shapes. Genes can modify mechanical properties and stresses at each level, though the values and pattern of stresses differ from one level to the next. The dynamic cellulose network provides elastic resistance to deformation while allowing growth through fiber sliding, which enables morphogenesis while maintaining mechanical strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Coen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16870, USA
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9
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Pedersen GB, Blaschek L, Frandsen KEH, Noack LC, Persson S. Cellulose synthesis in land plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:206-231. [PMID: 36564945 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
All plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall that provides cohesion, protection, and a means of directional growth to plants. Cellulose microfibrils contribute the main biomechanical scaffold for most of these walls. The biosynthesis of cellulose, which typically is the most prominent constituent of the cell wall and therefore Earth's most abundant biopolymer, is finely attuned to developmental and environmental cues. Our understanding of the machinery that catalyzes and regulates cellulose biosynthesis has substantially improved due to recent technological advances in, for example, structural biology and microscopy. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the structure, function, and regulation of the cellulose synthesis machinery and its regulatory interactors. We aim to highlight important knowledge gaps in the field, and outline emerging approaches that promise a means to close those gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav B Pedersen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Leonard Blaschek
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kristian E H Frandsen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lise C Noack
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Staffan Persson
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Liu H, Cao Y, Zhang W, Liu Z, Li Y, Chen Y, Zhang H, Yu F, Liu X. The wheat TaIQD3D-6 gene encodes a microtubule-associated protein and regulates cell morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 324:111420. [PMID: 35985415 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A plethora of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) modulate the dynamics of microtubules (MTs) to ensure the proper elaboration of developmental programs in plants. Among the plant-specific MAPs are the IQ67 domain (IQD) family proteins. Despite the great progress in elucidating IQD protein functions, the majority of IQD proteins, especially IQDs in crop species, remain to be functionally explored. In this study, we identified 78 putative IQD family genes in the genome of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum). Phylogenetic analysis of wheat and Arabidopsis IQDs supports the previous notion that the expansion of the IQD family coincides with plant terrestrialization. Further characterization of one TaIQD, TaIQD3D-6, revealed that TaIQD3D-6 directly binds to MTs and free tubulins in vitro and is associated with cortical MTs in interphase cells in vivo. Overexpressing TaIQD3D-6 in Arabidopsis leads to a spectrum of phenotypes that are indicative of perturbed MT homeostasis, including spiral growth, hypersensitivity to MT-destabilizing drugs, defects in cell morphogenesis, and altered organization of cMT arrays. Finally, we determined that TaIQD3D-6-GFP localizes to the expanding cell plate during cytokinesis and the overexpression of TaIQD3D-6 interferes with asymmetric cell division in the stomatal lineage in Arabidopsis. In summary, our findings establish that TaIQD3D-6 is a MAP that regulates plant cell and organ morphogenesis and provide new insights into the functions of crop IQD proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongchang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China; Institute of Future Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiayan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Kato S, Murakami M, Saika R, Soga K, Wakabayashi K, Hashimoto H, Yano S, Matsumoto S, Kasahara H, Kamada M, Shimazu T, Hashimoto T, Hoson T. Suppression of Cortical Microtubule Reorientation and Stimulation of Cell Elongation in Arabidopsis Hypocotyls under Microgravity Conditions in Space. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11030465. [PMID: 35161447 PMCID: PMC8837939 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
How microgravity in space influences plant cell growth is an important issue for plant cell biology as well as space biology. We investigated the role of cortical microtubules in the stimulation of elongation growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) hypocotyls under microgravity conditions with the Resist Tubule space experiment. The epidermal cells in the lower half of the hypocotyls of wild-type Columbia were longer in microgravity than at on-orbit 1 g, which precipitated an increase in the entire hypocotyl length. In the apical region, cortical microtubules adjacent to the outer tangential wall were predominantly transverse to the long axis of the cell, whereas longitudinal microtubules were predominant in the basal region. In the 9th to 12th epidermal cells (1 to 3 mm) from the tip, where the modification of microtubule orientation from transverse to longitudinal directions (reorientation) occurred, cells with transverse microtubules increased, whereas those with longitudinal microtubules decreased in microgravity, and the average angle with respect to the transverse cell axis decreased, indicating that the reorientation was suppressed in microgravity. The expression of tubulin genes was suppressed in microgravity. These results suggest that under microgravity conditions, the expression of genes related to microtubule formation was downregulated, which may cause the suppression of microtubule reorientation from transverse to longitudinal directions, thereby stimulating cell elongation in Arabidopsis hypocotyls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Kato
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan; (S.K.); (M.M.); (R.S.); (K.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Mana Murakami
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan; (S.K.); (M.M.); (R.S.); (K.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Ryo Saika
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan; (S.K.); (M.M.); (R.S.); (K.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Kouichi Soga
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan; (S.K.); (M.M.); (R.S.); (K.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Kazuyuki Wakabayashi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan; (S.K.); (M.M.); (R.S.); (K.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Hirofumi Hashimoto
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan;
| | - Sachiko Yano
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba 305-8505, Japan;
| | - Shohei Matsumoto
- Japan Manned Space Systems, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan; (S.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Haruo Kasahara
- Japan Manned Space Systems, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan; (S.M.); (H.K.)
| | | | | | - Takashi Hashimoto
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan;
| | - Takayuki Hoson
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan; (S.K.); (M.M.); (R.S.); (K.S.); (K.W.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Daras G, Templalexis D, Avgeri F, Tsitsekian D, Karamanou K, Rigas S. Updating Insights into the Catalytic Domain Properties of Plant Cellulose synthase ( CesA) and Cellulose synthase-like ( Csl) Proteins. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144335. [PMID: 34299608 PMCID: PMC8306620 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The wall is the last frontier of a plant cell involved in modulating growth, development and defense against biotic stresses. Cellulose and additional polysaccharides of plant cell walls are the most abundant biopolymers on earth, having increased in economic value and thereby attracted significant interest in biotechnology. Cellulose biosynthesis constitutes a highly complicated process relying on the formation of cellulose synthase complexes. Cellulose synthase (CesA) and Cellulose synthase-like (Csl) genes encode enzymes that synthesize cellulose and most hemicellulosic polysaccharides. Arabidopsis and rice are invaluable genetic models and reliable representatives of land plants to comprehend cell wall synthesis. During the past two decades, enormous research progress has been made to understand the mechanisms of cellulose synthesis and construction of the plant cell wall. A plethora of cesa and csl mutants have been characterized, providing functional insights into individual protein isoforms. Recent structural studies have uncovered the mode of CesA assembly and the dynamics of cellulose production. Genetics and structural biology have generated new knowledge and have accelerated the pace of discovery in this field, ultimately opening perspectives towards cellulose synthesis manipulation. This review provides an overview of the major breakthroughs gathering previous and recent genetic and structural advancements, focusing on the function of CesA and Csl catalytic domain in plants.
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13
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Chaudhary A, Chen X, Leśniewska B, Boikine R, Gao J, Wolf S, Schneitz K. Cell wall damage attenuates root hair patterning and tissue morphogenesis mediated by the receptor kinase STRUBBELIG. Development 2021; 148:270854. [PMID: 34251020 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall remodeling is essential for the control of growth and development as well as the regulation of stress responses. However, the underlying cell wall monitoring mechanisms remain poorly understood. Regulation of root hair fate and flower development in Arabidopsis thaliana requires signaling mediated by the atypical receptor kinase STRUBBELIG (SUB). Furthermore, SUB is involved in cell wall integrity signaling and regulates the cellular response to reduced levels of cellulose, a central component of the cell wall. Here, we show that continuous exposure to sub-lethal doses of the cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor isoxaben results in altered root hair patterning and floral morphogenesis. Genetically impairing cellulose biosynthesis also results in root hair patterning defects. We further show that isoxaben exerts its developmental effects through the attenuation of SUB signaling. Our evidence indicates that downregulation of SUB is a multi-step process and involves changes in SUB complex architecture at the plasma membrane, enhanced removal of SUB from the cell surface, and downregulation of SUB transcript levels. The results provide molecular insight into how the cell wall regulates cell fate and tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajeet Chaudhary
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Xia Chen
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Barbara Leśniewska
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Rodion Boikine
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Jin Gao
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Cell wall signaling group, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kay Schneitz
- Plant Developmental Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
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14
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Inhibition of cell expansion enhances cortical microtubule stability in the root apex of Arabidopsis thaliana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:13. [PMID: 34082808 PMCID: PMC8173746 DOI: 10.1186/s40709-021-00143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Cortical microtubules regulate cell expansion by determining cellulose microfibril orientation in the root apex of Arabidopsis thaliana. While the regulation of cell wall properties by cortical microtubules is well studied, the data on the influence of cell wall to cortical microtubule organization and stability remain scarce. Studies on cellulose biosynthesis mutants revealed that cortical microtubules depend on Cellulose Synthase A (CESA) function and/or cell expansion. Furthermore, it has been reported that cortical microtubules in cellulose-deficient mutants are hypersensitive to oryzalin. In this work, the persistence of cortical microtubules against anti-microtubule treatment was thoroughly studied in the roots of several cesa mutants, namely thanatos, mre1, any1, prc1-1 and rsw1, and the Cellulose Synthase Interacting 1 protein (csi1) mutant pom2-4. In addition, various treatments with drugs affecting cell expansion were performed on wild-type roots. Whole mount tubulin immunolabeling was applied in the above roots and observations were performed by confocal microscopy. Results Cortical microtubules in all mutants showed statistically significant increased persistence against anti-microtubule drugs, compared to those of the wild-type. Furthermore, to examine if the enhanced stability of cortical microtubules was due to reduced cellulose biosynthesis or to suppression of cell expansion, treatments of wild-type roots with 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB) and Congo red were performed. After these treatments, cortical microtubules appeared more resistant to oryzalin, than in the control. Conclusions According to these findings, it may be concluded that inhibition of cell expansion, irrespective of the cause, results in increased microtubule stability in A. thaliana root. In addition, cell expansion does not only rely on cortical microtubule orientation but also plays a regulatory role in microtubule dynamics, as well. Various hypotheses may explain the increased cortical microtubule stability under decreased cell expansion such as the role of cell wall sensors and the presence of less dynamic cortical microtubules. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40709-021-00143-8.
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15
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Belteton SA, Li W, Yanagisawa M, Hatam FA, Quinn MI, Szymanski MK, Marley MW, Turner JA, Szymanski DB. Real-time conversion of tissue-scale mechanical forces into an interdigitated growth pattern. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:826-841. [PMID: 34112988 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00931-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The leaf epidermis is a dynamic biomechanical shell that integrates growth across spatial scales to influence organ morphology. Pavement cells, the fundamental unit of this tissue, morph irreversibly into highly lobed cells that drive planar leaf expansion. Here, we define how tissue-scale cell wall tensile forces and the microtubule-cellulose synthase systems dictate the patterns of interdigitated growth in real time. A morphologically potent subset of cortical microtubules span the periclinal and anticlinal cell faces to pattern cellulose fibres that generate a patch of anisotropic wall. The subsequent local polarized growth is mechanically coupled to the adjacent cell via a pectin-rich middle lamella, and this drives lobe formation. Finite element pavement cell models revealed cell wall tensile stress as an upstream patterning element that links cell- and tissue-scale biomechanical parameters to interdigitated growth. Cell lobing in leaves is evolutionarily conserved, occurs in multiple cell types and is associated with important agronomic traits. Our general mechanistic models of lobe formation provide a foundation to analyse the cellular basis of leaf morphology and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Belteton
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Wenlong Li
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Faezeh A Hatam
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Madeline I Quinn
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Margaret K Szymanski
- Department of Biochemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Matthew W Marley
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Joseph A Turner
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Daniel B Szymanski
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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16
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Abstract
The plant cell wall is an extracellular matrix that envelopes cells, gives them structure and shape, constitutes the interface with symbionts, and defends plants against external biotic and abiotic stress factors. The assembly of this matrix is regulated and mediated by the cytoskeleton. Cytoskeletal elements define where new cell wall material is added and how fibrillar macromolecules are oriented in the wall. Inversely, the cytoskeleton is also key in the perception of mechanical cues generated by structural changes in the cell wall as well as the mediation of intracellular responses. We review the delivery processes of the cell wall precursors that are required for the cell wall assembly process and the structural continuity between the inside and the outside of the cell. We provide an overview of the different morphogenetic processes for which cell wall assembly is a crucial element and elaborate on relevant feedback mechanisms.
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17
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Zhang X, Man Y, Zhuang X, Shen J, Zhang Y, Cui Y, Yu M, Xing J, Wang G, Lian N, Hu Z, Ma L, Shen W, Yang S, Xu H, Bian J, Jing Y, Li X, Li R, Mao T, Jiao Y, Sodmergen, Ren H, Lin J. Plant multiscale networks: charting plant connectivity by multi-level analysis and imaging techniques. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:1392-1422. [PMID: 33974222 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In multicellular and even single-celled organisms, individual components are interconnected at multiscale levels to produce enormously complex biological networks that help these systems maintain homeostasis for development and environmental adaptation. Systems biology studies initially adopted network analysis to explore how relationships between individual components give rise to complex biological processes. Network analysis has been applied to dissect the complex connectivity of mammalian brains across different scales in time and space in The Human Brain Project. In plant science, network analysis has similarly been applied to study the connectivity of plant components at the molecular, subcellular, cellular, organic, and organism levels. Analysis of these multiscale networks contributes to our understanding of how genotype determines phenotype. In this review, we summarized the theoretical framework of plant multiscale networks and introduced studies investigating plant networks by various experimental and computational modalities. We next discussed the currently available analytic methodologies and multi-level imaging techniques used to map multiscale networks in plants. Finally, we highlighted some of the technical challenges and key questions remaining to be addressed in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yi Man
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhuang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jinbo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yaning Cui
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jingjing Xing
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 457004, China
| | - Guangchao Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Na Lian
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zijian Hu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lingyu Ma
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Weiwei Shen
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shunyao Yang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Huimin Xu
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiahui Bian
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yanping Jing
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ruili Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Tonglin Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuling Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Sodmergen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haiyun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China. .,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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18
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Allen H, Wei D, Gu Y, Li S. A historical perspective on the regulation of cellulose biosynthesis. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 252:117022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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19
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Du J, Kirui A, Huang S, Wang L, Barnes WJ, Kiemle SN, Zheng Y, Rui Y, Ruan M, Qi S, Kim SH, Wang T, Cosgrove DJ, Anderson CT, Xiao C. Mutations in the Pectin Methyltransferase QUASIMODO2 Influence Cellulose Biosynthesis and Wall Integrity in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:3576-3597. [PMID: 32883711 PMCID: PMC7610292 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pectins are abundant in the cell walls of dicotyledonous plants, but how they interact with other wall polymers and influence wall integrity and cell growth has remained mysterious. Here, we verified that QUASIMODO2 (QUA2) is a pectin methyltransferase and determined that QUA2 is required for normal pectin biosynthesis. To gain further insight into how pectin affects wall assembly and integrity maintenance, we investigated cellulose biosynthesis, cellulose organization, cortical microtubules, and wall integrity signaling in two mutant alleles of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) QUA2, qua2 and tsd2 In both mutants, crystalline cellulose content is reduced, cellulose synthase particles move more slowly, and cellulose organization is aberrant. NMR analysis shows higher mobility of cellulose and matrix polysaccharides in the mutants. Microtubules in mutant hypocotyls have aberrant organization and depolymerize more readily upon treatment with oryzalin or external force. The expression of genes related to wall integrity, wall biosynthesis, and microtubule stability is dysregulated in both mutants. These data provide insights into how homogalacturonan is methylesterified upon its synthesis, the mechanisms by which pectin functionally interacts with cellulose, and how these interactions are translated into intracellular regulation to maintain the structural integrity of the cell wall during plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Alex Kirui
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Shixin Huang
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Lianglei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - William J Barnes
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Sarah N Kiemle
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Yunzhen Zheng
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Yue Rui
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Mei Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqian Qi
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and National Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Seong H Kim
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Tuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Chaowen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
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20
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Wang L, Hart BE, Khan GA, Cruz ER, Persson S, Wallace IS. Associations between phytohormones and cellulose biosynthesis in land plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:807-824. [PMID: 32619216 PMCID: PMC7539351 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytohormones are small molecules that regulate virtually every aspect of plant growth and development, from basic cellular processes, such as cell expansion and division, to whole plant environmental responses. While the phytohormone levels and distribution thus tell the plant how to adjust itself, the corresponding growth alterations are actuated by cell wall modification/synthesis and internal turgor. Plant cell walls are complex polysaccharide-rich extracellular matrixes that surround all plant cells. Among the cell wall components, cellulose is typically the major polysaccharide, and is the load-bearing structure of the walls. Hence, the cell wall distribution of cellulose, which is synthesized by large Cellulose Synthase protein complexes at the cell surface, directs plant growth. SCOPE Here, we review the relationships between key phytohormone classes and cellulose deposition in plant systems. We present the core signalling pathways associated with each phytohormone and discuss the current understanding of how these signalling pathways impact cellulose biosynthesis with a particular focus on transcriptional and post-translational regulation. Because cortical microtubules underlying the plasma membrane significantly impact the trajectories of Cellulose Synthase Complexes, we also discuss the current understanding of how phytohormone signalling impacts the cortical microtubule array. CONCLUSION Given the importance of cellulose deposition and phytohormone signalling in plant growth and development, one would expect that there is substantial cross-talk between these processes; however, mechanisms for many of these relationships remain unclear and should be considered as the target of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Wang
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bret E Hart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | | | - Edward R Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian S Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
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21
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Dodueva IE, Lebedeva MA, Kuznetsova KA, Gancheva MS, Paponova SS, Lutova LL. Plant tumors: a hundred years of study. PLANTA 2020; 251:82. [PMID: 32189080 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The review provides information on the mechanisms underlying the development of spontaneous and pathogen-induced tumors in higher plants. The activation of meristem-specific regulators in plant tumors of various origins suggests the meristem-like nature of abnormal plant hyperplasia. Plant tumor formation has more than a century of research history. The study of this phenomenon has led to a number of important discoveries, including the development of the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation technique and the discovery of horizontal gene transfer from bacteria to plants. There are two main groups of plant tumors: pathogen-induced tumors (e.g., tumors induced by bacteria, viruses, fungi, insects, etc.), and spontaneous ones, which are formed in the absence of any pathogen in plants with certain genotypes (e.g., interspecific hybrids, inbred lines, and mutants). The causes of the transition of plant cells to tumor growth are different from those in animals, and they include the disturbance of phytohormonal balance and the acquisition of meristematic characteristics by differentiated cells. The aim of this review is to discuss the mechanisms underlying the development of most known examples of plant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina E Dodueva
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Maria A Lebedeva
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kseniya A Kuznetsova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria S Gancheva
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Svetlana S Paponova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ludmila L Lutova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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22
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Root Development and Stress Tolerance in rice: The Key to Improving Stress Tolerance without Yield Penalties. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051807. [PMID: 32155710 PMCID: PMC7084713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Roots anchor plants and take up water and nutrients from the soil; therefore, root development strongly affects plant growth and productivity. Moreover, increasing evidence indicates that root development is deeply involved in plant tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity. These findings suggest that modulating root growth and development provides a potentially useful approach to improve plant abiotic stress tolerance. Such targeted approaches may avoid the yield penalties that result from growth-defense trade-offs produced by global induction of defenses against abiotic stresses. This review summarizes the developmental mechanisms underlying root development and discusses recent studies about modulation of root growth and stress tolerance in rice.
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23
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Chan J, Coen E. Interaction between Autonomous and Microtubule Guidance Systems Controls Cellulose Synthase Trajectories. Curr Biol 2020; 30:941-947.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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24
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Nagashima Y, Ma Z, Liu X, Qian X, Zhang X, von Schaewen A, Koiwa H. Multiple Quality Control Mechanisms in the ER and TGN Determine Subcellular Dynamics and Salt-Stress Tolerance Function of KORRIGAN1. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:470-485. [PMID: 31852774 PMCID: PMC7008481 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Among many glycoproteins within the plant secretory system, KORRIGAN1 (KOR1), a membrane-anchored endo-β-1,4-glucanase involved in cellulose biosynthesis, provides a link between N-glycosylation, cell wall biosynthesis, and abiotic stress tolerance. After insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum, KOR1 cycles between the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and the plasma membrane (PM). From the TGN, the protein is targeted to growing cell plates during cell division. These processes are governed by multiple sequence motifs and also host genotypes. Here, we investigated the interaction and hierarchy of known and newly identified sorting signals in KOR1 and how they affect KOR1 transport at various stages in the secretory pathway. Conventional steady-state localization showed that structurally compromised KOR1 variants were directed to tonoplasts. In addition, a tandem fluorescent timer technology allowed for differential visualization of young versus aged KOR1 proteins, enabling the analysis of single-pass transport through the secretory pathway. Observations suggest the presence of multiple checkpoints/branches during KOR1 trafficking, where the destination is determined based on KOR1's sequence motifs and folding status. Moreover, growth analyses of dominant PM-confined KOR1-L48L49→A48A49 variants revealed the importance of active removal of KOR1 from the PM during salt stress, which otherwise interfered with stress acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Nagashima
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center and Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Zeyang Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Xueting Liu
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Xiaoning Qian
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Xiuren Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Antje von Schaewen
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hisashi Koiwa
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center and Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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25
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Tobias LM, Spokevicius AV, McFarlane HE, Bossinger G. The Cytoskeleton and Its Role in Determining Cellulose Microfibril Angle in Secondary Cell Walls of Woody Tree Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E90. [PMID: 31936868 PMCID: PMC7020502 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular control of secondary cell wall (SCW) formation have shed light on molecular mechanisms that underpin domestication traits related to wood formation. One such trait is the cellulose microfibril angle (MFA), an important wood quality determinant that varies along tree developmental phases and in response to gravitational stimulus. The cytoskeleton, mainly composed of microtubules and actin filaments, collectively contribute to plant growth and development by participating in several cellular processes, including cellulose deposition. Studies in Arabidopsis have significantly aided our understanding of the roles of microtubules in xylem cell development during which correct SCW deposition and patterning are essential to provide structural support and allow for water transport. In contrast, studies relating to SCW formation in xylary elements performed in woody trees remain elusive. In combination, the data reviewed here suggest that the cytoskeleton plays important roles in determining the exact sites of cellulose deposition, overall SCW patterning and more specifically, the alignment and orientation of cellulose microfibrils. By relating the reviewed evidence to the process of wood formation, we present a model of microtubule participation in determining MFA in woody trees forming reaction wood (RW).
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Machado Tobias
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia; (A.V.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Antanas V. Spokevicius
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia; (A.V.S.); (G.B.)
| | - Heather E. McFarlane
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Gerd Bossinger
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia; (A.V.S.); (G.B.)
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26
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Huang JB, Zou Y, Zhang X, Wang M, Dong Q, Tao LZ. RIBOSE PHOSPHATE ISOMERSASE 1 Influences Root Development by Acting on Cell Wall Biosynthesis, Actin Organization, and Auxin Transport in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1641. [PMID: 31969892 PMCID: PMC6960261 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall biosynthesis plays essential roles in cell division and expansion and thus is fundamental to plant growth and development. In this work, we show that an Arabidopsis mutant dpr3, isolated by a forward genetic screen, displays embryo defects and short, swelling primary root with the failure of maintenance of root apical meristem reminiscent to several cell wall-deficient mutants. Map-based cloning identified dpr3 is a mutant allele of RIBOSE PHOSPHATE ISOMERSASE 1 (RPI1), an enzyme involved in cellulose synthesis. Cellulose content in the mutant was dramatically decreased. Moreover, dpr3 (rpi1 from hereon) caused aberrant auxin distribution, as well as defective accumulation of root master regulators PLETHORA (PLT1 and PLT2) and misexpression of auxin response factor 5 (MONOPTEROS, MP). The abnormal auxin distribution is likely due to the reduced accumulation of auxin efflux transporters PIN-FORMED (PIN1 and PIN3). Surprisingly, we found that the orientation of actin microfilaments was severely altered in rpi1 root cells, whereas the cortical microtubules stay normal. Our study provides evidence that the defects in cellulose synthesis in rpi1 affect polar auxin transport possibly connected with altered F-actin organization, which is critically important for vesicle trafficking, thus exerting effects on auxin distribution, signaling, and auxin-mediated plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Bao Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yi Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingkun Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Zhen Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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27
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Yan J, Huang Y, He H, Han T, Di P, Sechet J, Fang L, Liang Y, Scheller HV, Mortimer JC, Ni L, Jiang M, Hou X, Zhang A. Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase-hydrolase30 negatively affects salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5495-5506. [PMID: 31257449 PMCID: PMC6793456 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved various strategies to sense and respond to saline environments, which severely reduce plant growth and limit agricultural productivity. Alteration to the cell wall is one strategy that helps plants adapt to salt stress. However, the physiological mechanism of how the cell wall components respond to salt stress is not fully understood. Here, we show that expression of XTH30, encoding xyloglucan endotransglucosylase-hydrolase30, is strongly up-regulated in response to salt stress in Arabidopsis. Loss-of-function of XTH30 leads to increased salt tolerance and overexpression of XTH30 results in salt hypersensitivity. XTH30 is located in the plasma membrane and is highly expressed in the root, flower, stem, and etiolated hypocotyl. The NaCl-induced increase in xyloglucan (XyG)-derived oligosaccharide (XLFG) of the wild type is partly blocked in xth30 mutants. Loss-of-function of XTH30 slows down the decrease of crystalline cellulose content and the depolymerization of microtubules caused by salt stress. Moreover, lower Na+ accumulation in shoot and lower H2O2 content are found in xth30 mutants in response to salt stress. Taken together, these results indicate that XTH30 modulates XyG side chains, altered abundance of XLFG, cellulose synthesis, and cortical microtubule stability, and negatively affecting salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huan He
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tong Han
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengcheng Di
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Julien Sechet
- Joint Bioenergy Institute and Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lin Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Joint Bioenergy Institute and Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Henrik Vibe Scheller
- Joint Bioenergy Institute and Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jenny C Mortimer
- Joint Bioenergy Institute and Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lan Ni
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingyi Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xilin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aying Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Correspondence:
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28
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Kirchhelle C, Garcia-Gonzalez D, Irani NG, Jérusalem A, Moore I. Two mechanisms regulate directional cell growth in Arabidopsis lateral roots. eLife 2019; 8:e47988. [PMID: 31355749 PMCID: PMC6748828 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis in plants depends critically on directional (anisotropic) growth. This occurs principally perpendicular to the net orientation of cellulose microfibrils (CMFs), which is in turn controlled by cortical microtubules (CMTs). In young lateral roots of Arabidopsis thaliana, growth anisotropy also depends on RAB-A5c, a plant-specific small GTPase that specifies a membrane trafficking pathway to the geometric edges of cells. Here we investigate the functional relationship between structural anisotropy at faces and RAB-A5c activity at edges during lateral root development. We show that surprisingly, inhibition of RAB-A5c function is associated with increased CMT/CMF anisotropy. We present genetic, pharmacological, and modelling evidence that this increase in CMT/CMF anisotropy partially compensates for loss of an independent RAB-A5c-mediated mechanism that maintains anisotropic growth in meristematic cells. We show that RAB-A5c associates with CMTs at cell edges, indicating that CMTs act as an integration point for both mechanisms controlling cellular growth anisotropy in lateral roots.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Garcia-Gonzalez
- Department of Engineering ScienceUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Department of Continuum Mechanics and Structural AnalysisUniversity Carlos III of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Niloufer G Irani
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Antoine Jérusalem
- Department of Engineering ScienceUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Ian Moore
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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29
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Lehman TA, Sanguinet KA. Auxin and Cell Wall Crosstalk as Revealed by the Arabidopsis thaliana Cellulose Synthase Mutant Radially Swollen 1. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1487-1503. [PMID: 31004494 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells sheath themselves in a complex lattice of polysaccharides, proteins and enzymes forming an integral matrix known as the cell wall. Cellulose microfibrils, the primary component of cell walls, are synthesized at the plasma membrane by CELLULOSE SYNTHASE A (CESA) proteins throughout cellular growth and are responsible for turgor-driven anisotropic expansion. Associations between hormone signaling and cell wall biosynthesis have long been suggested, but recently direct links have been found revealing hormones play key regulatory roles in cellulose biosynthesis. The radially swollen 1 (rsw1) allele of Arabidopsis thaliana CESA1 harbors a single amino acid change that renders the protein unstable at high temperatures. We used the conditional nature of rsw1 to investigate how auxin contributes to isotropic growth. We found that exogenous auxin treatment reduces isotropic swelling in rsw1 roots at the restrictive temperature of 30�C. We also discovered decreases in auxin influx between rsw1 and wild-type roots via confocal imaging of AUX1-YFP, even at the permissive temperature of 19�C. Moreover, rsw1 displayed mis-expression of auxin-responsive and CESA genes. Additionally, we found altered auxin maxima in rsw1 mutant roots at the onset of swelling using DII-VENUS and DR5:vYFP auxin reporters. Overall, we conclude disrupted cell wall biosynthesis perturbs auxin transport leading to altered auxin homeostasis impacting both anisotropic and isotropic growth that affects overall root morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiel A Lehman
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Karen A Sanguinet
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Molecular Plant Sciences Graduate Group, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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30
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Sampathkumar A, Peaucelle A, Fujita M, Schuster C, Persson S, Wasteneys GO, Meyerowitz EM. Primary wall cellulose synthase regulates shoot apical meristem mechanics and growth. Development 2019; 146:dev.179036. [PMID: 31076488 DOI: 10.1242/dev.179036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
How organisms attain their specific shapes and modify their growth patterns in response to environmental and chemical signals has been the subject of many investigations. Plant cells are at high turgor pressure and are surrounded by a rigid yet flexible cell wall, which is the primary determinant of plant growth and morphogenesis. Cellulose microfibrils, synthesized by plasma membrane-localized cellulose synthase complexes, are major tension-bearing components of the cell wall that mediate directional growth. Despite advances in understanding the genetic and biophysical regulation of morphogenesis, direct studies of cellulose biosynthesis and its impact on morphogenesis of different cell and tissue types are largely lacking. In this study, we took advantage of mutants of three primary cellulose synthase (CESA) genes that are involved in primary wall cellulose synthesis. Using field emission scanning electron microscopy, live cell imaging and biophysical measurements, we aimed to understand how the primary wall CESA complex acts during shoot apical meristem development. Our results indicate that cellulose biosynthesis impacts the mechanics and growth of the shoot apical meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sampathkumar
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alexis Peaucelle
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Miki Fujita
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Geoffrey O Wasteneys
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Elliot M Meyerowitz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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31
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Lampugnani ER, Flores-Sandoval E, Tan QW, Mutwil M, Bowman JL, Persson S. Cellulose Synthesis - Central Components and Their Evolutionary Relationships. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:402-412. [PMID: 30905522 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is an essential morphogenic polysaccharide that is central to the stability of plant cell walls and provides an important raw material for a range of plant-based fiber and fuel industries. The past decade has seen a substantial rise in the identification of cellulose synthesis-related components and in our understanding of how these components function. Much of this research has been conducted in Arabidopsis thaliana (arabidopsis); however, it has become increasingly evident that many of the components and their functions are conserved. We provide here an overview of cellulose synthesis 'core' components. The evolution and coexpression patterns of these components provide important insight into how cellulose synthesis evolved and the potential for the components to work as functional units during cellulose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin R Lampugnani
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | | | - Qiao Wen Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Marek Mutwil
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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32
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Morello L, Pydiura N, Galinousky D, Blume Y, Breviario D. Flax tubulin and CesA superfamilies represent attractive and challenging targets for a variety of genome- and base-editing applications. Funct Integr Genomics 2019; 20:163-176. [PMID: 30826923 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-019-00667-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Flax is both a valuable resource and an interesting model crop. Despite a long history of flax genetic transformation only one transgenic linseed cultivar has been so far registered in Canada. Implementation and use of the genome-editing technologies that allow site-directed modification of endogenous genes without the introduction of foreign genes might improve this situation. Besides its potential for boosting crop yields, genome editing is now one of the best tools for carrying out reverse genetics and it is emerging as an especially versatile tool for studying basic biology. A complex interplay between the flax tubulin family (6 α-, 14 β-, and 2 γ-tubulin genes), the building block of microtubules, and the CesA (15-16 genes), the subunit of the multimeric cellulose-synthesizing complex devoted to the oriented deposition of the cellulose microfibrils is fundamental for the biosynthesis of the cell wall. The role of the different members of each family in providing specificities to the assembled complexes in terms of structure, dynamics, activity, and interaction remains substantially obscure. Genome-editing strategies, recently shown to be successful in flax, can therefore be useful to unravel the issue of functional redundancy and provide evidence for specific interactions between different members of the tubulin and CesA gene families, in relation to different phase and mode of cell wall biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Morello
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria IBBA-CNR, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Nikolay Pydiura
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Osypovskoho St. 2a, Kyiv, 04123, Ukraine
| | - Dmitry Galinousky
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Akademicheskaya St. 27, 220072, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Yaroslav Blume
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Osypovskoho St. 2a, Kyiv, 04123, Ukraine.
| | - Diego Breviario
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria IBBA-CNR, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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33
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Polko JK, Kieber JJ. The Regulation of Cellulose Biosynthesis in Plants. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:282-296. [PMID: 30647077 PMCID: PMC6447023 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls define the shape of plant cells, controlling the extent and orientation of cell elongation, and hence organ growth. The main load-bearing component of plant cell walls is cellulose, and how plants regulate its biosynthesis during development and in response to various environmental perturbations is a central question in plant biology. Cellulose is synthesized by cellulose synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs) that are assembled in the Golgi apparatus and then delivered to the plasma membrane (PM), where they actively synthesize cellulose. CSCs travel along cortical microtubule paths that define the orientation of synthesis of the cellulose microfibrils. CSCs recycle between the PM and various intracellular compartments, and this trafficking plays an important role in determining the level of cellulose synthesized. In this review, we summarize recent findings in CESA complex organization, CESA posttranslational modifications and trafficking, and other components that interact with CESAs. We also discuss cell wall integrity maintenance, with a focus on how this impacts cellulose biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna K Polko
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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34
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Martinez P, Allsman LA, Brakke KA, Hoyt C, Hayes J, Liang H, Neher W, Rui Y, Roberts AM, Moradifam A, Goldstein B, Anderson CT, Rasmussen CG. Predicting Division Planes of Three-Dimensional Cells by Soap-Film Minimization. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:2255-2266. [PMID: 30150312 DOI: 10.1101/199885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
One key aspect of cell division in multicellular organisms is the orientation of the division plane. Proper division plane establishment contributes to normal plant body organization. To determine the importance of cell geometry in division plane orientation, we designed a three-dimensional probabilistic mathematical model to directly test the century-old hypothesis that cell divisions mimic soap-film minima. According to this hypothesis, daughter cells have equal volume and the division plane occurs where the surface area is at a minimum. We compared predicted division planes to a plant microtubule array that marks the division site, the preprophase band (PPB). PPB location typically matched one of the predicted divisions. Predicted divisions offset from the PPB occurred when a neighboring cell wall or PPB was directly adjacent to the predicted division site to avoid creating a potentially structurally unfavorable four-way junction. By comparing divisions of differently shaped plant cells (maize [Zea mays] epidermal cells and developing ligule cells and Arabidopsis thaliana guard cells) and animal cells (Caenorhabditis elegans embryonic cells) to divisions simulated in silico, we demonstrate the generality of this model to accurately predict in vivo division. This powerful model can be used to separate the contribution of geometry from mechanical stresses or developmental regulation in predicting division plane orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Martinez
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Lindy A Allsman
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Kenneth A Brakke
- Department of Mathematics, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania 17870
| | - Christopher Hoyt
- Center for Plant Cell Biology NSF-REU, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California 91711
| | - Jordan Hayes
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Hong Liang
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Wesley Neher
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Yue Rui
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania 16801
| | - Allyson M Roberts
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Amir Moradifam
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Bob Goldstein
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania 16801
| | - Carolyn G Rasmussen
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
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Martinez P, Allsman LA, Brakke KA, Hoyt C, Hayes J, Liang H, Neher W, Rui Y, Roberts AM, Moradifam A, Goldstein B, Anderson CT, Rasmussen CG. Predicting Division Planes of Three-Dimensional Cells by Soap-Film Minimization. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:2255-2266. [PMID: 30150312 PMCID: PMC6241264 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
One key aspect of cell division in multicellular organisms is the orientation of the division plane. Proper division plane establishment contributes to normal plant body organization. To determine the importance of cell geometry in division plane orientation, we designed a three-dimensional probabilistic mathematical model to directly test the century-old hypothesis that cell divisions mimic soap-film minima. According to this hypothesis, daughter cells have equal volume and the division plane occurs where the surface area is at a minimum. We compared predicted division planes to a plant microtubule array that marks the division site, the preprophase band (PPB). PPB location typically matched one of the predicted divisions. Predicted divisions offset from the PPB occurred when a neighboring cell wall or PPB was directly adjacent to the predicted division site to avoid creating a potentially structurally unfavorable four-way junction. By comparing divisions of differently shaped plant cells (maize [Zea mays] epidermal cells and developing ligule cells and Arabidopsis thaliana guard cells) and animal cells (Caenorhabditis elegans embryonic cells) to divisions simulated in silico, we demonstrate the generality of this model to accurately predict in vivo division. This powerful model can be used to separate the contribution of geometry from mechanical stresses or developmental regulation in predicting division plane orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Martinez
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Lindy A Allsman
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Kenneth A Brakke
- Department of Mathematics, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania 17870
| | - Christopher Hoyt
- Center for Plant Cell Biology NSF-REU, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California 91711
| | - Jordan Hayes
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Hong Liang
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Wesley Neher
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Yue Rui
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania 16801
| | - Allyson M Roberts
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Amir Moradifam
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Bob Goldstein
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania 16801
| | - Carolyn G Rasmussen
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
- Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
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Mazarei M, Baxter HL, Li M, Biswal AK, Kim K, Meng X, Pu Y, Wuddineh WA, Zhang JY, Turner GB, Sykes RW, Davis MF, Udvardi MK, Wang ZY, Mohnen D, Ragauskas AJ, Labbé N, Stewart CN. Functional Analysis of Cellulose Synthase CesA4 and CesA6 Genes in Switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum) by Overexpression and RNAi-Mediated Gene Silencing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1114. [PMID: 30127793 PMCID: PMC6088197 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a leading lignocellulosic bioenergy feedstock. Cellulose is a major component of the plant cell walls and the primary substrate for saccharification. Accessibility of cellulose to enzymatic breakdown into fermentable sugars is limited by the presence of lignin in the plant cell wall. In this study, putatively novel switchgrass secondary cell wall cellulose synthase PvCesA4 and primary cell wall PvCesA6 genes were identified and their functional role in cellulose synthesis and cell wall composition was examined by overexpression and knockdown of the individual genes in switchgrass. The endogenous expression of PvCesA4 and PvCesA6 genes varied among including roots, leaves, stem, and reproductive tissues. Increasing or decreasing PvCesA4 and PvCesA6 expression to extreme levels in the transgenic lines resulted in decreased biomass production. PvCesA6-overexpressing lines had reduced lignin content and syringyl/guaiacyl lignin monomer ratio accompanied by increased sugar release efficiency, suggesting an impact of PvCesA6 expression levels on lignin biosynthesis. Cellulose content and cellulose crystallinity were decreased, while xylan content was increased in PvCesA4 and PvCesA6 overexpression or knockdown lines. The increase in xylan content suggests that the amount of non-cellulosic cell wall polysaccharide was modified in these plants. Taken together, the results show that the manipulation of the cellulose synthase genes alters the cell wall composition and availability of cellulose as a bioprocessing substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Mazarei
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Holly L. Baxter
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Mi Li
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Biosciences Division, Joint Institute for Biological Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Ajaya K. Biswal
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Keonhee Kim
- Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Biosciences Division, Joint Institute for Biological Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Wegi A. Wuddineh
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Ji-Yi Zhang
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Geoffrey B. Turner
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Robert W. Sykes
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Mark F. Davis
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Michael K. Udvardi
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Debra Mohnen
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Arthur J. Ragauskas
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Biosciences Division, Joint Institute for Biological Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Nicole Labbé
- Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - C. Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
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Xie D, Dai Z, Yang Z, Tang Q, Sun J, Yang X, Song X, Lu Y, Zhao D, Zhang L, Su J. Genomic variations and association study of agronomic traits in flax. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:512. [PMID: 29969983 PMCID: PMC6029072 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4899-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flax (Linum usitatissimum. L) is an ancient oilseed and natural fiber crop. It could be divided into three categories by use, namely oil flax, fiber flax and oil-fiber dual purpose (OF). Cultivated flax is widely used in the food and textile industry. It is of great significance to elucidate the genetic characteristics of flax collections for accelerating the process of breeding improvement in this dual purpose crop. With the development of next-generation sequencing, we can use new methods, such as SLAF-seq (specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing), to decode unknown genomes of species. In this study, a high-through sequencing of flax collections using SLAF-seq was conducted. The evolutionary tendency was defined and candidate genes associated with agronomic traits of flax species were identified by Genome-Wide Association Studying (GWAS). RESULTS A flax collection consisting of 224 varieties were sequenced by SLAF-seq. In total, 346,639 SLAF tags were developed from all accessions, with an average sequencing depth of 7.19 for each accession. A total of 584,987 SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism) with an MAF > 0.05 were identified from these SLAFs. The population structure division and phylogenetic analysis indicated a strong divergence among three kinds of flax groups. The genome-wide variation uncovered that oil flax had the highest genetic diversity and was considered to be the ancestor of fiber flax and oil-fiber flax. Sixteen associated peak SNPs for six traits were obtained by GWAS of oil-related traits using EMMAX (efficient mixed-model association eXpedited). Candidate genes and their related pathway were evaluated. A new GWAS was developed for fiber properties using the GLM (General linear model) model and a number of loci were identified. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study on discovery multiple loci for important agronomic traits of flax species using GWAS strategy. These results will provide the highest possibility of incorporating both high fiber and good oil traits in a single variety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Xie
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
- The Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhigang Dai
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Zemao Yang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Qing Tang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Agricultural College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Sino-Russian Agricultural Scientific and Technological Cooperation Center, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xixia Song
- The Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Lu
- The Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Debao Zhao
- The Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Liguo Zhang
- The Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jianguang Su
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
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38
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Xie D, Dai Z, Yang Z, Tang Q, Sun J, Yang X, Song X, Lu Y, Zhao D, Zhang L, Su J. Genomic variations and association study of agronomic traits in flax. BMC Genomics 2018. [PMID: 29969983 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4899-za] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flax (Linum usitatissimum. L) is an ancient oilseed and natural fiber crop. It could be divided into three categories by use, namely oil flax, fiber flax and oil-fiber dual purpose (OF). Cultivated flax is widely used in the food and textile industry. It is of great significance to elucidate the genetic characteristics of flax collections for accelerating the process of breeding improvement in this dual purpose crop. With the development of next-generation sequencing, we can use new methods, such as SLAF-seq (specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing), to decode unknown genomes of species. In this study, a high-through sequencing of flax collections using SLAF-seq was conducted. The evolutionary tendency was defined and candidate genes associated with agronomic traits of flax species were identified by Genome-Wide Association Studying (GWAS). RESULTS A flax collection consisting of 224 varieties were sequenced by SLAF-seq. In total, 346,639 SLAF tags were developed from all accessions, with an average sequencing depth of 7.19 for each accession. A total of 584,987 SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism) with an MAF > 0.05 were identified from these SLAFs. The population structure division and phylogenetic analysis indicated a strong divergence among three kinds of flax groups. The genome-wide variation uncovered that oil flax had the highest genetic diversity and was considered to be the ancestor of fiber flax and oil-fiber flax. Sixteen associated peak SNPs for six traits were obtained by GWAS of oil-related traits using EMMAX (efficient mixed-model association eXpedited). Candidate genes and their related pathway were evaluated. A new GWAS was developed for fiber properties using the GLM (General linear model) model and a number of loci were identified. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study on discovery multiple loci for important agronomic traits of flax species using GWAS strategy. These results will provide the highest possibility of incorporating both high fiber and good oil traits in a single variety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Xie
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
- The Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhigang Dai
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Zemao Yang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Qing Tang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Agricultural College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Sino-Russian Agricultural Scientific and Technological Cooperation Center, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xixia Song
- The Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Lu
- The Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Debao Zhao
- The Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Liguo Zhang
- The Institute of Industrial Crops, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jianguang Su
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China.
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Speicher TL, Li PZ, Wallace IS. Phosphoregulation of the Plant Cellulose Synthase Complex and Cellulose Synthase-Like Proteins. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 7:E52. [PMID: 29966291 PMCID: PMC6161211 DOI: 10.3390/plants7030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer on the planet, is synthesized at the plasma membrane of plant cells by the cellulose synthase complex (CSC). Cellulose is the primary load-bearing polysaccharide of plant cell walls and enables cell walls to maintain cellular shape and rigidity. The CSC is comprised of functionally distinct cellulose synthase A (CESA) proteins, which are responsible for synthesizing cellulose, and additional accessory proteins. Moreover, CESA-like (CSL) proteins are proposed to synthesize other essential non-cellulosic polysaccharides that comprise plant cell walls. The deposition of cell-wall polysaccharides is dynamically regulated in response to a variety of developmental and environmental stimuli, and post-translational phosphorylation has been proposed as one mechanism to mediate this dynamic regulation. In this review, we discuss CSC composition, the dynamics of CSCs in vivo, critical studies that highlight the post-translational control of CESAs and CSLs, and the receptor kinases implicated in plant cell-wall biosynthesis. Furthermore, we highlight the emerging importance of post-translational phosphorylation-based regulation of CSCs on the basis of current knowledge in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tori L Speicher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Patrick Ziqiang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Ian S Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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40
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Panteris E, Achlati T, Daras G, Rigas S. Stomatal Complex Development and F-Actin Organization in Maize Leaf Epidermis Depend on Cellulose Synthesis. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061365. [PMID: 29882773 PMCID: PMC6099634 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose microfibrils reinforce the cell wall for morphogenesis in plants. Herein, we provide evidence on a series of defects regarding stomatal complex development and F-actin organization in Zea mays leaf epidermis, due to inhibition of cellulose synthesis. Formative cell divisions of stomatal complex ontogenesis were delayed or inhibited, resulting in lack of subsidiary cells and frequently in unicellular stomata, with an atypical stomatal pore. Guard cells failed to acquire a dumbbell shape, becoming rounded, while subsidiary cells, whenever present, exhibited aberrant morphogenesis. F-actin organization was also affected, since the stomatal complex-specific arrays were scarcely observed. At late developmental stages, the overall F-actin network was diminished in all epidermal cells, although thick actin bundles persisted. Taken together, stomatal complex development strongly depends on cell wall mechanical properties. Moreover, F-actin organization exhibits a tight relationship with the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Panteris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Theonymphi Achlati
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Gerasimos Daras
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece.
| | - Stamatis Rigas
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece.
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41
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Barnes WJ, Anderson CT. Cytosolic invertases contribute to cellulose biosynthesis and influence carbon partitioning in seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:956-974. [PMID: 29569779 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In plants, UDP-glucose is the direct precursor for cellulose biosynthesis, and can be converted into other NDP-sugars required for the biosynthesis of wall matrix polysaccharides. UDP-glucose is generated from sucrose by two distinct metabolic pathways. The first pathway is the direct conversion of sucrose to UDP-glucose and fructose by sucrose synthase. The second pathway involves sucrose hydrolysis by cytosolic invertase (CINV), conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate and glucose-1-phosphate, and UDP-glucose generation by UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGP). Previously, Barratt et al. (Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 2009 and 13124) have found that an Arabidopsis double mutant lacking CINV1 and CINV2 displayed drastically reduced growth. Whether this reduced growth is due to deficient cell wall production caused by limited UDP-glucose supply, pleiotropic effects, or both, remained unresolved. Here, we present results indicating that the CINV/UGP pathway contributes to anisotropic growth and cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Biochemical and imaging data demonstrate that cinv1 cinv2 seedlings are deficient in UDP-glucose production, exhibit abnormal cellulose biosynthesis and microtubule properties, and have altered cellulose organization without substantial changes to matrix polysaccharide composition, suggesting that the CINV/UGP pathway is a key metabolic route to UDP-glucose synthesis in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, differential responses of cinv1 cinv2 seedlings to exogenous sugar supplementation support a function of CINVs in influencing carbon partitioning in Arabidopsis. From these data and those of previous studies, we conclude that CINVs serve central roles in cellulose biosynthesis and carbon allocation in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Barnes
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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42
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Meents MJ, Watanabe Y, Samuels AL. The cell biology of secondary cell wall biosynthesis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:1107-1125. [PMID: 29415210 PMCID: PMC5946954 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary cell walls (SCWs) form the architecture of terrestrial plant biomass. They reinforce tracheary elements and strengthen fibres to permit upright growth and the formation of forest canopies. The cells that synthesize a strong, thick SCW around their protoplast must undergo a dramatic commitment to cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin production. SCOPE This review puts SCW biosynthesis in a cellular context, with the aim of integrating molecular biology and biochemistry with plant cell biology. While SCWs are deposited in diverse tissue and cellular contexts including in sclerenchyma (fibres and sclereids), phloem (fibres) and xylem (tracheids, fibres and vessels), the focus of this review reflects the fact that protoxylem tracheary elements have proven to be the most amenable experimental system in which to study the cell biology of SCWs. CONCLUSIONS SCW biosynthesis requires the co-ordination of plasma membrane cellulose synthases, hemicellulose production in the Golgi and lignin polymer deposition in the apoplast. At the plasma membrane where the SCW is deposited under the guidance of cortical microtubules, there is a high density of SCW cellulose synthase complexes producing cellulose microfibrils consisting of 18-24 glucan chains. These microfibrils are extruded into a cell wall matrix rich in SCW-specific hemicelluloses, typically xylan and mannan. The biosynthesis of eudicot SCW glucuronoxylan is taken as an example to illustrate the emerging importance of protein-protein complexes in the Golgi. From the trans-Golgi, trafficking of vesicles carrying hemicelluloses, cellulose synthases and oxidative enzymes is crucial for exocytosis of SCW components at the microtubule-rich cell membrane domains, producing characteristic SCW patterns. The final step of SCW biosynthesis is lignification, with monolignols secreted by the lignifying cell and, in some cases, by neighbouring cells as well. Oxidative enzymes such as laccases and peroxidases, embedded in the polysaccharide cell wall matrix, determine where lignin is deposited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J Meents
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yoichiro Watanabe
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Elliott A, Shaw SL. Update: Plant Cortical Microtubule Arrays. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:94-105. [PMID: 29184029 PMCID: PMC5761819 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cortical microtubules play a critical role in plant morphogenesis by creating array patterns that template the deposition of cellulose microfibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Elliott
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Sidney L Shaw
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
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44
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Imaging cellulose synthase motility during primary cell wall synthesis in the grass Brachypodium distachyon. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15111. [PMID: 29118446 PMCID: PMC5678151 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14988-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of cellulose synthesis has been studied by characterizing the motility of cellulose synthase complexes tagged with a fluorescent protein; however, this approach has been used exclusively on the hypocotyl of Arabidopsis thaliana. Here we characterize cellulose synthase motility in the model grass, Brachypodium distachyon. We generated lines in which mEGFP is fused N-terminal to BdCESA3 or BdCESA6 and which grew indistinguishably from the wild type (Bd21-3) and had dense fluorescent puncta at or near the plasma membrane. Measured with a particle tracking algorithm, the average speed of GFP-BdCESA3 particles in the mesocotyl was 164 ± 78 nm min−1 (error gives standard deviation [SD], n = 1451 particles). Mean speed in the root appeared similar. For comparison, average speed in the A. thaliana hypocotyl expressing GFP-AtCESA6 was 184 ± 86 nm min−1 (n = 2755). For B. distachyon, we quantified root diameter and elongation rate in response to inhibitors of cellulose (dichlorobenylnitrile; DCB), microtubules (oryzalin), or actin (latrunculin B). Neither oryzalin nor latrunculin affected the speed of CESA complexes; whereas, DCB reduced average speed by about 50% in B. distachyon and by about 35% in A. thaliana. Evidently, between these species, CESA motility is well conserved.
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45
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Plant cell wall signalling and receptor-like kinases. Biochem J 2017; 474:471-492. [PMID: 28159895 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Communication between the extracellular matrix and the cell interior is essential for all organisms as intrinsic and extrinsic cues have to be integrated to co-ordinate development, growth, and behaviour. This applies in particular to plants, the growth and shape of which is governed by deposition and remodelling of the cell wall, a rigid, yet dynamic, extracellular network. It is thus generally assumed that cell wall surveillance pathways exist to monitor the state of the wall and, if needed, elicit compensatory responses such as altered expression of cell wall remodelling and biosynthesis genes. Here, I highlight recent advances in the field of cell wall signalling in plants, with emphasis on the role of plasma membrane receptor-like kinase complexes. In addition, possible roles for cell wall-mediated signalling beyond the maintenance of cell wall integrity are discussed.
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Higaki T, Takigawa-Imamura H, Akita K, Kutsuna N, Kobayashi R, Hasezawa S, Miura T. Exogenous Cellulase Switches Cell Interdigitation to Cell Elongation in an RIC1-dependent Manner in Arabidopsis thaliana Cotyledon Pavement Cells. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:106-119. [PMID: 28011873 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Pavement cells in cotyledons and true leaves exhibit a jigsaw puzzle-like morphology in most dicotyledonous plants. Among the molecular mechanisms mediating cell morphogenesis, two antagonistic Rho-like GTPases regulate local cell outgrowth via cytoskeletal rearrangements. Analyses of several cell wall-related mutants suggest the importance of cell wall mechanics in the formation of interdigitated patterns. However, how these factors are integrated is unknown. In this study, we observed that the application of exogenous cellulase to hydroponically grown Arabidopsis thaliana cotyledons switched the interdigitation of pavement cells to the production of smoothly elongated cells. The cellulase-induced inhibition of cell interdigitation was not observed in a RIC1 knockout mutant. This gene encodes a Rho-like GTPase-interacting protein important for localized cell growth suppression via microtubule bundling on concave cell interfaces. Additionally, to characterize pavement cell morphologies, we developed a mathematical model that considers the balance between cell and cell wall growth, restricted global cell growth orientation, and regulation of local cell outgrowth mediated by a Rho-like GTPase-cytoskeleton system. Our computational simulations fully support our experimental observations, and suggest that interdigitated patterns form because of mechanical buckling in the absence of Rho-like GTPase-dependent regulation of local cell outgrowth. Our model clarifies the cell wall mechanics influencing pavement cell morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Higaki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hisako Takigawa-Imamura
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kae Akita
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Natsumaro Kutsuna
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
- Research and Development Division, LPixel Inc., Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Kobayashi
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Hasezawa
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Miura
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Xiao C, Anderson CT. Interconnections between cell wall polymers, wall mechanics, and cortical microtubules: Teasing out causes and consequences. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1215396. [PMID: 27611066 PMCID: PMC5155451 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1215396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, cell wall components including cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectins interact with each other to form complex extracellular network structures that control cell growth and maintain cell shape. However, it is still not clear exactly how different wall polymers interact, how the conformations and interactions of cell wall polymers relate to wall mechanics, and how these factors impinge on intracellular structures such as the cortical microtubule cytoskeleton. Here, based on studies of Arabidopsis thaliana xxt1 xxt2 mutants, which lack detectable xyloglucan in their walls and display aberrant wall mechanics, altered cellulose patterning and biosynthesis, and reduced cortical microtubule stability, we discuss the potential relationships between cell wall biosynthesis, wall mechanics, and cytoskeletal dynamics in an effort to better understand their roles in controlling plant growth and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaowen Xiao
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State
University, University Park, PA, USA
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and
Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,
USA
| | - Charles T. Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State
University, University Park, PA, USA
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and
Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,
USA
- CONTACT Charles T. Anderson
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Environmental and Endogenous Control of Cortical Microtubule Orientation. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 26:409-419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Mangeon A, Pardal R, Menezes-Salgueiro AD, Duarte GL, de Seixas R, Cruz FP, Cardeal V, Magioli C, Ricachenevsky FK, Margis R, Sachetto-Martins G. AtGRP3 Is Implicated in Root Size and Aluminum Response Pathways in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150583. [PMID: 26939065 PMCID: PMC4777284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AtGRP3 is a glycine-rich protein (GRP) from Arabidopsis thaliana shown to interact with the receptor-like kinase AtWAK1 in yeast, in vitro and in planta. In this work, phenotypic analyses using transgenic plants were performed in order to better characterize this GRP. Plants of two independent knockout alleles of AtGRP3 develop longer roots suggesting its involvement in root size determination. Confocal microscopy analysis showed an abnormal cell division and elongation in grp3-1 knockout mutants. Moreover, we also show that grp3-1 exhibits an enhanced Aluminum (Al) tolerance, a feature also described in AtWAK1 overexpressing plants. Together, these results implicate AtGRP3 function root size determination during development and in Al stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Mangeon
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Transdução de Sinal, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941–617, Brazil
| | - Renan Pardal
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Transdução de Sinal, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941–617, Brazil
| | - Adriana Dias Menezes-Salgueiro
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Transdução de Sinal, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941–617, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Leitão Duarte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica (PPGBot), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501–970, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de Seixas
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Transdução de Sinal, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941–617, Brazil
| | - Fernanda P. Cruz
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Transdução de Sinal, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941–617, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Cardeal
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Transdução de Sinal, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941–617, Brazil
| | - Claudia Magioli
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Transdução de Sinal, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941–617, Brazil
| | | | - Rogério Margis
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Departamento de Biofísica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501–970, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Sachetto-Martins
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Transdução de Sinal, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941–617, Brazil
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Sparks JA, Kwon T, Renna L, Liao F, Brandizzi F, Blancaflor EB. HLB1 Is a Tetratricopeptide Repeat Domain-Containing Protein That Operates at the Intersection of the Exocytic and Endocytic Pathways at the TGN/EE in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:746-69. [PMID: 26941089 PMCID: PMC4826010 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The endomembrane system plays essential roles in plant development, but the proteome responsible for its function and organization remains largely uncharacterized in plants. Here, we identified and characterized the HYPERSENSITIVE TO LATRUNCULIN B1 (HLB1) protein isolated through a forward-genetic screen in Arabidopsis thaliana for mutants with heightened sensitivity to actin-disrupting drugs. HLB1 is a plant-specific tetratricopeptide repeat domain-containing protein of unknown function encoded by a single Arabidopsis gene. HLB1 associated with the trans-Golgi network (TGN)/early endosome (EE) and tracked along filamentous actin, indicating that it could link post-Golgi traffic with the actin cytoskeleton in plants. HLB1 was found to interact with the ADP-ribosylation-factor guanine nucleotide exchange factor, MIN7/BEN1 (HOPM INTERACTOR7/BREFELDIN A-VISUALIZED ENDOCYTIC TRAFFICKING DEFECTIVE1) by coimmunoprecipitation. The min7/ben1 mutant phenocopied the mild root developmental defects and latrunculin B hypersensitivity of hlb1, and analyses of ahlb1/ min7/ben1 double mutant showed that hlb1 and min7/ben1 operate in common genetic pathways. Based on these data, we propose that HLB1 together with MIN7/BEN1 form a complex with actin to modulate the function of the TGN/EE at the intersection of the exocytic and endocytic pathways in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alan Sparks
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Taegun Kwon
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Luciana Renna
- Department of Energy, Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Fuqi Liao
- Computing Services Department, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Department of Energy, Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Elison B Blancaflor
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
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