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Krahmer J, Fankhauser C. Environmental Control of Hypocotyl Elongation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 75:489-519. [PMID: 38012051 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-062923-023852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The hypocotyl is the embryonic stem connecting the primary root to the cotyledons. Hypocotyl length varies tremendously depending on the conditions. This developmental plasticity and the simplicity of the organ explain its success as a model for growth regulation. Light and temperature are prominent growth-controlling cues, using shared signaling elements. Mechanisms controlling hypocotyl elongation in etiolated seedlings reaching the light differ from those in photoautotrophic seedlings. However, many common growth regulators intervene in both situations. Multiple photoreceptors including phytochromes, which also respond to temperature, control the activity of several transcription factors, thereby eliciting rapid transcriptional reprogramming. Hypocotyl growth often depends on sensing in green tissues and interorgan communication comprising auxin. Hypocotyl auxin, in conjunction with other hormones, determines epidermal cell elongation. Plants facing cues with opposite effects on growth control hypocotyl elongation through intricate mechanisms. We discuss the status of the field and end by highlighting open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Krahmer
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland;
- Current affiliation: Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark;
| | - Christian Fankhauser
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland;
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Escobar-Bravo R, Schimmel BCJ, Zhang Y, Wang L, Robert CAM, Glauser G, Ballaré CL, Erb M. Far-red light increases maize volatile emissions in response to volatile cues from neighbouring plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 38872585 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Plants perceive the presence and defence status of their neighbours through light and volatile cues, but how plants integrate both stimuli is poorly understood. We investigated if and how low Red to Far red light (R:FR) ratios, indicative of shading or canopy closure, affect maize (Zea mays) responses to herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), including the green leaf volatile (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate. We modulated light signalling and perception by using FR supplementation and a phyB1phyB2 mutant, and we determined volatile release as a response readout. To gain mechanistic insights, we examined expression of volatile biosynthesis genes, hormone accumulation, and photosynthesis. Exposure to a full blend of HIPVs or (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate induced maize volatile release. Short-term FR supplementation increased this response. In contrast, prolonged FR supplementation or constitutive phytochrome B inactivation in phyB1phyB2 plants showed the opposite response. Short-term FR supplementation enhanced photosynthesis and stomatal conductance and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate-induced JA-Ile levels. We conclude that a FR-enriched light environment can prompt maize plants to respond more strongly to HIPVs emitted by neighbours, which might be explained by changes in photosynthetic processes and phytochrome B signalling. Our findings reveal interactive responses to light and volatile cues with potentially important consequences for plant-plant and plant-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yaqin Zhang
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carlos L Ballaré
- Facultad de Agronomía, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- 2IIBio, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Han R, Ma L, Terzaghi W, Guo Y, Li J. Molecular mechanisms underlying coordinated responses of plants to shade and environmental stresses. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:1893-1913. [PMID: 38289877 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) is triggered by a low ratio of red (R) to far-red (FR) light (R/FR ratio), which is caused by neighbor detection and/or canopy shade. In order to compete for the limited light, plants elongate hypocotyls and petioles by deactivating phytochrome B (phyB), a major R light photoreceptor, thus releasing its inhibition of the growth-promoting transcription factors PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORs. Under natural conditions, plants must cope with abiotic stresses such as drought, soil salinity, and extreme temperatures, and biotic stresses such as pathogens and pests. Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to simultaneously deal with multiple environmental stresses. In this review, we will summarize recent major advances in our understanding of how plants coordinately respond to shade and environmental stresses, and will also discuss the important questions for future research. A deep understanding of how plants synergistically respond to shade together with abiotic and biotic stresses will facilitate the design and breeding of new crop varieties with enhanced tolerance to high-density planting and environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - William Terzaghi
- Department of Biology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, 18766, USA
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Zhang X, Shen Z, Sun X, Chen M, Zhang N. Integrated analysis of transcriptomic and proteomic data reveals novel regulators of soybean ( Glycine max) hypocotyl development. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2023; 50:1086-1098. [PMID: 37866377 DOI: 10.1071/fp23013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Hypocotyl elongation directly affects the seedling establishment and soil-breaking after germination. In soybean (Glycine max ), the molecular mechanisms regulating hypocotyl development remain largely elusive. To decipher the regulatory landscape, we conducted proteome and transcriptome analysis of soybean hypocotyl samples at different development stages. Our results showed that during hypocotyl development, many proteins were with extreme high translation efficiency (TE) and may act as regulators. These potential regulators include multiple peroxidases and cell wall reorganisation related enzymes. Peroxidases may produce ROS including H2 O2 . Interestingly, exogenous H2 O2 application promoted hypocotyl elongation, supporting peroxidases as regulators of hypocotyl development. However, a vast variety of proteins were shown to be with dramatically changed TE during hypocotyl development, including multiple phytochromes, plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) and aspartic proteases. Their potential roles in hypocotyl development were confirmed by that ectopic expression of GmPHYA1 and GmPIP1-6 in Arabidopsis thaliana affected hypocotyl elongation. In addition, the promoters of these potential regulatory genes contain multiple light/gibberellin/auxin responsive elements, while the expression of some members in hypocotyls was significantly regulated by light and exogenous auxin/gibberellin. Overall, our results revealed multiple novel regulatory factors of soybean hypocotyl elongation. Further research on these regulators may lead to new approvals to improve soybean hypocotyl traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhikang Shen
- Sanya Institute, Henan University, Sanya, China; and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaohu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Min Chen
- Sanya Institute, Henan University, Sanya, China; and State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Naichao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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5
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Nguyen NH, Sng BJR, Chin HJ, Choi IKY, Yeo HC, Jang IC. HISTONE DEACETYLASE 9 promotes hypocotyl-specific auxin response under shade. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:804-822. [PMID: 37522556 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Vegetative shade causes an array of morphological changes in plants called shade avoidance syndrome, which includes hypocotyl and petiole elongation, leaf hyponasty, reduced leaf growth, early flowering and rapid senescence. Here, we show that loss-of-function mutations in HISTONE DEACETYLASE 9 (HDA9) attenuated the shade-induced hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis. However, the hda9 cotyledons and petioles under shade were not significantly different from those in wild-type, suggesting a specific function of HDA9 in hypocotyl elongation in response to shade. HDA9 expression levels were stable under shade and its protein was ubiquitously detected in cotyledon, hypocotyl and root. Organ-specific transcriptome analysis unraveled that shade induced a set of auxin-responsive genes, such as SMALL AUXIN UPREGULATED RNAs (SAURs) and AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACIDs (AUX/IAAs) and their induction was impaired in hda9-1 hypocotyls. In addition, HDA9 binding to loci of SAUR15/65, IAA5/6/19 and ACS4 was increased under shade. The genetic and organ-specific gene expression analyses further revealed that HDA9 may cooperate with PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 4/7 in the regulation of shade-induced hypocotyl elongation. Furthermore, HDA9 and PIF7 proteins were found to interact together and thus it is suggested that PIF7 may recruit HDA9 to regulate the shade/auxin responsive genes in response to shade. Overall, our study unravels that HDA9 can work as one component of a hypocotyl-specific transcriptional regulatory machinery that activates the auxin response at the hypocotyl leading to the elongation of this organ under shade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Hoai Nguyen
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Benny Jian Rong Sng
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Hui Jun Chin
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Ian Kin Yuen Choi
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Hock Chuan Yeo
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - In-Cheol Jang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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Li Z, Zhao T, Liu J, Li H, Liu B. Shade-Induced Leaf Senescence in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1550. [PMID: 37050176 PMCID: PMC10097262 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is a vital developmental process that involves the orderly breakdown of macromolecules to transfer nutrients from mature leaves to emerging and reproductive organs. This process is essential for a plant's overall fitness. Multiple internal and external factors, such as leaf age, plant hormones, stresses, and light environment, regulate the onset and progression of leaf senescence. When plants grow close to each other or are shaded, it results in significant alterations in light quantity and quality, such as a decrease in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), a drop in red/far-red light ratios, and a reduction in blue light fluence rate, which triggers premature leaf senescence. Recently, studies have identified various components involved in light, phytohormone, and other signaling pathways that regulate the leaf senescence process in response to shade. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms that control leaf senescence induced by shade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bin Liu
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (B.L.)
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Shi F, Zhao Z, Jiang Y, Liu S, Tan C, Liu C, Ye X, Liu Z. Whole transcriptome analysis and construction of a ceRNA regulatory network related to leaf and petiole development in Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis). BMC Genomics 2023; 24:144. [PMID: 36964498 PMCID: PMC10039531 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growth and development of leaves and petioles have a significant effect on photosynthesis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf and petiole development is necessary for improving photosynthetic efficiency, cultivating varieties with high photosynthetic efficiency, and improving the yield of crops of which the leaves are foodstuffs. This study aimed to identify the mRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) related to leaf and petiole development in Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis). The data were used to construct a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network to obtain insights into the mechanisms underlying leaf and petiole development. RESULTS The leaves and petioles of the 'PHL' inbred line of Chinese cabbage were used as research materials for whole transcriptome sequencing. A total of 10,646 differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs, 303 DElncRNAs, 7 DEcircRNAs, and 195 DEmiRNAs were identified between leaves and petioles. Transcription factors and proteins that play important roles in leaf and petiole development were identified, including xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase, expansion proteins and their precursors, transcription factors TCP15 and bHLH, lateral organ boundary domain protein, cellulose synthase, MOR1-like protein, and proteins related to plant hormone biosynthesis. A ceRNA regulatory network related to leaf and petiole development was constructed, and 85 pairs of ceRNA relationships were identified, including 71 DEmiRNA-DEmRNA, 12 DEmiRNA-DElncRNA, and 2 DEmiRNA-DEcircRNA pairs. Three LSH genes (BrLSH1, BrLSH2 and BrLSH3) with significant differential expression between leaves and petioles were screened from transcriptome data, and their functions were explored through subcellular localization analysis and transgenic overexpression verification. BrLSH1, BrLSH2 and BrLSH3 were nuclear proteins, and BrLSH2 inhibited the growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies mRNAs and non-coding RNAs that may be involved in the development of leaves and petioles in Chinese cabbage, and establishes a ceRNA regulatory network related to development of the leaves and petioles, providing valuable genomic resources for further research on the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf and petiole development in this crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyan Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Vegetable Research Institute of Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Zifan Zhao
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yang Jiang
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Chong Tan
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Chuanhong Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xueling Ye
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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Casal JJ, Fankhauser C. Shade avoidance in the context of climate change. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:1475-1491. [PMID: 36617439 PMCID: PMC10022646 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
When exposed to changes in the light environment caused by neighboring vegetation, shade-avoiding plants modify their growth and/or developmental patterns to access more sunlight. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), neighbor cues reduce the activity of the photosensory receptors phytochrome B (phyB) and cryptochrome 1, releasing photoreceptor repression imposed on PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs) and leading to transcriptional reprogramming. The phyB-PIF hub is at the core of all shade-avoidance responses, whilst other photosensory receptors and transcription factors contribute in a context-specific manner. CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 is a master regulator of this hub, indirectly stabilizing PIFs and targeting negative regulators of shade avoidance for degradation. Warm temperatures reduce the activity of phyB, which operates as a temperature sensor and further increases the activities of PIF4 and PIF7 by independent temperature sensing mechanisms. The signaling network controlling shade avoidance is not buffered against climate change; rather, it integrates information about shade, temperature, salinity, drought, and likely flooding. We, therefore, predict that climate change will exacerbate shade-induced growth responses in some regions of the planet while limiting the growth potential in others.
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Sng BJR, Van Vu K, Choi IKY, Chin HJ, Jang IC. LONG HYPOCOTYL IN FAR-RED 1 mediates a trade-off between growth and defense under shade in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023:erad088. [PMID: 36882154 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to vegetative shade with developmental and physiological changes that is collectively known as shade avoidance syndrome (SAS). Although LONG HYPOCOTYL IN FAR-RED 1 (HFR1) is known to be a negative regulator of SAS by forming heterodimers with other basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors to inhibit them, its function in genome-wide transcriptional regulation is not fully elucidated. Here, we performed RNA-sequencing analyses of hfr1-5 and HFR1 overexpression line (HFR1(ΔN)-OE) to comprehensively identify HFR1-regulated genes at different time points of shade treatment. We found that HFR1 mediates the trade-off between shade-induced growth and shade-repressed defense, by regulating the expression of relevant genes in shade. Genes involved in promoting growth, such as for auxin biosynthesis, transport, signaling and response were induced by shade but suppressed by HFR1 at both short and long durations of shade. Likewise, most ethylene-related genes were shade-induced and HFR1-repressed. On the other hand, shade suppressed defense-related genes while HFR1 induced their expression, especially under long duration of shade treatment. We demonstrated that HFR1 confers increased resistance to bacterial infection under shade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny Jian Rong Sng
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Kien Van Vu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Ian Kin Yuen Choi
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Hui Jun Chin
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - In-Cheol Jang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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Xu X, Hu Q, Wang J, Wang X, Lou L, Xu J, Yang X, Chen X. A 2-bp deletion in the protein kinase domain region of the ERECTA-like receptor kinase gene in cucumber results in short internode phenotype. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 327:111536. [PMID: 36402238 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber varieties with shortend internodes require less space than regular vining varieties, thus have great significance for germplasm improvement. Here, we found a novel spontaneous cucumber mutant si107 that exhibited short intenodes (si), smaller leaves, fruits, and seeds. The decrease in longitudinal cell length led to the shortened internodes of si107. The genetic analysis revealed a single recessive gene si-2 that was responsible for the mutation. Through multiple lines of evidence, we demonstrated that CsSI is the possible candidate gene for si-2, which encodes an ERECTA leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase. The shortened internode in si107 is attributed to a 2-bp deletion in the protein kinase domain region of this gene. The expression of CsSI was higher in the internodes, petioles, and fruit peels of si107 than in the wild type (WT). The transcriptome analysis between the si107 mutant and WT indicated that differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway, in which auxin signal genes comprised the largest group, and all were downregulated in si107. Phytohormone quantitation confirmed that endogenous auxin levels in the stems of si107 were decreased. Our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the internode length control in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Xu
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Qiming Hu
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Jiaxi Wang
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xueting Wang
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Lina Lou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xuehao Chen
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
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11
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Falik O, Novoplansky A. Is ABA the exogenous vector of interplant drought cuing? PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2129295. [PMID: 36200554 PMCID: PMC9542707 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2129295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that root cuing from drought-stressed plants increased the survival time of neighboring plants under drought, which came at performance costs under benign conditions. The involvement of abscisic acid (ABA) was implicated from additional experiments in which interplant drought cuing was greatly diminished in ABA-deficient plants. Here, we tested the hypothesis that ABA is the exogenous vector of interplant drought cuing. Pisum sativum plants were grown in rows of three split-root plants. One of the roots of the first plant was subjected to either drought of benign conditions in one rooting vial, while its other root shared its rooting vial with one of the roots of an unstressed neighbor, which in turn shared its other rooting vial with an additional unstressed neighbor. One hour after subjecting one of the roots of the first plant to drought, ABA concentrations were 106% and 145% higher around its other root and the roots of its unstressed neighbor, compared to their respective unstressed controls; however, the absolute concentrations of ABA found in the rooting media were substantially low. The results may indicate that despite its involvement in interplant drought and the commonly observed exchange of ABA between drought-stressed plants and their rhizospheres, ABA is not directly involved in exogenous interplant drought cuing. However, previous studies have shown that even minute concentrations of ABA in the rhizosphere can prevent ABA leakage from roots and thus to significantly increase endogenous ABA levels. In addition, under drought conditions, plants tend to accumulate ABA, which could markedly increase internal ABA concentrations over time and ABA concentrations in close proximity to the root surface might be significantly greater than estimated from entire rooting volumes. Finally, phaseic acid, an ABA degradation product, is known to activate various ABA receptors, which could enhance plant drought tolerance. It is thus feasible that while the role of ABA is limited, its more stable degradation products could play a significant role in interplant drought cuing. Our preliminary findings call for an extensive investigation into the identity and modes of operation of the exogenous vectors of interplant drought cuing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Falik
- Achva Academic College, Ashqelon, Israel
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
| | - Ariel Novoplansky
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
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12
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Bharadwaj PS, Sanchez L, Li D, Enyi D, Van de Poel B, Chang C. The plant hormone ethylene promotes abiotic stress tolerance in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:998267. [PMID: 36340412 PMCID: PMC9632724 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.998267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants are often faced with an array of adverse environmental conditions and must respond appropriately to grow and develop. In angiosperms, the plant hormone ethylene is known to play a protective role in responses to abiotic stress. Here we investigated whether ethylene mediates resistance to abiotic stress in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, one of the most distant land plant relatives of angiosperms. Using existing M. polymorpha knockout mutants of Mpein3, and Mpctr1, two genes in the ethylene signaling pathway, we examined responses to heat, salinity, nutrient deficiency, and continuous far-red light. The Mpein3 and Mpctr1 mutants were previously shown to confer ethylene insensitivity and constitutive ethylene responses, respectively. Using mild or sub-lethal doses of each stress treatment, we found that Mpctr1 mutants displayed stress resilience similar to or greater than the wild type. In contrast, Mpein3 mutants showed less resilience than the wild type. Consistent with ethylene being a stress hormone, we demonstrated that ethylene production is enhanced by each stress treatment. These results suggest that ethylene plays a role in protecting against abiotic stress in M. polymorpha, and that ethylene has likely been conserved as a stress hormone since before the evolutionary divergence of bryophytes from the land plant lineage approximately 450 Ma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka S. Bharadwaj
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Lizbeth Sanchez
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Dongdong Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Divine Enyi
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Bram Van de Poel
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, Department of Biosystems, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Caren Chang
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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13
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A combination of plasma membrane sterol biosynthesis and autophagy is required for shade-induced hypocotyl elongation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5659. [PMID: 36216814 PMCID: PMC9550796 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33384-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant growth ultimately depends on fixed carbon, thus the available light for photosynthesis. Due to canopy light absorption properties, vegetative shade combines low blue (LB) light and a low red to far-red ratio (LRFR). In shade-avoiding plants, these two conditions independently trigger growth adaptations to enhance light access. However, how these conditions, differing in light quality and quantity, similarly promote hypocotyl growth remains unknown. Using RNA sequencing we show that these two features of shade trigger different transcriptional reprogramming. LB induces starvation responses, suggesting a switch to a catabolic state. Accordingly, LB promotes autophagy. In contrast, LRFR induced anabolism including expression of sterol biosynthesis genes in hypocotyls in a manner dependent on PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs). Genetic analyses show that the combination of sterol biosynthesis and autophagy is essential for hypocotyl growth promotion in vegetative shade. We propose that vegetative shade enhances hypocotyl growth by combining autophagy-mediated recycling and promotion of specific lipid biosynthetic processes. Plants subject to vegetative shade receive a low quantity of blue light (LB) and a low ratio of red to far-red light (LFLR). Here the authors show that while LB induces autophagy, LFLR leads to changes in lipid metabolism, and propose that these processes may contribute to shade avoidance responses.
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14
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Yavari N, Gazestani VH, Wu BS, MacPherson S, Kushalappa A, Lefsrud MG. Comparative proteomics analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana response to light-emitting diode of narrow wavelength 450 nm, 595 nm, and 650 nm. J Proteomics 2022; 265:104635. [PMID: 35659537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Incident light is a central modulator of plant growth and development. However, there are still open questions surrounding wavelength-specific plant proteomic responses. Here we applied tandem mass tag based quantitative proteomics technology to acquire an in-depth view of proteome changes in Arabidopsis thaliana response to narrow wavelength blue (B; 450 nm), amber (A; 595 nm), or red (R; 650 nm) light treatments. A total of 16,707 proteins were identified with 9120 proteins quantified across all three light treatments in three biological replicates. This enabled examination of changes in the abundance for proteins with low abundance and important regulatory roles including transcription factors and hormone signaling. Importantly, 18% (1631 proteins) of the A. thaliana proteome is differentially abundant in response to narrow wavelength lights, and changes in proteome correlate well with different morphologies exhibited by plants. To showcase the usefulness of this resource, data were placed in the context of more than thirty published datasets, providing orthogonal validation and further insights into light-specific biological pathways, including Systemic Acquired Resistance and Shade Avoidance Syndrome. This high-resolution resource for A. thaliana provides baseline data and a tool for defining molecular mechanisms that control fundamental aspects of plant response to changing light conditions, with implications in plant development and adaptation. SIGNIFICANCE: Understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in wavelength-specific response of plant is question of widespread interest both to basic researchers and to those interested in applying such knowledge to the engineering of novel proteins, as well as targeted lighting systems. Here we sought to generate a high-resolution labeling proteomic profile of plant leaves, based on exposure to specific narrow-wavelength lights. Although changes in plant physiology in response to light spectral composition is well documented, there is limited knowledge on the roles of specific light wavelengths and their impact. Most previous studies have utilized relatively broad wavebands in their experiments. These multi-wavelengths lights function in a complex signaling network, which provide major challenges in inference of wavelength-specific molecular processes that underly the plant response. Besides, most studies have compared the effect of blue and red wavelengths comparing with FL, as control. As FL light consists the mixed spectra composition of both red and blue as well as numerous other wavelengths, comparing undeniably results in inconsistent and overlapping responses that will hamper effects to elucidate the plant response to specific wavelengths [1, 2]. Monitoring plant proteome response to specific wavelengths and further compare the changes to one another, rather than comparing plants proteome to FL, is thus necessary to gain the clear insights to specific underlying biological pathways and their effect consequences in plant response. Here, we employed narrow wavelength LED lights in our design to eliminate the potential overlap in molecular responses by ensuring non-overlapping wavelengths in the light treatments. We further applied TMT-labeling technology to gain a high-resolution view on the associates of proteome changes. Our proteomics data provides an in-depth coverage suitable for system-wide analyses, providing deep insights on plant physiological processes particularly because of the tremendous increase in the amount of identified proteins which outreach the other biological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Yavari
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-De-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada; Department of Electro-Chemistry Engineering, Dexcom, Inc., 6340 Sequence Dr., San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Vahid H Gazestani
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bo-Sen Wu
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-De-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sarah MacPherson
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-De-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ajjamada Kushalappa
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-De-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark G Lefsrud
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-De-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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15
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Rosado D, Ackermann A, Spassibojko O, Rossi M, Pedmale UV. WRKY transcription factors and ethylene signaling modify root growth during the shade-avoidance response. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1294-1311. [PMID: 34718759 PMCID: PMC8825332 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Shade-intolerant plants rapidly elongate their stems, branches, and leaf stalks to compete with neighboring vegetation, maximizing sunlight capture for photosynthesis. This rapid growth adaptation, known as the shade-avoidance response (SAR), comes at a cost: reduced biomass, crop yield, and root growth. Significant progress has been made on the mechanistic understanding of hypocotyl elongation during SAR; however, the molecular interpretation of root growth repression is not well understood. Here, we explore the mechanisms by which SAR induced by low red:far-red light restricts primary and lateral root (LR) growth. By analyzing the whole-genome transcriptome, we identified a core set of shade-induced genes in roots of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings grown in the shade. Abiotic and biotic stressors also induce many of these shade-induced genes and are predominantly regulated by WRKY transcription factors. Correspondingly, a majority of WRKY genes were among the shade-induced genes. Functional analysis using transgenics of these shade-induced WRKYs revealed that their role is essentially to restrict primary root and LR growth in the shade; captivatingly, they did not affect hypocotyl elongation. Similarly, we also found that ethylene hormone signaling is necessary for limiting root growth in the shade. We propose that during SAR, shade-induced WRKY26, 45, and 75, and ethylene reprogram gene expression in the root to restrict its growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Rosado
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Amanda Ackermann
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Olya Spassibojko
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Magdalena Rossi
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ullas V Pedmale
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
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16
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Xu H, Chen P, Tao Y. Understanding the Shade Tolerance Responses Through Hints From Phytochrome A-Mediated Negative Feedback Regulation in Shade Avoiding Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:813092. [PMID: 35003197 PMCID: PMC8727698 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.813092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Based on how plants respond to shade, we typically classify them into two groups: shade avoiding and shade tolerance plants. Under vegetative shade, the shade avoiding species induce a series of shade avoidance responses (SARs) to outgrow their competitors, while the shade tolerance species induce shade tolerance responses (STRs) to increase their survival rates under dense canopy. The molecular mechanism underlying the SARs has been extensively studied using the shade avoiding model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, while little is known about STRs. In Aarabidopsis, there is a PHYA-mediated negative feedback regulation that suppresses exaggerated SARs. Recent studies revealed that in shade tolerance Cardamine hirsuta plants, a hyperactive PHYA was responsible for suppressing shade-induced elongation growth. We propose that similar signaling components may be used by shade avoiding and shade tolerance plants, and different phenotypic outputs may result from differential regulation or altered dynamic properties of these signaling components. In this review, we summarized the role of PHYA and its downstream components in shade responses, which may provide insights into understanding how both types of plants respond to shade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi Tao
- Key Laboratory of Xiamen Plant Genetics and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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17
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Comparison of the transcriptomic responses of two Chrysanthemum morifolium cultivars to low light. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:7293-7301. [PMID: 34689280 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low light is a primary regulator of chrysanthemum growth. Our aim was to analyse the different transcriptomic responses of two Chrysanthemum morifolium cultivars to low light. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a transcriptomic analysis of leaf samples from the 'Nannonggongfen' and 'Nannongxuefeng' chrysanthemum cultivars following a 5-day exposure to optimal light (70%, control [CK]) or low-light (20%, LL) conditions. Gene Ontology (GO) classification of upregulated genes revealed these genes to be associated with 11 cellular components, 9 molecular functions, and 15 biological processes, with the majority being localized to the chloroplast, highlighting the role of chloroplast proteins as regulators of shading tolerance. Downregulated genes were associated with 11 cellular components, 8 molecular functions, and 16 biological processes. Heat map analyses suggested that basic helix-loop-helix domain genes and elongation factors were markedly downregulated in 'Nannongxuefeng' leaves, consistent with the maintenance of normal stem length, whereas no comparable changes were observed in 'Nanonggongfen' leaves. Subsequent qPCR analyses revealed that phytochrome-interacting factors and dormancy-associated genes were significantly upregulated under LL conditions relative to CK conditions, while succinate dehydrogenase 1, elongated hypocotyls 5, and auxin-responsive gene of were significantly downregulated under LL conditions. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that LL plants were significantly lower than those of the CK plants. Low-light tolerant chrysanthemum cultivars may maintain reduced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and elongation factor expression as a means of preventing the onset of shade-avoidance symptoms.
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18
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Nascimento VL, Pereira AM, Pereira AS, Silva VF, Costa LC, Bastos CEA, Ribeiro DM, Caldana C, Sulpice R, Nunes-Nesi A, Zsögön A, Araújo WL. Physiological and metabolic bases of increased growth in the tomato ethylene-insensitive mutant Never ripe: extending ethylene signaling functions. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1377-1393. [PMID: 33074436 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02623-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The tomato mutant Never ripe (Nr), a loss-of-function for the ethylene receptor SlETR3, shows enhanced growth, associated with increased carbon assimilation and a rewiring of the central metabolism. Compelling evidence has demonstrated the importance of ethylene during tomato fruit development, yet its role on leaf central metabolism and plant growth remains elusive. Here, we performed a detailed characterization of Never ripe (Nr) tomato, a loss-of-function mutant for the ethylene receptor SlETR3, known for its fruits which never ripe. However, besides fruits, the Nr gene is also constitutively expressed in vegetative tissues. Nr mutant showed a growth enhancement during both the vegetative and reproductive stage, without an earlier onset of leaf senescence, with Nr plants exhibiting a higher number of leaves and an increased dry weight of leaves, stems, roots, and fruits. At metabolic level, Nr also plays a significant role with the mutant showing changes in carbon assimilation, carbohydrates turnover, and an exquisite reprogramming of a large number of metabolite levels. Notably, the expression of genes related to ethylene signaling and biosynthesis are not altered in Nr. We assess our results in the context of those previously published for tomato fruits and of current models of ethylene signal transduction, and conclude that ethylene insensitivity mediated by Nr impacts the whole central metabolism at vegetative stage, leading to increased growth rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor L Nascimento
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Auderlan M Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Aurelio S Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Victor F Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas C Costa
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Carla E A Bastos
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Dimas M Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Camila Caldana
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ronan Sulpice
- Plant Systems Biology Laboratory, Plant and AgriBiosciences Research Centre and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Agustin Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
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Liu Y, Jafari F, Wang H. Integration of light and hormone signaling pathways in the regulation of plant shade avoidance syndrome. ABIOTECH 2021; 2:131-145. [PMID: 36304753 PMCID: PMC9590540 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-021-00038-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants are unable to move or escape from their neighboring competitors under high-density planting conditions. Instead, they have evolved the ability to sense changes in light quantity and quality (such as a reduction in photoactive radiation and drop in red/far-red light ratios) and evoke a suite of adaptative responses (such as stem elongation, reduced branching, hyponastic leaf orientation, early flowering and accelerated senescence) collectively termed shade avoidance syndrome (SAS). Over the past few decades, much progress has been made in identifying the various photoreceptor systems and light signaling components implicated in regulating SAS, and in elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms, based on extensive molecular genetic studies with the model dicotyledonous plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, an emerging synthesis of the field is that light signaling integrates with the signaling pathways of various phytohormones to coordinately regulate different aspects of SAS. In this review, we present a brief summary of the various cross-talks between light and hormone signaling in regulating SAS. We also present a perspective of manipulating SAS to tailor crop architecture for breeding high-density tolerant crop cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Fereshteh Jafari
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642 China
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20
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Huber M, Nieuwendijk NM, Pantazopoulou CK, Pierik R. Light signalling shapes plant-plant interactions in dense canopies. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1014-1029. [PMID: 33047350 PMCID: PMC8049026 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants growing at high densities interact via a multitude of pathways. Here, we provide an overview of mechanisms and functional consequences of plant architectural responses initiated by light cues that occur in dense vegetation. We will review the current state of knowledge about shade avoidance, as well as its possible applications. On an individual level, plants perceive neighbour-associated changes in light quality and quantity mainly with phytochromes for red and far-red light and cryptochromes and phototropins for blue light. Downstream of these photoreceptors, elaborate signalling and integration takes place with the PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORS, several hormones and other regulators. This signalling leads to the shade avoidance responses, consisting of hyponasty, stem and petiole elongation, apical dominance and life cycle adjustments. Architectural changes of the individual plant have consequences for the plant community, affecting canopy structure, species composition and population fitness. In this context, we highlight the ecological, evolutionary and agricultural importance of shade avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Huber
- Plant Ecophysiology, Dept. BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Dept. BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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21
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Saitoh A, Takase T, Abe H, Watahiki M, Hirakawa Y, Kiyosue T. ZEITLUPE enhances expression of PIF4 and YUC8 in the upper aerial parts of Arabidopsis seedlings to positively regulate hypocotyl elongation. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:479-489. [PMID: 33386962 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02643-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microarray and genetic analyses reveal that ZTL induces the expression of genes related to auxin synthesis, thereby promoting hypocotyl elongation. ZTL is a blue-light receptor that possesses a light-oxygen-voltage-sensing (LOV) domain, an F-box motif, and a kelch repeat domain. ZTL promotes hypocotyl elongation under high temperature (28 °C) in Arabidopsis thaliana; however, the mechanism of this regulation is unknown. Here, we divided seedlings into hypocotyls and upper aerial parts, and performed microarray analyses. In hypocotyl, 1062 genes were down-regulated in ztl mutants (ztl-3 and ztl-105) compared with wild type; some of these genes encoded enzymes involved in cell wall modification, consistent with reduced hypocotyl elongation. In upper aerial parts, 1038 genes were down-regulated in the ztl mutants compared with wild type; these included genes involved in auxin synthesis and auxin response. Furthermore, the expression of the PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4) gene, which encodes a transcription factor known to positively regulate YUCCA genes (YUCs), was also decreased in the ztl mutants. Genetic analysis revealed that overexpression of PIF4 and YUC8 could restore the suppressed hypocotyl length in the ztl mutants. Our results suggest that ZTL induces expression of YUC8 via PIF4 in upper aerial parts and promotes hypocotyl elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Saitoh
- Graduate Course in Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-Ku, Tokyo, 171-8588, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Takase
- Graduate Course in Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-Ku, Tokyo, 171-8588, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Abe
- Experimental Plant Division, Department of Biological Systems, RIKEN, BioResource Center, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Masaaki Watahiki
- Faculty of Science, Division of Biological Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kitaku Kita 10 Nishi 8, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yuki Hirakawa
- Graduate Course in Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-Ku, Tokyo, 171-8588, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kiyosue
- Graduate Course in Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-Ku, Tokyo, 171-8588, Japan
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22
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Smertenko A, Clare SJ, Effertz K, Parish A, Ross A, Schmidt S. A guide to plant TPX2-like and WAVE-DAMPENED2-like proteins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1034-1045. [PMID: 33130902 PMCID: PMC8502432 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
TPX2 proteins were first identified in vertebrates as a key mitotic spindle assembly factor. Subsequent studies demonstrated that TPX2 is an intricate protein, with functionally and structurally distinct domains and motifs including Aurora kinase-binding, importin-binding, central microtubule-binding, and C-terminal TPX2 conserved domain, among others. The first plant TPX2-like protein, WAVE-DAMPENED2, was identified in Arabidopsis as a dominant mutation responsible for reducing the waviness of roots grown on slanted agar plates. Each plant genome encodes at least one 'canonical' protein with all TPX2 domains and a family of proteins (20 in Arabidopsis) that diversified to contain only some of the domains. Although all plant TPX2-family proteins to date bind microtubules, they function in distinct processes such as cell division, regulation of hypocotyl cell elongation by hormones and light signals, vascular development, or abiotic stress tolerance. Consequently, their expression patterns, regulation, and functions have diverged considerably. Here we summarize the current body of knowledge surrounding plant TPX2-family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Smertenko
- Plant Molecular Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Shaun J Clare
- Plant Molecular Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Karl Effertz
- Plant Molecular Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Alyssa Parish
- Plant Molecular Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Austin Ross
- Plant Molecular Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Sharol Schmidt
- Plant Molecular Sciences Graduate Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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23
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Li H, Ye W, Wang Y, Chen X, Fang Y, Sun G. RNA sequencing-based exploration of the effects of far-red light on lncRNAs involved in the shade-avoidance response of D. officinale. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10769. [PMID: 33614278 PMCID: PMC7883695 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrobium officinale (D. officinale) is a valuable medicinal plant with a low natural survival rate, and its shade-avoidance response to far-red light is as an important strategy used by the plant to improve its production efficiency. However, the lncRNAs that play roles in the shade-avoidance response of D. officinale have not yet been investigated. This study found that an appropriate proportion of far-red light can have several effects, including increasing the leaf area and accelerating stem elongation, in D. officinale. The effects of different far-red light treatments on D. officinale were analysed by RNA sequencing technology, and a total of 69 and 78 lncRNAs were differentially expressed in experimental group 1 (FR1) versus the control group (CK) (FR1-CK) and in experimental group 4 (FR4) versus the CK (FR4-CK), respectively. According to GO and KEGG analyses, most of the differentially expressed lncRNA targets are involved in the membrane, some metabolic pathways, hormone signal transduction, and O-methyltransferase activity, among other functions. Physiological and biochemical analyses showed that far-red light promoted the accumulation of flavonoids, alkaloids, carotenoids and polysaccharides in D. officinale. The effect of far-red light on D. officinalemight be closely related to the cell membrane and Ca2+ transduction. Based on a Cytoscape analysis and previous research, this study also found that MSTRG.38867.1, MSTRG.69319.1, and MSTRG.66273.1, among other components, might participate in the far-red light signalling network through their targets and thus regulate the shade-avoidance response of D. officinale. These findings will provide new insights into the shade-avoidance response of D. officinale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansheng Li
- College of Resources and Chemical Engineering, Sanming University, Sanming, China
| | - Wei Ye
- The Institute of Medicinal Plant, Sanming Academy of Agricultural Science, Shaxian, China
| | - Yaqian Wang
- College of Resources and Chemical Engineering, Sanming University, Sanming, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan Fang
- College of Resources and Chemical Engineering, Sanming University, Sanming, China
| | - Gang Sun
- College of Resources and Chemical Engineering, Sanming University, Sanming, China
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Dai X, Lu Q, Wang J, Wang L, Xiang F, Liu Z. MiR160 and its target genes ARF10, ARF16 and ARF17 modulate hypocotyl elongation in a light, BRZ, or PAC-dependent manner in Arabidopsis: miR160 promotes hypocotyl elongation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 303:110686. [PMID: 33487334 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Multiple hormonal and environmental signals participate in the regulation of plant hypocotyl elongation, which allow the plants to optimize their survival strategy from seed germination to seedling establishment. Auxin plays key roles in cell elongation via auxin signaling transduction and its interactions with other hormonal and environmental signals. However, the roles of auxin response factor (ARF) family in cross-talk between auxin and other hormonal or environmental signals during hypocotyl elongation are not fully understood. Here we show that miR160 and its target genes ARF10, ARF16 and ARF17 modulate hypocotyl elongation in a light, brassinazole (BRZ, a BR biosynthesis inhibitor), or paclobutrazol (PAC, a GA biosynthesis inhibitor)-dependent manner in Arabidopsis. miR160, ARF10, ARF16 and ARF17 have no effects on hypocotyl elongation in the dark. However, in the presence of either light, BRZ, or PAC, ARF10, ARF16 and ARF17 inhibit hypocotyl elongation, and miR160 promotes hypocotyl elongation via cleavage of their mRNA. miR160 and ARF10 are both expressed in the hypocotyl. ARF10 represses the expression of PACLOBUTRAZOL RESISTANCE1 (PRE1) and 35S::PRE1 could partly rescue the phenotype of mARF10 (a miR160-resistant form of ARF10), suggesting that PRE1 acts downstream of ARF10 in regulating hypocotyl elongation. In conclusion, our results indicate that miR160-ARF10/16/17 might serve as a molecular link in cross-talk of auxin, light, BR, and GA in hypocotyl elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehuan Dai
- The Key Laboratory of the Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Qing Lu
- The Key Laboratory of the Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Wang
- The Key Laboratory of the Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Lili Wang
- The Key Laboratory of the Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Fengning Xiang
- The Key Laboratory of the Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- The Key Laboratory of the Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China.
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Lyu X, Cheng Q, Qin C, Li Y, Xu X, Ji R, Mu R, Li H, Zhao T, Liu J, Zhou Y, Li H, Yang G, Chen Q, Liu B. GmCRY1s modulate gibberellin metabolism to regulate soybean shade avoidance in response to reduced blue light. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:298-314. [PMID: 33249237 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Soybean is an important legume crop that displays the classic shade avoidance syndrome (SAS), including exaggerated stem elongation, which leads to lodging and yield reduction under density farming conditions. Here, we compared the effects of two shade signals, low red light to far-red light ratio (R:FR) and low blue light (LBL), on soybean status and revealed that LBL predominantly induces excessive stem elongation. We used CRISPR-Cas9-engineered Gmcry mutants to investigate the functions of seven cryptochromes (GmCRYs) in soybean and found that the four GmCRY1s overlap in mediating LBL-induced SAS. Light-activated GmCRY1s increase the abundance of the bZIP transcription factors STF1 and STF2, which directly upregulate the expression of genes encoding GA2 oxidases to deactivate GA1 and repress stem elongation. Notably, GmCRY1b overexpression lines displayed multiple agronomic advantages over the wild-type control under both dense planting and intercropping conditions. Our study demonstrates the integration of GmCRY1-mediated signals with the GA metabolic pathway in the regulation of LBL-induced SAS in soybean. It also provides a promising option for breeding lodging-resistant, high-yield soybean cultivars in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangguang Lyu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qican Cheng
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chao Qin
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yinghui Li
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xinying Xu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ronghuan Ji
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ruolan Mu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Li
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhao
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yonggang Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of the Chinese Ministry of Education for Bioreactor and Pharmaceutical Development, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Guodong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, P.R China
| | - Qingshan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry, College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, P.R China
| | - Bin Liu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China.
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26
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Favero DS, Lambolez A, Sugimoto K. Molecular pathways regulating elongation of aerial plant organs: a focus on light, the circadian clock, and temperature. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:392-420. [PMID: 32986276 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organs such as hypocotyls and petioles rapidly elongate in response to shade and temperature cues, contributing to adaptive responses that improve plant fitness. Growth plasticity in these organs is achieved through a complex network of molecular signals. Besides conveying information from the environment, this signaling network also transduces internal signals, such as those associated with the circadian clock. A number of studies performed in Arabidopsis hypocotyls, and to a lesser degree in petioles, have been informative for understanding the signaling networks that regulate elongation of aerial plant organs. In particular, substantial progress has been made towards understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate responses to light, the circadian clock, and temperature. Signals derived from these three stimuli converge on the BAP module, a set of three different types of transcription factors that interdependently promote gene transcription and growth. Additional key positive regulators of growth that are also affected by environmental cues include the CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1) and SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA-105 (SPA) E3 ubiquitin ligase proteins. In this review we summarize the key signaling pathways that regulate the growth of hypocotyls and petioles, focusing specifically on molecular mechanisms important for transducing signals derived from light, the circadian clock, and temperature. While it is clear that similarities abound between the signaling networks at play in these two organs, there are also important differences between the mechanisms regulating growth in hypocotyls and petioles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Favero
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Alice Lambolez
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 119-0033, Japan
| | - Keiko Sugimoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 119-0033, Japan
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27
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Zhang X, Liu L, Wang H, Gu Z, Liu Y, Wang M, Wang M, Xu Y, Shi Q, Li G, Tong J, Xiao L, Wang ZY, Mysore KS, Wen J, Zhou C. MtPIN1 and MtPIN3 Play Dual Roles in Regulation of Shade Avoidance Response under Different Environments in Medicago truncatula. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228742. [PMID: 33228084 PMCID: PMC7699406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Polar auxin transport mediated by PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins is critical for plant growth and development. As an environmental cue, shade stimulates hypocotyls, petiole, and stem elongation by inducing auxin synthesis and asymmetric distributions, which is modulated by PIN3,4,7 in Arabidopsis. Here, we characterize the MtPIN1 and MtPIN3, which are the orthologs of PIN3,4,7, in model legume species Medicago truncatula. Under the low Red:Far-Red (R:FR) ratio light, the expression of MtPIN1 and MtPIN3 is induced, and shadeavoidance response is disrupted in mtpin1 mtpin3 double mutant, indicating that MtPIN1 and MtPIN3 have a conserved function in shade response. Surprisingly, under the normal growth condition, mtpin1 mtpin3 displayed the constitutive shade avoidance responses, such as the elongated petiole, smaller leaf, and increased auxin and chlorophyll content. Therefore, MtPIN1 and MtPIN3 play dual roles in regulation of shadeavoidance response under different environments. Furthermore, these data suggest that PIN3,4,7 and its orthologs have evolved conserved and specific functions among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Lu Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Hongfeng Wang
- School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Zhiqun Gu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yafei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Minmin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Min Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yiteng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Qingbiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Q.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Q.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Jianhua Tong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.T.); (L.X.)
| | - Langtao Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.T.); (L.X.)
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
| | | | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA; (K.S.M.); (J.W.)
| | - Chuanen Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (X.Z.); (L.L.); (Z.G.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
- Correspondence:
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28
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Otlewska A, Migliore M, Dybka-Stępień K, Manfredini A, Struszczyk-Świta K, Napoli R, Białkowska A, Canfora L, Pinzari F. When Salt Meddles Between Plant, Soil, and Microorganisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:553087. [PMID: 33042180 PMCID: PMC7525065 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.553087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In extreme environments, the relationships between species are often exclusive and based on complex mechanisms. This review aims to give an overview of the microbial ecology of saline soils, but in particular of what is known about the interaction between plants and their soil microbiome, and the mechanisms linked to higher resistance of some plants to harsh saline soil conditions. Agricultural soils affected by salinity is a matter of concern in many countries. Soil salinization is caused by readily soluble salts containing anions like chloride, sulphate and nitrate, as well as sodium and potassium cations. Salinity harms plants because it affects their photosynthesis, respiration, distribution of assimilates and causes wilting, drying, and death of entire organs. Despite these life-unfavorable conditions, saline soils are unique ecological niches inhabited by extremophilic microorganisms that have specific adaptation strategies. Important traits related to the resistance to salinity are also associated with the rhizosphere-microbiota and the endophytic compartments of plants. For some years now, there have been studies dedicated to the isolation and characterization of species of plants' endophytes living in extreme environments. The metabolic and biotechnological potential of some of these microorganisms is promising. However, the selection of microorganisms capable of living in association with host plants and promoting their survival under stressful conditions is only just beginning. Understanding the mechanisms of these processes and the specificity of such interactions will allow us to focus our efforts on species that can potentially be used as beneficial bioinoculants for crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Otlewska
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Melania Migliore
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, Italy
| | - Katarzyna Dybka-Stępień
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrea Manfredini
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, Italy
| | - Katarzyna Struszczyk-Świta
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rosario Napoli
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, Italy
| | - Aneta Białkowska
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Loredana Canfora
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Pinzari
- Institute for Biological Systems, Council of National Research of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
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29
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Holalu SV, Reddy SK, Blackman BK, Finlayson SA. Phytochrome interacting factors 4 and 5 regulate axillary branching via bud abscisic acid and stem auxin signalling. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2224-2238. [PMID: 32542798 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The ratio of red light to far-red light (R:FR) is perceived by phytochrome B (phyB) and informs plants of nearby competition. A low R:FR indicative of competition induces the shade avoidance syndrome and suppresses branching by incompletely understood mechanisms. Phytochrome interacting factors (PIFs) are transcription factors targeted by phytochromes to evoke photomorphogenic responses. PIF4 and PIF5 promote shade avoidance responses and become inactivated by direct interaction with active phyB in the nucleus. Here, genetic and physiological assays show that PIF4 and PIF5 contribute to the suppression of branching resulting from phyB loss of function and a low R:FR, although roles for other PIFs or pathways may exist. The suppression of branching is associated with PIF4/PIF5 promotion of the expression of the branching inhibitor BRANCHED 1 and abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation in axillary buds and is dependent on the function of the key ABA biosynthetic enzyme Nine-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 3. However, PIF4/PIF5 function is not confined to a single hormonal pathway, as they also promote stem indole-3-acetic acid accumulation and stimulate systemic auxin signalling, which contribute to the suppression of bud growth when phyB is inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinidhi V Holalu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, Texas, USA
- Faculty of Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Srirama K Reddy
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, Texas, USA
- Faculty of Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Valent BioSciences LLC, Biorational Research Center, Libertyville, Illinois, USA
| | - Benjamin K Blackman
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Scott A Finlayson
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, Texas, USA
- Faculty of Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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30
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Boccaccini A, Legris M, Krahmer J, Allenbach-Petrolati L, Goyal A, Galvan-Ampudia C, Vernoux T, Karayekov E, Casal JJ, Fankhauser C. Low Blue Light Enhances Phototropism by Releasing Cryptochrome1-Mediated Inhibition of PIF4 Expression. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:1780-1793. [PMID: 32554507 PMCID: PMC7401145 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Shade-avoiding plants, including Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), display a number of growth responses, such as elongation of stem-like structures and repositioning of leaves, elicited by shade cues, including a reduction in the blue and red portions of the solar spectrum and a low-red to far-red ratio. Shade also promotes phototropism of de-etiolated seedlings through repression of phytochrome B, presumably to enhance capture of unfiltered sunlight. Here we show that both low blue light and a low-red to far-red light ratio are required to rapidly enhance phototropism in Arabidopsis seedlings. However, prolonged low blue light treatments are sufficient to promote phototropism through reduced cryptochrome1 (cry1) activation. The enhanced phototropic response of cry1 mutants in the lab and in response to natural canopies depends on PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs). In favorable light conditions, cry1 limits the expression of PIF4, while in low blue light, PIF4 expression increases, which contributes to phototropic enhancement. The analysis of quantitative DII-Venus, an auxin signaling reporter, indicates that low blue light leads to enhanced auxin signaling in the hypocotyl and, upon phototropic stimulation, a steeper auxin signaling gradient across the hypocotyl. We conclude that phototropic enhancement by canopy shade results from the combined activities of phytochrome B and cry1 that converge on PIF regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Boccaccini
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Génopode Building, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martina Legris
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Génopode Building, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Krahmer
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Génopode Building, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laure Allenbach-Petrolati
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Génopode Building, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anupama Goyal
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Génopode Building, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Galvan-Ampudia
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Teva Vernoux
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Elizabeth Karayekov
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Av. San Martin 4453, 1417 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge J Casal
- IFEVA, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Av. San Martin 4453, 1417 Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Fundacion Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquimicas de Buenos Aires-CONICET, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christian Fankhauser
- Centre for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Génopode Building, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Buti S, Hayes S, Pierik R. The bHLH network underlying plant shade-avoidance. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 169:312-324. [PMID: 32053251 PMCID: PMC7383782 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Shade is a potential threat to many plant species. When shade-intolerant plants detect neighbours, they elongate their stems and leaves in an effort to maximise their light capture. This developmental programme, known as 'shade-avoidance' is tightly controlled by specialised photoreceptors and a suite of transcriptional regulators. The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors are particularly important for shade-induced elongation. In recent years, it has become apparent that many members of this family heterodimerise and that together they form a complex regulatory network. This review summarises recent work into the structure of the bHLH network and how it regulates elongation growth. In addition to this, we highlight how photoreceptors modulate the function of the network via direct interaction with transcription factors. It is hoped that the information integrated in this review will provide a useful theoretical framework for future studies on the molecular basis of shade-avoidance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Buti
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrecht3584 CHThe Netherlands
| | - Scott Hayes
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSICMadrid28049Spain
| | - Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrecht3584 CHThe Netherlands
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Nagel KA, Lenz H, Kastenholz B, Gilmer F, Averesch A, Putz A, Heinz K, Fischbach A, Scharr H, Fiorani F, Walter A, Schurr U. The platform GrowScreen- Agar enables identification of phenotypic diversity in root and shoot growth traits of agar grown plants. PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:89. [PMID: 32582364 PMCID: PMC7310412 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Root system architecture and especially its plasticity in acclimation to variable environments play a crucial role in the ability of plants to explore and acquire efficiently soil resources and ensure plant productivity. Non-destructive measurement methods are indispensable to quantify dynamic growth traits. For closing the phenotyping gap, we have developed an automated phenotyping platform, GrowScreen-Agar, for non-destructive characterization of root and shoot traits of plants grown in transparent agar medium. RESULTS The phenotyping system is capable to phenotype root systems and correlate them to whole plant development of up to 280 Arabidopsis plants within 15 min. The potential of the platform has been demonstrated by quantifying phenotypic differences within 78 Arabidopsis accessions from the 1001 genomes project. The chosen concept 'plant-to-sensor' is based on transporting plants to the imaging position, which allows for flexible experimental size and design. As transporting causes mechanical vibrations of plants, we have validated that daily imaging, and consequently, moving plants has negligible influence on plant development. Plants are cultivated in square Petri dishes modified to allow the shoot to grow in the ambient air while the roots grow inside the Petri dish filled with agar. Because it is common practice in the scientific community to grow Arabidopsis plants completely enclosed in Petri dishes, we compared development of plants that had the shoot inside with that of plants that had the shoot outside the plate. Roots of plants grown completely inside the Petri dish grew 58% slower, produced a 1.8 times higher lateral root density and showed an etiolated shoot whereas plants whose shoot grew outside the plate formed a rosette. In addition, the setup with the shoot growing outside the plate offers the unique option to accurately measure both, leaf and root traits, non-destructively, and treat roots and shoots separately. CONCLUSIONS Because the GrowScreen-Agar system can be moved from one growth chamber to another, plants can be phenotyped under a wide range of environmental conditions including future climate scenarios. In combination with a measurement throughput enabling phenotyping a large set of mutants or accessions, the platform will contribute to the identification of key genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin A Nagel
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Henning Lenz
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernd Kastenholz
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Frank Gilmer
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Present Address: BASF SE, 67117 Limburgerhof, Germany
| | - Andreas Averesch
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexander Putz
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Heinz
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas Fischbach
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Hanno Scharr
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Fabio Fiorani
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Achim Walter
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Present Address: Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Schurr
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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AT-Hook Transcription Factors Restrict Petiole Growth by Antagonizing PIFs. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1454-1466.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Gupta KJ, Mur LAJ, Wany A, Kumari A, Fernie AR, Ratcliffe RG. The role of nitrite and nitric oxide under low oxygen conditions in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1143-1151. [PMID: 31144317 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant tissues, particularly roots, can be subjected to periods of hypoxia due to environmental circumstances. Plants have developed various adaptations in response to hypoxic stress and these have been described extensively. Less well-appreciated is the body of evidence demonstrating that scavenging of nitric oxide (NO) and the reduction of nitrate/nitrite regulate important mechanisms that contribute to tolerance to hypoxia. Although ethylene controls hyponasty and aerenchyma formation, NO production apparently regulates hypoxic ethylene biosynthesis. In the hypoxic mitochondrion, cytochrome c oxidase, which is a major source of NO, also is inhibited by NO, thereby reducing the respiratory rate and enhancing local oxygen concentrations. Nitrite can maintain ATP generation under hypoxia by coupling its reduction to the translocation of protons from the inner side of mitochondria and generating an electrochemical gradient. This reaction can be further coupled to a reaction whereby nonsymbiotic haemoglobin oxidizes NO to nitrate. In addition to these functions, nitrite has been reported to influence mitochondrial structure and supercomplex formation, as well as playing a role in oxygen sensing via the N-end rule pathway. These studies establish that nitrite and NO perform multiple functions during plant hypoxia and suggest that further research into the underlying mechanisms is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapuganti Jagadis Gupta
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Luis A J Mur
- Institute of Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Aakanksha Wany
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Aprajita Kumari
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm, D-14476, Germany
| | - R George Ratcliffe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
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36
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Wang X, Gao X, Liu Y, Fan S, Ma Q. Progress of Research on the Regulatory Pathway of the Plant Shade-Avoidance Syndrome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:439. [PMID: 32351535 PMCID: PMC7174782 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
When subject to vegetational shading, shade-avoiding plants detect neighbors by perceiving reduced light quantity and altered light quality. The former includes decreases in the ratio of red to far-red wavelengths (low R:FR) and low blue light ratio (LBL) predominantly detected by phytochromes and cryptochromes, respectively. By integrating multiple signals, plants generate a suite of responses, such as elongation of a variety of organs, accelerated flowering, and reduced branching, which are collectively termed the shade-avoidance syndrome (SAS). To trigger the SAS, interactions between photoreceptors and phytochrome-interacting factors are the general switch for activation of downstream signaling pathways. A number of transcription factor families and phytohormones, especially auxin, gibberellins, ethylene, and brassinosteroids, are involved in the SAS processes. In this review, shade signals, the major photoreceptors involved, and the phenotypic characteristics of the shade-intolerant plant Arabidopsis thaliana are described in detail. In addition, integration of the signaling mechanisms that link photoreceptors with multiple hormone signaling pathways is presented and future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Xinqiang Gao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Yuling Liu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Shuli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, China
- Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, China
- *Correspondence: Shuli Fan, ; Qifeng Ma,
| | - Qifeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of CAAS, Anyang, China
- Research Base, Anyang Institute of Technology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Anyang, China
- *Correspondence: Shuli Fan, ; Qifeng Ma,
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37
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Robson TM, Aphalo PJ, Banaś AK, Barnes PW, Brelsford CC, Jenkins GI, Kotilainen TK, Łabuz J, Martínez-Abaigar J, Morales LO, Neugart S, Pieristè M, Rai N, Vandenbussche F, Jansen MAK. A perspective on ecologically relevant plant-UV research and its practical application. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:970-988. [PMID: 30720036 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00526e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Plants perceive ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation through the UV-B photoreceptor UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8), and initiate regulatory responses via associated signalling networks, gene expression and metabolic pathways. Various regulatory adaptations to UV-B radiation enable plants to harvest information about fluctuations in UV-B irradiance and spectral composition in natural environments, and to defend themselves against UV-B exposure. Given that UVR8 is present across plant organs and tissues, knowledge of the systemic signalling involved in its activation and function throughout the plant is important for understanding the context of specific responses. Fine-scale understanding of both UV-B irradiance and perception within tissues and cells requires improved application of knowledge about UV-attenuation in leaves and canopies, warranting greater consideration when designing experiments. In this context, reciprocal crosstalk among photoreceptor-induced pathways also needs to be considered, as this appears to produce particularly complex patterns of physiological and morphological response. Through crosstalk, plant responses to UV-B radiation go beyond simply UV-protection or amelioration of damage, but may give cross-protection over a suite of environmental stressors. Overall, there is emerging knowledge showing how information captured by UVR8 is used to regulate molecular and physiological processes, although understanding of upscaling to higher levels of organisation, i.e. organisms, canopies and communities remains poor. Achieving this will require further studies using model plant species beyond Arabidopsis, and that represent a broad range of functional types. More attention should also be given to plants in natural environments in all their complexity, as such studies are needed to acquire an improved understanding of the impact of climate change in the context of plant-UV responses. Furthermore, broadening the scope of experiments into the regulation of plant-UV responses will facilitate the application of UV radiation in commercial plant production. By considering the progress made in plant-UV research, this perspective highlights prescient topics in plant-UV photobiology where future research efforts can profitably be focussed. This perspective also emphasises burgeoning interdisciplinary links that will assist in understanding of UV-B effects across organisational scales and gaps in knowledge that need to be filled so as to achieve an integrated vision of plant responses to UV-radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matthew Robson
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Finland.
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38
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Kalaitzoglou P, van Ieperen W, Harbinson J, van der Meer M, Martinakos S, Weerheim K, Nicole CCS, Marcelis LFM. Effects of Continuous or End-of-Day Far-Red Light on Tomato Plant Growth, Morphology, Light Absorption, and Fruit Production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:322. [PMID: 30984211 PMCID: PMC6448094 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Shading by sunlit leaves causes a low red (R) to far-red (FR) ratio that results in a low phytochrome stationary state (PSS). A low PSS induces an array of shade avoidance responses that influence plant architecture and development. It has often been suggested that this architectural response is advantageous for plant growth due to its positive effect on light interception. In contrast to sunlight, artificial light sources such as LEDs often lack FR, resulting in a PSS value higher than solar light (∼0.70). The aim of this study was to investigate how PSS values higher than solar radiation influence the growth and development of tomato plants. Additionally, we investigated whether a short period of FR at the end of the day (EOD-FR) could counteract any potentially negative effects caused by a lack of FR during the day. Tomato plants were grown at four PSS levels (0.70, 0.73, 0.80, and 0.88), or with a 15-min end-of-day far-red (EOD-FR) application (PSS 0.10). Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR; 150 μmol m-2 s-1) was supplied using red and blue (95/5%) LEDs. In an additional experiment, the same treatments were applied to plants receiving supplementary low-intensity solar light. Increasing PSS above solar PSS resulted in increased plant height. Leaf area and plant dry mass were lower in the treatments completely lacking FR than treatments with FR. EOD-FR-treated plants responded almost similarly to plants grown without FR, except for plant height, which was increased. Simulations with a 3D-model for light absorption revealed that the increase in dry mass was mainly related to an increase in light absorption due to a higher total leaf area. Increased petiole angle and internode length had a negative influence on total light absorption. Additionally, the treatments without FR and the EOD-FR showed strongly reduced fruit production due to reduced fruit growth associated with reduced source strength and delayed flowering. We conclude that growing tomato plants under artificial light without FR during the light period causes a range of inverse shade avoidance responses, which result in reduced plant source strength and reduced fruit production, which cannot be compensated by a simple EOD-FR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos Kalaitzoglou
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Wim van Ieperen
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jeremy Harbinson
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Maarten van der Meer
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Stavros Martinakos
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Kees Weerheim
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Leo F. M. Marcelis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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39
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Sessa G, Carabelli M, Possenti M, Morelli G, Ruberti I. Multiple Links between HD-Zip Proteins and Hormone Networks. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124047. [PMID: 30558150 PMCID: PMC6320839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
HD-Zip proteins are unique to plants, and contain a homeodomain closely linked to a leucine zipper motif, which are involved in dimerization and DNA binding. Based on homology in the HD-Zip domain, gene structure and the presence of additional motifs, HD-Zips are divided into four families, HD-Zip I–IV. Phylogenetic analysis of HD-Zip genes using transcriptomic and genomic datasets from a wide range of plant species indicate that the HD-Zip protein class was already present in green algae. Later, HD-Zips experienced multiple duplication events that promoted neo- and sub-functionalizations. HD-Zip proteins are known to control key developmental and environmental responses, and a growing body of evidence indicates a strict link between members of the HD-Zip II and III families and the auxin machineries. Interactions of HD-Zip proteins with other hormones such as brassinolide and cytokinin have also been described. More recent data indicate that members of different HD-Zip families are directly involved in the regulation of abscisic acid (ABA) homeostasis and signaling. Considering the fundamental role of specific HD-Zip proteins in the control of key developmental pathways and in the cross-talk between auxin and cytokinin, a relevant role of these factors in adjusting plant growth and development to changing environment is emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Sessa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Monica Carabelli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marco Possenti
- Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Morelli
- Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ida Ruberti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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40
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Loka D, Harper J, Humphreys M, Gasior D, Wootton-Beard P, Gwynn-Jones D, Scullion J, Doonan J, Kingston-Smith A, Dodd R, Wang J, Chadwick D, Hill P, Jones D, Mills G, Hayes F, Robinson D. Impacts of abiotic stresses on the physiology and metabolism of cool-season grasses: A review. Food Energy Secur 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Loka
- DEMETER; Larisa Greece
- IBERS; Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan; Aberystwyth Ceredigion UK
| | - John Harper
- IBERS; Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan; Aberystwyth Ceredigion UK
| | - Mike Humphreys
- IBERS; Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan; Aberystwyth Ceredigion UK
| | - Dagmara Gasior
- IBERS; Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan; Aberystwyth Ceredigion UK
| | | | | | - John Scullion
- IBERS; Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan; Aberystwyth Ceredigion UK
| | - John Doonan
- IBERS; Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan; Aberystwyth Ceredigion UK
| | | | - Rosalind Dodd
- Environment Centre Wales; Bangor University; Gwynedd UK
| | - Jinyang Wang
- Environment Centre Wales; Bangor University; Gwynedd UK
| | | | - Paul Hill
- Environment Centre Wales; Bangor University; Gwynedd UK
| | - Davey Jones
- Environment Centre Wales; Bangor University; Gwynedd UK
| | - Gina Mills
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales; Bangor Gwynedd UK
| | - Felicity Hayes
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales; Bangor Gwynedd UK
| | - David Robinson
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales; Bangor Gwynedd UK
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41
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Schuman MC, Baldwin IT. Field studies reveal functions of chemical mediators in plant interactions. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5338-5353. [PMID: 29770376 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00749c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants are at the trophic base of most ecosystems, embedded in a rich network of ecological interactions in which they evolved. While their limited range and speed of motion precludes animal-typical behavior, plants are accomplished chemists, producing thousands of specialized metabolites which may function to convey information, or even to manipulate the physiology of other organisms. Plants' complex interactions and their underlying mechanisms are typically dissected within the controlled environments of growth chambers and glasshouses, but doing so introduces conditions alien to plants evolved in natural environments, such as being pot-bound, and receiving artificial light with a spectrum very different from sunlight. The mechanistic understanding gained from a reductionist approach provides the tools required to query and manipulate plant interactions in real-world settings. The few tests conducted in natural ecosystems and agricultural fields have highlighted the limitations of studying plant interactions only in artificial environments. Here, we focus on three examples of known or hypothesized chemical mediators of plants' interactions: the volatile phytohormone ethylene (ET), more complex plant volatile blends, and as-yet-unknown mediators transferred by common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs). We highlight how mechanistic knowledge has advanced research in all three areas, and the critical importance of field work if we are to put our understanding of chemical ecology on rigorous experimental and theoretical footing, and demonstrate function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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42
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Du J, Jiang H, Sun X, Li Y, Liu Y, Sun M, Fan Z, Cao Q, Feng L, Shang J, Shu K, Liu J, Yang F, Liu W, Yong T, Wang X, Yuan S, Yu L, Liu C, Yang W. Auxin and Gibberellins Are Required for the Receptor-Like Kinase ERECTA Regulated Hypocotyl Elongation in Shade Avoidance in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:124. [PMID: 29467786 PMCID: PMC5808342 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plants use shade avoidance strategy to escape the canopy shade when grown under natural conditions. Previous studies showed that the Arabidopsis receptor-like kinase ERECTA (ER) is involved in shade avoidance syndrome. However, the mechanisms of ER in modulating SAR by promoting hypocotyl elongation are unknown yet. Here, we report that ER regulated hypocotyl elongation in shade avoidance requires auxin and gibberellins (GAs). The T-DNA insertional ER mutant er-3 shows a less hypocotyl length than that in Col-0 wild type. Promoter::GUS staining analysis shows that ER and its paralogous genes ERECTA-LIKE1 (ERL1) and ERECTA-LIKE2 (ERL2) are differentially expressed in the seedlings, of which only ER is most obviously upregulated in the hypocotyl by shade treatment. Exogenous feeding assay by using media-application with vertical-grown of Arabidopsis seedlings showed that the hypocotyl length of er-3 is partially promoted by indol-3-acetic acid (IAA), while it is relatively insensitive of er-3 to various concentrations of IAA than that of Col-0. Hypocotyl elongation of er-3 is promoted similar to that of Col-0 by high temperature in the white light condition, but the elongation was not significantly affected by the treatment of the auxin transport inhibitor 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). Exogenous GA3 increased the hypocotyl elongation of both er-3 and the wild type in the shade condition, and the GA3 biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PAC) severely inhibits the hypocotyl elongation of Col-0 and er-3. Further analysis showed that auxin biosynthesis inhibitors yucasin and L-kynurenine remarkably inhibited the hypocotyl elongation of er-3 while yucasin shows a more severe inhibition to er-3 than Col-0. Relative expression of genes regulating auxin homeostasis and signaling, and GA homeostasis is less in er-3 than that in Col-0. Furthermore, genetic evidences show that ER regulated hypocotyl elongation is dependent of PHYTOCHROME B (PHYB). Overall, we propose that ER regulated shade avoidance by promoting hypocotyl elongation is PHYB-dependent and requires auxin and GAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Du
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China – Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengke Jiang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China – Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Sun
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China – Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China – Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengyuan Sun
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China – Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhou Fan
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiulin Cao
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingyang Feng
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China – Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Shang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Shu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China – Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China – Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China – Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China – Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Taiwen Yong
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China – Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China – Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu Yuan
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Yu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China – Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China – Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China – Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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43
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Iglesias MJ, Sellaro R, Zurbriggen MD, Casal JJ. Multiple links between shade avoidance and auxin networks. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:213-228. [PMID: 29036463 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Auxin has emerged as a key player in the adjustment of plant morphology to the challenge imposed by variable environmental conditions. Shade-avoidance responses, including the promotion of stem and petiole growth, leaf hyponasty, and the inhibition of branching, involve an intimate connection between light and auxin signalling. Low activity of photo-sensory receptors caused by the presence of neighbouring vegetation enhances the activity of PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs), which directly promote the expression of genes involved in auxin biosynthesis, conjugation, transport, perception, and signalling. In seedlings, neighbour signals increase auxin levels in the foliage, which then moves to the stem, where it reaches epidermal tissues to promote growth. However, this model only partially accounts for shade-avoidance responses (which may also occur in the absence of increased auxin levels), and understanding the whole picture will require further insight into the functional significance of the multiple links between shade and auxin networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Iglesias
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Argentina
| | - Romina Sellaro
- IFEVA, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Argentina
| | - Matias D Zurbriggen
- Institute of Synthetic Biology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jorge José Casal
- IFEVA, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Argentina
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Argentina
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44
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Mroue S, Simeunovic A, Robert HS. Auxin production as an integrator of environmental cues for developmental growth regulation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:201-212. [PMID: 28992278 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Being sessile organisms, plants have evolved mechanisms allowing them to control their growth and development in response to environmental changes. This occurs by means of complex interacting signalling networks that integrate diverse environmental cues into co-ordinated and highly regulated responses. Auxin is an essential phytohormone that functions as a signalling molecule, driving both growth and developmental processes. It is involved in numerous biological processes ranging from control of cell expansion and cell division to tissue specification, embryogenesis, and organ development. All these processes require the formation of auxin gradients established and maintained through the combined processes of biosynthesis, metabolism, and inter- and intracellular directional transport. Environmental conditions can profoundly affect the plant developmental programme, and the co-ordinated shoot and root growth ought to be fine-tuned to environmental challenges such as temperature, light, and nutrient and water content. The key role of auxin as an integrator of environmental signals has become clear in recent years, and emerging evidence implicates auxin biosynthesis as an essential component of the overall mechanisms of plants tolerance to stress. In this review, we provide an account of auxin's role as an integrator of environmental signals and, in particular, we highlight the effect of these signals on the control of auxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souad Mroue
- CEITEC MU-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Simeunovic
- CEITEC MU-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hélène S Robert
- CEITEC MU-Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Mendel Centre for Genomics and Proteomics of Plants Systems, Brno, Czech Republic
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45
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Ma Q, Wang X, Sun J, Mao T. Coordinated Regulation of Hypocotyl Cell Elongation by Light and Ethylene through a Microtubule Destabilizing Protein. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:678-690. [PMID: 29167353 PMCID: PMC5761786 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Precise regulation of hypocotyl cell elongation is essential for plant growth and survival. Light suppresses hypocotyl elongation by degrading transcription factor phytochrome-interacting factor 3 (PIF3), whereas the phytohormone ethylene promotes hypocotyl elongation by activating PIF3. However, the underlying mechanisms regarding how these two pathways coordinate downstream effectors to mediate hypocotyl elongation are largely unclear. In this study, we identified the novel Microtubule-Destabilizing Protein 60 (MDP60), which plays a positive role in hypocotyl cell elongation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana); this effect is mediated through PIF3. Ethylene signaling up-regulates MDP60 expression via PIF3 binding to the MDP60 promoter. MDP60 loss-of-function mutants exhibit much shorter hypocotyls, whereas MDP60 overexpression significantly promotes hypocotyl cell elongation when grown in light compared to the control. MDP60 protein binds to microtubules in vitro and in vivo. The organization of cortical microtubules was significantly disrupted in mdp60 mutant cells and MDP60-overexpressing seedlings. These findings indicate that MDP60 is an important mediator of hypocotyl cell elongation. This study reveals a mechanism in which light and ethylene signaling coordinate MDP60 expression to modulate hypocotyl cell elongation by altering cortical microtubules in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingbo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tonglin Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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46
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van Mourik H, van Dijk ADJ, Stortenbeker N, Angenent GC, Bemer M. Divergent regulation of Arabidopsis SAUR genes: a focus on the SAUR10-clade. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:245. [PMID: 29258424 PMCID: PMC5735953 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small Auxin-Upregulated RNA (SAUR) genes encode growth regulators that induce cell elongation. Arabidopsis contains more than 70 SAUR genes, of which the growth-promoting function has been unveiled in seedlings, while their role in other tissues remained largely unknown. Here, we focus on the regulatory regions of Arabidopsis SAUR genes, to predict the processes in which they play a role, and understand the dynamics of plant growth. RESULTS In this study, we characterized in detail the entire SAUR10-clade: SAUR8, SAUR9, SAUR10, SAUR12, SAUR16, SAUR50, SAUR51 and SAUR54. Overexpression analysis revealed that the different proteins fulfil similar functions, while the SAUR expression patterns were highly diverse, showing expression throughout plant development in a variety of tissues. In addition, the response to application of different hormones largely varied between the different genes. These tissue-specific and hormone-specific responses could be linked to transcription factor binding sites using in silico analyses. These analyses also supported the existence of two groups of SAURs in Arabidopsis: Class I genes can be induced by combinatorial action of ARF-BZR-PIF transcription factors, while Class II genes are not regulated by auxin. CONCLUSIONS SAUR10-clade genes generally induce cell-elongation, but exhibit diverse expression patterns and responses to hormones. Our experimental and in silico analyses suggest that transcription factors involved in plant development determine the tissue specific expression of the different SAUR genes, whereas the amplitude of this expression can often be controlled by hormone response transcription factors. This allows the plant to fine tune growth in a variety of tissues in response to internal and external signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda van Mourik
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aalt D. J. van Dijk
- Bioinformatics group, Biometris, and Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Niek Stortenbeker
- Microbial Physiology Group, MPI for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Gerco C. Angenent
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marian Bemer
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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47
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Ballaré CL, Pierik R. The shade-avoidance syndrome: multiple signals and ecological consequences. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2530-2543. [PMID: 28102548 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants use photoreceptor proteins to detect the proximity of other plants and to activate adaptive responses. Of these photoreceptors, phytochrome B (phyB), which is sensitive to changes in the red (R) to far-red (FR) ratio of sunlight, is the one that has been studied in greatest detail. The molecular connections between the proximity signal (low R:FR) and a model physiological response (increased elongation growth) have now been mapped in considerable detail in Arabidopsis seedlings. We briefly review our current understanding of these connections and discuss recent progress in establishing the roles of other photoreceptors in regulating growth-related pathways in response to competition cues. We also consider processes other than elongation that are controlled by photoreceptors and contribute to plant fitness under variable light conditions, including photoresponses that optimize the utilization of soil resources. In examining recent advances in the field, we highlight emerging roles of phyB as a major modulator of hormones related to plant immunity, in particular salicylic acid and jasmonic acid (JA). Recent attempts to manipulate connections between light signals and defence in Arabidopsis suggest that it might be possible to improve crop health at high planting densities by targeting links between phyB and JA signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos L Ballaré
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ave. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IIB-INTECH, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, B1650HMP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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49
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Muñoz-Parra E, Pelagio-Flores R, Raya-González J, Salmerón-Barrera G, Ruiz-Herrera LF, Valencia-Cantero E, López-Bucio J. Plant-plant interactions influence developmental phase transitions, grain productivity and root system architecture in Arabidopsis via auxin and PFT1/MED25 signalling. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1887-1899. [PMID: 28556372 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation of gene expression influences plant growth, environmental interactions and plant-plant communication. Here, we report that population density is a key factor for plant productivity and a major root architectural determinant in Arabidopsis thaliana. When grown in soil at varied densities from 1 to 32 plants, high number of individuals decreased stem growth and accelerated senescence, which negatively correlated with total plant biomass and seed production at the completion of the life cycle. Root morphogenesis was also a major trait modulated by plant density, because an increasing number of individuals grown in vitro showed repression of primary root growth, lateral root formation and root hair development while affecting auxin-regulated gene expression and the levels of auxin transporters PIN1 and PIN2. We also found that mutation of the Mediator complex subunit PFT1/MED25 renders plants insensitive to high density-modulated root traits. Our results suggest that plant density is critical for phase transitions, productivity and root system architecture and reveal a role of Mediator in self-plant recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Muñoz-Parra
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Ramón Pelagio-Flores
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Javier Raya-González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Salmerón-Barrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - León Francisco Ruiz-Herrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Valencia-Cantero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
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50
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Cordovez V, Mommer L, Moisan K, Lucas-Barbosa D, Pierik R, Mumm R, Carrion VJ, Raaijmakers JM. Plant Phenotypic and Transcriptional Changes Induced by Volatiles from the Fungal Root Pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1262. [PMID: 28785271 PMCID: PMC5519581 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial soil microorganisms can affect plant growth and resistance by the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Yet, little is known on how VOCs from soil-borne plant pathogens affect plant growth and resistance. Here we show that VOCs released from mycelium and sclerotia of the fungal root pathogen Rhizoctonia solani enhance growth and accelerate development of Arabidopsis thaliana. Seedlings briefly exposed to the fungal VOCs showed similar phenotypes, suggesting that enhanced biomass and accelerated development are primed already at early developmental stages. Fungal VOCs did not affect plant resistance to infection by the VOC-producing pathogen itself but reduced aboveground resistance to the herbivore Mamestra brassicae. Transcriptomics of A. thaliana revealed that genes involved in auxin signaling were up-regulated, whereas ethylene and jasmonic acid signaling pathways were down-regulated by fungal VOCs. Mutants disrupted in these pathways showed similar VOC-mediated growth responses as the wild-type A. thaliana, suggesting that other yet unknown pathways play a more prominent role. We postulate that R. solani uses VOCs to predispose plants for infection from a distance by altering root architecture and enhancing root biomass. Alternatively, plants may use enhanced root growth upon fungal VOC perception to sacrifice part of the root biomass and accelerate development and reproduction to survive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Cordovez
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW)Wageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Liesje Mommer
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Kay Moisan
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW)Wageningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Roland Mumm
- Wageningen Plant Research, Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and ResearchWageningen, Netherlands
- Centre for Biosystems GenomicsWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Victor J. Carrion
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW)Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jos M. Raaijmakers
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW)Wageningen, Netherlands
- Institute of Biology, Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands
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