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Wu C, Ma H, Lu S, Shi X, Liu J, Yang C, Zhang R. Effects of bamboo leaf flavonoids on growth performance, antioxidants, immune function, intestinal morphology, and cecal microbiota in broilers. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:7656-7667. [PMID: 38770921 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bamboo leaf flavonoids (BLF) are the main bioactive ingredients in bamboo leaves. They have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and other effects. In this study, the effects of dietary BLF on growth performance, immune response, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal microbiota of broilers were investigated. A total of 288 broilers were divided into three groups with eight replicates and 12 birds in each replicate. Broilers were fed a basic diet or the basic diet supplemented with 1000 or 2000 mg kg-1 BLF for 56 days. RESULTS The results showed that supplementation of BLF increased body weight (BW) and average daily weight gain (ADG), and reduced average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P < 0.05). The serum immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and interleukin 10 (IL-10) content of broilers in the BLF1000 group was increased and the interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) content was decreased (P < 0.05). The levels of IgM and IL-10 in jejunum mucosa were found to be enhanced by BLF (P < 0.05). The BLF1000 group exhibited a significant reduction in the concentration of TNF-α (P < 0.05). Serum and jejunum mucosa total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) levels in the BLF1000 group were increased (P < 0.05). The serum catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) effects of the BLF1000 group and serum CAT effects of BLF2000 group were increased (P < 0.05). The CON group demonstrated a lower relative abundance of Christensenellaceae_R-7_group and Oscillibacter than the BLF group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Dietary BLF inclusion enhanced the growth performance, immune, and antioxidant functions, improved the intestinal morphology, and ameliorated the intestinal microflora structure in broiler. Adding 1000 mg kg-1 BLF to the broiler diet can be considered as an effective growth promoter. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuwan Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xueyan Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Vegamax Green Animal Health products Key agricultural Enterprise Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Vegamax Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Zhejiang, China
| | - Caimei Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruiqiang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Zhejiang, China
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Chen J, Zhang Y, Wei J, Hu X, Yin H, Liu W, Li D, Tian W, Hao Y, He Z, Fernie AR, Chen W. Beyond pathways: Accelerated flavonoids candidate identification and novel exploration of enzymatic properties using combined mapping populations of wheat. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:2033-2050. [PMID: 38408119 PMCID: PMC11182594 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Although forward-genetics-metabolomics methods such as mGWAS and mQTL have proven effective in providing myriad loci affecting metabolite contents, they are somehow constrained by their respective constitutional flaws such as the hidden population structure for GWAS and insufficient recombinant rate for QTL. Here, the combination of mGWAS and mQTL was performed, conveying an improved statistical power to investigate the flavonoid pathways in common wheat. A total of 941 and 289 loci were, respectively, generated from mGWAS and mQTL, within which 13 of them were co-mapped using both approaches. Subsequently, the mGWAS or mQTL outputs alone and their combination were, respectively, utilized to delineate the metabolic routes. Using this approach, we identified two MYB transcription factor encoding genes and five structural genes, and the flavonoid pathway in wheat was accordingly updated. Moreover, we have discovered some rare-activity-exhibiting flavonoid glycosyl- and methyl-transferases, which may possess unique biological significance, and harnessing these novel catalytic capabilities provides potentially new breeding directions. Collectively, we propose our survey illustrates that the forward-genetics-metabolomics approaches including multiple populations with high density markers could be more frequently applied for delineating metabolic pathways in common wheat, which will ultimately contribute to metabolomics-assisted wheat crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Yazhouwan National LaboratorySanyaChina
| | - Yueqi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
| | - Jiaqi Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
- Wuhan Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Xin Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
| | - Huanran Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
| | - Wei Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
| | - Dongqin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Wenfei Tian
- National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yuanfeng Hao
- National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhonghu He
- National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop SciencesChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | | | - Wei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- Hubei Hongshan LaboratoryWuhanChina
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Wu M, Northen TR, Ding Y. Stressing the importance of plant specialized metabolites: omics-based approaches for discovering specialized metabolism in plant stress responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1272363. [PMID: 38023861 PMCID: PMC10663375 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1272363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a diverse range of specialized metabolites that play pivotal roles in mediating environmental interactions and stress adaptation. These unique chemical compounds also hold significant agricultural, medicinal, and industrial values. Despite the expanding knowledge of their functions in plant stress interactions, understanding the intricate biosynthetic pathways of these natural products remains challenging due to gene and pathway redundancy, multifunctionality of proteins, and the activity of enzymes with broad substrate specificity. In the past decade, substantial progress in genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics has made the exploration of plant specialized metabolism more feasible than ever before. Notably, recent advances in integrative multi-omics and computational approaches, along with other technologies, are accelerating the discovery of plant specialized metabolism. In this review, we present a summary of the recent progress in the discovery of plant stress-related specialized metabolites. Emphasis is placed on the application of advanced omics-based approaches and other techniques in studying plant stress-related specialized metabolism. Additionally, we discuss the high-throughput methods for gene functional characterization. These advances hold great promise for harnessing the potential of specialized metabolites to enhance plant stress resilience in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Wu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Trent R. Northen
- Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Yezhang Ding
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
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Sahoo B, Nayak I, Parameswaran C, Kesawat MS, Sahoo KK, Subudhi HN, Balasubramaniasai C, Prabhukarthikeyan SR, Katara JL, Dash SK, Chung SM, Siddiqui MH, Alamri S, Samantaray S. A Comprehensive Genome-Wide Investigation of the Cytochrome 71 ( OsCYP71) Gene Family: Revealing the Impact of Promoter and Gene Variants (Ser33Leu) of OsCYP71P6 on Yield-Related Traits in Indica Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3035. [PMID: 37687282 PMCID: PMC10490456 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 (CYP450) gene family plays a critical role in plant growth and developmental processes, nutrition, and detoxification of xenobiotics in plants. In the present research, a comprehensive set of 105 OsCYP71 family genes was pinpointed within the genome of indica rice. These genes were categorized into twelve distinct subfamilies, where members within the same subgroup exhibited comparable gene structures and conserved motifs. In addition, 105 OsCYP71 genes were distributed across 11 chromosomes, and 36 pairs of OsCYP71 involved in gene duplication events. Within the promoter region of OsCYP71, there exists an extensive array of cis-elements that are associated with light responsiveness, hormonal regulation, and stress-related signaling. Further, transcriptome profiling revealed that a majority of the genes exhibited responsiveness to hormones and were activated across diverse tissues and developmental stages in rice. The OsCYP71P6 gene is involved in insect resistance, senescence, and yield-related traits in rice. Hence, understanding the association between OsCYP71P6 genetic variants and yield-related traits in rice varieties could provide novel insights for rice improvement. Through the utilization of linear regression models, a total of eight promoters were identified, and a specific gene variant (Ser33Leu) within OsCYP71P6 was found to be linked to spikelet fertility. Additionally, different alleles of the OsCYP71P6 gene identified through in/dels polymorphism in 131 rice varieties were validated for their allelic effects on yield-related traits. Furthermore, the single-plant yield, spikelet number, panicle length, panicle weight, and unfilled grain per panicle for the OsCYP71P6-1 promoter insertion variant were found to contribute 20.19%, 13.65%, 5.637%, 8.79%, and 36.86% more than the deletion variant, respectively. These findings establish a robust groundwork for delving deeper into the functions of OsCYP71-family genes across a range of biological processes. Moreover, these findings provide evidence that allelic variation in the promoter and amino acid substitution of Ser33Leu in the OsCYP71P6 gene could potentially impact traits related to rice yield. Therefore, the identified promoter variants in the OsCYP71P6 gene could be harnessed to amplify rice yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijayalaxmi Sahoo
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006, India; (B.S.); (I.N.); (H.N.S.); (C.B.); (J.L.K.); (S.K.D.); (S.S.)
- Department of Botany, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack 753006, India;
| | - Itishree Nayak
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006, India; (B.S.); (I.N.); (H.N.S.); (C.B.); (J.L.K.); (S.K.D.); (S.S.)
- Department of Botany, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar 751004, India
| | - C. Parameswaran
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006, India; (B.S.); (I.N.); (H.N.S.); (C.B.); (J.L.K.); (S.K.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Mahipal Singh Kesawat
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Sri University, Cuttack 754006, India
| | | | - H. N. Subudhi
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006, India; (B.S.); (I.N.); (H.N.S.); (C.B.); (J.L.K.); (S.K.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Cayalvizhi Balasubramaniasai
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006, India; (B.S.); (I.N.); (H.N.S.); (C.B.); (J.L.K.); (S.K.D.); (S.S.)
| | | | - Jawahar Lal Katara
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006, India; (B.S.); (I.N.); (H.N.S.); (C.B.); (J.L.K.); (S.K.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Sushanta Kumar Dash
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006, India; (B.S.); (I.N.); (H.N.S.); (C.B.); (J.L.K.); (S.K.D.); (S.S.)
| | - Sang-Min Chung
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 10326, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Manzer H. Siddiqui
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Saud Alamri
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Sanghamitra Samantaray
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006, India; (B.S.); (I.N.); (H.N.S.); (C.B.); (J.L.K.); (S.K.D.); (S.S.)
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Sultana MH, Alamin M, Qiu J, Fan L, Ye C. Transcriptomic profiling reveals candidate allelopathic genes in rice responsible for interactions with barnyardgrass. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1104951. [PMID: 36875579 PMCID: PMC9982016 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1104951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyardgrass) is one of the most damaging weeds in rice fields worldwide. Allelopathy has been considered a possible application for weed management. Thus understanding its molecular mechanisms is important for rice production. This study generated transcriptomes from rice under mono- and co-culture with barnyardgrass at two-time points to identify the candidate genes controlling allelopathic interactions between rice and barnyardgrass. A total of 5,684 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected, amongst which 388 genes were transcription factors. These DEGs include genes associated with momilactone and phenolic acid biosynthesis, which play critical roles in allelopathy. Additionally, we found significantly more DEGs at 3 hours than at 3 days, suggesting a quick allelopathic response in rice. Up-regulated DEGs involve diverse biological processes, such as response to stimulus and pathways related to phenylpropanoid and secondary metabolites biosynthesis. Down-regulated DEGs were involved in developmental processes, indicating a balance between growth and stress response to allelopathy from barnyardgrass. Comparison of DEGs between rice and barnyardgrass shows few common genes, suggesting different mechanisms underlying allelopathic interaction in these two species. Our results offer an important basis for identifying of candidate genes responsible for rice and barnyardgrass interactions and contribute valuable resources for revealing its molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Most. Humaira Sultana
- Institutue of Crop Science and Institute of Bioinformatics, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Md. Alamin
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Qiu
- Institutue of Crop Science and Institute of Bioinformatics, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Longjiang Fan
- Institutue of Crop Science and Institute of Bioinformatics, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuyu Ye
- Institutue of Crop Science and Institute of Bioinformatics, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Molecular Characterization of an Isoflavone 2'-Hydroxylase Gene Revealed Positive Insights into Flavonoid Accumulation and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Safflower. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27228001. [PMID: 36432102 PMCID: PMC9697648 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids with significant therapeutic properties play an essential role in plant growth, development, and adaptation to various environments. The biosynthetic pathway of flavonoids has long been studied in plants; however, its regulatory mechanism in safflower largely remains unclear. Here, we carried out comprehensive genome-wide identification and functional characterization of a putative cytochrome P45081E8 gene encoding an isoflavone 2'-hydroxylase from safflower. A total of 15 CtCYP81E genes were identified from the safflower genome. Phylogenetic classification and conserved topology of CtCYP81E gene structures, protein motifs, and cis-elements elucidated crucial insights into plant growth, development, and stress responses. The diverse expression pattern of CtCYP81E genes in four different flowering stages suggested important clues into the regulation of secondary metabolites. Similarly, the variable expression of CtCYP81E8 during multiple flowering stages further highlighted a strong relationship with metabolite accumulation. Furthermore, the orchestrated link between transcriptional regulation of CtCYP81E8 and flavonoid accumulation was further validated in the yellow- and red-type safflower. The spatiotemporal expression of CtCYP81E8 under methyl jasmonate, polyethylene glycol, light, and dark conditions further highlighted its likely significance in abiotic stress adaption. Moreover, the over-expressed transgenic Arabidopsis lines showed enhanced transcript abundance in OE-13 line with approximately eight-fold increased expression. The upregulation of AtCHS, AtF3'H, and AtDFR genes and the detection of several types of flavonoids in the OE-13 transgenic line also provides crucial insights into the potential role of CtCYP81E8 during flavonoid accumulation. Together, our findings shed light on the fundamental role of CtCYP81E8 encoding a putative isoflavone 2'-hydroxylase via constitutive expression during flavonoid biosynthesis.
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Singh G, Sharma S, Rawat S, Sharma RK. Plant Specialised Glycosides (PSGs): their biosynthetic enzymatic machinery, physiological functions and commercial potential. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2022; 49:1009-1028. [PMID: 36038144 DOI: 10.1071/fp21294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants, the primary producers of our planet, have evolved from simple aquatic life to very complex terrestrial habitat. This habitat transition coincides with evolution of enormous chemical diversity, collectively termed as 'Plant Specialised Metabolisms (PSMs)', to cope the environmental challenges. Plant glycosylation is an important process of metabolic diversification of PSMs to govern their in planta stability, solubility and inter/intra-cellular transport. Although, individual category of PSMs (terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, phytohormones, glucosinolates and cyanogenic glycosides) have been well studied; nevertheless, deeper insights of physiological functioning and genomic aspects of plant glycosylation/deglycosylation processes including enzymatic machinery (CYPs, GTs, and GHs) and regulatory elements are still elusive. Therefore, this review discussed the paradigm shift on genomic background of enzymatic machinery, transporters and regulatory mechanism of 'Plant Specialised Glycosides (PSGs)'. Current efforts also update the fundamental understanding about physiological, evolutionary and adaptive role of glycosylation/deglycosylation processes during the metabolic diversification of PSGs. Additionally, futuristic considerations and recommendations for employing integrated next-generation multi-omics (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics), including gene/genome editing (CRISPR-Cas) approaches are also proposed to explore commercial potential of PSGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Singh
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India; and Present address: Department of Plant Functional Metabolomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Shikha Sharma
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Rawat
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; and Present address: G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Sikkim Regional Centre, Pangthang, Gangtok 737101, Sikkim, India
| | - Ram Kumar Sharma
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Sajid M, Stone SR, Kaur P. Phylogenetic Analysis and Protein Modelling of Isoflavonoid Synthase Highlights Key Catalytic Sites towards Realising New Bioengineering Endeavours. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9110609. [PMID: 36354520 PMCID: PMC9687675 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9110609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflavonoid synthase (IFS) is a critical enzyme for the biosynthesis of over 2400 isoflavonoids. Isoflavonoids are an important class of plant secondary metabolites that have a range of pharmaceutical and nutraceutical properties. With growing interest in isoflavonoids from both research and industrial perspectives, efforts are being forwarded to enhance isoflavonoid production in-planta and ex-planta; therefore, in-silico analysis and characterisation of available IFS protein sequences are needed. The present study is the first-ever attempt toward phylogenetic analysis and protein modelling of available IFS protein sequences. Phylogenetic analysis has shown that IFS amino acid sequences have 86.4% pairwise identity and 26.5% identical sites, and the sequences were grouped into six different clades. The presence of a β-hairpin and extra loop at catalytic sites of Trifolium pratense, Beta vulgaris and Medicago truncatula, respectively, compared with Glycyrrhiza echinata are critical structural differences that may affect catalytic function. Protein docking highlighted the preference of selected IFS for liquiritigenin compared with naringenin and has listed T. pratense as the most efficient candidate for heterologous biosynthesis of isoflavonoids. The in-silico characterisation of IFS represented in this study is vital in realising the new bioengineering endeavours and will help in the characterisation and selection of IFS candidate enzymes for heterologous biosynthesis of isoflavonoids.
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Ni R, Liu XY, Zhang JZ, Fu J, Tan H, Zhu TT, Zhang J, Wang HL, Lou HX, Cheng AX. Identification of a flavonoid C-glycosyltransferase from fern species Stenoloma chusanum and the application in synthesizing flavonoid C-glycosides in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:210. [PMID: 36242071 PMCID: PMC9563126 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavonoid C-glycosides have many beneficial effects and are widely used in food and medicine. However, plants contain a limited number of flavonoid C-glycosides, and it is challenging to create these substances chemically. RESULTS To screen more robust C-glycosyltransferases (CGTs) for the biosynthesis of flavonoid C-glycosides, one CGT enzyme from Stenoloma chusanum (ScCGT1) was characterized. Biochemical analyses revealed that ScCGT1 showed the C-glycosylation activity for phloretin, 2-hydroxynaringenin, and 2-hydroxyeriodictyol. Structure modeling and mutagenesis experiments indicated that the glycosylation of ScCGT1 may be initiated by the synergistic action of conserved residue His26 and Asp14. The P164T mutation increased C-glycosylation activity by forming a hydrogen bond with the sugar donor. Furthermore, when using phloretin as a substrate, the extracellular nothofagin production obtained from the Escherichia coli strain ScCGT1-P164T reached 38 mg/L, which was 2.3-fold higher than that of the wild-type strain. Finally, it is proved that the coupling catalysis of CjFNS I/F2H and ScCGT1-P164T could convert naringenin into vitexin and isovitexin. CONCLUSION This is the first time that C-glycosyltransferase has been characterized from fern species and provides a candidate gene and strategy for the efficient production of bioactive C-glycosides using enzyme catalysis and metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xin-Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiao-Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Tan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hai-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Ai-Xia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Exploring the medicinally important secondary metabolites landscape through the lens of transcriptome data in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.). Sci Rep 2022; 12:13534. [PMID: 35941189 PMCID: PMC9359999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17779-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is a self-pollinated leguminous crop belonging to the Fabaceae family. It is a multipurpose crop used as herb, spice, vegetable and forage. It is a traditional medicinal plant in India attributed with several nutritional and medicinal properties including antidiabetic and anticancer. We have performed a combined transcriptome assembly from RNA sequencing data derived from leaf, stem and root tissues. Around 209,831 transcripts were deciphered from the assembly of 92% completeness and an N50 of 1382 bases. Whilst secondary metabolites of medicinal value, such as trigonelline, diosgenin, 4-hydroxyisoleucine and quercetin, are distributed in several tissues, we report transcripts that bear sequence signatures of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of such metabolites and are highly expressed in leaves, stem and roots. One of the antidiabetic alkaloid, trigonelline and its biosynthesising enzyme, is highly abundant in leaves. These findings are of value to nutritional and the pharmaceutical industry.
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11
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Yang J, Li H, Ma R, Chang Y, Qin X, Xu J, Fu Y. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis and characterization of the cytochrome P450 flavonoid biosynthesis genes in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan). PLANTA 2022; 255:120. [PMID: 35538269 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03896-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
226 CcCYP450 genes were identified at the genomic level and were classified into 45 clades based on phylogenetic analysis. CcCYP75B165 gene was found that might play important roles in the biosynthesis of flavonoids in pigeon pea, and was significantly induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA). The cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase (CYP450) superfamily plays a key role in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway and resists different kinds of stresses. Several CYP450 genes have been identified to be involved in the biosynthesis of crop protection agents. However, the CcCYP450 genes from pigeon pea have not been identified. Here, 226 CcCYP450 genes were identified at the genomic level by analysing the gene structure, distribution on chromosomes, gene duplication, and conserved motifs and were classified into 45 clades based on phylogenetic analysis. RNA-seq analysis revealed clear details of CcCYP450 genes that varied with time of MeJA (methyl jasmonate) induction. Among them, six CcCYP450 subfamily genes were found that might play important roles in the biosynthesis of flavonoids in pigeon pea. The overexpression of CcCYP75B165 in pigeon pea significantly induced the accumulation of genistin and downregulated the contents of cajaninstilbene acid, apigenin, isovitexin, and genistein and the expression of flavonoid synthase genes. This study provides theoretical guidance and plant genetic resources for cultivating new pigeon pea varieties with high flavonoid contents and exploring the molecular mechanisms of the biosynthesis of flavonoids under MeJA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Hongquan Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Ruijin Ma
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yuanhang Chang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Xiangyu Qin
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jian Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yujie Fu
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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12
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Shi Y, Yang L, Yu M, Li Z, Ke Z, Qian X, Ruan X, He L, Wei F, Zhao Y, Wang Q. Seasonal variation influences flavonoid biosynthesis path and content, and antioxidant activity of metabolites in Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels & Gilg. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265954. [PMID: 35482747 PMCID: PMC9049315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental conditions contribute to plant growth and metabolism. This study aimed to determine a suitable environment and climate for large-scale artificial cultivation of an endangered plant, Tetrastigma hemsleyanum, by investigating the seasonal variations influencing the flavonoid biosynthetic selectivity and antioxidant activity of its major metabolites. Under conditions of precipitation (2.0~6.6 mm), temperature (17.5~24.1°C), humidity (67.3~80.2%), and sunshine duration (3.4~5.8 h) from April to May, the total flavonoid content in T. hemsleyanum reached higher levels between 281.3 and 392.8 μg/g. In the second half of April, the production selectivity (PS) of isoorientin (IsoO), orientin (Or), rutin (Rut), isoquercitin (IsoQ), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (Km3rut), astragalin (Ast), quercetin (Qu), apigenin (Ap), and kaempferol (Km) were 0.30, 0.06, 0.07, 0.07, 0.00, 0.04, 0.38, 0.05, and 0.03, respectively. Naringenin was dehydrogenated or hydroxylated to initiate two parallel reaction pathways for flavonoid biosynthesis in T. hemsleyanum: path I subsequently generated flavone derivatives including apigenin, luteolin, orientin, and isoorientin, and path II subsequently generated flavonol derivatives including Km, Qu, IsoQ, Rut, Ast, and Km3rut. The reaction selectivity of path II (RPSII) from January 1 to September 30 was considerably higher than that of path I (RPSI), except for March 16-31. In addition, either the content or antioxidant activity of three major metabolites in T. hemsleyanum followed the order of phenolic compounds > polysaccharides > sterols, and exhibited dynamic correlations with environmental factors. Naringenin favored hydroxylation and derived six flavonol compounds from January to September, and favored dehydrogenation and derived three flavone compounds from October to December. In most months of a year, Km preferentially favored hydroxylation rather than glucosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanShou Shi
- Ningbo Technology University, Ningbo, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Li Yang
- Ningbo Technology University, Ningbo, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | | | - ZhaoHui Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, China
| | - ZhiJun Ke
- Bureau of Natural Resources and Planning Xianju County, Taizhou, China
| | - XiaoHua Qian
- Ningbo Technology University, Ningbo, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiao Ruan
- Ningbo Technology University, Ningbo, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
- * E-mail: (QW); (XR)
| | | | - Feng Wei
- Ningbo Technology University, Ningbo, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - YingXian Zhao
- Ningbo Technology University, Ningbo, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Ningbo Technology University, Ningbo, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
- * E-mail: (QW); (XR)
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13
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Wang J, Zhang C, Li Y. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiles of 13 Key Structural Gene Families Involved in the Biosynthesis of Rice Flavonoid Scaffolds. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030410. [PMID: 35327963 PMCID: PMC8951560 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are a class of key polyphenolic secondary metabolites with broad functions in plants, including stress defense, growth, development and reproduction. Oryza sativa L. (rice) is a well-known model plant for monocots, with a wide range of flavonoids, but the key flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes and their molecular features in rice have not been comprehensively and systematically characterized. Here, we identified 85 key structural gene candidates associated with flavonoid biosynthesis in the rice genome. They belong to 13 families potentially encoding chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavonol synthase (FLS), leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), flavone synthase II (FNSII), flavanone 2-hydroxylase (F2H), flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H), flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) and leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR). Through structural features, motif analyses and phylogenetic relationships, these gene families were further grouped into five distinct lineages and were examined for conservation and divergence. Subsequently, 22 duplication events were identified out of a total of 85 genes, among which seven pairs were derived from segmental duplication events and 15 pairs were from tandem duplications, demonstrating that segmental and tandem duplication events play important roles in the expansion of key flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes in rice. Furthermore, these 85 genes showed spatial and temporal regulation in a tissue-specific manner and differentially responded to abiotic stress (including six hormones and cold and salt treatments). RNA-Seq, microarray analysis and qRT-PCR indicated that these genes might be involved in abiotic stress response, plant growth and development. Our results provide a valuable basis for further functional analysis of the genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in rice.
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Xie RX, Chen JL, Zhou LQ, Fu XJ, Yuan CM, Hu ZX, Huang LJ, Hao XJ, Gu W. Oreocharioside A-G, new acylated C-glycosylflavones from Oreocharis auricula (Gesneriaceae). Fitoterapia 2022; 158:105158. [PMID: 35176424 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Seven new acylated C-glycosylflavones, oreocharioside A-G, together with two known compounds were isolated from the whole plant of Oreocharis auricula. Their structures were characterized by the comprehensive analysis of their NMR, IR, UV, CD spectra and HRESIMS data. All the new compounds were evaluated for the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The results showed that compounds 1 and 2 had significant DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, with the IC50 values of 0.32-3.20 μg/mL. Compounds 2 and 3 exhibited the higher potency among all the new compounds in reducing TNF-α production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; School of pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Jun-Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Li-Qiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Xian-Jie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Chun-Mao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Zhan-Xing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Lie-Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
| | - Wei Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China.
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15
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Liu Y, Qian J, Li J, Xing M, Grierson D, Sun C, Xu C, Li X, Chen K. Hydroxylation decoration patterns of flavonoids in horticultural crops: chemistry, bioactivity and biosynthesis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab068. [PMID: 35048127 PMCID: PMC8945325 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are the most widespread polyphenolic compounds and are important dietary constituents present in horticultural crops such as fruits, vegetables, and tea. Natural flavonoids are responsible for important quality traits, such as food colors and beneficial dietary antioxidants and numerous investigations have shown that intake of flavonoids can reduce the incidence of various non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Analysis of the thousands of flavonoids reported so far has shown that different hydroxylation modifications affect their chemical properties and nutritional values. These diverse flavonoids can be classified based on different hydroxylation patterns in the B, C, A rings and multiple structure-activity analyses have shown that hydroxylation decoration at specific positions markedly enhances their bioactivities. This review focuses on current knowledge concerning hydroxylation of flavonoids catalyzed by several different types of hydroxylase enzymes. Flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) and flavonoid 3'5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) are important enzymes for the hydroxylation of the B ring of flavonoids. Flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) is key for the hydroxylation of the C ring, while flavone 6-hydroxylase (F6H) and flavone 8-hydroxylase (F8H) are key enzymes for hydroxylation of the A ring. These key hydroxylases in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway are promising targets for the future bioengineering of plants and mass production of flavonoids with designated hydroxylation patterns of high nutritional importance. In addition, hydroxylation in key places on the ring may help render flavonoids ready for degradation, the catabolic turnover of which may open the door for new lines of inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Jiafei Qian
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengyun Xing
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Chongde Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Changjie Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xian Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Kunsong Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Shandong (Linyi) Institute of Modern Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Linyi 276000, China
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16
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Förster C, Handrick V, Ding Y, Nakamura Y, Paetz C, Schneider B, Castro-Falcón G, Hughes CC, Luck K, Poosapati S, Kunert G, Huffaker A, Gershenzon J, Schmelz EA, Köllner TG. Biosynthesis and antifungal activity of fungus-induced O-methylated flavonoids in maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:167-190. [PMID: 34718797 PMCID: PMC8774720 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infection of grasses, including rice (Oryza sativa), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), and barley (Hordeum vulgare), induces the formation and accumulation of flavonoid phytoalexins. In maize (Zea mays), however, investigators have emphasized benzoxazinoid and terpenoid phytoalexins, and comparatively little is known about flavonoid induction in response to pathogens. Here, we examined fungus-elicited flavonoid metabolism in maize and identified key biosynthetic enzymes involved in the formation of O-methylflavonoids. The predominant end products were identified as two tautomers of a 2-hydroxynaringenin-derived compound termed xilonenin, which significantly inhibited the growth of two maize pathogens, Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides. Among the biosynthetic enzymes identified were two O-methyltransferases (OMTs), flavonoid OMT 2 (FOMT2), and FOMT4, which demonstrated distinct regiospecificity on a broad spectrum of flavonoid classes. In addition, a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) in the CYP93G subfamily was found to serve as a flavanone 2-hydroxylase providing the substrate for FOMT2-catalyzed formation of xilonenin. In summary, maize produces a diverse blend of O-methylflavonoids with antifungal activity upon attack by a broad range of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Förster
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Vinzenz Handrick
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Yezhang Ding
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0380, USA
| | - Yoko Nakamura
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Christian Paetz
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Bernd Schneider
- Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Gabriel Castro-Falcón
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Chambers C Hughes
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Katrin Luck
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Sowmya Poosapati
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0380, USA
| | - Grit Kunert
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0380, USA
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Eric A Schmelz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, California 92093-0380, USA
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena D-07745, Germany
- Author for communication:
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17
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Sun X, Xue X, Wang X, Zhang C, Zheng D, Song W, Zhao J, Wei J, Wu Z, Zhang Z. Natural variation of ZmCGT1 is responsible for isoorientin accumulation in maize silk. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:64-76. [PMID: 34695260 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) silk contains high levels of flavonoids and is widely used to promote human health. Isoorientin, a natural C-glycoside flavone abundant in maize silk, has attracted considerable attention due to its potential value. Although different classes of flavonoid have been well characterized in plants, the genes involved in the biosynthesis of isoorientin in maize are largely unknown. Here, we used targeted metabolic profiling of isoorientin on the silks in an association panel consisting of 294 maize inbred lines. We identified the gene ZmCGT1 by genome-wide association analysis. The ZmCGT1 protein was characterized as a 2-hydroxyflavanone C-glycosyltransferase that can C-glycosylate 2-hydroxyflavanone to form flavone-C-glycoside after dehydration. Moreover, ZmCGT1 overexpression increased isoorientin levels and RNA interference-mediated ZmCGT1 knockdown decreased accumulation of isoorientin in maize silk. Further, two nucleotide polymorphisms, A502C and A1022G, which led to amino acid changes I168L and E341G, respectively, were identified to be functional polymorphisms responsible for the natural variation in isoorientin levels. In summary, we identified the gene ZmCGT1, which plays an important role in isoorientin biosynthesis, providing insights into the genetic basis of the natural variation in isoorientin levels in maize silk. The identified favorable CG allele of ZmCGT1 may be further used for genetic improvement of nutritional quality in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xue
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaqing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dengyu Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiuran Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Maize DNA Fingerprinting and Molecular Breeding, Maize Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongyi Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongbao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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18
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Tian S, Yang Y, Wu T, Luo C, Li X, Zhao X, Xi W, Liu X, Zeng M. Functional Characterization of a Flavone Synthase That Participates in a Kumquat Flavone Metabolon. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:826780. [PMID: 35310637 PMCID: PMC8924551 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.826780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Flavones predominantly accumulate as O- and C-glycosides in kumquat plants. Two catalytic mechanisms of flavone synthase II (FNSII) support the biosynthesis of glycosyl flavones, one involving flavanone 2-hydroxylase (which generates 2-hydroxyflavanones for C-glycosylation) and another involving the direct catalysis of flavanones to flavones for O-glycosylation. However, FNSII has not yet been characterized in kumquats. In this study, we identified two kumquat FNSII genes (FcFNSII-1 and FcFNSII-2), based on transcriptome and bioinformatics analysis. Data from in vivo and in vitro assays showed that FcFNSII-2 directly synthesized apigenin and acacetin from naringenin and isosakuranetin, respectively, whereas FcFNSII-1 showed no detectable catalytic activities with flavanones. In agreement, transient overexpression of FcFNSII-2 in kumquat peels significantly enhanced the transcription of structural genes of the flavonoid-biosynthesis pathway and the accumulation of several O-glycosyl flavones. Moreover, studying the subcellular localizations of FcFNSII-1 and FcFNSII-2 demonstrated that N-terminal membrane-spanning domains were necessary to ensure endoplasmic reticulum localization and anchoring. Protein-protein interaction analyses, using the split-ubiquitin yeast two-hybrid system and bimolecular fluorescence-complementation assays, revealed that FcFNSII-2 interacted with chalcone synthase 1, chalcone synthase 2, and chalcone isomerase-like proteins. The results provide strong evidence that FcFNSII-2 serves as a nucleation site for an O-glycosyl flavone metabolon that channels flavanones for O-glycosyl flavone biosynthesis in kumquat fruits. They have implications for guiding genetic engineering efforts aimed at enhancing the composition of bioactive flavonoids in kumquat fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Tian
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuyan Yang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Wu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan Luo
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xijuan Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Wanpeng Xi
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaogang Liu,
| | - Ming Zeng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Ming Zeng, ;
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19
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Lam PY, Lui ACW, Wang L, Liu H, Umezawa T, Tobimatsu Y, Lo C. Tricin Biosynthesis and Bioengineering. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:733198. [PMID: 34512707 PMCID: PMC8426635 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.733198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tricin (3',5'-dimethoxyflavone) is a specialized metabolite which not only confers stress tolerance and involves in defense responses in plants but also represents a promising nutraceutical. Tricin-type metabolites are widely present as soluble tricin O-glycosides and tricin-oligolignols in all grass species examined, but only show patchy occurrences in unrelated lineages in dicots. More strikingly, tricin is a lignin monomer in grasses and several other angiosperm species, representing one of the "non-monolignol" lignin monomers identified in nature. The unique biological functions of tricin especially as a lignin monomer have driven the identification and characterization of tricin biosynthetic enzymes in the past decade. This review summarizes the current understanding of tricin biosynthetic pathway in grasses and tricin-accumulating dicots. The characterized and potential enzymes involved in tricin biosynthesis are highlighted along with discussion on the debatable and uncharacterized steps. Finally, current developments of bioengineering on manipulating tricin biosynthesis toward the generation of functional food as well as modifications of lignin for improving biorefinery applications are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui Ying Lam
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Andy C. W. Lui
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lanxiang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongjia Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Toshiaki Umezawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Tobimatsu
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Clive Lo
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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20
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Nagayoshi H, Murayama N, Takenaka S, Kim V, Kim D, Komori M, Yamazaki H, Guengerich FP, Shimada T. Roles of cytochrome P450 2A6 in the oxidation of flavone, 4'-hydroxyflavone, and 4'-, 3'-, and 2'-methoxyflavones by human liver microsomes. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:995-1009. [PMID: 34224301 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1950866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nine forms of recombinant cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) enzymes were used to study roles of individual P450 enzymes in the oxidation of flavone and some other flavonoids, 4'-hydroxyflavone and 4'-, 3'-, and 2'-methoxyflavones, by human liver microsomes using LC-MS/MS analysis.As has been reported previously , 4'-, 3'-, and 2'-methoxyflavones were preferentially O-demethylated by human liver P450 enzymes to form 4'-, 3'-, and 2'-hydroxylated flavones and also 3',4'-dihydroxyflavone from the former two substrates.In comparisons of product formation by oxidation of these methoxylated flavones, CYP2A6 was found to be a major enzyme catalysing flavone 4'- and 3'-hydroxylations by human liver microsomes but did not play significant roles in 2'-hydroxylation of flavone, O-demethylations of three methoxylated flavones, and the oxidation of 4'-hydroxyflavone to 3',4'-dihydroxyflavone.The effects of anti-CYP2A6 IgG and chemical P450 inhibitors suggested that different P450 enzymes, as well as CYP2A6, catalysed oxidation of these flavonoids at different positions by liver microsomes.These studies suggest that CYP2A6 catalyses flavone 4'- and 3'-hydroxylations in human liver microsomes and that other P450 enzymes have different roles in oxidizing these flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Nagayoshi
- Laboratory of Food Sanitation, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Takenaka
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino, Osaka, Japan
| | - Vitchan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Masayuki Komori
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tsutomu Shimada
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
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21
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Jiang J, Yang G, Xin Y, Wang Z, Yan W, Chen Z, Tang X, Xia J. Overexpression of OsMed16 Inhibits the Growth of Rice and Causes Spontaneous Cell Death. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050656. [PMID: 33925652 PMCID: PMC8145620 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mediator complex transduces information from the DNA-bound transcription factors to the RNA polymerase II transcriptional machinery. Research on plant Mediator subunits has primarily been performed in Arabidopsis, while very few of them have been functionally characterized in rice. In this study, the rice Mediator subunit 16, OsMed16, was examined. OsMed16 encodes a putative protein of 1301 amino acids, which is longer than the version previously reported. It was expressed in various rice organs and localized to the nucleus. The knockout of OsMed16 resulted in rice seedling lethality. Its overexpression led to the retardation of rice growth, low yield, and spontaneous cell death in the leaf blade and sheath. RNA sequencing suggested that the overexpression of OsMed16 altered the expression of a large number of genes. Among them, the upregulation of some defense-related genes was verified. OsMed16 can regulate the expression of a wealth of genes, and alterations in its expression have a profound impact on plant growth, development, and defense responses in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (J.J.); (G.Y.); (Y.X.); (Z.W.)
| | - Guangzhe Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (J.J.); (G.Y.); (Y.X.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yafeng Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (J.J.); (G.Y.); (Y.X.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (J.J.); (G.Y.); (Y.X.); (Z.W.)
| | - Wei Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China;
- Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Crop Design, Shenzhen 518107, China;
| | - Zhufeng Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Crop Design, Shenzhen 518107, China;
- Shenzhen Agricultural Technology Promotion Center, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China;
- Shenzhen Institute of Molecular Crop Design, Shenzhen 518107, China;
- Correspondence: (X.T.); (J.X.)
| | - Jixing Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (J.J.); (G.Y.); (Y.X.); (Z.W.)
- Correspondence: (X.T.); (J.X.)
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22
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Feng CY, Li SS, Taguchi G, Wu Q, Yin DD, Gu ZY, Wu J, Xu WZ, Liu C, Wang LS. Enzymatic basis for stepwise C-glycosylation in the formation of flavonoid di-C-glycosides in sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:351-365. [PMID: 33486798 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Lotus plumule, the embryo of the seed of the sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), contains a high accumulation of secondary metabolites including flavonoids and possesses important pharmaceutical value. Flavonoid C-glycosides, which accumulate exclusively in lotus plumule, have attracted considerable attention in recent decades due to their unique chemical structure and special bioactivities. As well as mono-C-glycosides, lotus plumule also accumulates various kinds of di-C-glycosides by mechanisms which are as yet unclear. In this study we identified two C-glycosyltransferase (CGT) genes by mining sacred lotus genome data and provide in vitro and in planta evidence that these two enzymes (NnCGT1 and NnCGT2, also designated as UGT708N1 and UGT708N2, respectively) exhibit CGT activity. Recombinant UGT708N1 and UGT708N2 can C-glycosylate 2-hydroxyflavanones and 2-hydroxynaringenin C-glucoside, forming flavone mono-C-glycosides and di-C-glycosides, respectively, after dehydration. In addition, the above reactions were successfully catalysed by cell-free extracts from tobacco leaves transiently expressing NnCGT1 or NnCGT2. Finally, enzyme assays using cell-free extracts of lotus plumule suggested that flavone di-C-glycosides (vicenin-1, vicenin-3, schaftoside and isoschaftoside) are biosynthesized through sequentially C-glucosylating and C-arabinosylating/C-xylosylating 2-hydroxynaringenin. Taken together, our results provide novel insights into the biosynthesis of flavonoid di-C-glycosides by proposing a new biosynthetic pathway for flavone C-glycosides in N. nucifera and identifying a novel uridine diphosphate-glycosyltransferase (UGT708N2) that specifically catalyses the second glycsosylation, C-arabinosylating and C-xylosylating 2-hydroxynaringenin C-glucoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- College of Agriculture, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shan-Shan Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- College of Agriculture, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Goro Taguchi
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, 386-8567, Japan
| | - Qian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- College of Agriculture, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dan-Dan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Zhao-Yu Gu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wen-Zhong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- College of Agriculture, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- College of Agriculture, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liang-Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- College of Agriculture, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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23
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Yousof Ali M, Jannat S, Mizanur Rahman M. Investigation of C-glycosylated apigenin and luteolin derivatives’ effects on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibition with molecular and cellular approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2020.100141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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24
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Shimada T, Nagayoshi H, Murayama N, Takenaka S, Katahira J, Kim V, Kim D, Komori M, Yamazaki H, Guengerich FP. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of oxidation of 2'-, 3'-, 4'- and 6-hydroxyflavanones by human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:139-154. [PMID: 33047997 PMCID: PMC7875482 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1836433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
2'-Hydroxyflavanone (2'OHFva), 3'OHFva, 4'OHFva, and 6OHFva, the major oxidative products of flavanone by human cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) enzymes, were studied in regard to further oxidation by human CYP1A1, 1A2, 1B1.1, 1B1.3, and 2A6. The products formed were analyzed with LC-MS/MS and characterized by their positive ion fragmentations on mass spectrometry. Several di-hydroxylated flavanone (diOHFva) and di-hydroxylated flavone (diOHFvo) products, detected by analyzing parent ions at m/z 257 and 255, respectively, were found following incubation of these four hydroxylated flavanones with P450s. The m/z 257 products were produced at higher levels than the latter with four substrates examined. The structures of the m/z 257 products were characterized by LC-MS/MS product ion spectra, and the results suggest that 3'OHFva and 4'OHFva are further oxidized mainly at B-ring by P450s while 6OHFva oxidation was at A-ring. Different diOHFvo products (m/z 255) were also characterized by LC-MS/MS, and the results suggested that most of these diOHFvo products were formed through oxidation or desaturation of the diOHFva products (m/z 257) by P450s. Only when 4'OHFva (m/z 241) was used as a substrate, formation of 4'OHFvo (m/z 239) was detected, indicating that diOHFvo might also be formed through oxidation of 4'OHFvo by P450s. Finally, our results indicated that CYP1 family enzymes were more active than CYP2A6 in catalyzing the oxidation of these four hydroxylated flavanones, and these findings were supported by molecular docking studies of these chemicals with active sites of P450 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Shimada
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruna Nagayoshi
- Division of Food Sanitation, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Takenaka
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Katahira
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Vitchan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Masayuki Komori
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - F. Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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25
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Li DD, Ni R, Wang PP, Zhang XS, Wang PY, Zhu TT, Sun CJ, Liu CJ, Lou HX, Cheng AX. Molecular Basis for Chemical Evolution of Flavones to Flavonols and Anthocyanins in Land Plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:1731-1743. [PMID: 33023939 PMCID: PMC7723094 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
During the course of evolution of land plants, different classes of flavonoids, including flavonols and anthocyanins, sequentially emerged, facilitating adaptation to the harsh terrestrial environment. Flavanone 3β-hydroxylase (F3H), an enzyme functioning in flavonol and anthocyanin biosynthesis and a member of the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (2-ODD) family, catalyzes the hydroxylation of (2S)-flavanones to dihydroflavonols, but its origin and evolution remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that functional flavone synthase Is (FNS Is) are widely distributed in the primitive land plants liverworts and evolutionarily connected to seed plant F3Hs. We identified and characterized a set of 2-ODD enzymes from several liverwort species and plants in various evolutionary clades of the plant kingdom. The bifunctional enzyme FNS I/F2H emerged in liverworts, and FNS I/F3H evolved in Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens and Selaginella moellendorffii, suggesting that they represent the functional transition forms between canonical FNS Is and F3Hs. The functional transition from FNS Is to F3Hs provides a molecular basis for the chemical evolution of flavones to flavonols and anthocyanins, which contributes to the acquisition of a broader spectrum of flavonoids in seed plants and facilitates their adaptation to the terrestrial ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Rong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ping-Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiao-Shuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Piao-Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Chun-Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Chang-Jun Liu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ai-Xia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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26
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Wang L, Lam PY, Lui ACW, Zhu FY, Chen MX, Liu H, Zhang J, Lo C. Flavonoids are indispensable for complete male fertility in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4715-4728. [PMID: 32386058 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are essential for male fertility in some but not all plant species. In rice (Oryza sativa), the chalcone synthase mutant oschs1 produces flavonoid-depleted pollen and is male sterile. The mutant pollen grains are viable with normal structure, but they display reduced germination rate and pollen-tube length. Analysis of oschs1/+ heterozygous lines shows that pollen flavonoid deposition is a paternal effect and fertility is independent of the haploid genotypes (OsCHS1 or oschs1). To understand which classes of flavonoids are involved in male fertility, we conducted detailed analysis of rice mutants for branch-point enzymes of the downstream flavonoid pathways, including flavanone 3-hydroxylase (OsF3H; flavonol pathway entry enzyme), flavone synthase II (CYP93G1; flavone pathway entry enzyme), and flavanone 2-hydroxylase (CYP93G2; flavone C-glycoside pathway entry enzyme). Rice osf3h and cyp93g1 cyp93g2 CRISPR/Cas9 mutants, and cyp93g1 and cyp93g2 T-DNA insertion mutants showed altered flavonoid profiles in anthers, but only the osf3h and cyp93g1 cyp93g2 mutants displayed reduction in seed yield. Our findings indicate that flavonoids are essential for complete male fertility in rice and a combination of different classes (flavanones, flavonols, flavones, and flavone C-glycosides) appears to be important, as opposed to the essential role played primarily by flavonols that has been previously reported in several plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxiang Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pui Ying Lam
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Andy C W Lui
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fu-Yuan Zhu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mo-Xian Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongjia Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Clive Lo
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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27
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Mbanjo EGN, Kretzschmar T, Jones H, Ereful N, Blanchard C, Boyd LA, Sreenivasulu N. The Genetic Basis and Nutritional Benefits of Pigmented Rice Grain. Front Genet 2020; 11:229. [PMID: 32231689 PMCID: PMC7083195 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving the nutritional quality of rice grains through modulation of bioactive compounds and micronutrients represents an efficient means of addressing nutritional security in societies which depend heavily on rice as a staple food. White rice makes a major contribution to the calorific intake of Asian and African populations, but its nutritional quality is poor compared to that of pigmented (black, purple, red orange, or brown) variants. The compounds responsible for these color variations are the flavonoids anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin, which are known to have nutritional value. The rapid progress made in the technologies underlying genome sequencing, the analysis of gene expression and the acquisition of global 'omics data, genetics of grain pigmentation has created novel opportunities for applying molecular breeding to improve the nutritional value and productivity of pigmented rice. This review provides an update on the nutritional value and health benefits of pigmented rice grain, taking advantage of both indigenous and modern knowledge, while also describing the current approaches taken to deciphering the genetic basis of pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwige Gaby Nkouaya Mbanjo
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines
- International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Tobias Kretzschmar
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Huw Jones
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nelzo Ereful
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Blanchard
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Lesley Ann Boyd
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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28
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Pathway-specific enzymes from bamboo and crop leaves biosynthesize anti-nociceptive C-glycosylated flavones. Commun Biol 2020; 3:110. [PMID: 32144397 PMCID: PMC7060329 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0834-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
C-glycosylated flavones (CGFs) are promising candidates as anti-nociceptive compounds. The leaves of bamboo and related crops in the grass family are a largely unexploited bioresource with a wide array of CGFs. We report here pathway-specific enzymes including C-glycosyltransferases (CGTs) and P450 hydroxylases from cereal crops and bamboo species accumulating abundant CGFs. Mining of CGTs and engineering of P450s that decorate the flavonoid skeleton allowed the production of desired CGFs (with yield of 20–40 mg/L) in an Escherichia coli cell factory. We further explored the antinociceptive activity of major CGFs in mice models and identified isoorientin as the most potent, with both neuroanalgesic and anti-inflammatory effects superior to clinical drugs such as rotundine and aspirin. Our discovery of the pain-alleviating flavonoids elicited from bamboo and crop leaves establishes this previously underutilized source, and sheds light on the pathway and pharmacological mechanisms of the compounds. Yuwei Sun, Zhuo Chen, Jingya Yang et al. identify bamboo as a rich source of C-glycosylated flavonoids that reduces pain and inflammation. They identify isoorientin as the most potent C-glycosylated flavonoid, superior to aspirin, and report new enzymes that synthesize pain-alleviating C-glycosylated flavonoids.
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29
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Li Y, Wei K. Comparative functional genomics analysis of cytochrome P450 gene superfamily in wheat and maize. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:93. [PMID: 32122306 PMCID: PMC7052972 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytochrome P450s (CYP450s) as the largest enzyme family of plant metabolism participate in various physiological processes, whereas no study has demonstrated interest in comprehensive comparison of the genes in wheat and maize. Genome-wide survey, characterization and comparison of wheat and maize CYP450 gene superfamily are useful for genetic manipulation of the Gramineae crops. RESULTS In total, 1285 and 263 full-length CYP450s were identified in wheat and maize, respectively. According to standard nomenclature, wheat CYP450s (TaCYP450s) were categorized into 45 families, while maize CYP450s (ZmCYP450s) into 43 families. A comprehensive analysis of wheat and maize CYP450s, involved in functional domains, conserved motifs, phylogeny, gene structures, chromosome locations and duplicated events was performed. The result showed that each family/subfamily in both species exhibited characteristic features, suggesting their phylogenetic relationship and the potential divergence in their functions. Functional divergence analysis at the amino acid level of representative clans CYP51, CYP74 and CYP97 in wheat, maize and rice identified some critical amino acid sites that are responsible for functional divergence of a gene family. Expression profiles of Ta-, ZmCYP450s were investigated using RNA-seq data, which contribute to infer the potential functions of the genes during development and stress responses. We found in both species CYP450s had preferential expression in specific tissues, and many tissue-specific genes were identified. Under water-deficit condition, 82 and 39 significantly differentially expressed CYP450s were respectively detected in wheat and maize. These genes may have some roles in protecting plants against drought damage. Thereinto, fourteen CYP450s were selected to validate their expression level through qRT-PCR. To further elucidating molecular mechanisms of CYP450 action, gene co-expression network was constructed. In total, 477 TaCYP450s were distributed in 22 co-expression modules, and some co-expressed genes that likely take part in the same biochemical pathway were identified. For instance, the expression of TaCYP74A98_4D was highly correlated with TaLOX9, TaLOX36, TaLOX39, TaLOX44 and TaOPR8, and all of them may be involved in jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis. TaCYP73A201_3A showed coexpression with TaPAL1.25, TaCCoAOMT1.2, TaCOMT.1, TaCCR1.6 and TaLAC5, which probably act in the wheat stem and/or root lignin synthesis pathway. CONCLUSION Our study first established systematic information about evolutionary relationship, expression pattern and function characterization of CYP450s in wheat and maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Li
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, 36 Xian-Qian-Zhi Street, Zhangzhou, 363000, Fujian, China
| | - Kaifa Wei
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, 36 Xian-Qian-Zhi Street, Zhangzhou, 363000, Fujian, China.
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Muhammad S, Tan J, Deng P, Li T, He H, Bian J, Wu L. Pesticide application has little influence on coding and non-coding gene expressions in rice. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:1009. [PMID: 31870289 PMCID: PMC6927115 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Agricultural insects are one of the major threats to crop yield. It is a known fact that pesticide application is an extensive approach to eliminate insect pests, and has severe adverse effects on environment and ecosystem; however, there is lack of knowledge whether it could influence the physiology and metabolic processes in plants. Results Here, we systemically analyzed the transcriptomic changes in rice after a spray of two commercial pesticides, Abamectin (ABM) and Thiamethoxam (TXM). We found only a limited number of genes (0.91%) and (1.24%) were altered by ABM and TXM respectively, indicating that these pesticides cannot dramatically affect the performance of rice. Nevertheless, we characterized 1140 Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) interacting with 105 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that can be impacted by the two pesticides, suggesting their certain involvement in response to farm chemicals. Moreover, we detected 274 alternative splicing (AS) alterations accompanied by host genes expressions, elucidating a potential role of AS in control of gene transcription during insecticide spraying. Finally, we identified 488 transposons that were significantly changed with pesticides treatment, leading to a variation in adjacent coding or non-coding transcripts. Conclusion Altogether, our results provide valuable insights into pest management through appropriate timing and balanced mixture, these pesticides have no harmful effects on crop physiology over sustainable application of field drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Muhammad
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jingai Tan
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Pingchuan Deng
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Tingting Li
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haohua He
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Jianmin Bian
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
| | - Liang Wu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Buti M, Baldoni E, Formentin E, Milc J, Frugis G, Lo Schiavo F, Genga A, Francia E. A Meta-Analysis of Comparative Transcriptomic Data Reveals a Set of Key Genes Involved in the Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5662. [PMID: 31726733 PMCID: PMC6888222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several environmental factors, such as drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures, negatively affect plant growth and development, which leads to yield losses. The tolerance or sensitivity to abiotic stressors are the expression of a complex machinery involving molecular, biochemical, and physiological mechanisms. Here, a meta-analysis on previously published RNA-Seq data was performed to identify the genes conferring tolerance to chilling, osmotic, and salt stresses, by comparing the transcriptomic changes between tolerant and susceptible rice genotypes. Several genes encoding transcription factors (TFs) were identified, suggesting that abiotic stress tolerance involves upstream regulatory pathways. A gene co-expression network defined the metabolic and signalling pathways with a prominent role in the differentiation between tolerance and susceptibility: (i) the regulation of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) levels, through the modulation of genes that are related to its biosynthesis/catabolism, (ii) the signalling pathways mediated by ABA and jasmonic acid, (iii) the activity of the "Drought and Salt Tolerance" TF, involved in the negative regulation of stomatal closure, and (iv) the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis by specific MYB TFs. The identified genes represent putative key players for conferring tolerance to a broad range of abiotic stresses in rice; a fine-tuning of their expression seems to be crucial for rice plants to cope with environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Buti
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre BIOGEST-SITEIA, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (M.B.); (J.M.); (E.F.)
- Present address: Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Baldoni
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy;
- CNR-IBBA, Rome Unit, via Salaria Km. 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy;
| | - Elide Formentin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (E.F.); (F.L.S.)
- Botanical Garden, University of Padova, 35123 Padova, Italy
| | - Justyna Milc
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre BIOGEST-SITEIA, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (M.B.); (J.M.); (E.F.)
| | - Giovanna Frugis
- CNR-IBBA, Rome Unit, via Salaria Km. 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy;
| | - Fiorella Lo Schiavo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (E.F.); (F.L.S.)
- Botanical Garden, University of Padova, 35123 Padova, Italy
| | - Annamaria Genga
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Enrico Francia
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre BIOGEST-SITEIA, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (M.B.); (J.M.); (E.F.)
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Lam PY, Lui ACW, Yamamura M, Wang L, Takeda Y, Suzuki S, Liu H, Zhu FY, Chen MX, Zhang J, Umezawa T, Tobimatsu Y, Lo C. Recruitment of specific flavonoid B-ring hydroxylases for two independent biosynthesis pathways of flavone-derived metabolites in grasses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:204-219. [PMID: 30883799 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In rice (Oryza sativa), OsF2H and OsFNSII direct flavanones to independent pathways that form soluble flavone C-glycosides and tricin-type metabolites (both soluble and lignin-bound), respectively. Production of soluble tricin metabolites requires CYP75B4 as a chrysoeriol 5'-hydroxylase. Meanwhile, the close homologue CYP75B3 is a canonical flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H). However, their precise roles in the biosynthesis of soluble flavone C-glycosides and tricin-lignins in cell walls remain unknown. We examined CYP75B3 and CYP75B4 expression in vegetative tissues, analyzed extractable flavonoid profiles, cell wall structure and digestibility of their mutants, and investigated catalytic activities of CYP75B4 orthologues in grasses. CYP75B3 and CYP75B4 showed co-expression patterns with OsF2H and OsFNSII, respectively. CYP75B3 is the sole F3'H in flavone C-glycosides biosynthesis, whereas CYP75B4 alone provides sufficient 3',5'-hydroxylation for tricin-lignin deposition. CYP75B4 mutation results in production of apigenin-incorporated lignin and enhancement of cell wall digestibility. Moreover, tricin pathway-specific 3',5'-hydroxylation activities are conserved in sorghum CYP75B97 and switchgrass CYP75B11. CYP75B3 and CYP75B4 represent two different pathway-specific enzymes recruited together with OsF2H and OsFNSII, respectively. Interestingly, the OsF2H-CYP75B3 and OsFNSII-CYP75B4 pairs appear to be conserved in grasses. Finally, manipulation of tricin biosynthesis through CYP75B4 orthologues can be a promising strategy to improve digestibility of grass biomass for biofuel and biomaterial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui Ying Lam
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Andy C W Lui
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Masaomi Yamamura
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Lanxiang Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuri Takeda
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shiro Suzuki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hongjia Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Fu-Yuan Zhu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Mo-Xian Chen
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Toshiaki Umezawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
- Research Unit for Global Sustainability Studies, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yuki Tobimatsu
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Clive Lo
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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Righini S, Rodriguez EJ, Berosich C, Grotewold E, Casati P, Falcone Ferreyra ML. Apigenin produced by maize flavone synthase I and II protects plants against UV-B-induced damage. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:495-508. [PMID: 30160312 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flavones, one of the largest groups of flavonoids, have beneficial effects on human health and are considered of high nutritional value. Previously, we demonstrated that maize type I flavone synthase (ZmFNSI) is one of the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of O-glycosyl flavones in floral tissues. However, in related species such as rice and sorghum, type II FNS enzymes also contribute to flavone biosynthesis. In this work, we provide evidence that maize has both one FNSI and one FNSII flavone synthases. Arabidopsis transgenic plants expressing each FNS enzyme were generated to validate the role of flavones in protecting plants against UV-B radiation. Here, we demostrate that ZmCYP93G7 (FNSII) has flavone synthase activity and is able to complement the Arabidopsis dmr6 mutant, restoring the susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae. ZmFNSII expression is controlled by the C1/PL1 + R/B anthocyanin transcriptional complexes, and both ZmFNSI and ZmFNSII are regulated by UV-B. Arabidopsis transgenic plants expressing ZmFNSI or ZmFNSII that accumulate apigenin exhibit less UV-B-induced damage than wild-type plants. Together, we show that maize has two FNS-type enzymes that participate in the synthesis of apigenin, conferring protection against UV-B radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Righini
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Eduardo José Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Carla Berosich
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Erich Grotewold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Paula Casati
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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Pei J, Sun Q, Zhao L, Shi H, Tang F, Cao F. Efficient Biotransformation of Luteolin to Isoorientin through Adjusting Induction Strategy, Controlling Acetic Acid, and Increasing UDP-Glucose Supply in Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:331-340. [PMID: 30525550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Isoorientin is a C-glycosylated derivative of luteolin and exhibits a number of biological properties. In this study, multiple strategies were adopted to improve isoorientin production from luteolin in Escherichia coli. Isoorientin production was improved substantially by adjusting induction strategies and controlling acetic acid accumulation, with maximum isoorientin production reaching 826 mg/L. Additionally, a novel UDP-glucose synthesis pathway was reconstructed in E. coli through cellobiose phosphorylase-catalyzed phosphorolysis of cellobiose for the production of glucose 1-phosphate, which serves as a precursor in UDP-glucose formation. The results from two mechanisms of UDP-glucose formation in E. coli, cellobiose phosphorolysis and sucrose phosphorolysis, were compared. Increasing the UDP-glucose supply resulted in maximal isoorientin production reaching 1371 mg/L. Finally, isoorientin (1059 mg) was obtained from 1 L of fermentation broth by simple purification steps with a yield of 81.5%. Therefore, this study provides an efficient method for isoorientin production and a novel UDP-glucose synthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Pei
- College of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037 , China
- Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass , Nanjing 210037 , China
| | - Qing Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037 , China
- Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass , Nanjing 210037 , China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037 , China
- Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass , Nanjing 210037 , China
| | - Hao Shi
- Huaiyin Institute of Technology , Huaiyin 223002 , China
| | - Feng Tang
- International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan , Beijing 100102 , China
| | - Fuliang Cao
- College of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing 210037 , China
- Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry & Utilization of Agricultural and Forest Biomass , Nanjing 210037 , China
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Turcas R, Kripli B, Attia AAA, Lakk-Bogáth D, Speier G, Giorgi M, Silaghi-Dumitrescu R, Kaizer J. Catalytic and stoichiometric flavanone oxidation mediated by nonheme oxoiron(iv) complexes as flavone synthase mimics: kinetic, mechanistic and computational studies. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:14416-14420. [PMID: 30259930 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03519a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the first example of the stoichiometric and catalytic oxidation of flavanone by synthetic nonheme oxoiron(iv) complexes and their precursor iron(ii) complexes with m-CPBA as the terminal oxidant. These models, including detailed kinetic, mechanistic and computational studies, may serve as the biomimics of flavone synthase (FS) enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Turcas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pannonia, H-8201 Veszprém, Hungary.
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Nagayoshi H, Murayama N, Kakimoto K, Takenaka S, Katahira J, Lim YR, Kim V, Kim D, Yamazaki H, Komori M, Guengerich FP, Shimada T. Site-specific oxidation of flavanone and flavone by cytochrome P450 2A6 in human liver microsomes. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:791-802. [PMID: 30048196 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1505064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The roles of human cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) 2A6 in the oxidation of flavanone [(2R)- and (2S)-enantiomers] and flavone were studied in human liver microsomes and recombinant human P450 enzymes. CYP2A6 was highly active in oxidizing flavanone to form flavone, 2'-hydroxy-, 4'-, and 6-hydroxyflavanones and in oxidizing flavone to form mono- and di-hydroxylated products, such as mono-hydroxy flavones M6, M7, and M11 and di-hydroxy flavones M3, M4, and M5. Liver microsomes prepared from human sample HH2, defective in coumarin 7-hydroxylation activity, were very inefficient in forming 2'-hydroxyflavanone from flavanone and a mono-hydroxylated product, M6, from flavone. Coumarin and anti-CYP2A6 antibodies strongly inhibited the formation of these metabolites in microsomes prepared from liver samples HH47 and 54, which were active in coumarin oxidation activities. Molecular docking analysis showed that the C2'-position of (2R)-flavanone (3.8 Å) was closer to the iron center of CYP2A6 than the C6-position (10 Å), while distances from C2' and C6 of (2S)-flavanone to the CYP2A6 were 6.91 Å and 5.42 Å, respectively. These results suggest that CYP2A6 catalyzes site-specific oxidation of (racemic) flavanone and also flavone in human liver microsomes. CYP1A2 and CYP2B6 were also found to play significant roles in some of the oxidations of these flavonoids by human liver microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norie Murayama
- b Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo , Japan
| | | | - Shigeo Takenaka
- c Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation , Osaka Prefecture University , Habikino Osaka , Japan
| | - Jun Katahira
- d Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology , Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano , Osaka , Japan
| | - Young-Ran Lim
- e Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Vitchan Kim
- e Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- e Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- b Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Masayuki Komori
- d Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology , Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano , Osaka , Japan
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- f Department of Biochemistry Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee , USA
| | - Tsutomu Shimada
- d Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology , Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano , Osaka , Japan
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Vanegas KG, Larsen AB, Eichenberger M, Fischer D, Mortensen UH, Naesby M. Indirect and direct routes to C-glycosylated flavones in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:107. [PMID: 29986709 PMCID: PMC6036675 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0952-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-glycosylated flavones have recently attracted increased attention due to their possible benefits in human health. These biologically active compounds are part of the human diet, and the C-linkage makes them more resistant to hydrolysis and degradation than O-glycosides. In contrast to O-glycosyltransferases, few C-glycosyltransferases (CGTs) have so far been characterized. Two different biosynthetic routes for C-glycosylated flavones have been identified in plants. Depending on the type of C-glycosyltransferase, flavones can be glycosylated either directly or indirectly via C-glycosylation of a 2-hydroxyflavanone intermediate formed by a flavanone 2-hydroxylase (F2H). RESULTS In this study, we reconstructed the pathways in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to produce some relevant CGT substrates, either the flavanones naringenin and eriodictyol or the flavones apigenin and luteolin. We then demonstrated two-step indirect glycosylation using combinations of F2H and CGT, to convert 2-hydroxyflavanone intermediates into the 6C-glucoside flavones isovitexin and isoorientin, and the 8C-glucoside flavones vitexin and orientin. Furthermore, we established direct glycosylation of flavones using the recently identified GtUF6CGT1 from Gentiana triflora. The ratio between 6C and 8C glycosylation depended on the CGT used. The indirect route resulted in mixtures, similar to what has been reported for in vitro experiments. In this case, hydroxylation at the flavonoid 3'-position shifted the ratio towards the 8C-glucosylated orientin. The direct flavone glycosylation by GtUF6CGT1, on the other hand, resulted exclusively in 6C-glucosides. CONCLUSIONS The current study features yeast as a promising host for production of flavone C-glycosides, and it provides a set of tools and strains for identifying and studying CGTs and their mechanisms of C-glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherina Garcia Vanegas
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 223, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - David Fischer
- Evolva SA, Duggingerstrasse 23, 4153, Reinach, Switzerland
| | - Uffe Hasbro Mortensen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 223, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Naesby
- Evolva SA, Duggingerstrasse 23, 4153, Reinach, Switzerland.
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Boncompagni E, Orozco-Arroyo G, Cominelli E, Gangashetty PI, Grando S, Kwaku Zu TT, Daminati MG, Nielsen E, Sparvoli F. Antinutritional factors in pearl millet grains: Phytate and goitrogens content variability and molecular characterization of genes involved in their pathways. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198394. [PMID: 29856884 PMCID: PMC5983567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is an important "orphan" cereal and the most widely grown of all the millet species worldwide. It is also the sixth most important cereal in the world after wheat, rice, maize, barley, and sorghum, being largely grown and used in West Africa as well as in India and Pakistan. The present study was carried out in the frame of a program designed to increase benefits and reduce potential health problems deriving from the consumption of pearl millet. The specific goal was to provide a database of information on the variability existing in pearl millet germplasm as to the amounts of phytate, the most relevant antinutrient compound, and the goitrogenic compounds C-glycosylflavones (C-GFs) accumulated in the grain.Results we obtained clearly show that, as indicated by the range in values, a substantial variability subsists across the investigated pearl millet inbred lines as regards the grain level of phytic acid phosphate, while the amount of C-GFs shows a very high variation. Suitable potential parents to be used in breeding programs can be therefore chosen from the surveyed material in order to create new germplasm with increased nutritional quality and food safety. Moreover, we report novel molecular data showing which genes are more relevant for phytic acid biosynthesis in the seeds as well as a preliminary analysis of a pearl millet orthologous gene for C-GFs biosynthesis. These results open the way to dissect the genetic determinants controlling key seed nutritional phenotypes and to the characterization of their impact on grain nutritional value in pearl millet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Prakash Irappa Gangashetty
- ICRISAT Sahelian Center, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Niamey, Niger
| | - Stefania Grando
- ICRISAT Patancheru, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | | | - Erik Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Zhang X, Ding X, Ji Y, Wang S, Chen Y, Luo J, Shen Y, Peng L. Measurement of metabolite variations and analysis of related gene expression in Chinese liquorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) plants under UV-B irradiation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6144. [PMID: 29670187 PMCID: PMC5906665 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24284-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to UV-B irradiation (280–315 nm wavelength) via elaborate metabolic regulatory mechanisms that help them adapt to this stress. To investigate the metabolic response of the medicinal herb Chinese liquorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) to UV-B irradiation, we performed liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based metabolomic analysis, combined with analysis of differentially expressed genes in the leaves of plants exposed to UV-B irradiation at various time points. Fifty-four metabolites, primarily amino acids and flavonoids, exhibited changes in levels after the UV-B treatment. The amino acid metabolism was altered by UV-B irradiation: the Asp family pathway was activated and closely correlated to Glu. Some amino acids appeared to be converted into antioxidants such as γ-aminobutyric acid and glutathione. Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that various flavonoids with characteristic groups were induced by UV-B. In particular, the levels of some ortho-dihydroxylated B-ring flavonoids, which might function as scavengers of reactive oxygen species, increased in response to UV-B treatment. In general, unigenes encoding key enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis were upregulated by UV-B irradiation. These findings lay the foundation for further analysis of the mechanism underlying the response of G. uralensis to UV-B irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaoli Ding
- Key Lab of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China.,School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China
| | - Yaxi Ji
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shouchuang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jie Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yingbai Shen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Li Peng
- Key Lab of Ministry of Education for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in Western China, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China. .,School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750021, China.
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Brauch D, Porzel A, Schumann E, Pillen K, Mock HP. Changes in isovitexin-O-glycosylation during the development of young barley plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 148:11-20. [PMID: 29421507 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phenylpropanoids are a class of plant natural products that have many biological functions, including stress defence. In barley, phenylpropanoids have been described as having protective properties against excess UV-B radiation and have been linked to resistance to pathogens. Although the phenylpropanoid composition of barley has recently been addressed in more detail, the biosynthesis and regulation of this pathway have not been fully established. Barley introgression lines, such as the S42IL-population offer a set of genetically diverse plants that enable the correlation of metabolic data to distinct genetic regions on the barley genome and, subsequently, identification of relevant genes. The phenylpropanoid profiles of the first and third leaf of barley seedlings in Scarlett and four members of the S42IL-population were obtained by LC-MS. Comparison of the leaf profiles revealed a change in the glycosylation pattern of the flavone-6-C-glucoside isovitexin in the elite cultivar Scarlett. The change was characterized by the stepwise decrease in isovitexin-7-O-glucoside (saponarin) and an increase in isovitexin-2″-O-β-D-glucoside content. The lines S42IL-101-, -177 and -178 were completely devoid of isovitexin-2″-O-β-D-glucoside. Parallel glucosyltransferase assays were consistent with the observed metabolic patterns. The genetic region responsible for this metabolic effect was located on chromosome 1H between 0.21 and 15.08 cM, encompassing 505 gene candidates in the genome of the sequenced cultivar Morex. Only one of these genes displayed sequence similarity with glucosyltransferases of plant secondary metabolism that possessed the characteristic PSPG motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Brauch
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Corrensstraße 3, 06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Andrea Porzel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Erika Schumann
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg (MLU), Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Chair of Plant Breeding, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Klaus Pillen
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg (MLU), Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Chair of Plant Breeding, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Mock
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Corrensstraße 3, 06466 Seeland, Germany.
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Kakimoto K, Murayama N, Takenaka S, Nagayoshi H, Lim YR, Kim V, Kim D, Yamazaki H, Komori M, Guengerich FP, Shimada T. Cytochrome P450 2A6 and other human P450 enzymes in the oxidation of flavone and flavanone. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:131-142. [PMID: 29310511 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1426133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. We previously reported that flavone and flavanone interact spectrally with cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) 2A6 and 2A13 and other human P450s and inhibit catalytic activities of these P450 enzymes. In this study, we studied abilities of CYP1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A6, 2A13, 2C9 and 3A4 to oxidize flavone and flavanone. 2. Human P450s oxidized flavone to 6- and 5-hydroxylated flavones, seven uncharacterized mono-hydroxylated flavones, and five di-hydroxylated flavones. CYP2A6 was most active in forming 6-hydroxy- and 5-hydroxyflavones and several mono- and di-hydroxylated products. 3. CYP2A6 was also very active in catalyzing flavanone to form 2'- and 6-hydroxyflavanones, the major products, at turnover rates of 4.8 min-1 and 1.3 min-1, respectively. Other flavanone metabolites were 4'-, 3'- and 7-hydroxyflavanone, three uncharacterized mono-hydroxylated flavanones and five mono-hydroxylated flavones, including 6-hydroxyflavone. CYP2A6 catalyzed flavanone to produce flavone at a turnover rate of 0.72 min-1 that was ∼3-fold higher than that catalyzed by CYP2A13 (0.29 min-1). 4. These results indicate that CYP2A6 and other human P450s have important roles in metabolizing flavone and flavanone, two unsubstituted flavonoids, present in dietary foods. Chemical mechanisms of P450-catalyzed desaturation of flavanone to form flavone are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensaku Kakimoto
- a Osaka Institute of Public Health , Higashinari-ku , Osaka , Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- b Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Shigeo Takenaka
- c Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University , Habikino , Osaka , Japan
| | - Haruna Nagayoshi
- a Osaka Institute of Public Health , Higashinari-ku , Osaka , Japan
| | - Young-Ran Lim
- d Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Vitchan Kim
- d Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Donghak Kim
- d Department of Biological Sciences , Konkuk University , Seoul , Korea
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- b Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University , Machida , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Masayuki Komori
- e Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano , Osaka , Japan , and
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- f Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Tsutomu Shimada
- e Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Izumisano , Osaka , Japan , and
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Limwachiranon J, Huang H, Shi Z, Li L, Luo Z. Lotus Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids: Health Promotion and Safe Consumption Dosages. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:458-471. [PMID: 33350075 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn., also known as the sacred lotus, is extensively cultivated in Southeast Asia, primarily for food and as an herbal medicine. This article reviews studies published between 1995 and 2017, on flavonoid and phenolic acid profiles and contents of 154 different cultivars of lotus. So far, some 12 phenolic acids and 89 to 90 flavonoids (47 flavonols, 25 to 26 flavons, 8 flavan-3-ols, 4 flavanons, and 5 anthocyanins) have been isolated from different parts of the lotus plant, including its leaves (whole leaf, leaf pulp, leaf vein, and leaf stalk), seeds (seedpod, epicarp, coat, kernel, and embryo), and flowers (stamen, petal, pistil, and stalk), although not all of them have been quantified. Factors affecting flavonoids and phenolic acid profiles, including types of tissues and extracting factors, are discussed in this review, in order to maximize the application of the lotus and its polyphenols in the food industry. Health promotion activities, attributed to the presence of flavonoids and phenolic acids, are described along with toxicology studies, illustrating appropriate usage and safe consumption dosages of lotus extracts. This review also presents the controversies and discusses the research gaps that limit our ability to obtain a thorough understanding of the bioactivities of lotus extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarukitt Limwachiranon
- Zhejiang Univ., College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Huang
- Zhejiang Univ., College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenghan Shi
- Zhejiang Univ., College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Zhejiang Univ., College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Zisheng Luo
- Zhejiang Univ., College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
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Variation in levels of the flavone tricin in bran from rice genotypes varying in pericarp color. J Cereal Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lam PY, Tobimatsu Y, Takeda Y, Suzuki S, Yamamura M, Umezawa T, Lo C. Disrupting Flavone Synthase II Alters Lignin and Improves Biomass Digestibility. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:972-985. [PMID: 28385728 PMCID: PMC5462022 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, a ubiquitous phenylpropanoid polymer in vascular plant cell walls, is derived primarily from oxidative couplings of monolignols (p-hydroxycinnamyl alcohols). It was discovered recently that a wide range of grasses, including cereals, utilize a member of the flavonoids, tricin (3',5'-dimethoxyflavone), as a natural comonomer with monolignols for cell wall lignification. Previously, we established that cytochrome P450 93G1 is a flavone synthase II (OsFNSII) indispensable for the biosynthesis of soluble tricin-derived metabolites in rice (Oryza sativa). Here, our tricin-deficient fnsII mutant was analyzed further with an emphasis on its cell wall structure and properties. The mutant is similar in growth to wild-type control plants with normal vascular morphology. Chemical and nuclear magnetic resonance structural analyses demonstrated that the mutant lignin is completely devoid of tricin, indicating that FNSII activity is essential for the deposition of tricin-bound lignin in rice cell walls. The mutant also showed substantially reduced lignin content with decreased syringyl/guaiacyl lignin unit composition. Interestingly, the loss of tricin in the mutant lignin appears to be partially compensated by incorporating naringenin, which is a preferred substrate of OsFNSII. The fnsII mutant was further revealed to have enhanced enzymatic saccharification efficiency, suggesting that the cell wall recalcitrance of grass biomass may be reduced through the manipulation of the flavonoid monomer supply for lignification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui Ying Lam
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China (P.Y.L., C.L.); and
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (Y.To., Y.Ta., S.S., M.Y., T.U.) and Research Unit for Global Sustainability Studies (T.U.), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yuki Tobimatsu
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China (P.Y.L., C.L.); and
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (Y.To., Y.Ta., S.S., M.Y., T.U.) and Research Unit for Global Sustainability Studies (T.U.), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yuri Takeda
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China (P.Y.L., C.L.); and
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (Y.To., Y.Ta., S.S., M.Y., T.U.) and Research Unit for Global Sustainability Studies (T.U.), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shiro Suzuki
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China (P.Y.L., C.L.); and
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (Y.To., Y.Ta., S.S., M.Y., T.U.) and Research Unit for Global Sustainability Studies (T.U.), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Masaomi Yamamura
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China (P.Y.L., C.L.); and
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (Y.To., Y.Ta., S.S., M.Y., T.U.) and Research Unit for Global Sustainability Studies (T.U.), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Umezawa
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China (P.Y.L., C.L.); and
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (Y.To., Y.Ta., S.S., M.Y., T.U.) and Research Unit for Global Sustainability Studies (T.U.), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Clive Lo
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China (P.Y.L., C.L.); and
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (Y.To., Y.Ta., S.S., M.Y., T.U.) and Research Unit for Global Sustainability Studies (T.U.), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Metabolic and transcriptional alternations for defense by interfering OsWRKY62 and OsWRKY76 transcriptions in rice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2474. [PMID: 28559550 PMCID: PMC5449406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02643-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches were used to dissect the enhanced disease resistance in the plants harbouring a RNA interfering construct of OsWRKY62 and OsWRKY76 (dsOW62/76) genes. The primary metabolic pathways were activated in dsOW62/76 compared with wild-type (ZH17) plants, revealed by increased accumulation of amino acids and constituents of citric acid cycle etc. Contents of phenolic acids derived from phenylpropanoid pathway were elevated in dsOW62/76 plants. Importantly, phenolamides, conjugates of the phenolic acids with amines, were detected in large number and mostly at higher levels in dsOW62/76 compared with ZH17 plants; however, the free pools of flavonoids were mostly decreased in dsOW62/76. Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA)/JA-Ile contents were increased in dsOW62/76 and knockout lines of individual OsWRKY62 and OsWRKY76 genes. Transcription of isochorismate synthase (OsICS1) gene was suppressed in dsOW62/76 and in MeJA-treated rice plants, whereas the transcription level of cinnamoyl-CoA hydratase-dehydrogenase (OsCHD) gene for β-oxidation in peroxisome was increased. The calli with OsCHD mutation showed markedly decreased SA accumulation. These results indicate that OsWRKY62 and OsWRKY76 function as negative regulators of biosynthetic defense-related metabolites and provide evidence for an important role of phenylpropanoid pathway in SA production in rice.
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Eloy NB, Voorend W, Lan W, Saleme MDLS, Cesarino I, Vanholme R, Smith RA, Goeminne G, Pallidis A, Morreel K, Nicomedes J, Ralph J, Boerjan W. Silencing CHALCONE SYNTHASE in Maize Impedes the Incorporation of Tricin into Lignin and Increases Lignin Content. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:998-1016. [PMID: 27940492 PMCID: PMC5291018 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a phenolic heteropolymer that is deposited in secondary-thickened cell walls, where it provides mechanical strength. A recent structural characterization of cell walls from monocot species showed that the flavone tricin is part of the native lignin polymer, where it is hypothesized to initiate lignin chains. In this study, we investigated the consequences of altered tricin levels on lignin structure and cell wall recalcitrance by phenolic profiling, nuclear magnetic resonance, and saccharification assays of the naturally silenced maize (Zea mays) C2-Idf (inhibitor diffuse) mutant, defective in the CHALCONE SYNTHASE Colorless2 (C2) gene. We show that the C2-Idf mutant produces highly reduced levels of apigenin- and tricin-related flavonoids, resulting in a strongly reduced incorporation of tricin into the lignin polymer. Moreover, the lignin was enriched in β-β and β-5 units, lending support to the contention that tricin acts to initiate lignin chains and that, in the absence of tricin, more monolignol dimerization reactions occur. In addition, the C2-Idf mutation resulted in strikingly higher Klason lignin levels in the leaves. As a consequence, the leaves of C2-Idf mutants had significantly reduced saccharification efficiencies compared with those of control plants. These findings are instructive for lignin engineering strategies to improve biomass processing and biochemical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nubia B Eloy
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Wannes Voorend
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Wu Lan
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Marina de Lyra Soriano Saleme
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Igor Cesarino
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Rebecca A Smith
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Geert Goeminne
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Andreas Pallidis
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Kris Morreel
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - José Nicomedes
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - John Ralph
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.)
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.)
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.);
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (N.B.E., W.V., M.d.L.S.S., I.C., R.V., G.G., A.P., K.M., J.N., W.B.);
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, Sao Paulo SP 05508-090, Brazil (I.C.);
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726 (W.L., R.A.S., J.R.); and
- Department of Biological System Engineering (W.L., J.R.) and Department of Biochemistry (R.A.S., J.R.), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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Yin Q, Shen G, Chang Z, Tang Y, Gao H, Pang Y. Involvement of three putative glucosyltransferases from the UGT72 family in flavonol glucoside/rhamnoside biosynthesis in Lotus japonicus seeds. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:597-612. [PMID: 28204516 PMCID: PMC5444469 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavonols are one of the largest groups of flavonoids that confer benefits for the health of plants and animals. Flavonol glycosides are the predominant flavonoids present in the model legume Lotus japonicus. The molecular mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of flavonol glycosides as yet remain unknown in L. japonicus. In the present study, we identified a total of 188 UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) in L. japonicus by genome-wide searching. Notably, 12 UGTs from the UGT72 family were distributed widely among L. japonicus chromosomes, expressed in all tissues, and showed different docking scores in an in silico bioinformatics docking analysis. Further enzymatic assays showed that five recombinant UGTs (UGT72AD1, UGT72AF1, UGT72AH1, UGT72V3, and UGT72Z2) exhibit activity toward flavonol, flavone, and isoflavone aglycones. In particular, UGT72AD1, UGT72AH1, and UGT72Z2 are flavonol-specific UGTs with different kinetic properties. In addition, the overexpression of UGT72AD1 and UGT72Z2 led to increased accumulation of flavonol rhamnosides in L. japonicus and Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, the increase of kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside-7-O-rhamnoside in transgenic A. thaliana inhibited root growth as compared with the wild-type control. These results highlight the significance of the UGT72 family in flavonol glycosylation and the role of flavonol rhamnosides in plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhan Chang
- Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Tang
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, USA
| | - Hongwen Gao
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhen Pang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Du H, Ran F, Dong HL, Wen J, Li JN, Liang Z. Genome-Wide Analysis, Classification, Evolution, and Expression Analysis of the Cytochrome P450 93 Family in Land Plants. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165020. [PMID: 27760179 PMCID: PMC5070762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 93 family (CYP93) belonging to the cytochrome P450 superfamily plays important roles in diverse plant processes. However, no previous studies have investigated the evolution and expression of the members of this family. In this study, we performed comprehensive genome-wide analysis to identify CYP93 genes in 60 green plants. In all, 214 CYP93 proteins were identified; they were specifically found in flowering plants and could be classified into ten subfamilies-CYP93A-K, with the last two being identified first. CYP93A is the ancestor that was derived in flowering plants, and the remaining showed lineage-specific distribution-CYP93B and CYP93C are present in dicots; CYP93F is distributed only in Poaceae; CYP93G and CYP93J are monocot-specific; CYP93E is unique to legumes; CYP93H and CYP93K are only found in Aquilegia coerulea, and CYP93D is Brassicaceae-specific. Each subfamily generally has conserved gene numbers, structures, and characteristics, indicating functional conservation during evolution. Synonymous nucleotide substitution (dN/dS) analysis showed that CYP93 genes are under strong negative selection. Comparative expression analyses of CYP93 genes in dicots and monocots revealed that they are preferentially expressed in the roots and tend to be induced by biotic and/or abiotic stresses, in accordance with their well-known functions in plant secondary biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Du
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Feng Ran
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Hong-Li Dong
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Jing Wen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Jia-Na Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Zhe Liang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
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Comparative and parallel genome-wide association studies for metabolic and agronomic traits in cereals. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12767. [PMID: 27698483 PMCID: PMC5059443 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant metabolome is characterized by extensive diversity and is often regarded as a bridge between genome and phenome. Here we report metabolic and phenotypic genome-wide studies (mGWAS and pGWAS) in rice grain that, in addition to previous metabolic GWAS in rice leaf and maize kernel, show both distinct and overlapping aspects of genetic control of metabolism within and between species. We identify new candidate genes potentially influencing important metabolic and/or morphological traits. We show that the differential genetic architecture of rice metabolism between different tissues is in part determined by tissue specific expression. Using parallel mGWAS and pGWAS we identify new candidate genes potentially responsible for variation in traits such as grain colour and size, and provide evidence of metabotype-phenotype linkage. Our study demonstrates a powerful strategy for interactive functional genomics and metabolomics in plants, especially the cloning of minor QTLs for complex phenotypic traits.
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Park S, Choi MJ, Lee JY, Kim JK, Ha SH, Lim SH. Molecular and Biochemical Analysis of Two Rice Flavonoid 3'-Hydroxylase to Evaluate Their Roles in Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Rice Grain. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1549. [PMID: 27649148 PMCID: PMC5037822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins, the major flavonoids in black and red rice grains, respectively, are mainly derived from 3',4'-dihydroxylated leucocyanidin. 3'-Hydroxylation of flavonoids in rice is catalyzed by flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H: EC 1.14.13.21). We isolated cDNA clones of the two rice F3'H genes (CYP75B3 and CYP75B4) from Korean varieties of white, black, and red rice. Sequence analysis revealed allelic variants of each gene containing one or two amino acid substitutions. Heterologous expression in yeast demonstrated that CYP75B3 preferred kaempferol to other substrates, and had a low preference for dihydrokaempferol. CYP75B4 exhibited a higher preference for apigenin than for other substrates. CYP75B3 from black rice showed an approximately two-fold increase in catalytic efficiencies for naringenin and dihydrokaempferol compared to CYP75B3s from white and red rice. The F3'H activity of CYP75B3 was much higher than that of CYP75B4. Gene expression analysis showed that CYP75B3, CYP75B4, and most other flavonoid pathway genes were predominantly expressed in the developing seeds of black rice, but not in those of white and red rice, which is consistent with the pigmentation patterns of the seeds. The expression levels of CYP75B4 were relatively higher than those of CYP75B3 in the developing seeds, leaves, and roots of white rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangkyu Park
- National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, JeonJu 54874, Korea.
| | - Min Ji Choi
- National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, JeonJu 54874, Korea.
| | - Jong Yeol Lee
- National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, JeonJu 54874, Korea.
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea.
| | - Sun-Hwa Ha
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea.
| | - Sun-Hyung Lim
- National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, JeonJu 54874, Korea.
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