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Wojtasik W, Dymińska L, Hanuza J, Burgberger M, Boba A, Szopa J, Kulma A, Mierziak J. Endophytic non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum reorganizes the cell wall in flax seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1352105. [PMID: 38590745 PMCID: PMC10999547 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1352105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Flax (Linum usitatissimum) is a crop producing valuable products like seeds and fiber. However, its cultivation faces challenges from environmental stress factors and significant yield losses due to fungal infections. The major threat is Fusarium oxysporum f.sp lini, causing fusarium wilt of flax. Interestingly, within the Fusarium family, there are non-pathogenic strains known as biocontrols, which protect plants from infections caused by pathogenic strains. When exposed to a non-pathogenic strain, flax exhibits defense responses similar to those seen during pathogenic infections. This sensitization process activates immune reactions, preparing the plant to better combat potential pathogenic strains. The plant cell wall is crucial for defending against pathogens. It serves as the primary barrier, blocking pathogen entry into plant cells. Methods The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of treating flax with a non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strain, focusing on cell wall remodeling. The infection's progress was monitored by determining the fungal DNA content and microscopic observation. The plant defense response was confirmed by an increase in the level of Pathogenesis-Related (PR) genes transcripts. The reorganization of flax cell wall during non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strain infection was examined using Infrared spectroscopy (IR), determination of cell wall polymer content, and analysis of mRNA level of genes involved in their metabolism. Results and discussion IR analysis revealed reduced cellulose content in flax seedlings after treatment with Fo47 and that the cellulose chains were shorter and more loosely bound. Hemicellulose content was also reduced but only after 12h and 36h. The total pectin content remained unchanged, while the relative share of simple sugars and uronic acids in the pectin fractions changed over time. In addition, a dynamic change in the level of methylesterification of carboxyl groups of pectin was observed in flax seedlings treated with Fo47 compared to untreated seedlings. The increase in lignin content was observed only 48 hours after the treatment with non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum. Analysis of mRNA levels of cell wall polymer metabolism genes showed significant changes over time in all analyzed genes. In conclusion, the research suggests that the rearrangement of the cell wall is likely one of the mechanisms behind flax sensitization by the non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strain. Understanding these processes could help in developing strategies to enhance flax's resistance to fusarium wilt and improve its overall yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Wojtasik
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Lucyna Dymińska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University of Economics and Business, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jerzy Hanuza
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Burgberger
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Boba
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jan Szopa
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kulma
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Mierziak
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Chernova T, Mikshina P, Petrova A, Ibragimova N, Ageeva M, Gorshkova T. Rhamnogalacturonan I with β-(1,4)-Galactan Side Chains as an Ever-Present Component of Tertiary Cell Wall of Plant Fibers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17253. [PMID: 38139081 PMCID: PMC10743774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellulose-enriched tertiary cell walls present in many plant fibers have specific composition, architecture, machinery of formation, and function. To better understand the mechanisms underlying their mode of action and to reveal the peculiarities of fibers from different plant species, it is necessary to more deeply characterize the major components. Next to overwhelming cellulose, rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) is considered to be the key polymer of the tertiary cell wall; however, it has been isolated and biochemically characterized in very few plant species. Here, we add RG-I to the list from the phloem fibers of the Phaseolus vulgaris stem that was isolated and analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), dynamic light scattering, and immunolabeling, both within tissue and as an isolated polymer. Additionally, fibers with tertiary cell walls from nine species of dicotyledonous plants from the orders Malphigiales, Fabales, and Rosales were labeled with RG-I-related antibodies to check the presence of the polymer and compare the in situ presentation of its backbone and side chains. The obtained results confirm that RG-I is an obligatory polymer of the tertiary cell wall. However, there are differences in the structure of this polymer from various plant sources, and these peculiarities may be taxonomically related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Chernova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Polina Mikshina
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (P.M.); (N.I.)
| | - Anna Petrova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Nadezhda Ibragimova
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia; (P.M.); (N.I.)
| | - Marina Ageeva
- Microscopy Cabinet, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia;
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Kim SJ, Zemelis-Durfee S, Mckinley B, Sokoloski R, Aufdemberge W, Mullet J, Brandizzi F. Cell- and development-specific degradation controls the levels of mixed-linkage glucan in sorghum leaves. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:360-374. [PMID: 37395650 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-linkage glucan (MLG) is a component of the cell wall (CW) of grasses and is composed of glucose monomers linked by β-1,3 and β-1,4 bonds. MLG is believed to have several biological functions, such as the mobilizable storage of carbohydrates and structural support of the CW. The extracellular levels of MLG are largely controlled by rates of synthesis mediated by cellulose synthase-like (CSL) enzymes, and turnover by lichenases. Economically important crops like sorghum accumulate MLG to variable levels during development. While in sorghum, like other grasses, there is one major MLG synthase (CSLF6), the identity of lichenases is yet unknown. To fill this gap, we identified three sorghum lichenases (SbLCH1-3) and characterized them in leaves in relation to the expression of SbCSLF6, and the abundance of MLG and starch. We established that SbLCH1-3 are secreted to the apoplast, consistent with a role of degrading MLG extracellularly. Furthermore, while SbCSLF6 expression was associated with cell development, the SbLCH genes exhibited distinct development-, cell-type-specific and diel-regulated expression. Therefore, our study identifies three functional sorghum MLG lichenases and highlights that MLG accumulation in sorghum leaves is likely controlled by the activity of lichenases that tune MLG levels, possibly to suit distinct cell and developmental needs in planta. These findings have important implications for improving the growth, yield, and composition of sorghum as a feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Jin Kim
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Starla Zemelis-Durfee
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Brian Mckinley
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77845, USA
| | - Rylee Sokoloski
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - William Aufdemberge
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - John Mullet
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77845, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
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Yan J, Liu Y, Yan J, Liu Z, Lou H, Wu J. The salt-activated CBF1/CBF2/CBF3-GALS1 module fine-tunes galactan-induced salt hypersensitivity in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:1904-1917. [PMID: 37149782 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and development are significantly hampered in saline environments, limiting agricultural productivity. Thus, it is crucial to unravel the mechanism underlying plant responses to salt stress. β-1,4-Galactan (galactan), which forms the side chains of pectic rhamnogalacturonan I, enhances plant sensitivity to high-salt stress. Galactan is synthesized by GALACTAN SYNTHASE1 (GALS1). We previously showed that NaCl relieves the direct suppression of GALS1 transcription by the transcription factors BPC1 and BPC2 to induce the excess accumulation of galactan in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). However, how plants adapt to this unfavorable environment remains unclear. Here, we determined that the transcription factors CBF1, CBF2, and CBF3 directly interact with the GALS1 promoter and repress its expression, leading to reduced galactan accumulation and enhanced salt tolerance. Salt stress enhances the binding of CBF1/CBF2/CBF3 to the GALS1 promoter by inducing CBF1/CBF2/CBF3 transcription and accumulation. Genetic analysis suggested that CBF1/CBF2/CBF3 function upstream of GALS1 to modulate salt-induced galactan biosynthesis and the salt response. CBF1/CBF2/CBF3 and BPC1/BPC2 function in parallel to regulate GALS1 expression, thereby modulating the salt response. Our results reveal a mechanism in which salt-activated CBF1/CBF2/CBF3 inhibit BPC1/BPC2-regulated GALS1 expression to alleviate galactan-induced salt hypersensitivity, providing an activation/deactivation fine-tune mechanism for dynamic regulation of GALS1 expression under salt stress in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Ya Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Jiawen Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Zhihui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Heqiang Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Jiasheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
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5
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Chabi M, Goulas E, Galinousky D, Blervacq AS, Lucau-Danila A, Neutelings G, Grec S, Day A, Chabbert B, Haag K, Müssig J, Arribat S, Planchon S, Renaut J, Hawkins S. Identification of new potential molecular actors related to fiber quality in flax through Omics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1204016. [PMID: 37528984 PMCID: PMC10390313 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1204016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges for a more widespread utilization of plant fibers is to better understand the different molecular factors underlying the variability in fineness and mechanical properties of both elementary and scutched fibers. Accordingly, we analyzed genome-wide transcription profiling from bast fiber bearing tissues of seven different flax varieties (4 spring, 2 winter fiber varieties and 1 winter linseed) and identified 1041 differentially expressed genes between varieties, of which 97 were related to cell wall metabolism. KEGG analysis highlighted a number of different enriched pathways. Subsequent statistical analysis using Partial Least-Squares Discriminant Analysis showed that 73% of the total variance was explained by the first 3 X-variates corresponding to 56 differentially expressed genes. Calculation of Pearson correlations identified 5 genes showing a strong correlation between expression and morphometric data. Two-dimensional gel proteomic analysis on the two varieties showing the most discriminant and significant differences in morphometrics revealed 1490 protein spots of which 108 showed significant differential abundance. Mass spectrometry analysis successfully identified 46 proteins representing 32 non-redundant proteins. Statistical clusterization based on the expression level of genes corresponding to the 32 proteins showed clear discrimination into three separate clusters, reflecting the variety type (spring-/winter-fiber/oil). Four of the 32 proteins were also highly correlated with morphometric features. Examination of predicted functions for the 9 (5 + 4) identified genes highlighted lipid metabolism and senescence process. Calculation of Pearson correlation coefficients between expression data and retted fiber mechanical measurements (strength and maximum force) identified 3 significantly correlated genes. The genes were predicted to be connected to cell wall dynamics, either directly (Expansin-like protein), or indirectly (NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold superfamily protein). Taken together, our results have allowed the identification of molecular actors potentially associated with the determination of both in-planta fiber morphometrics, as well as ex-planta fiber mechanical properties, both of which are key parameters for elementary fiber and scutched fiber quality in flax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Chabi
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Estelle Goulas
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Dmitry Galinousky
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Blervacq
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Anca Lucau-Danila
- Université de Lille, UMRT 1158 BioEcoAgro, Institut Charles Viollette, Lille, France
| | - Godfrey Neutelings
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Grec
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Arnaud Day
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
- Fibres Recherche Développement, Technopole de l’Aube en Champagne – Hôtel de Bureaux 2, 2 rue Gustave Eiffel, CS 90601, Troyes, France
| | - Brigitte Chabbert
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, Reims, France
| | - Katharina Haag
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials IFAM, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jörg Müssig
- The Biological Materials Group, HSB – City University of Applied Sciences, Bremen, Germany
| | - Sandrine Arribat
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Planchon
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Simon Hawkins
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
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Richely E, Beaugrand J, Coret M, Binetruy C, Ouagne P, Bourmaud A, Guessasma S. In Situ Tensile Testing under High-Speed Optical Recording to Determine Hierarchical Damage Kinetics in Polymer Layers of Flax Fibre Elements. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2794. [PMID: 37447440 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims at better understanding the damage and fracture kinetics in flax fibre elements at both the unitary and bundle scales, using an experimental setup allowing optical observation at high recording rate in the course of tensile loading. Defects and issues from flax unitary fibre extraction are quantitated using polarized light microscopy. Tensile loading is conducted according to a particular setup, adapted to fibres of 10 to 20 µm in diameter and 10 mm in length. Optical recording using a high-speed camera is performed during loading up to the failure at acquisition, with speed ranging from 108,000 to 270,000 frames per second. Crack initiation in polymer layers of fibre elements, propagation as well as damage mechanisms are captured. The results show different failure scenarios depending on the fibre element's nature. In particular, fractured fibres underline either a fully transverse failure propagation or a combination of transverse and longitudinal cracking with different balances. Image recordings with high time resolution of down to 3.7 μs suggest an unstable system and transverse crack speed higher than 4 m/s and a slower propagation for longitudinal crack deviation. Failure propagation monitoring and fracture mechanism studies in individual natural fibre or bundles, using tensile load with optical observation, showed contrasted behaviour and the importance of the structural scale exanimated. This study can help in tailoring the eco-design of flax-based composites, in terms of toughness and mechanical performances, for both replacement of synthetic fibre materials and innovative composites with advanced properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Richely
- INRAE, Research Unit BIA UR1268, 3, Impasse Yvette Cauchois, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Johnny Beaugrand
- INRAE, Research Unit BIA UR1268, 3, Impasse Yvette Cauchois, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Michel Coret
- Lab Therm & Energie Nantes, LTeN, École Centrale de Nantes, Nantes Université, CNRS, GeM, UMR 6183, 44321 Nantes, France
| | - Christophe Binetruy
- Lab Therm & Energie Nantes, LTeN, École Centrale de Nantes, Nantes Université, CNRS, GeM, UMR 6183, 44321 Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Ouagne
- Laboratoire Génie de Production (LGP), Université de Toulouse, INP-ENIT, 65016 Tarbes, France
| | - Alain Bourmaud
- Université de Bretagne Sud, IRDL UMR CNRS 6027, 56100 Lorient, France
| | - Sofiane Guessasma
- INRAE, Research Unit BIA UR1268, 3, Impasse Yvette Cauchois, 44316 Nantes, France
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7
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Gao Y, Lipton AS, Munson CR, Ma Y, Johnson KL, Murray DT, Scheller HV, Mortimer JC. Elongated galactan side chains mediate cellulose-pectin interactions in engineered Arabidopsis secondary cell walls. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37029760 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The plant secondary cell wall is a thickened matrix of polysaccharides and lignin deposited at the cessation of growth in some cells. It forms the majority of carbon in lignocellulosic biomass, and it is an abundant and renewable source for forage, fiber, materials, fuels, and bioproducts. The complex structure and arrangement of the cell wall polymers mean that the carbon is difficult to access in an economical and sustainable way. One solution is to alter the cell wall polymer structure so that it is more suited to downstream processing. However, it remains difficult to predict what the effects of this engineering will be on the assembly, architecture, and properties of the cell wall. Here, we make use of Arabidopsis plants expressing a suite of genes to increase pectic galactan chain length in the secondary cell wall. Using multi-dimensional solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, we show that increasing galactan chain length enhances pectin-cellulose spatial contacts and increases cellulose crystallinity. We also found that the increased galactan content leads to fewer spatial contacts of cellulose with xyloglucan and the backbone of pectin. Hence, we propose that the elongated galactan side chains compete with xyloglucan and the pectic backbone for cellulose interactions. Due to the galactan topology, this may result in comparatively weak interactions and disrupt the cell wall architecture. Therefore, introduction of this strategy into trees or other bioenergy crops would benefit from cell-specific expression strategies to avoid negative effects on plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, 94608, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Andrew S Lipton
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99354, USA
| | - Coyla R Munson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Yingxuan Ma
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Kim L Johnson
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Dylan T Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, 94608, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Jenny C Mortimer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California, 94608, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
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Transcriptomic Evidence Reveals Low Gelatinous Layer Biosynthesis in Neolamarckia cadamba after Gravistimulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010268. [PMID: 36613711 PMCID: PMC9820806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Trees can control their shape and resist gravity by producing tension wood (TW), which is a special wood that results from trees being put under stress. TW is characterized by the presence of a gelatinous layer (G layer) and the differential distribution of cell wall polymers. In this study, we investigated whether or not gravistimulation in N. cadamba resulted in TW with an obvious G layer. The results revealed an absence of an obvious G layer in samples of the upper side of a leaning stem (UW), as well as an accumulation of cellulose and a decrease in lignin content. A negligible change in the content of these polymers was recorded and compared to untreated plant (NW) samples, revealing the presence of a G layer either in much lower concentrations or in a lignified form. A transcriptomic investigation demonstrated a higher expression of cell wall esterase- and hydrolase-related genes in the UW, suggesting an accumulation of noncellulosic sugars in the UW, similar to the spectroscopy results. Furthermore, several G-layer-specific genes were also downregulated, including fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins (FLA), beta-galactosidase (BGAL) and chitinase-like proteins (CTL). The gene coexpression network revealed a strong correlation between cell-wall-synthesis-related genes and G-layer-synthesis-specific genes, suggesting their probable antagonistic role during G layer formation. In brief, the G layer in N. cadamba was either synthesized in a very low amount or was lignified during an early stage of growth; further experimental validation is required to understand the exact mechanism and stage of G layer formation in N. cadamba during gravistimulation.
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9
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Kanapin A, Rozhmina T, Bankin M, Surkova S, Duk M, Osyagina E, Samsonova M. Genetic Determinants of Fiber-Associated Traits in Flax Identified by Omics Data Integration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314536. [PMID: 36498863 PMCID: PMC9738745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we explore potential genetic factors in control of flax phenotypes associated with fiber by mining a collection of 306 flax accessions from the Federal Research Centre of the Bast Fiber Crops, Torzhok, Russia. In total, 11 traits were assessed in the course of 3 successive years. A genome-wide association study was performed for each phenotype independently using six different single-locus models implemented in the GAPIT3 R package. Moreover, we applied a multivariate linear mixed model implemented in the GEMMA package to account for trait correlations and potential pleiotropic effects of polymorphisms. The analyses revealed a number of genomic variants associated with different fiber traits, implying the complex and polygenic control. All stable variants demonstrate a statistically significant allelic effect across all 3 years of the experiment. We tested the validity of the predicted variants using gene expression data available for the flax fiber studies. The results shed new light on the processes and pathways associated with the complex fiber traits, while the pinpointed candidate genes may be further used for marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kanapin
- Centre for Computational Biology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatyana Rozhmina
- Laboratory of Breeding Technologies, Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops, 172002 Torzhok, Russia
| | - Mikhail Bankin
- Mathematical Biology & Bioinformatics Laboratory, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Svetlana Surkova
- Mathematical Biology & Bioinformatics Laboratory, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria Duk
- Mathematical Biology & Bioinformatics Laboratory, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Theoretical Department, Ioffe Institute, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Osyagina
- Mathematical Biology & Bioinformatics Laboratory, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria Samsonova
- Mathematical Biology & Bioinformatics Laboratory, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-812-290-9645
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Review: Tertiary cell wall of plant fibers as a source of inspiration in material design. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 295:119849. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Petrova A, Zakharov M, Ageeva M, McKenzie R, Gorshkova T, Deyholos M, Kozlova L. A flax mutant with impaired intrusive growth of phloem and xylem fibres demonstrates constitutive gravitropic response. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 323:111399. [PMID: 35905894 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Intrusive growth is a type of growth in which a cell exceeds the growth rate of its neighbours and intrudes between them, reaching a much greater length. This process provides plant fibres with their exceptional length. Fibres are the most abundant cell type in the mechanical tissues of plants. At the same time, the plant fibres are of fundamental importance for the production of textiles, paper, biocomposites, etc. Here we describe a mutant of flax (reduced fibre 1, rdf) in which intrusive growth of fibres is impaired in both phloem and xylem. In addition to the intrinsic differences in fibre length, the mutant is characterized by a constitutive gravitropic response, mechanical aberrations at the macro- and nanolevels, disruption of the cambium and uneven transition of xylem cells to secondary cell wall formation. Gelatinous cell walls in both phloem and xylem of mutant plants have disturbed structure and reduced elasticity. The existence of this mutant-control pair offers both prospects for finding the molecular players involved in triggering intrusive growth, cell wall thickening and for understanding the principles of plant mechanical tissue functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Petrova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky str., 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia.
| | - Mikhail Zakharov
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky str., 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia.
| | - Marina Ageeva
- Microscopy Cabinet, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky str., 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia.
| | - Ryan McKenzie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6E 2L3, Canada.
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky str., 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia.
| | - Michael Deyholos
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Liudmila Kozlova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky str., 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia.
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Sousa-Baena MS, Onyenedum JG. Bouncing back stronger: Diversity, structure, and molecular regulation of gelatinous fiber development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 67:102198. [PMID: 35286861 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gelatinous fibers (G-fibers) are specialized contractile cells found in a diversity of vascular plant tissues, where they provide mechanical support and/or facilitate plant mobility. G-fibers are distinct from typical fibers by the presence of an innermost thickened G-layer, comprised mainly of axially oriented cellulose microfibrils. Despite the disparate developmental origins-tension wood fibers from the vascular cambium or primary phloem fibers from the procambium-G-fiber development, composition, and molecular signatures are remarkably similar; however, important distinctions do exist. Here, we synthesize current knowledge of the phylogenetic diversity, compositional makeup, and the molecular profiles that characterize G-fiber development and highlight open questions for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane S Sousa-Baena
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Joyce G Onyenedum
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Nazipova A, Gorshkov O, Eneyskaya E, Petrova N, Kulminskaya A, Gorshkova T, Kozlova L. Forgotten Actors: Glycoside Hydrolases During Elongation Growth of Maize Primary Root. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:802424. [PMID: 35222452 PMCID: PMC8866823 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.802424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell enlargement is coupled to dynamic changes in cell wall composition and properties. Such rearrangements are provided, besides the differential synthesis of individual cell wall components, by enzymes that modify polysaccharides in muro. To reveal enzymes that may contribute to these modifications and relate them to stages of elongation growth in grasses, we carried out a transcriptomic study of five zones of the primary maize root. In the initiation of elongation, significant changes occur with xyloglucan: once synthesized in the meristem, it can be linked to other polysaccharides through the action of hetero-specific xyloglucan endotransglycosidases, whose expression boosts at this stage. Later, genes for xyloglucan hydrolases are upregulated. Two different sets of enzymes capable of modifying glucuronoarabinoxylans, mainly bifunctional α-arabinofuranosidases/β-xylosidases and β-xylanases, are expressed in the maize root to treat the xylans of primary and secondary cell walls, respectively. The first set is highly pronounced in the stage of active elongation, while the second is at elongation termination. Genes encoding several glycoside hydrolases that are able to degrade mixed-linkage glucan are downregulated specifically at the active elongation. It indicates the significance of mixed-linkage glucans for the cell elongation process. The possibility that many glycoside hydrolases act as transglycosylases in muro is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alsu Nazipova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Oleg Gorshkov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Elena Eneyskaya
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Gatchina, Russia
| | - Natalia Petrova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Anna Kulminskaya
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Gatchina, Russia
- Kurchatov Genome Center - PNPI, Gatchina, Russia
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Liudmila Kozlova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
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Zhou Z, Zhu Y, Zhang H, Zhang R, Gao Q, Ding T, Wang H, Yan Z, Yao JL. Transcriptome analysis of transgenic apple fruit overexpressing microRNA172 reveals candidate transcription factors regulating apple fruit development at early stages. PeerJ 2022; 9:e12675. [PMID: 35036153 PMCID: PMC8710058 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNA172 (miR172) has been proven to be critical for fruit growth, since elevated miR172 activity blocks the growth of apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) fruit. However, it is not clear how overexpression of miR172 affects apple fruit developmental processes. Methods To answer this question, the present study, analyzed global transcriptional changes in miR172-overexpressing (miR172OX) and nongenetically modified wild-type (WT) apple fruit at two developmental stages and in different fruit tissues via RNA-seq. In addition, two cultivars, ‘Hanfu’ and ‘M9’, which have naturally fruit size variation, were included to identify miR172-dependent DEGs. qRT–PCRwas used to verify the reliability of our RNA-seq data. Results Overexpression of miR172 altered the expression levels of many cell proliferation- and cell expansion-related genes. Twenty-four libraries were generated, and 10,338 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected between miR172OX and WT fruit tissues. ‘Hanfu’ and ‘M9’ are two common cultivars that bear fruit of different sizes (250 g and 75 g, respectively). Six libraries were generated, and 3,627 DEGs were detected between ‘Hanfu’ and ‘M9’. After merging the two datasets, 6,888 candidate miR172-specific DEGs were identified. The potential networks associated with fruit size triggered traits were defined among genes belonging to the families of hormone synthesis, signaling pathways, and transcription factors. Our comparative transcriptome analysis provides insights into transcriptome responses to miR172 overexpression in apple fruit and a valuable database for future studies to validate functional genes and elucidate the fruit developmental mechanisms in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhou
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanmin Zhu
- Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wenatchee, WA, USA
| | - Hengtao Zhang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruiping Zhang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiming Gao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tiyu Ding
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenli Yan
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jia-Long Yao
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China.,The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
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Chery JG, Glos RAE, Anderson CT. Do woody vines use gelatinous fibers to climb? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:126-131. [PMID: 34160082 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Many plant movements are facilitated by contractile cells called gelatinous fibers (G-fibers), but how G-fibers function in the climbing movements of woody vines remains underexplored. In this Insight, we compare the presence and distribution of G-fibers in the stems of stem-twiners, which wrap around supports, with non-stem-twiners, which attach to supports via tendrils or adventitious roots. An examination of 164 species spanning the vascular plant phylogeny reveals that G-fibers are common in stem-twiners but scarce in non-stem-twiners, suggesting that G-fibers are preferentially formed in the organ responsible for movement. When present, G-fibers are in the xylem, phloem, pericycle, and/or cortex. We discuss the hypothesis that G-fibers are foundational to plant movement and highlight research opportunities concerning G-fiber development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce G Chery
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences and L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Rosemary A E Glos
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences and L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Faleri C, Xu X, Mareri L, Hausman JF, Cai G, Guerriero G. Immunohistochemical analyses on two distinct internodes of stinging nettle show different distribution of polysaccharides and proteins in the cell walls of bast fibers. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:75-90. [PMID: 33839957 PMCID: PMC8752570 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01641-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Stinging nettle is a perennial herbaceous species holding value as a multi-purpose plant. Indeed, its leaves and roots are phytofactories providing functional ingredients of medicinal interest and its stems produce silky and resistant extraxylary fibers (a.k.a. bast fibers) valued in the biocomposite sector. Similarly to what is reported in other fiber crops, the stem of nettle contains both lignified and hypolignified fibers in the core and cortex, respectively, and it is therefore a useful model for cell wall research. Indeed, data on nettle stem tissues can be compared to those obtained in other models, such as hemp and flax, to support hypotheses on the differentiation and development of bast fibers. The suitability of the nettle stem as model for cell wall-related research was already validated using a transcriptomics and biochemical approach focused on internodes at different developmental stages sampled at the top, middle, and bottom of the stem. We here sought to complement and enrich these data by providing immunohistochemical and ultrastructural details on young and older stem internodes. Antibodies recognizing non-cellulosic polysaccharides (galactans, arabinans, rhamnogalacturonans) and arabinogalactan proteins were here investigated with the goal of understanding whether their distribution changes in the stem tissues in relation to the bast fiber and vascular tissue development. The results obtained indicate that the occurrence and distribution of cell wall polysaccharides and proteins differ between young and older internodes and that these changes are particularly evident in the bast fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Faleri
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, University of Siena, via Mattioli 4, Siena, Italy
| | - Xuan Xu
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Hautcharage, Luxembourg
| | - Lavinia Mareri
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, University of Siena, via Mattioli 4, Siena, Italy
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Hautcharage, Luxembourg
| | - Giampiero Cai
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, University of Siena, via Mattioli 4, Siena, Italy.
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Hautcharage, Luxembourg
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Povkhova LV, Melnikova NV, Rozhmina TA, Novakovskiy RO, Pushkova EN, Dvorianinova EM, Zhuchenko AA, Kamionskaya AM, Krasnov GS, Dmitriev AA. Genes Associated with the Flax Plant Type (Oil or Fiber) Identified Based on Genome and Transcriptome Sequencing Data. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10122616. [PMID: 34961087 PMCID: PMC8707629 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As a result of the breeding process, there are two main types of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) plants. Linseed is used for obtaining seeds, while fiber flax is used for fiber production. We aimed to identify the genes associated with the flax plant type, which could be important for the formation of agronomically valuable traits. A search for polymorphisms was performed in genes involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall components, lignans, fatty acids, and ion transport based on genome sequencing data for 191 flax varieties. For 143 of the 424 studied genes (4CL, C3'H, C4H, CAD, CCR, CCoAOMT, COMT, F5H, HCT, PAL, CTL, BGAL, ABC, HMA, DIR, PLR, UGT, TUB, CESA, RGL, FAD, SAD, and ACT families), one or more polymorphisms had a strong correlation with the flax type. Based on the transcriptome sequencing data, we evaluated the expression levels for each flax type-associated gene in a wide range of tissues and suggested genes that are important for the formation of linseed or fiber flax traits. Such genes were probably subjected to the selection press and can determine not only the traits of seeds and stems but also the characteristics of the root system or resistance to stresses at a particular stage of development, which indirectly affects the ability of flax plants to produce seeds or fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov V. Povkhova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.V.P.); (N.V.M.); (R.O.N.); (E.N.P.); (E.M.D.); (G.S.K.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nataliya V. Melnikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.V.P.); (N.V.M.); (R.O.N.); (E.N.P.); (E.M.D.); (G.S.K.)
| | - Tatiana A. Rozhmina
- Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops, 172002 Torzhok, Russia; (T.A.R.); (A.A.Z.)
| | - Roman O. Novakovskiy
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.V.P.); (N.V.M.); (R.O.N.); (E.N.P.); (E.M.D.); (G.S.K.)
| | - Elena N. Pushkova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.V.P.); (N.V.M.); (R.O.N.); (E.N.P.); (E.M.D.); (G.S.K.)
| | - Ekaterina M. Dvorianinova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.V.P.); (N.V.M.); (R.O.N.); (E.N.P.); (E.M.D.); (G.S.K.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Zhuchenko
- Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops, 172002 Torzhok, Russia; (T.A.R.); (A.A.Z.)
- All-Russian Horticultural Institute for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery, 115598 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia M. Kamionskaya
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia;
| | - George S. Krasnov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.V.P.); (N.V.M.); (R.O.N.); (E.N.P.); (E.M.D.); (G.S.K.)
| | - Alexey A. Dmitriev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (L.V.P.); (N.V.M.); (R.O.N.); (E.N.P.); (E.M.D.); (G.S.K.)
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Genome-Wide Analysis of Glycoside Hydrolase Family 35 Genes and Their Potential Roles in Cell Wall Development in Medicago truncatula. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081639. [PMID: 34451684 PMCID: PMC8401519 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant β-galactosidases (BGAL) function in various cell wall biogeneses and modifications, and they belong to the glycoside hydrolase family. However, the roles of BGAL family members in Medicago truncatula cell wall remodeling remain unclear. In this study, a total of 25 MtBGAL members of the glycoside hydrolase gene family 35 were identified, and they were clustered into nine sub-families. Many cis-acting elements possibly related to MeJA and abscisic acid responses were identified in the promoter region of the MtBGAL genes. Transcript analyses showed that these MtBGAL genes exhibited distinct expression patterns in various tissues and developing stem internodes. Furthermore, a stem-specific expression module associated with cell wall metabolic pathways was identified by weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA). In particular, MtBGAL1 and MtBGAL23 within the stem-specific expression module were highly expressed in mature stems. In addition, several genes involved in lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin pathways were co-expressed with MtBGAL1 and MtBGAL23. It was also found that MtBGAL1 and MtBGAL23 were localized to the cell wall at the subcellular level, indicating their roles in the modification of cell wall metabolites in Medicago. As a whole, these results will be useful for further functional characterization and utilization of BGAL genes in cell wall modifications aiming to improve the quality of legume forage crops.
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Kim ES, Choi W, Park SH. The thickening and modification of the galactan-enriched layer during primary phloem fibre development in Cannabis sativa. AOB PLANTS 2021; 13:plab044. [PMID: 34394905 PMCID: PMC8356173 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Primary phloem fibres (PPFs) have higher fibre quality and are economically more important for the textile sector than secondary phloem fibres. Both the chemical composition and mechanical structure of the secondary cell wall mainly influence the quality of bast fibres. We investigated the thickening of the galactan-enriched (Gn) layer and its modification process into a gelatinous (G)-layer, which is the largest portion of the secondary cell wall, during the development of the PPF in Cannabis sativa. Stem segments of hemp collected at 17, 29, 52 and 62 days after sowing were comparatively examined using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The initial cells of PPF started the proliferation and differentiation at 17 days, but the secondary cell wall thickening had already commenced before the 29 days. Both the G- and Gn-layer were rapidly added onto the S-layer of PPFs; thus, the secondary cell wall thickness increased approximately 2-fold at 52 days (from the 29-day mark), and 8-fold at 62 days. The cortical microtubule arrays appeared adjacent to the plasma membrane of PPF cells related to the cellulose synthesis. Additionally, cross-sectioned microfibrils were observed on Gn-layer as the cluster of tiny spots. At 62 days, the specific stratification structure consisting of several lamellae occurred on the G-layer of the secondary cell wall. The secondary cell wall thickened remarkably at 52 days through 62 days so that the mature secondary cell wall consisted of three distinctive layers, the S-, G- and Gn-layer. Cortical microtubule arrays frequently appeared adjacent to the plasma membrane together with cellulose microfibrils on secondary cell wall. The G-layer of PPF at 62 days exhibited the characteristic stratification structure, which demonstrates the modification of the Gn-layer into the G-layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Soo Kim
- Institute of Cannabis Research, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO 81001-4901, USA
| | - Wonkyun Choi
- Division of Ecological Safety, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon 33657, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hyuck Park
- Institute of Cannabis Research, Colorado State University-Pueblo, Pueblo, CO 81001-4901, USA
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Xu W, Cheng H, Zhu S, Cheng J, Ji H, Zhang B, Cao S, Wang C, Tong G, Zhen C, Mu L, Zhou Y, Cheng Y. Functional understanding of secondary cell wall cellulose synthases in Populus trichocarpa via the Cas9/gRNA-induced gene knockouts. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1478-1495. [PMID: 33713445 PMCID: PMC8362133 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant cellulose is synthesized by a large plasma membrane-localized cellulose synthase (CesA) complex. However, an overall functional determination of secondary cell wall (SCW) CesAs is still lacking in trees, especially one based on gene knockouts. Here, the Cas9/gRNA-induced knockouts of PtrCesA4, 7A, 7B, 8A and 8B genes were produced in Populus trichocarpa. Based on anatomical, immunohistochemical and wood composition evidence, we gained a comprehensive understanding of five SCW PtrCesAs at the genetic level. Complete loss of PtrCesA4, 7A/B or 8A/B led to similar morphological abnormalities, indicating similar and nonredundant genetic functions. The absence of the gelatinous (G) layer, one-layer-walled fibres and a 90% decrease in cellulose in these mutant woods revealed that the three classes of SCW PtrCesAs are essential for multilayered SCW structure and wood G-fibre. In addition, the mutant primary and secondary phloem fibres lost the n(G + L)- and G-layers and retained the thicker S-layers (L, lignified; S, secondary). Together with polysaccharide immunolocalization data, these findings suggest differences in the role of SCW PtrCesAs-synthesized cellulose in wood and phloem fibre wall structures. Overall, this functional understanding of the SCW PtrCesAs provides further insights into the impact of lacking cellulose biosynthesis on growth, SCW, wood G-fibre and phloem fibre wall structures in the tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
- School of ForestryNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Hao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Siran Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Jiyao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Huanhuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
| | - Shenquan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Chong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Guimin Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Cheng Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Liqiang Mu
- School of ForestryNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China
| | - Yuxiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and BreedingNortheast Forestry UniversityHarbin150040China
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Macias-González M, Truco MJ, Han R, Jenni S, Michelmore RW. High-resolution genetic dissection of the major QTL for tipburn resistance in lettuce, Lactuca sativa. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkab097. [PMID: 33772545 PMCID: PMC8495944 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tipburn is an important physiological disorder of lettuce, Lactuca sativa L., related to calcium deficiency that can result in leaf necrosis and unmarketable crops. The major quantitative trait locus (QTL), qTPB5.2, can account for up to 70% of the phenotypic variance for tipburn incidence in the field. This QTL was genetically dissected to identify candidate genes for tipburn by creating lines with recombination events within the QTL and assessing their resistance to tipburn. By comparing lines with contrasting haplotypes, the genetic region was narrowed down to ∼877 Kb that was associated with a reduction of tipburn by ∼60%. Analysis of the lettuce reference genome sequence revealed 12 genes in this region, one of which is a calcium transporter with a single nucleotide polymorphism in an exon between haplotypes with contrasting phenotypes. RNA-seq analysis of recombinants revealed two genes that were differentially expressed between contrasting haplotypes consistent with the tipburn phenotype. One encodes a Teosinte branched1/Cycloidea/Proliferating Cell factor transcription factor; however, differential expression of the calcium transporter was detected. The phenotypic data indicated that there is a second region outside of the ∼877 Kb region but within the QTL, at which a haplotype from the susceptible parent decreased tipburn by 10-20%. A recombinant line was identified with beneficial haplotypes in each region from both parents that showed greater tipburn resistance than the resistant parent; this line could be used as the foundation for breeding cultivars with more resistance than is currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Macias-González
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Maria Jose Truco
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Rongkui Han
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sylvie Jenni
- Science and Technology Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada
| | - Richard W Michelmore
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Mokshina N, Gorshkov O, Takasaki H, Onodera H, Sakamoto S, Gorshkova T, Mitsuda N. FIBexDB: a new online transcriptome platform to analyze development of plant cellulosic fibers. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:512-515. [PMID: 33892514 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mokshina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str 2/31, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Oleg Gorshkov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str 2/31, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Hironori Takasaki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Hitomi Onodera
- Bioproduction Research Institute, Global Zero Emission Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Shingo Sakamoto
- Bioproduction Research Institute, Global Zero Emission Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str 2/31, Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, Global Zero Emission Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
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Yan J, Liu Y, Yang L, He H, Huang Y, Fang L, Scheller HV, Jiang M, Zhang A. Cell wall β-1,4-galactan regulated by the BPC1/BPC2-GALS1 module aggravates salt sensitivity in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:411-425. [PMID: 33276159 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Salinity severely reduces plant growth and limits agricultural productivity. Dynamic changes and rearrangement of the plant cell wall is an important response to salt stress, but relatively little is known about the biological importance of specific cell wall components in the response. Here, we demonstrate a specific function of β-1,4-galactan in salt hypersensitivity. We found that salt stress induces the accumulation of β-1,4-galactan in root cell walls by up regulating the expression of GALACTAN SYNTHASE 1 (GALS1), which encodes a β-1,4-galactan synthase. The accumulation of β-1,4-galactan negatively affects salt tolerance. Exogenous application of D-galactose (D-Gal) causes an increase in β-1,4-galactan levels in the wild type and GALS1 mutants, especially in GALS1 overexpressors, which correlated with the aggravated salt hypersensitivity. Furthermore, we discovered that the BARLEY B RECOMBINANT/BASIC PENTACYSTEINE transcription factors BPC1/BPC2 positively regulate plant salt tolerance by repressing GALS1 expression and β-1,4-galactan accumulation. Genetic analysis suggested that GALS1 is genetically epistatic to BPC1/BPC2 with respect to the control of salt sensitivity as well as accumulation of β-1,4-galactan. Taken together, our results reveal a new regulatory mechanism by which β-1,4-galactan regulated by the BPC1/BPC2-GALS1 module aggravates salt sensitivity in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Ya Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Lan Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Huan He
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yun Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, China
| | - Henrik Vibe Scheller
- Joint Bioenergy Institute and Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mingyi Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Aying Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
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24
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Petrova N, Nazipova A, Gorshkov O, Mokshina N, Patova O, Gorshkova T. Gene Expression Patterns for Proteins With Lectin Domains in Flax Stem Tissues Are Related to Deposition of Distinct Cell Wall Types. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:634594. [PMID: 33995436 PMCID: PMC8121149 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.634594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The genomes of higher plants encode a variety of proteins with lectin domains that are able to specifically recognize certain carbohydrates. Plants are enriched in a variety of potentially complementary glycans, many of which are located in the cell wall. We performed a genome-wide search for flax proteins with lectin domains and compared the expression of the encoding genes in different stem tissues that have distinct cell wall types with different sets of major polysaccharides. Over 400 genes encoding proteins with lectin domains that belong to different families were revealed in the flax genome; three quarters of these genes were expressed in stem tissues. Hierarchical clustering of the data for all expressed lectins grouped the analyzed samples according to their characteristic cell wall type. Most lectins differentially expressed in tissues with primary, secondary, and tertiary cell walls were predicted to localize at the plasma membrane or cell wall. These lectins were from different families and had various architectural types. Three out of four flax genes for proteins with jacalin-like domains were highly upregulated in bast fibers at the stage of tertiary cell wall deposition. The dynamic changes in transcript level of many genes for lectins from various families were detected in stem tissue over the course of gravitropic response induced by plant gravistimulation. The data obtained in this study indicate a large number of lectin-mediated events in plants and provide insight into the proteins that take part in tissue specialization and reaction to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Petrova
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Alsu Nazipova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Oleg Gorshkov
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Natalia Mokshina
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Olga Patova
- Institute of Physiology, FRC Komi Science Centre of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
- *Correspondence: Tatyana Gorshkova,
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Galinousky D, Mokshina N, Padvitski T, Ageeva M, Bogdan V, Kilchevsky A, Gorshkova T. The Toolbox for Fiber Flax Breeding: A Pipeline From Gene Expression to Fiber Quality. Front Genet 2020; 11:589881. [PMID: 33281880 PMCID: PMC7690631 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.589881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of any plant breeding program is to improve quality of a target crop. Crop quality is a comprehensive feature largely determined by biological background. To improve the quality parameters of crops grown for the production of fiber, a functional approach was used to search for genes suitable for the effective manipulation of technical fiber quality. A key step was to identify genes with tissue and stage-specific pattern of expression in the developing fibers. In the current study, we investigated the relationship between gene expression evaluated in bast fibers of developing flax plants and the quality parameters of technical fibers measured after plant harvesting. Based on previously published transcriptomic data, two sets of genes that are upregulated in fibers during intrusive growth and tertiary cell wall deposition were selected. The expression level of the selected genes and fiber quality parameters were measured in fiber flax, linseed (oil flax) cultivars, and wild species that differ in type of yield and fiber quality parameters. Based on gene expression data, linear regression models for technical stem length, fiber tensile strength, and fiber flexibility were constructed, resulting in the identification of genes that have high potential for manipulating fiber quality. Chromosomal localization and single nucleotide polymorphism distribution in the selected genes were characterized for the efficacy of their use in conventional breeding and genome editing programs. Transcriptome-based selection is a highly targeted functional approach that could be used during the development of new cultivars of various crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Galinousky
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
- Laboratory of Ecological Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Natalia Mokshina
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Tsimafei Padvitski
- Cellular Network and Systems Biology Group, University of Cologne, CECAD, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marina Ageeva
- Laboratory of Microscopy, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Victor Bogdan
- Laboratory of Fiber Flax Breeding, Institute of Flax, Ustie, Belarus
| | - Alexander Kilchevsky
- Laboratory of Ecological Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
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Ibragimova N, Mokshina N, Ageeva M, Gurjanov O, Mikshina P. Rearrangement of the Cellulose-Enriched Cell Wall in Flax Phloem Fibers over the Course of the Gravitropic Reaction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155322. [PMID: 32727025 PMCID: PMC7432630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant cell wall is a complex structure consisting of a polysaccharide network. The rearrangements of the cell wall during the various physiological reactions of plants, however, are still not fully characterized. Profound changes in cell wall organization are detected by microscopy in the phloem fibers of flax (Linum usitatissimum) during the restoration of the vertical position of the inclined stems. To characterize the underlying biochemical and structural changes in the major cell wall polysaccharides, we compared the fiber cell walls of non-inclined and gravistimulated plants by focusing mainly on differences in non-cellulosic polysaccharides and the fine cellulose structure. Biochemical analysis revealed a slight increase in the content of pectins in the fiber cell walls of gravistimulated plants as well as an increase in accessibility for labeling non-cellulosic polysaccharides. The presence of galactosylated xyloglucan in the gelatinous cell wall layer of flax fibers was demonstrated, and its labeling was more pronounced in the gravistimulated plants. Using solid state NMR, an increase in the crystallinity of the cellulose in gravistimulated plants, along with a decrease in cellulose mobility, was demonstrated. Thus, gravistimulation may affect the rearrangement of the cell wall, which can enable restoration in a vertical position of the plant stem.
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27
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Dehabadi L, Karoyo AH, Soleimani M, Alabi WO, Simonson CJ, Wilson LD. Flax Biomass Conversion via Controlled Oxidation: Facile Tuning of Physicochemical Properties. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 7:bioengineering7020038. [PMID: 32349322 PMCID: PMC7355426 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of chemical modification of pristine linen fiber (LF) on its physicochemical and adsorption properties is reported in this contribution. The surface and textural properties of the pristine LF and its peroxyacetic acid- (PAF) and chlorite-treated (CF) fiber forms were characterized by several complementary methods: spectroscopy (SEM, TEM, FT-IR, and XPS), thermal analysis (DSC and TGA), gas/water adsorption isotherms, and zeta potential (ξ). The results obtained reveal that the surface charge and textural properties (surface area and pore structure) of the LF material was modified upon chemical treatment, as indicated by changes in the biomass composition, morphology, ξ-values, and water/dye uptake properties of the fiber samples. Particularly, the pristine LF sample displays preferential removal efficiency (ER) of methylene blue (MB) dye with ER ~3-fold greater (ER~62%) as compared to the modified materials (CF or PAF; ER~21%), due to the role of surface charge of pectins and lignins present in pristine LF. At higher MB concentration, the relative ER values for LF (~19%) relative to CF or PAF (~16%) reveal the greater role of micropore adsorption sites due to the contributing effect of the textural porosity observed for the modified flax biomass at these conditions. Similar trends occur for the adsorption of water in the liquid vs. vapour phases. The chemical treatment of LF alters the polarity/charge of the surface functional groups, and pore structure properties of the chemically treated fibers, according to the variable hydration properties. The surface and textural properties of LF are altered upon chemical modification, according to the variable adsorption properties with liquid water (l) vs. water vapor (g) due to the role of surface- vs. pore-sites. This study contributes to an understanding of the structure-adsorption properties for pristine and oxidized flax fiber biomass. The chemical conversion of such biomass yields biomaterials with tunable surface and textural properties, as evidenced by the unique adsorption properties observed for pristine LF and its modified forms (CF and PAF). This study addresses knowledge gaps in the field by contributing insight on the relationship between structure and adsorption properties of such LF biomass in its pristine and chemically modified forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Dehabadi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
- Dr. Ma’s Laboratories Inc., Unit 4, 8118 North Fraser Way, Burnaby, BC V5J 0E5, Canada
| | - Abdalla H. Karoyo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Majid Soleimani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Wahab O. Alabi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Carey J. Simonson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Lee D. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-306-966-2961
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Pei MS, Cao SH, Wu L, Wang GM, Xie ZH, Gu C, Zhang SL. Comparative transcriptome analyses of fruit development among pears, peaches, and strawberries provide new insights into single sigmoid patterns. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:108. [PMID: 32143560 PMCID: PMC7060524 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pear fruit exhibit a single sigmoid pattern during development, while peach and strawberry fruits exhibit a double sigmoid pattern. However, little is known about the differences between these two patterns. RESULTS In this study, fruit weights were measured and paraffin sections were made from fruitlet to maturated pear, peach, and strawberry samples. Results revealed that both single and double sigmoid patterns resulted from cell expansion, but not cell division. Comparative transcriptome analyses were conducted among pear, peach, and strawberry fruits at five fruit enlargement stages. Comparing the genes involved in these intervals among peaches and strawberries, 836 genes were found to be associated with all three fruit enlargement stages in pears (Model I). Of these genes, 25 were located within the quantitative trait locus (QTL) regions related to fruit weight and 90 were involved in cell development. Moreover, 649 genes were associated with the middle enlargement stage, but not early or late enlargement in pears (Model II). Additionally, 22 genes were located within the QTL regions related to fruit weight and 63 were involved in cell development. Lastly, dual-luciferase assays revealed that the screened bHLH transcription factors induced the expression of cell expansion-related genes, suggesting that the two models explain the single sigmoid pattern. CONCLUSIONS Single sigmoid patterns are coordinately mediated by Models I and II, thus, a potential gene regulation network for the single sigmoid pattern was proposed. These results enhance our understanding of the molecular regulation of fruit size in Rosaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Song Pei
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Su-Hao Cao
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Lei Wu
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Guo-Ming Wang
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Zhi-Hua Xie
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Chao Gu
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Shao-Ling Zhang
- Centre of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
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29
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Klaassen MT, Trindade LM. RG-I galactan side-chains are involved in the regulation of the water-binding capacity of potato cell walls. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 227:115353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Sun CQ, Chen FD, Teng NJ, Yao YM, Shan X, Dai ZL. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis reveals mechanisms of low pollen-pistil compatibility during water lily cross breeding. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:542. [PMID: 31805858 PMCID: PMC6896271 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2166-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In water lily (Nymphaea) hybrid breeding, breeders often encounter non-viable seeds, which make it difficult to transfer desired or targeted genes of different Nymphaea germplasm. We found that pre-fertilization barriers were the main factor in the failure of the hybridization of Nymphaea. The mechanism of low compatibility between the pollen and stigma remains unclear; therefore, we studied the differences of stigma transcripts and proteomes at 0, 2, and 6 h after pollination (HAP). Moreover, some regulatory genes and functional proteins that may cause low pollen-pistil compatibility in Nymphaea were identified. RESULTS RNA-seq was performed for three comparisons (2 vs 0 HAP, 6 vs 2 HAP, 6 vs 0 HAP), and the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was 8789 (4680 were up-regulated), 6401 (3020 were up-regulated), and 11,284 (6148 were up-regulated), respectively. Using label-free analysis, 75 (2 vs 0 HAP) proteins (43 increased and 32 decreased), nine (6 vs 2 HAP) proteins (three increased and six decreased), and 90 (6 vs 0 HAP) proteins (52 increased and 38 decreased) were defined as differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses revealed that the DEGs and DEPs were mainly involved in cell wall organization or biogenesis, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) metabolism, hydrogen peroxide decomposition and metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, secondary metabolism, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS Our transcriptomic and proteomic analysis highlighted specific genes, incuding those in ROS metabolism, biosynthesis of flavonoids, SAM metabolism, cell wall organization or biogenesis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis that warrant further study in investigations of the pollen-stigma interaction of water lily. This study strengthens our understanding of the mechanism of low pollen-pistil compatibility in Nymphaea at the molecular level, and provides a theoretical basis for overcoming the pre-fertilization barriers in Nymphaea in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Qing Sun
- Zhenjiang Institute of Agricultural Science in Jiangsu Hilly Areas, Jurong, 212400, China
| | - Fa-Di Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Nian-Jun Teng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yue-Mei Yao
- Zhenjiang Institute of Agricultural Science in Jiangsu Hilly Areas, Jurong, 212400, China
| | - Xi Shan
- Zhenjiang Institute of Agricultural Science in Jiangsu Hilly Areas, Jurong, 212400, China
| | - Zhong-Liang Dai
- Zhenjiang Institute of Agricultural Science in Jiangsu Hilly Areas, Jurong, 212400, China.
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31
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Behr M, Faleri C, Hausman JF, Planchon S, Renaut J, Cai G, Guerriero G. Distribution of cell-wall polysaccharides and proteins during growth of the hemp hypocotyl. PLANTA 2019; 250:1539-1556. [PMID: 31352512 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The immuno-ultrastructural investigation localized cell-wall polysaccharides of bast fibers during hemp hypocotyl growth. Moreover, for the first time, the localization of a peroxidase and laccase is provided in textile hemp. In the hypocotyl of textile hemp, elongation and girth increase are separated in time. This organ is therefore ideal for time-course analyses. Here, we follow the ultrastructural rearrangement of cell-wall components during the development of the hemp hypocotyl. An expression analysis of genes involved in the biosynthesis of cellulose, the chief polysaccharide of bast fiber cell walls and xylan, the main hemicellulose of secondary cell walls, is also provided. The analysis shows a higher expression of cellulose and xylan-related genes at 15 and 20 days after sowing, as compared to 9 days. In the young hypocotyl, the cell walls of bast fibers show cellulose microfibrils that are not yet compacted to form a mature G-layer. Crystalline cellulose is detected abundantly in the S1-layer, together with unsubstituted/low-substituted xylan and, to a lesser extent, in the G-layer. The LM5 galactan epitope is confined to the walls of parenchymatic cells. LM6-specific arabinans are detected at the interface between the cytoplasm and the gelatinous cell wall of bast fibers. The class III peroxidase antibody shows localization in the G-layer only at older developmental stages. The laccase antibody shows a distinctive labelling of the G-layer region closest to the S1-layer; the signal becomes more homogeneous as the hypocotyl matures. The data provide important insights on the cell wall distribution of polysaccharide and protein components in bast fibers during the hypocotyl growth of textile hemp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Behr
- Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Claudia Faleri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Sébastien Planchon
- Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Giampiero Cai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
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Mokshina N, Makshakova O, Nazipova A, Gorshkov O, Gorshkova T. Flax rhamnogalacturonan lyases: phylogeny, differential expression and modeling of protein structure. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 167:173-187. [PMID: 30474196 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rhamnogalacturonan lyases (RGLs; EC 4.2.2.23) degrade the rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) backbone of pectins present in the plant cell wall. These enzymes belong to polysaccharide lyase family 4, members of which are mainly from plants and plant pathogens. RGLs are investigated, as a rule, as pathogen 'weapons' for plant cell wall degradation and subsequent infection. Despite the presence of genes annotated as RGLs in plant genomes and the presence of substrates for enzyme activity in plant cells, evidence supporting the involvement of this enzyme in certain processes is limited. The differential expression of some RGL genes in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) tissues, revealed in our previous work, prompted us to carry out a total revision (phylogenetic analysis, analysis of expression and protein structure modeling) of all the sequences of flax predicted as coding for RGLs. Comparison of the expressions of LusRGL in various tissues of flax stem revealed that LusRGLs belong to distinct phylogenetic clades, which correspond to two co-expression groups. One of these groups comprised LusRGL6-A and LusRGL6-B genes and was specifically upregulated in flax fibers during deposition of the tertiary cell wall, which has complex RG-I as a key noncellulosic component. The results of homology modeling and docking demonstrated that the topology of the LusRGL6-A catalytic site allowed binding to the RG-I ligand. These findings lead us to suggest the presence of RGL activity in planta and the involvement of special isoforms of RGLs in the modification of RG-I of the tertiary cell wall in plant fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mokshina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center 'Kazan Scientific Center of RAS', Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Makshakova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center 'Kazan Scientific Center of RAS', Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation
| | - Alsu Nazipova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center 'Kazan Scientific Center of RAS', Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation
| | - Oleg Gorshkov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center 'Kazan Scientific Center of RAS', Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center 'Kazan Scientific Center of RAS', Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation
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Pramod S, Rajput KS, Rao KS. Immunolocalization of β-(1-4)-D-galactan, xyloglucans and xylans in the reaction xylem fibres of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 142:217-223. [PMID: 31310944 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall architecture of tension wood fibres represents a suitable biological system to study the mechanism of growth and maintenance of posture of trees growing under various physical and physiological growth constraints. In the present study, we investigated the spatial distributions of β-(1-4)-D-galactan, xyloglucan and xylans (both less and highly substituted) in the opposite and tension wood fibres of bent Leucaena leucocephala by immunolabelling with monoclonal antibodies LM5, CCRCM1, LM10 and LM11 specific to these carbohydrate epitopes. The presence of non-lignified, tertiary wall layer is the typical tension wood characteristic associated with the reaction xylem fibres in Leucaena. LM5 labelling of opposite fibres showed weak labelling in the cell walls indicating less concentration of β-(1-4)-D-galactans while tension wood showed strong labelling in the tertiary wall layer suggesting the gelatinous layer (G-layer) has a strong cross linking with β-(1-4)-D-galactans. Xyloglucan distribution was more in the compound middle lamellae and the primary wall-S1 layer boundary of tension wood fibres as compared to that of opposite wood. A weak labelling was also evident near the boundary between the G-layer and the secondary wall of tension wood fibres. The secondary wall of opposite and tension wood fibres showed a strong distribution of both ls ACG Xs (LM10) and hs ACG Xs (LM11) while a weak labelling was noticed in the compound middle lamella. Tension wood fibres also showed strong xylan labelling mainly confined to the lignified secondary walls while the G-layer showed weak xylan labelling. In conclusion, our results suggest that β-(1-4)-D-galactans and xyloglucans could be implicated in the tensile stress generation within the G-layer of tension wood fibres of Leucaena leucocephala.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pramod
- Department of Botany, The Maharaja Sayajirao of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, Gujarat, India.
| | - Kishore S Rajput
- Department of Botany, The Maharaja Sayajirao of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Karumanchi S Rao
- Department of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, 388120, Gujarat, India
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Petrova AA, Kozlova LV, Gaifullina IZ, Ananchenko BA, Martinson EA, Mikshina PV, Gorshkova TA. AFM analysis reveals polymorphism of purified flax rhamnogalacturonans I of distinct functional types. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 216:238-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Goudenhooft C, Bourmaud A, Baley C. Flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.) Fibers for Composite Reinforcement: Exploring the Link Between Plant Growth, Cell Walls Development, and Fiber Properties. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:411. [PMID: 31001310 PMCID: PMC6456768 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to the combination of high mechanical performances and plant-based origin, flax fibers are interesting reinforcement for environmentally friendly composite materials. An increasing amount of research articles and reviews focuses on the processing and properties of flax-based products, without taking into account the original key role of flax fibers, namely, reinforcement elements of the flax stem (Linum usitatissimum L.). The ontogeny of the plant, scattering of fiber properties along the plant, or the plant growth conditions are rarely considered. Conversely, exploring the development of flax fibers and parameters influencing the plant mechanical properties (at the whole plant or fiber scale) could be an interesting way to control and/or optimize fiber performances, and to a greater extent, flax fiber-based products. The first part of the present review synthesized the general knowledge about the growth stages of flax plants and the internal organization of the stem biological tissues. Additionally, key findings regarding the development of its fibers, from elongation to thickening, are reviewed to offer a piece of explanation of the uncommon morphological properties of flax fibers. Then, the slenderness of flax is illustrated by comparison of data given in scientific research on herbaceous plants and woody ones. In the second section, a state of the art of the varietal selection of several main industrial crops is given. This section includes the different selection criteria as well as an overview of their impact on plant characteristics. A particular interest is given to the lodging resistance and the understanding of this undesired phenomenon. The third section reviews the influence of the cultural conditions, including seedling rate and its relation with the wind in a plant canopy, as well as the impact of main tropisms (namely, thigmotropism, seismotropism, and gravitropism) on the stem and fiber characteristics. This section illustrates the mechanisms of plant adaptation, and how the environment can modify the plant biomechanical properties. Finally, this review asks botanists, breeders, and farmers' knowledge toward the selection of potential flax varieties dedicated to composite applications, through optimized fiber performances. All along the paper, both fibers morphology and mechanical properties are discussed, in constant link with their use for composite materials reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alain Bourmaud
- IRDL, UMR CNRS 6027, Université de Bretagne Sud, Lorient, France
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Morello L, Pydiura N, Galinousky D, Blume Y, Breviario D. Flax tubulin and CesA superfamilies represent attractive and challenging targets for a variety of genome- and base-editing applications. Funct Integr Genomics 2019; 20:163-176. [PMID: 30826923 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-019-00667-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Flax is both a valuable resource and an interesting model crop. Despite a long history of flax genetic transformation only one transgenic linseed cultivar has been so far registered in Canada. Implementation and use of the genome-editing technologies that allow site-directed modification of endogenous genes without the introduction of foreign genes might improve this situation. Besides its potential for boosting crop yields, genome editing is now one of the best tools for carrying out reverse genetics and it is emerging as an especially versatile tool for studying basic biology. A complex interplay between the flax tubulin family (6 α-, 14 β-, and 2 γ-tubulin genes), the building block of microtubules, and the CesA (15-16 genes), the subunit of the multimeric cellulose-synthesizing complex devoted to the oriented deposition of the cellulose microfibrils is fundamental for the biosynthesis of the cell wall. The role of the different members of each family in providing specificities to the assembled complexes in terms of structure, dynamics, activity, and interaction remains substantially obscure. Genome-editing strategies, recently shown to be successful in flax, can therefore be useful to unravel the issue of functional redundancy and provide evidence for specific interactions between different members of the tubulin and CesA gene families, in relation to different phase and mode of cell wall biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Morello
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria IBBA-CNR, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Nikolay Pydiura
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Osypovskoho St. 2a, Kyiv, 04123, Ukraine
| | - Dmitry Galinousky
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Akademicheskaya St. 27, 220072, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Yaroslav Blume
- Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Osypovskoho St. 2a, Kyiv, 04123, Ukraine.
| | - Diego Breviario
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria IBBA-CNR, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Satya P, Chakraborty A, Sarkar D, Karan M, Das D, Mandal NA, Saha D, Datta S, Ray S, Kar CS, Karmakar PG, Mitra J, Singh NK. Transcriptome profiling uncovers β-galactosidases of diverse domain classes influencing hypocotyl development in jute (Corchorus capsularis L.). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 156:20-32. [PMID: 30172937 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme β-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) is known to influence vascular differentiation during early vegetative growth of plants, but its role in hypocotyl development is not yet fully understood. We generated the hypocotyl transcriptome data of a hypocotyl-defect jute (Corchorus capsularis L.) mutant (52,393 unigenes) and its wild-type (WT) cv. JRC-212 (44,720 unigenes) by paired-end RNA-seq and identified 11 isoforms of β-galactosidase, using a combination of sequence annotation, domain identification and structural-homology modeling. Phylogenetic analysis classified the jute β-galactosidases into six subfamilies of glycoside hydrolase-35 family, which are closely related to homologs from Malvaceous species. We also report here the expression of a β-galactosidase of glycoside hydrolase-2 family that was earlier considered to be absent in higher plants. Comparative analysis of domain structure allowed us to propose a domain-centric evolution of the five classes of plant β-galactosidases. Further, we observed 1.8-12.2-fold higher expression of nine β-galactosidase isoforms in the mutant hypocotyl, which was characterized by slower growth, undulated shape and deformed cell wall. In vitro and in vivo β-galactosidase activities were also higher in the mutant hypocotyl. Phenotypic analysis supported a significant (P ≤ 0.01) positive correlation between enzyme activity and undulated hypocotyl. Taken together, our study identifies the complete set of β-galactosidases expressed in the jute hypocotyl, and provides compelling evidence that they may be involved in cell wall degradation during hypocotyl development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Satya
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Nilganj, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700 120, West Bengal, India.
| | - Avrajit Chakraborty
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Nilganj, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700 120, West Bengal, India
| | - Debabrata Sarkar
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Nilganj, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700 120, West Bengal, India
| | - Maya Karan
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Nilganj, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700 120, West Bengal, India
| | - Debajeet Das
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Nilganj, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700 120, West Bengal, India
| | - Nur Alam Mandal
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Nilganj, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700 120, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipnarayan Saha
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Nilganj, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700 120, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhojit Datta
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Nilganj, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700 120, West Bengal, India
| | - Soham Ray
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Nilganj, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700 120, West Bengal, India
| | - Chandan Sourav Kar
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Nilganj, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700 120, West Bengal, India
| | - Pran Gobinda Karmakar
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Nilganj, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700 120, West Bengal, India
| | - Jiban Mitra
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Nilganj, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700 120, West Bengal, India
| | - Nagendra Kumar Singh
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110 012, India
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Izquierdo L, Martín I, Albornos L, Hernández-Nistal J, Hueso P, Dopico B, Labrador E. Overexpression of Cicer arietinum βIII-Gal but not βIV-Gal in arabidopsis causes a reduction of cell wall β-(1,4)-galactan compensated by an increase in homogalacturonan. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 231:135-146. [PMID: 30268077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In Cicer arietinum, as in several plant species, the β-galactosidases are encoded by multigene families, although the role of the different proteins is not completely elucidated. Here, we focus in 2 members of this family, βIII-Gal and βIV-Gal, with high degree of amino acid sequence identity (81%), but involved in different developmental processes according to previous studies. Our objective is to deepen in the function of these proteins by establishing their substrate specificity and the possible alterations caused in the cell wall polysaccharides when they are overproduced in Arabidopsis thaliana by constructing the 35S::βIII-Gal and 35S::βIV-Gal transgenic plants. βIII-Gal does cause visible alterations of the morphology of the transgenic plant, all related to a decrease in growth at different stages of development. FTIR spectroscopy and immunological studies showed that βIII-Gal causes changes in the structure of the arabidopsis cell wall polysaccharides, mainly a reduction of the galactan side chains which is compensated by a marked increase in homogalacturonan, which allows us to attribute to galactan a role in the control of the architecture of the cell wall, and therefore in the processes of growth. The 35S::βIV-Gal plants do not present any phenotypic changes, neither in their morphology nor in their cell walls. In spite of the high sequence homology, our results show different specificity of substrate for these proteins, maybe due to other dissimilar characteristics, such as isoelectric points or the number of N-glycosylation sites, which could determine their enzymatic properties and their distinct action in the cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Izquierdo
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Ignacio Martín
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Lucía Albornos
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Hueso
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Berta Dopico
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Emilia Labrador
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain.
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Ban Q, Han Y, He Y, Jin M, Han S, Suo J, Rao J. Functional characterization of persimmon β-galactosidase gene DkGAL1 in tomato reveals cell wall modification related to fruit ripening and radicle elongation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 274:109-120. [PMID: 30080594 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall metabolism during fruit ripening is a highly organized process that involves complex interplay among various cell wall hydrolases. Among these cell wall hydrolases, β-galactosidase has been identified to participate in cell wall metabolism via its ability to catalyze galactosyl metabolism from the large and complex side chains of cell walls. In this study, the galactose content in the pericarp increased during persimmon fruit ripening, but cell wall galactosyl residues decreased, indicating a relationship between galactose metabolism and persimmon fruit ripening. Expression of a previously isolated β-galactosidase gene, DkGAL1, increased 25.01-fold during fruit ripening. Heterologous expression of DkGAL1 under the CaMV 35S promoter in tomato accelerated on-plant and postharvest fruits ripening. The fruit firmness of one of transgenic line, OE-18, was 23.83% lower than that of WT at the breaker stage. The transgenic fruits produced more ethylene by promoting the expression of ethylene synthesis-related genes and cell wall degradation-related genes. Overexpression of DkGAL1 in tomato also reduced cell-to-cell adhesion and promoted both wider intercellular spaces and less cell compaction in transgenic fruit structures. Moreover, DkGAL1 was involved in seed germination and radicle elongation in transgenic tomato seeds. These results confirm the role of DkGAL1 in fruit ripening and suggest that this gene alters galactose metabolism in the fruit, which can promote ripening and reduce cellular adhesion. In addition, the role of DkGAL1 is not limited to fruit softening; DkGAL1 was also involved in seed germination and radicle elongation in transgenic tomato seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Ban
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Ye Han
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Yiheng He
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Mijing Jin
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Shoukun Han
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Jiangtao Suo
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - JingPing Rao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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40
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Expression Analysis of Cell Wall-Related Genes in Cannabis sativa: The “Ins and Outs” of Hemp Stem Tissue Development. FIBERS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/fib6020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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41
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Key Stages of Fiber Development as Determinants of Bast Fiber Yield and Quality. FIBERS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/fib6020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gorshkova T, Chernova T, Mokshina N, Ageeva M, Mikshina P. Plant 'muscles': fibers with a tertiary cell wall. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:66-72. [PMID: 29364532 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plants, although sessile organisms, are nonetheless able to move their body parts; for example, during root contraction of geophytes or in the gravitropic reaction by woody stems. One of the major mechanisms enabling these movements is the development of specialized structures that possess contractile properties. Quite unlike animal muscles, for which the action is driven by protein-protein interactions in the protoplasma, the action of plant 'muscles' is polysaccharide-based and located in the uniquely designed, highly cellulosic cell wall that is deposited specifically in fibers. This review describes the development of such cell walls as a widespread phenomenon in the plant kingdom, gives reasons why it should be considered as a tertiary cell wall, and discusses the mechanism of action of the 'muscles'. The origin of the contractile properties lies in the tension of the axially oriented cellulose microfibrils due to entrapment of rhamnogalacturonan-I aggregates that limits the lateral interaction of microfibrils. Long side chains of the nascent rhamnogalacturonan-I are trimmed off during cell wall maturation leading to tension development. Similarities in the tertiary cell wall design in fibers of different plant origin indicate that the basic principles of tension creation may be universal in various ecophysiological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Gorshkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana Chernova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia Mokshina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation
| | - Marina Ageeva
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation
| | - Polina Mikshina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, Kazan, 420111, Russian Federation
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43
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Dynamic In-Situ Observation on the Failure Mechanism of Flax Fiber through Scanning Electron Microscopy. FIBERS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/fib6010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to develop and improve bio-inspired fibers, it is necessary to have a proper understanding of the fracture behavior of bio-fibers such as flax fibers from an individual fiber down to the constituent micro-fibrils and nano-fibrils. For investigating the failure mechanism of individual and technical flax fibers, a tensile test bench was placed within a scanning electron microscope, and the entire process of fiber failure was investigated through the capture of an SEM movie. Next, fractographic analysis was performed on the failure surface of single fibers as well as meso-fibrils that failed at a displacement rate of 0.25 mm/min, 0.75 mm/min, and 1.6 mm/min. The analysis also enabled visualization of a few internal details of flax fiber such as the arrangement of meso-fibrils and micro-fibrils (nano-fibrils). It was shown that the crack bridging mechanism and successive fiber pull-out contributed to the high work of fracture of flax fiber and the value may reach as high as 10 6 J / m 2 .
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44
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Torode TA, O'Neill R, Marcus SE, Cornuault V, Pose S, Lauder RP, Kračun SK, Rydahl MG, Andersen MCF, Willats WGT, Braybrook SA, Townsend BJ, Clausen MH, Knox JP. Branched Pectic Galactan in Phloem-Sieve-Element Cell Walls: Implications for Cell Mechanics. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:1547-1558. [PMID: 29150558 PMCID: PMC5813576 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A major question in plant biology concerns the specification and functional differentiation of cell types. This is in the context of constraints imposed by networks of cell walls that both adhere cells and contribute to the form and function of developing organs. Here, we report the identification of a glycan epitope that is specific to phloem sieve element cell walls in several systems. A monoclonal antibody, designated LM26, binds to the cell wall of phloem sieve elements in stems of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), Miscanthus x giganteus, and notably sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) roots where phloem identification is an important factor for the study of phloem unloading of Suc. Using microarrays of synthetic oligosaccharides, the LM26 epitope has been identified as a β-1,6-galactosyl substitution of β-1,4-galactan requiring more than three backbone residues for optimized recognition. This branched galactan structure has previously been identified in garlic (Allium sativum) bulbs in which the LM26 epitope is widespread throughout most cell walls including those of phloem cells. Garlic bulb cell wall material has been used to confirm the association of the LM26 epitope with cell wall pectic rhamnogalacturonan-I polysaccharides. In the phloem tissues of grass stems, the LM26 epitope has a complementary pattern to that of the LM5 linear β-1,4-galactan epitope, which is detected only in companion cell walls. Mechanical probing of transverse sections of M x giganteus stems and leaves by atomic force microscopy indicates that phloem sieve element cell walls have a lower indentation modulus (indicative of higher elasticity) than companion cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Torode
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel O'Neill
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Susan E Marcus
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Valérie Cornuault
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Pose
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca P Lauder
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Stjepan K Kračun
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
| | - Maja Gro Rydahl
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
| | - Mathias C F Andersen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - William G T Willats
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Siobhan A Braybrook
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | - Belinda J Townsend
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mads H Clausen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - J Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Flax Cell Walls during Plant Development: The Relation between Performance and Cell Wall Structure. FIBERS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/fib6010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gavazzi F, Pigna G, Braglia L, Gianì S, Breviario D, Morello L. Evolutionary characterization and transcript profiling of β-tubulin genes in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) during plant development. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:237. [PMID: 29221437 PMCID: PMC5721616 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microtubules, polymerized from alpha and beta-tubulin monomers, play a fundamental role in plant morphogenesis, determining the cell division plane, the direction of cell expansion and the deposition of cell wall material. During polarized pollen tube elongation, microtubules serve as tracks for vesicular transport and deposition of proteins/lipids at the tip membrane. Such functions are controlled by cortical microtubule arrays. Aim of this study was to first characterize the flax β-tubulin family by sequence and phylogenetic analysis and to investigate differential expression of β-tubulin genes possibly related to fibre elongation and to flower development. RESULTS We report the cloning and characterization of the complete flax β-tubulin gene family: exon-intron organization, duplicated gene comparison, phylogenetic analysis and expression pattern during stem and hypocotyl elongation and during flower development. Sequence analysis of the fourteen expressed β-tubulin genes revealed that the recent whole genome duplication of the flax genome was followed by massive retention of duplicated tubulin genes. Expression analysis showed that β-tubulin mRNA profiles gradually changed along with phloem fibre development in both the stem and hypocotyl. In flowers, changes in relative tubulin transcript levels took place at anthesis in anthers, but not in carpels. CONCLUSIONS Phylogenetic analysis supports the origin of extant plant β-tubulin genes from four ancestral genes pre-dating angiosperm separation. Expression analysis suggests that particular tubulin subpopulations are more suitable to sustain different microtubule functions such as cell elongation, cell wall thickening or pollen tube growth. Tubulin genes possibly related to different microtubule functions were identified as candidate for more detailed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriana Gavazzi
- Istituto Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via A. Corti, 12, Milan, 20133 Italy
| | - Gaia Pigna
- Istituto Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via A. Corti, 12, Milan, 20133 Italy
| | - Luca Braglia
- Istituto Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via A. Corti, 12, Milan, 20133 Italy
| | - Silvia Gianì
- Istituto Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via A. Corti, 12, Milan, 20133 Italy
| | - Diego Breviario
- Istituto Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via A. Corti, 12, Milan, 20133 Italy
| | - Laura Morello
- Istituto Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via A. Corti, 12, Milan, 20133 Italy
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Guedes FTP, Laurans F, Quemener B, Assor C, Lainé-Prade V, Boizot N, Vigouroux J, Lesage-Descauses MC, Leplé JC, Déjardin A, Pilate G. Non-cellulosic polysaccharide distribution during G-layer formation in poplar tension wood fibers: abundance of rhamnogalacturonan I and arabinogalactan proteins but no evidence of xyloglucan. PLANTA 2017; 246:857-878. [PMID: 28699115 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
RG-I and AGP, but not XG, are associated to the building of the peculiar mechanical properties of tension wood. Hardwood trees produce tension wood (TW) with specific mechanical properties to cope with environmental cues. Poplar TW fibers have an additional cell wall layer, the G-layer responsible for TW mechanical properties. We investigated, in two poplar hybrid species, the molecules potentially involved in the building of TW mechanical properties. First, we evaluated the distribution of the different classes of non-cellulosic polysaccharides during xylem fiber differentiation, using immunolocalization. In parallel, G-layers were isolated and their polysaccharide composition determined. These complementary approaches provided information on the occurrence of non-cellulosic polysaccharides during G-fiber differentiation. We found no evidence of the presence of xyloglucan (XG) in poplar G-layers, whereas arabinogalactan proteins (AGP) and rhamnogalacturonan type I pectins (RG-I) were abundant, with an apparent progressive loss of RG-I side chains during G-layer maturation. Similarly, the intensity of immunolabeling signals specific for glucomannans and glucuronoxylans varies during G-layer maturation. RG-I and AGP are best candidate matrix components to be responsible for TW mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carole Assor
- BIA, INRA, 44316, Nantes, France
- IATE, INRA, 34060, Montpellier, France
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Chabi M, Goulas E, Leclercq CC, de Waele I, Rihouey C, Cenci U, Day A, Blervacq AS, Neutelings G, Duponchel L, Lerouge P, Hausman JF, Renaut J, Hawkins S. A Cell Wall Proteome and Targeted Cell Wall Analyses Provide Novel Information on Hemicellulose Metabolism in Flax. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:1634-1651. [PMID: 28706005 PMCID: PMC5587863 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.063727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimentally-generated (nanoLC-MS/MS) proteomic analyses of four different flax organs/tissues (inner-stem, outer-stem, leaves and roots) enriched in proteins from 3 different sub-compartments (soluble-, membrane-, and cell wall-proteins) was combined with publically available data on flax seed and whole-stem proteins to generate a flax protein database containing 2996 nonredundant total proteins. Subsequent multiple analyses (MapMan, CAZy, WallProtDB and expert curation) of this database were then used to identify a flax cell wall proteome consisting of 456 nonredundant proteins localized in the cell wall and/or associated with cell wall biosynthesis, remodeling and other cell wall related processes. Examination of the proteins present in different flax organs/tissues provided a detailed overview of cell wall metabolism and highlighted the importance of hemicellulose and pectin remodeling in stem tissues. Phylogenetic analyses of proteins in the cell wall proteome revealed an important paralogy in the class IIIA xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) family associated with xyloglucan endo-hydrolase activity.Immunolocalisation, FT-IR microspectroscopy, and enzymatic fingerprinting indicated that flax fiber primary/S1 cell walls contained xyloglucans with typical substituted side chains as well as glucuronoxylans in much lower quantities. These results suggest a likely central role of xyloglucans and endotransglucosylase/hydrolase activity in flax fiber formation and cell wall remodeling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Chabi
- From the ‡Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F 59000 Lille, France
| | - Estelle Goulas
- From the ‡Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F 59000 Lille, France
| | - Celine C Leclercq
- §Department Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Isabelle de Waele
- **Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, F 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Christophe Rihouey
- ‖Laboratoire Polymère Biopolymère Surface, UMR6270 CNRS, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale, Normandie Université, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Ugo Cenci
- ‡‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Arnaud Day
- From the ‡Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F 59000 Lille, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Blervacq
- From the ‡Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F 59000 Lille, France
| | - Godfrey Neutelings
- From the ‡Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F 59000 Lille, France
| | - Ludovic Duponchel
- **Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, F 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- ¶Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA 4358, Institut de Recherche et d'Innovation Biomédicale, Normandie Université, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Jean-François Hausman
- §Department Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jenny Renaut
- §Department Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Simon Hawkins
- From the ‡Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576, UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F 59000 Lille, France;
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Camel V, Galeano E, Carrer H. RED DE COEXPRESIÓN DE 320 GENES DE Tectona grandis RELACIONADOS CON PROCESOS DE ESTRÉS ABIÓTICO Y XILOGÉNESIS. TIP REVISTA ESPECIALIZADA EN CIENCIAS QUÍMICO-BIOLÓGICAS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recqb.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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50
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Guo Y, Qiu C, Long S, Chen P, Hao D, Preisner M, Wang H, Wang Y. Digital gene expression profiling of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) stem peel identifies genes enriched in fiber-bearing phloem tissue. Gene 2017; 626:32-40. [PMID: 28479385 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the molecular mechanisms and gene expression characteristics associated with development of bast fiber cell within flax stem phloem, the gene expression profiling of flax stem peels and leaves were screened, using Illumina's Digital Gene Expression (DGE) analysis. Four DGE libraries (2 for stem peel and 2 for leaf), ranging from 6.7 to 9.2 million clean reads were obtained, which produced 7.0 million and 6.8 million mapped reads for flax stem peel and leave, respectively. By differential gene expression analysis, a total of 975 genes, of which 708 (73%) genes have protein-coding annotation, were identified as phloem enriched genes putatively involved in the processes of polysaccharide and cell wall metabolism. Differential expression genes (DEGs) was validated using quantitative RT-PCR, the expression pattern of all nine genes determined by qRT-PCR fitted in well with that obtained by sequencing analysis. Cluster and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that a large number of genes related to metabolic process, catalytic activity and binding category were expressed predominantly in the stem peels. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of the phloem enriched genes suggested approximately 111 biological pathways. The large number of genes and pathways produced from DGE sequencing will expand our understanding of the complex molecular and cellular events in flax bast fiber development and provide a foundation for future studies on fiber development in other bast fiber crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Guo
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Caisheng Qiu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Songhua Long
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Dongmei Hao
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Marta Preisner
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław 51-148, Poland
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Yufu Wang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China.
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