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Hu Z, Huang X, Xia H, Zhang Z, Lu H, Wang X, Sun Y, Cui M, Yang S, Kant S, Xu G, Sun S. Transcription factor OsSHR2 regulates rice architecture and yield per plant in response to nitrogen. PLANTA 2024; 259:148. [PMID: 38717679 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04400-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Mutation of OsSHR2 adversely impacted root and shoot growth and impaired plant response to N conditions, further reducing the yield per plant. Nitrogen (N) is a crucial factor that regulates the plant architecture. There is still a lack of research on it. In our study, it was observed that the knockout of the SHORTROOT 2 (OsSHR2) which was induced by N deficiency, can significantly affect the regulation of plant architecture response to N in rice. Under N deficiency, the mutation of OsSHR2 significantly reduced root growth, and impaired the sensitivity of the root meristem length to N deficiency. The mutants were found to have approximately a 15% reduction in plant height compared to wild type. But mutants showed a significant increase in tillering at post-heading stage, approximately 26% more than the wild type, particularly in high N conditions. In addition, due to reduced seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight, mutant yield was significantly decreased by approximately 33% under low N fertilizer supply. The mutation also changed the distribution of N between the vegetative and reproductive organs. Our findings suggest that the transcription factor OsSHR2 plays a regulatory role in the response of plant architecture and yield per plant to N in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huihuang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhantian Zhang
- Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yantai, 265500, China
| | - Huixin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yafei Sun
- Institute of Eco-Environment and Plant Protection, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Science, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Mengyuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Surya Kant
- Agriculture Victoria, Grains Innovation Park, Horsham, VIC, 3400, Australia
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shubin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Cho Y, Kim Y, Lee H, Kim S, Kang J, Kadam US, Ju Park S, Sik Chung W, Chan Hong J. Cellular and physiological functions of SGR family in gravitropic response in higher plants. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00039-0. [PMID: 38295878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In plants, gravity directs bidirectional growth; it specifies upward growth of shoots and downward growth of roots. Due to gravity, roots establish robust anchorage and shoot, which enables to photosynthesize. It sets optimum posture and develops plant architecture to efficiently use resources like water, nutrients, CO2, and gaseous exchange. Hence, gravitropism is crucial for crop productivity as well as for the growth of plants in challenging climate. Some SGR members are known to affect tiller and shoot angle, organ size, and inflorescence stem in plants. AIM OF REVIEW Although the SHOOT GRAVITROPISM (SGR) family plays a key role in regulating the fate of shoot gravitropism, little is known about its function compared to other proteins involved in gravity response in plant cells and tissues. Moreover, less information on the SGR family's physiological activities and biochemical responses in shoot gravitropism is available. This review scrutinizes and highlights the recent developments in shoot gravitropism and provides an outlook for future crop development, multi-application scenarios, and translational research to improve agricultural productivity. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Plants have evolved multiple gene families specialized in gravitropic responses, of which the SGR family is highly significant. The SGR family regulates the plant's gravity response by regulating specific physiological and biochemical processes such as transcription, cell division, amyloplast sedimentation, endodermis development, and vacuole formation. Here, we analyze the latest discoveries in shoot gravitropism with particular attention to SGR proteins in plant cell biology, cellular physiology, and homeostasis. Plant cells detect gravity signals by sedimentation of amyloplast (starch granules) in the direction of gravity, and the signaling cascade begins. Gravity sensing, signaling, and auxin redistribution (organ curvature) are the three components of plant gravitropism. Eventually, we focus on the role of multiple SGR genes in shoot and present a complete update on the participation of SGR family members in gravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Cho
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujeong Kim
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyebi Lee
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sundong Kim
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehee Kang
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ulhas S Kadam
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soon Ju Park
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Sik Chung
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Chan Hong
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea.
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Liu Z, Cheng J. C 4 rice engineering, beyond installing a C 4 cycle. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108256. [PMID: 38091938 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis in higher plants is carried out by two distinct cell types: mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells, as a result highly concentrated carbon dioxide is released surrounding RuBisCo in chloroplasts of bundle sheath cells and the photosynthetic efficiency is significantly higher than that of C3 plants. The evolution of the dual-cell C4 cycle involved complex modifications to leaf anatomy and cell ultra-structures. These include an increase in leaf venation, the formation of Kranz anatomy, changes in chloroplast morphology in bundle sheath cells, and increases in the density of plasmodesmata at interfaces between the bundle sheath and mesophyll cells. It is predicted that cereals will be in severe worldwide shortage at the mid-term of this century. Rice is a staple food that feeds more than half of the world's population. If rice can be engineered to perform C4 photosynthesis, it is estimated that rice yield will be increased by at least 50% due to enhanced photosynthesis. Thus, the Second Green Revolution has been launched on this principle by genetically installing C4 photosynthesis into C3 crops. The studies on molecular mechanisms underlying the changes in leaf morphoanatomy involved in C4 photosynthesis have made great progress in recent years. As there are plenty of reviews discussing the installment of the C4 cycle, we focus on the current progress and challenges posed to the research regarding leaf anatomy and cell ultra-structure modifications made towards the development of C4 rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
| | - Jinjin Cheng
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
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4
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Roychowdhury A, Srivastava R, Akash, Shukla G, Zehirov G, Mishev K, Kumar R. Metabolic footprints in phosphate-starved plants. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:755-767. [PMID: 37363416 PMCID: PMC10284745 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01319-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Plants' requirement of Phosphorus (P) as an essential macronutrient is obligatory for their normal growth and metabolism. Besides restricting plants' primary growth, P depletion affects both primary and secondary metabolism and leads to altered levels of sugars, metabolites, amino acids, and other secondary compounds. Such metabolic shifts help plants optimize their metabolism and growth under P limited conditions. Under P deprivation, both sugar levels and their mobilization change that influences the expression of Pi starvation-inducible genes. Increased sugar repartitioning from shoot to root help root growth and organic acids secretion that in turn promotes phosphate (Pi) uptake from the soil. Other metabolic changes such as lipid remodeling or P reallocation from older to younger leaves release the P from its bound forms in the cell. In this review, we summarize the metabolic footprinting of Pi-starved plants with respect to the benefits offered by such metabolic changes to intracellular Pi homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Roychowdhury
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046 India
| | - Rajat Srivastava
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046 India
| | - Akash
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046 India
| | - Gyanesh Shukla
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046 India
| | - Grigor Zehirov
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Kiril Mishev
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046 India
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5
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An JP, Xu RR, Liu X, Su L, Yang K, Wang XF, Wang GL, You CX. Abscisic acid insensitive 4 interacts with ICE1 and JAZ proteins to regulate ABA signaling-mediated cold tolerance in apple. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:980-997. [PMID: 34555166 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid is involved in the regulation of cold stress response, but its molecular mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that the APETALA2/ethylene responsive factor (AP2/ERF) family protein MdABI4 positively regulates abscisic acid-mediated cold tolerance in apple. We found that MdABI4 interacts with MdICE1, a key regulatory protein involved in the cold stress response, and enhances the transcriptional regulatory function of MdICE1 on its downstream target gene MdCBF1, thus improving abscisic acid-mediated cold tolerance. The jasmonate-ZIM domain (JAZ) proteins MdJAZ1 and MdJAZ2 negatively modulate MdABI4-improved cold tolerance in apple by interacting with the MdABI4 protein. Further investigation showed that MdJAZ1 and MdJAZ2 interfere with the interaction between the MdABI4 and MdICE1 proteins. Together, our data revealed that MdABI4 integrates jasmonic acid and abscisic acid signals to precisely modulate cold tolerance in apple through the JAZ-ABI4-ICE1-CBF regulatory cascade. These findings provide insights into the crosstalk between jasmonic acid and abscisic acid signals in response to cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping An
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, China
| | - Rui-Rui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Pomology Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Su
- Shandong Academy of Grape, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Kuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, China
| | - Gui-Luan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, China
| | - Chun-Xiang You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, China
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Fu J, Zhang X, Liu J, Gao X, Bai J, Hao Y, Cui H. A mechanism coordinating root elongation, endodermal differentiation, redox homeostasis and stress response. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1029-1039. [PMID: 34056773 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Root growth relies on both cell division and cell elongation, which occur in the meristem and elongation zones, respectively. SCARECROW (SCR) and SHORT-ROOT (SHR) are GRAS family genes essential for root growth and radial patterning in the Arabidopsis root. Previous studies showed that SCR and SHR promote root growth by suppressing cytokinin response in the meristem, but there is evidence that SCR expressed beyond the meristem is also required for root growth. Here we report a previously unknown role for SCR in promoting cell elongation. Consistent with this, we found that the scr mutant accumulated a higher level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the elongation zone, which is probably due to decreased expression of peroxidase gene 3, which consumes hydrogen peroxide in a reaction leading to Casparian strip formation. When the oxidative stress response was blocked in the scr mutant by mutation in ABSCISIC ACID 2 (ABA2) or when the redox status was ameliorated by the upbeat 1 (upb1) mutant, the root became significantly longer, with longer cells and a larger and more mitotically active meristem. Remarkably, however, the stem cell and radial patterning defects in the double mutants still persisted. Since ROS and peroxidases are essential for endodermal differentiation, these results suggest that SCR plays a role in coordinating cell elongation, endodermal differentiation, redox homeostasis and oxidative stress response in the root. We also provide evidence that this role of SCR is independent of SHR, even though they function similarly in other aspects of root growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xinglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xudong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Juan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yueling Hao
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Hongchang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
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7
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Liu Y, Wen L, Shi Y, Su D, Lu W, Cheng Y, Li Z. Stress-responsive tomato gene SlGRAS4 function in drought stress and abscisic acid signaling. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 304:110804. [PMID: 33568303 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Adverse environmental conditions such as drought stress greatly limit the growth and production of crops worldwide. In this study, SlGRAS4, a drought stress-responsive GRAS gene from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) was functionally characterized. Repressing SlGRAS4 (SlGRAS4-RNAi) increased sensitivity to drought stress, whereas overexpressing SlGRAS4 (SlGRAS4-OE) in tomato enhanced tolerance of this stress. Under stress condition SlGRAS4-OE plants accumulated much less ROS than wild-type and SlGRAS4-RNAi plants. Numerous dehydration induced ROS-scavenging genes were upregulated in SlGRAS4-OE plants after drought stress, implying that SlGRAS4 confers drought tolerance by modulating ROS homeostasis. On the other hand, there are several abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive elements in SlGRAS4 promoter, the relative expression of ABA signaling genes including SlPYLs, SlPP2Cs and SlSnRK2s were verified in WT and transgenic plants both under normal and drought stress, the changed drought sensitivity of transgenic plants was mainly caused by SlSnRK2s, the positive regulators of ABA signaling. Our results suggested that SlGRAS4 directly binds to and activates SlSnRK2.4 promoter, belongs to subclass III SnRK2s, which play crucial role in ABA signaling. Protein studies revealed that SlSnRK2.4 interacts with SlAREB1 and SlAREB2, the major downstream transcription factors of ABA-dependent signaling pathway. SlGRAS4 therefore confers drought tolerance may be through SnRK2-AREB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China; Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Wen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China; Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China; Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China
| | - Deding Su
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China; Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China
| | - Wang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China; Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China
| | - Yulin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China; Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China; Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331, Chongqing, China.
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Zhang H, San ML, Jang SG, Lee JH, Kim NE, Lee AR, Park SY, Cao FY, Chin JH, Kwon SW. Genome-Wide Association Study of Root System Development at Seedling Stage in Rice. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121395. [PMID: 33255557 PMCID: PMC7760126 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Root network structure plays a crucial role in growth and development processes in rice. Longer, more branched root structures help plants to assimilate water and nutrition from soil, support robust plant growth, and improve resilience to stresses such as disease. Understanding the molecular basis of root development through screening of root-related traits in rice germplasms is critical to future rice breeding programs. This study used a small germplasm collection of 137 rice varieties chosen from the Korean rice core set (KRICE_CORE) to identify loci linked to root development. Two million high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used as the genotype, with maximum root length (MRL) and total root weight (TRW) in seedlings used as the phenotype. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) combined with Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Kinship matrix analysis identified four quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on chromosomes 3, 6, and 8. Two QTLs were linked to MRL and two were related to TRW. Analysis of Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) decay identified a 230 kb exploratory range for detection of candidate root-related genes. Candidates were filtered using RNA-seq data, gene annotations, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and five previously characterized genes related to root development were identified, as well as four novel candidate genes. Promoter analysis of candidate genes showed that LOC_Os03g08880 and LOC_Os06g13060 contained SNPs with the potential to impact gene expression in root-related promoter motifs. Haplotype analysis of candidate genes revealed diverse haplotypes that were significantly associated with phenotypic variation. Taken together, these results indicate that LOC_Os03g08880 and LOC_Os06g13060 are strong candidate genes for root development functions. The significant haplotypes identified in this study will be beneficial in future breeding programs for root improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjia Zhang
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (H.Z.); (M.L.S.); (S.-G.J.); (J.-H.L.); (N.-E.K.); (A.-R.L.)
| | - Mar Lar San
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (H.Z.); (M.L.S.); (S.-G.J.); (J.-H.L.); (N.-E.K.); (A.-R.L.)
| | - Seong-Gyu Jang
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (H.Z.); (M.L.S.); (S.-G.J.); (J.-H.L.); (N.-E.K.); (A.-R.L.)
| | - Ja-Hong Lee
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (H.Z.); (M.L.S.); (S.-G.J.); (J.-H.L.); (N.-E.K.); (A.-R.L.)
| | - Na-Eun Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (H.Z.); (M.L.S.); (S.-G.J.); (J.-H.L.); (N.-E.K.); (A.-R.L.)
| | - Ah-Rim Lee
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (H.Z.); (M.L.S.); (S.-G.J.); (J.-H.L.); (N.-E.K.); (A.-R.L.)
| | - So-Yeon Park
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Miryang 50463, Korea;
| | - Fang-Yuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, School of Biology and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212008, China;
| | - Joong-Hyoun Chin
- Department of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-H.C.); (S.-W.K.); Tel.: +82-55-350-5506 (S.-W.K.)
| | - Soon-Wook Kwon
- Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (H.Z.); (M.L.S.); (S.-G.J.); (J.-H.L.); (N.-E.K.); (A.-R.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.-H.C.); (S.-W.K.); Tel.: +82-55-350-5506 (S.-W.K.)
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Hughes TE, Langdale JA. SCARECROW gene function is required for photosynthetic development in maize. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00264. [PMID: 32999956 PMCID: PMC7507539 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis in grasses relies on a specialized leaf anatomy. In maize, this "Kranz" leaf anatomy is patterned in part by the duplicated SCARECROW (SCR) genes ZmSCR1 and ZmSCR1h. Here we show that in addition to patterning defects, chlorophyll content and levels of transcripts encoding Golden2-like regulators of chloroplast development are significantly lower in Zmscr1; Zmscr1h mutants than in wild-type. These perturbations are not associated with changes in chloroplast number, size, or ultrastructure. However, the maximum rates of carboxylation by ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO, V cmax) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC, V pmax) are both reduced, leading to perturbed plant growth. The CO2 compensation point and 13C‰ of Zmscr1;Zmscr1h plants are both normal, indicating that a canonical C4 cycle is operating, albeit at reduced overall capacity. Taken together, our results reveal that the maize SCR genes, either directly or indirectly, play a role in photosynthetic development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT SCARECROW (SCR) is one of the best studied plant developmental regulators, however, its role in downstream plant physiology is less well-understood. Here, we have demonstrated that SCR is required to establish and/or maintain photosynthetic capacity in maize leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Hughes
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Jane A. Langdale
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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10
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Chandrasekaran U, Luo X, Zhou W, Shu K. Multifaceted Signaling Networks Mediated by Abscisic Acid Insensitive 4. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100040. [PMID: 33367237 PMCID: PMC7748004 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Although ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 4 (ABI4) was initially demonstrated as a key positive regulator in the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) signaling cascade, multiple studies have now shown that it is actually involved in the regulation of several other cascades, including diverse phytohormone biogenesis and signaling pathways, various developmental processes (such as seed dormancy and germination, seedling establishment, and root development), disease resistance and lipid metabolism. Consistent with its versatile biological functions, ABI4 either activates or represses transcription of its target genes. The upstream regulators of ABI4 at both the transcription and post-transcription levels have also been documented in recent years. Consequently, a complicated network consisting of the direct target genes and upstream regulators of ABI4, through which ABI4 participates in several phytohormone crosstalk networks, has been generated. In this review, we summarize current understanding of the sophisticated ABI4-mediated molecular networks, mainly focusing on diverse phytohormone (including ABA, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, auxin, and jasmonic acid) crosstalks. We also discuss the potential mechanisms through which ABI4 receives the ABA signal, focusing on protein phosphorylation modification events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaofeng Luo
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710012, China
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wenguan Zhou
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710012, China
| | - Kai Shu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710012, China
- Corresponding author
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11
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Sun X, Chen F, Yuan L, Mi G. The physiological mechanism underlying root elongation in response to nitrogen deficiency in crop plants. PLANTA 2020; 251:84. [PMID: 32189077 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In response to low nitrogen stress, multiple hormones together with nitric oxide signaling pathways work synergistically and antagonistically in crop root elongation. Changing root morphology allows plants to adapt to soil nutrient availability. Nitrogen is the most important essential nutrient for plant growth. An important adaptive strategy for crops responding to nitrogen deficiency is root elongation, thereby accessing increased soil space and nitrogen resources. Multiple signaling pathways are involved in this regulatory network, working together to fine-tune root elongation in response to soil nitrogen availability. Based on existing research, we propose a model to explain how different signaling pathways interact to regulate root elongation in response to low nitrogen stress. In response to a low shoot nitrogen status signal, auxin transport from the shoot to the root increases. High auxin levels in the root tip stimulate the production of nitric oxide, which promotes the synthesis of strigolactones to accelerate cell division. In this process, cytokinin, ethylene, and abscisic acid play an antagonistic role, while brassinosteroids and auxin play a synergistic role in regulating root elongation. Further study is required to identify the QTLs, genes, and favorable alleles which control the root elongation response to low nitrogen stress in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichao Sun
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fanjun Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lixing Yuan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guohua Mi
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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12
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Aubry E, Dinant S, Vilaine F, Bellini C, Le Hir R. Lateral Transport of Organic and Inorganic Solutes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E20. [PMID: 30650538 PMCID: PMC6358943 DOI: 10.3390/plants8010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organic (e.g., sugars and amino acids) and inorganic (e.g., K⁺, Na⁺, PO₄2-, and SO₄2-) solutes are transported long-distance throughout plants. Lateral movement of these compounds between the xylem and the phloem, and vice versa, has also been reported in several plant species since the 1930s, and is believed to be important in the overall resource allocation. Studies of Arabidopsis thaliana have provided us with a better knowledge of the anatomical framework in which the lateral transport takes place, and have highlighted the role of specialized vascular and perivascular cells as an interface for solute exchanges. Important breakthroughs have also been made, mainly in Arabidopsis, in identifying some of the proteins involved in the cell-to-cell translocation of solutes, most notably a range of plasma membrane transporters that act in different cell types. Finally, in the future, state-of-art imaging techniques should help to better characterize the lateral transport of these compounds on a cellular level. This review brings the lateral transport of sugars and inorganic solutes back into focus and highlights its importance in terms of our overall understanding of plant resource allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Aubry
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Sylvie Dinant
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Françoise Vilaine
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
| | - Catherine Bellini
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90183 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Rozenn Le Hir
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France.
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13
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Kobayashi A, Miura S, Kozaki A. INDETERMINATE DOMAIN PROTEIN binding sequences in the 5'-untranslated region and promoter of the SCARECROW gene play crucial and distinct roles in regulating SCARECROW expression in roots and leaves. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 94:1-13. [PMID: 28324206 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0578-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
SCARECROW (SCR) and SHORT-ROOT (SHR), which belong to the GRAS transcription factor family, are key regulators of root and leaf growth and development. Despite the importance of SCR expression for proper plant development, the mechanism of SCR regulation has not been clarified. A previous study showed that an INDETERMINATE DOMAIN transcription factor, JACKDAW (JKD), is essential for the expression of SCR in combination with SCR and SHR. In this study, we characterized possible binding sequences of INDETERMINATE DOMAIN PROTEIN in the 1.5 kb upstream region of SCR. Mutation in a binding sequence 340 bp upstream of the ATG increased transcriptional activation by JKD in transient assays using Arabidopsis cultured cells. However, the activity was not enhanced by SCR/SHR. Histochemical analysis of promoter activity in transgenic Arabidopsis plants carrying a fusion of the promoter and the β-glucronidase reporter gene showed that mutation of the -340 bp sequence eliminated most of the promoter activity, indicating that this sequence was indispensable for SCR expression. Promoter deletion of downstream sequences from -280 bp lost the enhanced activity by SCR/SHR in transient assays and activity in root tips and the bundle sheath (BS) in plants. Conversely, mutation at -480 bp did not significantly influence transcriptional activity in transient assays. However, most of SCR expression was lost except for the root tip in plants. The sequences around -1 kb appeared to regulate SCR expression negatively in plants. Together, these INDETERMINATE DOMAIN PROTEIN binding sequences have crucial and distinct functions in regulating SCR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kobayashi
- Department of Biology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga-ku Shizuoka, 422-8529, Shizuoka-Shi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Miura
- Department of Biology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga-ku Shizuoka, 422-8529, Shizuoka-Shi, Japan
| | - Akiko Kozaki
- Department of Biology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya Suruga-ku Shizuoka, 422-8529, Shizuoka-Shi, Japan.
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14
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García-Gómez ML, Azpeitia E, Álvarez-Buylla ER. A dynamic genetic-hormonal regulatory network model explains multiple cellular behaviors of the root apical meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005488. [PMID: 28426669 PMCID: PMC5417714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the concerted action of hormones and transcription factors is fundamental to understand cell differentiation and pattern formation during organ development. The root apical meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana is a useful model to address this. It has a stem cell niche near its tip conformed of a quiescent organizer and stem or initial cells around it, then a proliferation domain followed by a transition domain, where cells diminish division rate before transiting to the elongation zone; here, cells grow anisotropically prior to their final differentiation towards the plant base. A minimal model of the gene regulatory network that underlies cell-fate specification and patterning at the root stem cell niche was proposed before. In this study, we update and couple such network with both the auxin and cytokinin hormone signaling pathways to address how they collectively give rise to attractors that correspond to the genetic and hormonal activity profiles that are characteristic of different cell types along A. thaliana root apical meristem. We used a Boolean model of the genetic-hormonal regulatory network to integrate known and predicted regulatory interactions into alternative models. Our analyses show that, after adding some putative missing interactions, the model includes the necessary and sufficient components and regulatory interactions to recover attractors characteristic of the root cell types, including the auxin and cytokinin activity profiles that correlate with different cellular behaviors along the root apical meristem. Furthermore, the model predicts the existence of activity configurations that could correspond to the transition domain. The model also provides a possible explanation for apparently paradoxical cellular behaviors in the root meristem. For example, how auxin may induce and at the same time inhibit WOX5 expression. According to the model proposed here the hormonal regulation of WOX5 might depend on the cell type. Our results illustrate how non-linear multi-stable qualitative network models can aid at understanding how transcriptional regulators and hormonal signaling pathways are dynamically coupled and may underlie both the acquisition of cell fate and the emergence of hormonal activity profiles that arise during complex organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica L. García-Gómez
- Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Eugenio Azpeitia
- INRIA project-team Virtual Plants, joint with CIRAD and INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Elena R. Álvarez-Buylla
- Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
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15
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Harris JM, Ondzighi-Assoume CA. Environmental nitrate signals through abscisic acid in the root tip. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1273303. [PMID: 28067583 PMCID: PMC5289525 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1273303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Roots respond to changes in environmental nitrate with a localized stimulation of ABA levels in the root tip. This rise in ABA levels is due to the action of ER-localized β-GLUCOSIDASE 1, which releases bioactive ABA from the inactive ABA-glucose ester. The slow rise in root tip ABA levels stimulates expression of nitrate metabolic enzymes and simultaneously activates a negative feedback loop involving the protein phosphatase, ABI2, which reduces nitrate influx via the AtNPF6.3 transceptor. The rise in root-tip localized ABA also negatively regulates expression of the SCARECROW transcription factor, thus providing a sensitive mechanism for modulating root growth in response to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M. Harris
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- CONTACT Jeanne M. Harris Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Jeffords Hall, 63 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
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16
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Waszczak C, Kerchev PI, Mühlenbock P, Hoeberichts FA, Van Der Kelen K, Mhamdi A, Willems P, Denecker J, Kumpf RP, Noctor G, Messens J, Van Breusegem F. SHORT-ROOT Deficiency Alleviates the Cell Death Phenotype of the Arabidopsis catalase2 Mutant under Photorespiration-Promoting Conditions. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:1844-59. [PMID: 27432873 PMCID: PMC5006698 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can act as a signaling molecule that influences various aspects of plant growth and development, including stress signaling and cell death. To analyze molecular mechanisms that regulate the response to increased H2O2 levels in plant cells, we focused on the photorespiration-dependent peroxisomal H2O2 production in Arabidopsis thaliana mutants lacking CATALASE2 (CAT2) activity (cat2-2). By screening for second-site mutations that attenuate the PSII maximum efficiency (Fv'/Fm') decrease and lesion formation linked to the cat2-2 phenotype, we discovered that a mutation in SHORT-ROOT (SHR) rescued the cell death phenotype of cat2-2 plants under photorespiration-promoting conditions. SHR deficiency attenuated H2O2-dependent gene expression, oxidation of the glutathione pool, and ascorbate depletion in a cat2-2 genetic background upon exposure to photorespiratory stress. Decreased glycolate oxidase and catalase activities together with accumulation of glycolate further implied that SHR deficiency impacts the cellular redox homeostasis by limiting peroxisomal H2O2 production. The photorespiratory phenotype of cat2-2 mutants did not depend on the SHR functional interactor SCARECROW and the sugar signaling component ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE4, despite the requirement for exogenous sucrose for cell death attenuation in cat2-2 shr-6 double mutants. Our findings reveal a link between SHR and photorespiratory H2O2 production that has implications for the integration of developmental and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Waszczak
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Structural Biology Brussels Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Brussels Center for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pavel I Kerchev
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Per Mühlenbock
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank A Hoeberichts
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Van Der Kelen
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amna Mhamdi
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Patrick Willems
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jordi Denecker
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Robert P Kumpf
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Graham Noctor
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Joris Messens
- Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Structural Biology Brussels Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Brussels Center for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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17
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Arabidopsis YL1/BPG2 Is Involved in Seedling Shoot Response to Salt Stress through ABI4. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30163. [PMID: 27444988 PMCID: PMC4957093 DOI: 10.1038/srep30163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The chloroplast-localized proteins play roles in plant salt stress response, but their mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we screened a yellow leaf mutant, yl1-1, whose shoots exhibited hypersensitivity to salt stress. We mapped YL1 to AT3G57180, which encodes a YqeH-type GTPase. YL1, as a chloroplast stroma-localized protein, could be markedly reduced by high salinity. Upon exposure to high salinity, seedling shoots of yl1-1 and yl1-2 accumulated significantly higher levels of Na+ than wild type. Expression analysis of factors involved in plant salt stress response showed that the expression of ABI4 was increased and HKT1 was evidently suppressed in mutant shoots compared with the wild type under normal growth conditions. Moreover, salinity effects on ABI4 and HKT1 were clearly weakened in the mutant shoots, suggesting that the loss of YL1 function impairs ABI4 and HKT1 expression. Notably, the shoots of yl1-2 abi4 double mutant exhibited stronger resistance to salt stress and accumulated less Na+ levels after salt treatment compared with the yl1-2 single mutant, suggesting the salt-sensitive phenotype of yl1-2 seedlings could be rescued via loss of ABI4 function. These results reveal that YL1 is involved in the salt stress response of seedling shoots through ABI4.
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18
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Nagarajan VK, Satheesh V, Poling MD, Raghothama KG, Jain A. Arabidopsis MYB-Related HHO2 Exerts a Regulatory Influence on a Subset of Root Traits and Genes Governing Phosphate Homeostasis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1142-52. [PMID: 27016098 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate (Pi), an essential macronutrient required for growth and development of plants, is often limiting in soils. Pi deficiency modulates the expression of Pi starvation-responsive (PSR) genes including transcription factors (TFs). Here, we elucidated the role of the MYB-related TF HYPERSENSITIVITY TO LOW PHOSPHATE-ELICITED PRIMARY ROOT SHORTENING1 HOMOLOG2 (HHO2, At1g68670) in regulating Pi acquisition and signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana HHO2 was specifically and significantly induced in different tissues in response to Pi deprivation. Transgenic seedlings expressing 35S::GFP::HHO2 confirmed the localization of HHO2 to the nucleus. Knockout mutants of HHO2 showed significant reduction in number and length of first- and higher-order lateral roots and Pi content of different tissues compared with the wild-type irrespective of the Pi regime. In contrast, HHO2-overexpressing lines exhibited augmented lateral root development, enhanced Pi uptake rate and higher Pi content in leaf compared with the wild-type. Expression levels of PSR genes involved in Pi sensing and signaling in mutants and overexpressors were differentially regulated as compared with the wild-type. Attenuation in the expression of HHO2 in the phr1 mutant suggested a likely influence of PHR1 in HHO2-mediated regulation of a subset of traits governing Pi homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay K Nagarajan
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010, USA, Fax: +1 765-494-9613
| | - Viswanathan Satheesh
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Lal Bahadur Shastri Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India, Fax: +91 11 25843984
| | - Michael D Poling
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010, USA, Fax: +1 765-494-9613
| | - Kashchandra G Raghothama
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010, USA, Fax: +1 765-494-9613
| | - Ajay Jain
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Lal Bahadur Shastri Building, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012, India, Fax: +91 11 25843984
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19
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Ondzighi-Assoume CA, Chakraborty S, Harris JM. Environmental Nitrate Stimulates Abscisic Acid Accumulation in Arabidopsis Root Tips by Releasing It from Inactive Stores. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:729-45. [PMID: 26887919 PMCID: PMC4826012 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) signaling plays a major role in root system development, regulating growth and root architecture. However, the precise localization of ABA remains undetermined. Here, we present a mechanism in which nitrate signaling stimulates the release of bioactive ABA from the inactive storage form, ABA-glucose ester (ABA-GE). We found that ABA accumulated in the endodermis and quiescent center of Arabidopsis thaliana root tips, mimicking the pattern of SCARECROW expression, and (to lower levels) in the vascular cylinder. Nitrate treatment increased ABA levels in root tips; this stimulation requires the activity of the endoplasmic reticulum-localized, ABA-GE-deconjugating enzyme b-GLUCOSIDASE1, but not de novo ABA biosynthesis. Immunogold labeling demonstrated that ABA is associated with cytoplasmic structures near, but not within, the endoplasmic reticulum. These findings demonstrate a mechanism for nitrate-regulated root growth via regulation of ABA accumulation in the root tip, providing insight into the environmental regulation of root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Ondzighi-Assoume
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405 Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Sanhita Chakraborty
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Jeanne M Harris
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405
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20
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Kong D, Hao Y, Cui H. The WUSCHEL Related Homeobox Protein WOX7 Regulates the Sugar Response of Lateral Root Development in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:261-270. [PMID: 26621542 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sugars promote lateral root formation at low levels but become inhibitory at high C/N or C/P ratios. How sugars suppress lateral root formation is unclear, however. Here we report that WOX7, a member of the WUSCHEL related homeobox (WOX) family transcription factors, inhibits lateral root development in a sugar-dependent manner. The number of lateral root primordia increased in wox7 mutants but decreased in plants over-expressing WOX7. Plants expressing the WOX7-VP16 fusion protein produced even more lateral roots than wox7, suggesting that WOX7 acts as a transcriptional repressor in lateral root development. WOX7 is expressed at all stages of lateral root development, but it is primarily involved in lateral root initiation. Consistent with this, the wox7 mutant had a higher mitotic activity only at early stages of lateral root development. Further studies suggest that WOX7 regulates lateral root development through direct repression of cell cycle genes, particularly CYCD6;1. WOX7 expression was enhanced by sugar, reduced by auxin, but did not respond to salt and mannitol. In the wox7 mutant, the effect of sugar on lateral root formation was mitigated. These results together suggest that WOX7 plays an important role in coupling the lateral root development program and sugar status in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyu Kong
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Yueling Hao
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Hongchang Cui
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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21
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Yao X, Li J, Liu J, Liu K. An Arabidopsis mitochondria-localized RRL protein mediates abscisic acid signal transduction through mitochondrial retrograde regulation involving ABI4. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6431-45. [PMID: 26163700 PMCID: PMC4588890 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of abscisic acid (ABA) signalling have been studied for many years; however, how mitochondria-localized proteins play roles in ABA signalling remains unclear. Here an Arabidopsis mitochondria-localized protein RRL (RETARDED ROOT GROWTH-LIKE) was shown to function in ABA signalling. A previous study had revealed that the Arabidopsis mitochondria-localized protein RRG (RETARDED ROOT GROWTH) is required for cell division in the root meristem. RRL shares 54% and 57% identity at the nucleotide and amino acid sequences, respectively, with RRG; nevertheless, RRL shows a different function in Arabidopsis. In this study, disruption of RRL decreased ABA sensitivity whereas overexpression of RRL increased ABA sensitivity during seed germination and seedling growth. High expression levels of RRL were found in germinating seeds and developing seedlings, as revealed by β-glucuronidase (GUS) staining of ProRRL-GUS transgenic lines. The analyses of the structure and function of mitochondria in the knockout rrl mutant showed that the disruption of RRL causes extensively internally vacuolated mitochondria and reduced ABA-stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Previous studies have revealed that the expression of alternative oxidase (AOX) in the alternative respiratory pathway is increased by mitochondrial retrograde regulation to regain ROS levels when the mitochondrial electron transport chain is impaired. The APETALA2 (AP2)-type transcription factor ABI4 is a regulator of ALTERNATIVE OXIDASE1a (AOX1a) in mitochondrial retrograde signalling. This study showed that ABA-induced AOX1a and ABI4 expression was inhibited in the rrl mutant, suggesting that RRL is probably involved in ABI4-mediated mitochondrial retrograde signalling. Furthermore, the results revealed that ABI4 is a downstream regulatory factor in RRL-mediated ABA signalling in seed germination and seedling growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Juanjuan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianping Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kede Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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22
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Ferdous J, Hussain SS, Shi BJ. Role of microRNAs in plant drought tolerance. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:293-305. [PMID: 25583362 PMCID: PMC6680329 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a normal and recurring climate feature in most parts of the world and plays a major role in limiting crop productivity. However, plants have their own defence systems to cope with adverse climatic conditions. One of these defence mechanisms is the reprogramming of gene expression by microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are small noncoding RNAs of approximately 22 nucleotides length, which have emerged as important regulators of genes at post-transcriptional levels in a range of organisms. Some miRNAs are functionally conserved across plant species and are regulated by drought stress. These properties suggest that miRNA-based genetic modifications have the potential to enhance drought tolerance in cereal crops. This review summarizes the current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of plant miRNAs, involvement of plant miRNAs in drought stress responses in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), wheat (Triticum spp.) and other plant species, and the involvement of miRNAs in plant-adaptive mechanisms under drought stress. Potential strategies and directions for future miRNA research and the utilization of miRNAs in the improvement of cereal crops for drought tolerance are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannatul Ferdous
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
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23
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Long Y, Smet W, Cruz-Ramírez A, Castelijns B, de Jonge W, Mähönen AP, Bouchet BP, Perez GS, Akhmanova A, Scheres B, Blilou I. Arabidopsis BIRD Zinc Finger Proteins Jointly Stabilize Tissue Boundaries by Confining the Cell Fate Regulator SHORT-ROOT and Contributing to Fate Specification. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:1185-99. [PMID: 25829440 PMCID: PMC4558684 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.132407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells cannot rearrange their positions; therefore, sharp tissue boundaries must be accurately programmed. Movement of the cell fate regulator SHORT-ROOT from the stele to the ground tissue has been associated with transferring positional information across tissue boundaries. The zinc finger BIRD protein JACKDAW has been shown to constrain SHORT-ROOT movement to a single layer, and other BIRD family proteins were postulated to counteract JACKDAW's role in restricting SHORT-ROOT action range. Here, we report that regulation of SHORT-ROOT movement requires additional BIRD proteins whose action is critical for the establishment and maintenance of the boundary between stele and ground tissue. We show that BIRD proteins act in concert and not in opposition. The exploitation of asymmetric redundancies allows the separation of two BIRD functions: constraining SHORT-ROOT spread through nuclear retention and transcriptional regulation of key downstream SHORT-ROOT targets, including SCARECROW and CYCLIND6. Our data indicate that BIRD proteins promote formative divisions and tissue specification in the Arabidopsis thaliana root meristem ground tissue by tethering and regulating transcriptional competence of SHORT-ROOT complexes. As a result, a tissue boundary is not "locked in" after initial patterning like in many animal systems, but possesses considerable developmental plasticity due to continuous reliance on mobile transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Long
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3581CH, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Smet
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3581CH, The Netherlands
| | - Alfredo Cruz-Ramírez
- Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3581CH, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Castelijns
- Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3581CH, The Netherlands
| | - Wim de Jonge
- Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3581CH, The Netherlands
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Benjamin P Bouchet
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3581CH, The Netherlands
| | - Gabino Sanchez Perez
- Bioinformatics, Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3581CH, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Scheres
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3581CH, The Netherlands
| | - Ikram Blilou
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3581CH, The Netherlands
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Reitz MU, Gifford ML, Schäfer P. Hormone activities and the cell cycle machinery in immunity-triggered growth inhibition. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2187-97. [PMID: 25821072 PMCID: PMC4986725 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Biotic stress and diseases caused by pathogen attack pose threats in crop production and significantly reduce crop yields. Enhancing immunity against pathogens is therefore of outstanding importance in crop breeding. However, this must be balanced, as immune activation inhibits plant growth. This immunity-coupled growth trade-off does not support resistance but is postulated to reflect the reallocation of resources to drive immunity. There is, however, increasing evidence that growth-immunity trade-offs are based on the reconfiguration of hormone pathways, shared by growth and immunity signalling. Studies in roots revealed the role of hormones in orchestrating growth across different cell types, with some hormones showing a defined cell type-specific activity. This is apparently highly relevant for the regulation of the cell cycle machinery and might be part of the growth-immunity cross-talk. Since plants are constantly exposed to Immuno-activating microbes under agricultural conditions, the transition from a growth to an immunity operating mode can significantly reduce crop yield and can conflict our efforts to generate next-generation crops with improved yield under climate change conditions. By focusing on roots, we outline the current knowledge of hormone signalling on the cell cycle machinery to explain growth trade-offs induced by immunity. By referring to abiotic stress studies, we further introduce how root cell type-specific hormone activities might contribute to growth under immunity and discuss the feasibility of uncoupling the growth-immunity cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M U Reitz
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - M L Gifford
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - P Schäfer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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25
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Kong D, Ju C, Parihar A, Kim S, Cho D, Kwak JM. Arabidopsis glutamate receptor homolog3.5 modulates cytosolic Ca2+ level to counteract effect of abscisic acid in seed germination. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:1630-42. [PMID: 25681329 PMCID: PMC4378146 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.251298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination is a critical step in a plant's life cycle that allows successful propagation and is therefore strictly controlled by endogenous and environmental signals. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying germination control remain elusive. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) glutamate receptor homolog3.5 (AtGLR3.5) is predominantly expressed in germinating seeds and increases cytosolic Ca2+ concentration that counteracts the effect of abscisic acid (ABA) to promote germination. Repression of AtGLR3.5 impairs cytosolic Ca2+ concentration elevation, significantly delays germination, and enhances ABA sensitivity in seeds, whereas overexpression of AtGLR3.5 results in earlier germination and reduced seed sensitivity to ABA. Furthermore, we show that Ca2+ suppresses the expression of ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE4 (ABI4), a key transcription factor involved in ABA response in seeds, and that ABI4 plays a fundamental role in modulation of Ca2+-dependent germination. Taken together, our results provide molecular genetic evidence that AtGLR3.5-mediated Ca2+ influx stimulates seed germination by antagonizing the inhibitory effects of ABA through suppression of ABI4. These findings establish, to our knowledge, a new and pivotal role of the plant glutamate receptor homolog and Ca2+ signaling in germination control and uncover the orchestrated modulation of the AtGLR3.5-mediated Ca2+ signal and ABA signaling via ABI4 to fine-tune the crucial developmental process, germination, in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Kong
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (D.K., C.J., A.P., S.K., D.C.); andCenter for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 711-873, Republic of Korea (J.M.K.)
| | - Chuanli Ju
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (D.K., C.J., A.P., S.K., D.C.); andCenter for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 711-873, Republic of Korea (J.M.K.)
| | - Aisha Parihar
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (D.K., C.J., A.P., S.K., D.C.); andCenter for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 711-873, Republic of Korea (J.M.K.)
| | - So Kim
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (D.K., C.J., A.P., S.K., D.C.); andCenter for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 711-873, Republic of Korea (J.M.K.)
| | - Daeshik Cho
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (D.K., C.J., A.P., S.K., D.C.); andCenter for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 711-873, Republic of Korea (J.M.K.)
| | - June M Kwak
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 (D.K., C.J., A.P., S.K., D.C.); andCenter for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 711-873, Republic of Korea (J.M.K.)
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26
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Sulpice R, McKeown PC. Moving toward a comprehensive map of central plant metabolism. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 66:187-210. [PMID: 25621519 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043014-114720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Decades of intensive study have led to the discovery of the main pathways involved in central metabolism but only some of the pathways and regulatory networks in which they are embedded. In this review, we discuss techniques used to assemble these pathways into a systems biology framework that can enable accurate modeling of the response of central metabolism to changes, including ways to perturb metabolic systems and assemble the resulting data into a meaningful network. Critically, these networks are of such size and complexity that it is possible to derive them only if data from different groups can be comprehensively and meaningfully combined. We conclude that it is essential to establish common standards for the description of experimental conditions and data collection and to store this information in databases to which the whole community can contribute.
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Chen K, Li H, Chen Y, Zheng Q, Li B, Li Z. TaSCL14, a novel wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) GRAS gene, regulates plant growth, photosynthesis, tolerance to photooxidative stress, and senescence. J Genet Genomics 2014; 42:21-32. [PMID: 25619599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Rates of photosynthesis, tolerance to photooxidative stress, and senescence are all important physiological factors that affect plant development and thus agricultural productivity. GRAS proteins play essential roles in plant growth and development as well as in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. So far few GRAS genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) have been characterized. A previous transcriptome analysis indicated that the expression of a GRAS gene (TaSCL14) was induced by high-light stress in Xiaoyan 54 (XY54), a common wheat cultivar with strong tolerance to high-light stress. In this study, TaSCL14 gene was isolated from XY54 and mapped on chromosome 4A. TaSCL14 was expressed in various wheat organs, with high levels in stems and roots. Our results confirmed that TaSCL14 expression was indeed responsive to high-light stress. Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV)-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of TaSCL14 in wheat was performed to help characterize its potential functions. Silencing of TaSCL14 resulted in inhibited plant growth, decreased photosynthetic capacity, and reduced tolerance to photooxidative stress. In addition, silencing of TaSCL14 in wheat promoted leaf senescence induced by darkness. These results suggest that TaSCL14 may act as a multifunctional regulator involved in plant growth, photosynthesis, tolerance to photooxidative stress, and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunmei Chen
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yaofeng Chen
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Qi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhensheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Cui H, Kong D, Liu X, Hao Y. SCARECROW, SCR-LIKE 23 and SHORT-ROOT control bundle sheath cell fate and function in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 78:319-27. [PMID: 24517883 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Bundle sheath (BS) cells form a single cell layer surrounding the vascular tissue in leaves. In C3 plants, photosynthesis occurs in both the BS and mesophyll cells, but the BS cells are the major sites of photosynthesis in C4 plants, whereas the mesophyll cells are only involved in CO2 fixation. Because C4 plants are more efficient photosynthetically, introduction of the C4 mechanism into C3 plants is considered a key strategy to improve crop yield. One prerequisite for such C3-to-C4 engineering is the ability to manipulate the number and physiology of the BS cells, but the molecular basis of BS cell-fate specification remains unclear. Here we report that mutations in three GRAS family transcription factors, SHORT-ROOT (SHR), SCARECROW (SCR) and SCARECROW-LIKE 23 (SCL23), affect BS cell fate in Arabidopsis thaliana. SCR and SCL23 are expressed specifically in the BS cells and act redundantly in BS cell-fate specification, but their expression pattern and function diverge at later stages of leaf development. Using ChIP-chip experiments and sugar assays, we show that SCR is primarily involved in sugar transport whereas SCL23 functions in mineral transport. SHR is also essential for BS cell-fate specification, but it is expressed in the central vascular tissue. However, the SHR protein moves into the BS cells, where it directly regulates SCR and SCL23 expression. SHR, SCR and SCL23 homologs are present in many plant species, suggesting that this developmental pathway for BS cell-fate specification is likely to be evolutionarily conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchang Cui
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4295, USA
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29
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Li P, Zhou H, Shi X, Yu B, Zhou Y, Chen S, Wang Y, Peng Y, Meyer RC, Smeekens SC, Teng S. The ABI4-induced Arabidopsis ANAC060 transcription factor attenuates ABA signaling and renders seedlings sugar insensitive when present in the nucleus. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004213. [PMID: 24625790 PMCID: PMC3953025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Seedling establishment is inhibited on media containing high levels (∼ 6%) of glucose or fructose. Genetic loci that overcome the inhibition of seedling growth on high sugar have been identified using natural variation analysis and mutant selection, providing insight into sugar signaling pathways. In this study, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was performed for seedling sensitivity to high sugar in a Col/C24 F2 population of Arabidopsis thaliana. A glucose and fructose-sensing QTL, GSQ11, was mapped through selective genotyping and confirmed in near-isogenic lines in both Col and C24 backgrounds. Allelism tests and transgenic complementation showed that GSQ11 lies within the ANAC060 gene. The Col ANAC060 allele confers sugar insensitivity and was dominant over the sugar-sensitive C24 allele. Genomic and mRNA analyses showed that a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in Col ANAC060 affects the splicing patterns of ANAC060 such that 20 additional nucleotides are present in the mRNA. The insertion created a stop codon, resulting in a truncated ANAC60 protein lacking the transmembrane domain (TMD) that is present in the C24 ANAC060 protein. The absence of the TMD results in the nuclear localization of ANAC060. The short version of the ANAC060 protein is found in ∼ 12% of natural Arabidopsis accessions. Glucose induces GSQ11/ANAC060 expression in a process that requires abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR and transient expression analysis showed that ABI4 directly binds to the GSQ11/ANAC060 promoter to activate transcription. Interestingly, Col ANAC060 reduced ABA sensitivity and Glc-induced ABA accumulation, and ABI4 expression was also reduced in Col ANAC060 lines. Thus, the sugar-ABA signaling cascade induces ANAC060 expression, but the truncated Col ANAC060 protein attenuates ABA induction and ABA signaling. This negative feedback from nuclear ANAC060 on ABA signaling results in sugar insensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoliang Shi
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Suli Chen
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rhonda C. Meyer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Stadt Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Sjef C. Smeekens
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sheng Teng
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Gregorio J, Hernández-Bernal AF, Cordoba E, León P. Characterization of evolutionarily conserved motifs involved in activity and regulation of the ABA-INSENSITIVE (ABI) 4 transcription factor. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:422-36. [PMID: 24046063 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the transcription factor ABI4 has emerged as an important node of integration for external and internal signals such as nutrient status and hormone signaling that modulates critical transitions during the growth and development of plants. For this reason, understanding the mechanism of action and regulation of this protein represents an important step towards the elucidation of crosstalk mechanisms in plants. However, this understanding has been hindered due to the negligible levels of this protein as a result of multiple posttranscriptional regulations. To better understand the function and regulation of the ABI4 protein in this work, we performed a functional analysis of several evolutionarily conserved motifs. Based on these conserved motifs, we identified ortholog genes of ABI4 in different plant species. The functionality of the putative ortholog from Theobroma cacao was demonstrated in transient expression assays and in complementation studies in plants. The function of the highly conserved motifs was analyzed after their deletion or mutagenesis in the Arabidopsis ABI4 sequence using mesophyll protoplasts. This approach permitted us to immunologically detect the ABI4 protein and identify some of the mechanisms involved in its regulation. We identified sequences required for the nuclear localization (AP2-associated motif) as well as those for transcriptional activation function (LRP motif). Moreover, this approach showed that the protein stability of this transcription factor is controlled through protein degradation and subcellular localization and involves the AP2-associated and the PEST motifs. We demonstrated that the degradation of ABI4 protein through the PEST motif is mediated by the 26S proteasome in response to changes in the sugar levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefat Gregorio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad # 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.p. 62210, Mexico
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Racolta A, Bryan AC, Tax FE. The receptor-like kinases GSO1 and GSO2 together regulate root growth in Arabidopsis through control of cell division and cell fate specification. Dev Dyn 2013; 243:257-78. [PMID: 24123341 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The root apical meristem of Arabidopsis is established post-embryonically as the main source of root cells, and its activity is maintained by complex bidirectional signaling between stem cells and mature cells. The receptor-like kinases GASSHO1 (GSO1) and GSO2 have been shown to regulate aerial epidermal function and seedling growth in Arabidopsis. RESULTS Here we show that gso1; gso2 seedlings also have root growth and patterning defects. Analyses of mutant root morphology indicate abnormal numbers of cells in longitudinal files and radial cell layers, as well as aberrant stem cell division planes. gso1; gso2 double mutants misexpress markers for stem cells and differentiated root cell types. In addition, gso1; gso2 root growth defects, but not marker missexpression or patterning phenotypes, are rescued by growth on media containing metabolizable sugars. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that GSO1 and GSO2 function together in intercellular signaling to positively regulate cell proliferation, differentiation of root cell types, and stem cell identity. In addition, GSO1 and GSO2 control seedling root growth by modulating sucrose response after germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Racolta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Golldack D, Li C, Mohan H, Probst N. Gibberellins and abscisic acid signal crosstalk: living and developing under unfavorable conditions. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:1007-16. [PMID: 23525744 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1409-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants adapt to adverse environments by integrating growth and development to environmentally activated cues. Within the adaptive signaling networks, plant hormones tightly control convergent developmental and stress adaptive processes and coordinate cellular responses to external and internal conditions. Recent studies have uncovered novel antagonizing roles of the plant hormones gibberellin (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in integrating growth and development in plants with environmental signaling. According to current concepts, GRAS transcription factors of the DELLA and SCARECROW-LIKE (SCL) types have a key role as major growth regulators and have pivotal functions in modulating GA signaling. Significantly, current models emphasize a function of DELLA proteins as central regulators in GA homeostasis. DELLA proteins interact with the cellular GA receptor GID1 (GA-INSENSITIVE DWARF1) and degradation of DELLAs activates the function of GA. Supplementary to the prevailing view of a pivotal role of GRAS family transcriptional factors in plant growth regulation, recent work has suggested that the DELLA and SCL proteins integrate generic GA responses into ABA-controlled abiotic stress tolerance. Here, we review and discuss how GRAS type proteins influence plant development and versatile adaptation as hubs in GA and ABA triggered signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dortje Golldack
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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Slewinski TL. Using evolution as a guide to engineer kranz-type c4 photosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:212. [PMID: 23847626 PMCID: PMC3696737 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Kranz-type C4 photosynthesis has independently and rapidly evolved over 60 times to dramatically increase radiation use efficiency in both monocots and eudicots. Indeed, it is one of the most exceptional examples of convergent evolution in the history of life. The repeated and rapid evolution of Kranz-type C4 suggests that it may be a derivative of a conserved developmental pathway that is present in all angiosperms. Here, I argue that the Kranz-type C4 photosynthetic system is an extension of the endodermis/starch sheath, that is normally only found in the roots and stems, into photosynthetic structures such as leaves. Support for this hypothesis was recently provided by a study that showed that the same genetic pathway that gives rise to the endodermis in roots, the SCARECROW/SHORT-ROOT radial patterning system, also regulates the development of Kranz anatomy and C4 physiology in leaves. This new hypothesis for the evolution of Kranz-type C4 photosynthesis has opened new opportunities to explore the underlying genetic networks that regulate the development and physiology of C4 and provides new potential avenues for the engineering of the mechanism into C3 crops.
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Baker RF, Slewinski TL, Braun DM. The tie-dyed pathway promotes symplastic trafficking in the phloem. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e24540. [PMID: 23603956 PMCID: PMC3909061 DOI: 10.4161/psb.24540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The tie-dyed1 (tdy1) and tdy2 mutants of maize exhibit leaf regions with starch hyperaccumulation and display unusual genetic interactions, suggesting they function in the same physiological process. Tdy2 encodes a putative callose synthase and is expressed in developing vascular tissues of immature leaves. Radiolabelling experiments and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed symplastic trafficking within the phloem was perturbed at the companion cell/sieve element interface. Here, we show that as reported for tdy2 mutants, tdy1 yellow leaf regions display an excessive oil-droplet phenotype in the companion cells. Based on the proposed function of Tdy2 as a callose synthase, our previous work characterizing Tdy1 as a novel, transmembrane-localized protein, and the present findings, we speculate how TDY1 and TDY2 might interact to promote symplastic transport of both solutes and developmentally instructive macromolecules during vascular development at the companion cell/sieve element interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Frank Baker
- Division of Biological Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group; Missouri Maize Center; University of Missouri; Columbia, MO USA
| | | | - David M. Braun
- Division of Biological Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group; Missouri Maize Center; University of Missouri; Columbia, MO USA
- Correspondence to: David M. Braun,
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35
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Iyer NJ, Tang Y, Mahalingam R. Physiological, biochemical and molecular responses to a combination of drought and ozone in Medicago truncatula. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:706-20. [PMID: 22946485 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Drought and tropospheric ozone are escalating climate change problems that can co-occur. In this study, we observed Medicago truncatula cultivar Jemalong that is sensitive to ozone and drought stress when applied singly, showed tolerance when subjected to a combined application of these stresses. Lowered stomatal conductance may be a vital tolerance mechanism to overcome combined ozone and drought. Sustained increases in both reduced ascorbate and glutathione in response to combined stress may play a role in lowering reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide toxicity. Transcriptome analysis indicated that genes associated with glucan metabolism, responses to temperature and light signalling may play a role in dampening ozone responses due to drought-induced stomatal closure during combined occurrence of these two stresses. Gene ontologies for jasmonic acid signalling and innate immunity were enriched among the 300 differentially expressed genes unique to combined stress. Differential expression of transcription factors associated with redox, defence signalling, jasmonate responses and chromatin modifications may be important for evoking novel gene networks during combined occurrence of drought and ozone. The alterations in redox milieu and distinct transcriptome changes in response to combined stress could aid in tweaking the metabolome and proteome to annul the detrimental effects of ozone and drought in Jemalong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjani J Iyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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Wind JJ, Peviani A, Snel B, Hanson J, Smeekens SC. ABI4: versatile activator and repressor. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:125-132. [PMID: 23182343 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE4 (ABI4) gene was discovered to be an abscisic acid (ABA) signaling responsive transcription factor active during seed germination. The evolutionary history of the ABI4 gene supports its role as an ABA signaling intermediate in land plants. Investigating the ABI4 protein-cis element interaction supports the proposal that ABI4 binding to its known CE1 cis-element competes with transcription factor binding to the overlapping G-Box element. Recent publications report on ABI4 as a regulatory factor in diverse processes. In developing seedlings, ABI4 mediates sugar signaling, lipid breakdown, and plastid-to-nucleus signaling. Moreover, ABI4 is a regulator of rosette growth, redox signaling, cell wall metabolism and the effect of nitrate on lateral root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia J Wind
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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37
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De Lucas M, Brady SM. Gene regulatory networks in the Arabidopsis root. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013. [PMID: 23196272 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to the increasing use of high-throughput tools in genetics, genomics, proteomics and metabolomics, a tremendous amount of information has been generated in the recent years. How these genes, transcripts, proteins and metabolites are inter-connected in a spatiotemporal context is one of the most ambitious goals that fundamental biology needs to answer. Owing to high quality data that are available, Arabidopsis thaliana has become an ideal organism for the application of bioinformatics and systems biology studies. The radially symmetrical structure of the Arabidopsis root and the ability to track developmental time in constrained cell files make this organ the perfect model to investigate different types of biological networks at a cell type-specific level. In this review we present the latest findings in this field as well as our perspective on the future of root biological networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel De Lucas
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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38
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Duan L, Dietrich D, Ng CH, Chan PMY, Bhalerao R, Bennett MJ, Dinneny JR. Endodermal ABA signaling promotes lateral root quiescence during salt stress in Arabidopsis seedlings. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:324-41. [PMID: 23341337 PMCID: PMC3584545 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.107227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The endodermal tissue layer is found in the roots of vascular plants and functions as a semipermeable barrier, regulating the transport of solutes from the soil into the vascular stream. As a gateway for solutes, the endodermis may also serve as an important site for sensing and responding to useful or toxic substances in the environment. Here, we show that high salinity, an environmental stress widely impacting agricultural land, regulates growth of the seedling root system through a signaling network operating primarily in the endodermis. We report that salt stress induces an extended quiescent phase in postemergence lateral roots (LRs) whereby the rate of growth is suppressed for several days before recovery begins. Quiescence is correlated with sustained abscisic acid (ABA) response in LRs and is dependent upon genes necessary for ABA biosynthesis, signaling, and transcriptional regulation. We use a tissue-specific strategy to identify the key cell layers where ABA signaling acts to regulate growth. In the endodermis, misexpression of the ABA insensitive1-1 mutant protein, which dominantly inhibits ABA signaling, leads to a substantial recovery in LR growth under salt stress conditions. Gibberellic acid signaling, which antagonizes the ABA pathway, also acts primarily in the endodermis, and we define the crosstalk between these two hormones. Our results identify the endodermis as a gateway with an ABA-dependent guard, which prevents root growth into saline environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Duan
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Plant Biology, Stanford, California 94305
- Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Daniela Dietrich
- Plant Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Chong Han Ng
- Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Penny Mei Yeen Chan
- Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Rishikesh Bhalerao
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-901 83 Umea, Sweden
| | - Malcolm J. Bennett
- Plant Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - José R. Dinneny
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Plant Biology, Stanford, California 94305
- Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117604, Singapore
- Address correspondence to
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Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is one of the "classical" plant hormones, i.e. discovered at least 50 years ago, that regulates many aspects of plant growth and development. This chapter reviews our current understanding of ABA synthesis, metabolism, transport, and signal transduction, emphasizing knowledge gained from studies of Arabidopsis. A combination of genetic, molecular and biochemical studies has identified nearly all of the enzymes involved in ABA metabolism, almost 200 loci regulating ABA response, and thousands of genes regulated by ABA in various contexts. Some of these regulators are implicated in cross-talk with other developmental, environmental or hormonal signals. Specific details of the ABA signaling mechanisms vary among tissues or developmental stages; these are discussed in the context of ABA effects on seed maturation, germination, seedling growth, vegetative stress responses, stomatal regulation, pathogen response, flowering, and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Finkelstein
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 Address
- correspondence to e-mail:
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40
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Rymen B, Sugimoto K. Tuning growth to the environmental demands. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 15:683-90. [PMID: 22902170 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
When plants encounter adverse environmental conditions, they often respond by modifying their growth patterns. This growth response tunes morphogenesis with environmental demands and allows plants to prioritize stress response over growth. The underlying molecular mechanism involves an active reprogramming of cell proliferation and cell expansion. Recent studies are starting to shed light on how various environmental and developmental cues are integrated and how this integration affects growth regulatory processes. Environmental signals modulate developmental pathways at multiple entry points, by which they tune the outcome of developmental pathways. In addition, developmental regulators mediate universal stress signals to a proper local response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Rymen
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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41
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Azpeitia E, Alvarez-Buylla ER. A complex systems approach to Arabidopsis root stem-cell niche developmental mechanisms: from molecules, to networks, to morphogenesis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 80:351-63. [PMID: 22945341 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9954-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports have shown that the molecular mechanisms involved in root stem-cell niche development in Arabidopsis thaliana are complex and contain several feedback loops and non-additive interactions that need to be analyzed using computational and formal approaches. Complex systems cannot be understood in terms of the behavior of their isolated components, but they emerge as a consequence of largely non-linear interactions among their components. The study of complex systems has provided a useful approach for the exploration of system-level characteristics and behaviors of the molecular networks involved in cell differentiation and morphogenesis during development. We analyzed the complex molecular networks underlying stem-cell niche patterning in the A. thaliana root in terms of some of the key dynamic traits of complex systems: self-organization, modularity and structural properties. We use these analyses to integrate the available root stem-cell niche molecular mechanisms data and postulate novel hypotheses, missing components and interactions and explain apparent contradictions in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Azpeitia
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad (C3), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico, DF, Mexico
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42
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Garay-Arroyo A, De La Paz Sánchez M, García-Ponce B, Azpeitia E, Álvarez-Buylla ER. Hormone symphony during root growth and development. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:1867-85. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Cui H. Killing two birds with one stone: transcriptional regulators coordinate development and stress responses in plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:701-3. [PMID: 22580500 PMCID: PMC3442873 DOI: 10.4161/psb.20283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants, being immobile, must adjust development in response to various stresses, external and internal. Although much has been learned about the mechanisms that regulate development and sugar signaling and response, how the two processes are coordinated is poorly understood. GRAS-family transcriptional regulators SHORT-ROOT (SHR) and SCARECROW (SCR) are crucial to radial patterning and stem-cell renewal in the Arabidopsis root. We found that they directly control genes involved not only in development but also in stress responses and that SCR is pivotal in modulating sugar homeostasis and response. Our data suggest that SHR and SCR promote root growth by suppressing the deleterious effects of stress and that ABI4 has a dual role in sugar response and root growth. Other transcriptional regulators have also been reported to play dual roles in plant growth and stress responses. I therefore propose that regulation of both development and stress responses by single transcriptional regulators is a general and efficient mechanism of adaptive response in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchang Cui
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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44
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León P, Gregorio J, Cordoba E. ABI4 and its role in chloroplast retrograde communication. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:304. [PMID: 23335930 PMCID: PMC3541689 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of plastids is a landmark event in plant evolution. The proper functionality of these organelles depends on strict and continuous communication between the plastids and the nucleus to precisely adjust gene expression in response to the organelle's requirements. Signals originating from the plastids impact the expression of a variety of nuclear genes, and this retrograde communication is essential to couple the nuclear expression of plastid-localized products with organelle gene expression and, ultimately, functionality. Major advances have been made in this field over the past few years with the characterization of independent retrograde signaling pathways and the identification of some of their components. One such factor is the nuclear transcriptional factor ABI4 (ABA-INSENTIVE 4). ABI4, together with the plastid PPR GUN1 protein, has been proposed to function as a node of convergence for multiple plastid retrograde signaling pathways. ABI4 is conserved among plants and also plays important roles in various critical developmental and metabolic processes. ABI4 is a versatile regulator that positively and negatively modulates the expression of many genes, including other transcriptional factors. However, its mode of action during plastid retrograde signaling is not fully understood. In this review, we describe the current evidence that supports the participation of ABI4 in different retrograde communication pathways. ABI4 is regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. A known regulator of ABI4 includes the PTM transcription factor, which moves from the chloroplast to the nucleus. This transcription factor is a candidate for the transmission of retrograde signals between the plastid and ABI4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia León
- *Correspondence: Patricia León, Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México. e-mail:
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