1
|
Chen S, Zhang H, Guo Z, Pagonabarraga I, Zhang X. A capillary-induced negative pressure is able to initiate heterogeneous cavitation. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:2863-2870. [PMID: 38465416 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00143e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
A capillarity-induced negative pressure is of general importance for understanding the phase behaviors of liquids in small pores and cracks. A unique example is the embolism in the xylem of plants and the cavitation at the limiting negative pressure generated by evaporation of water from nanocapillaries in the cell walls of leaves. In this work, by combining the effect of a capillary and cavitation together, we demonstrate with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations that capillarity is able to induce spontaneous cavitation in the presence of hydrophobic heterogeneities. Our simulation results reveal separately how the capillary generates a negative pressure and how the generated negative pressure affects the onset of cavitation. We then interpret the cavitation mechanism and determine the occurrence of cavitation as a function of the hydrophobicity of the nucleating substrates where the cavitation initiates and as a function of the hydrophilicity of the capillary tube from which the negative pressure generates. Our results reveal that the capillary-induced cavitation can be described well with a heterogeneous nucleation mechanism, within the framework of classical nucleation theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Bozhou University, Bozhou 236800, China
| | - Hongguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zhenjiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Mesoscience and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ignacio Pagonabarraga
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Barcelona, C. Martí I Franquès 1, Barcelona E08028, Spain.
- UBICS University of Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems, Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona E08028, Spain
| | - Xianren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Avila RT, Kane CN, Batz TA, Trabi C, Damatta FM, Jansen S, McAdam SAM. The relative area of vessels in xylem correlates with stem embolism resistance within and between genera. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:75-87. [PMID: 36070431 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The resistance of xylem conduits to embolism is a major factor defining drought tolerance and can set the distributional limits of species across rainfall gradients. Recent work suggests that the proximity of vessels to neighbors increases the vulnerability of a conduit. We therefore investigated whether the relative vessel area of xylem correlates with intra- and inter-generic variation in xylem embolism resistance in species pairs or triplets from the genera Acer, Cinnamomum, Ilex, Quercus and Persea, adapted to environments differing in aridity. We used the optical vulnerability method to assess embolism resistance in stems and conducted anatomical measurements on the xylem in which embolism resistance was quantified. Vessel lumen fraction (VLF) correlated with xylem embolism resistance across and within genera. A low VLF likely increases the resistance to gas movement between conduits, by diffusion or advection, whereas a high VLF enhances gas transport thorough increased conduit-to-conduit connectivity and reduced distances between conduits and therefore the likelihood of embolism propagation. We suggest that the rate of gas movement due to local pressure differences and xylem network connectivity is a central driver of embolism propagation in angiosperm vessels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo T Avila
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Cade N Kane
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Timothy A Batz
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Christophe Trabi
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Baden-Württemberg 89081, Germany
| | - Fábio M Damatta
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Steven Jansen
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Baden-Württemberg 89081, Germany
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Suissa JS, Agbleke AA, Friedman WE. A bump in the node: The hydraulic implications of rhizomatous growth. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16105. [PMID: 36401563 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Rhizomatous growth characterizes numerous taxa among vascular plants. While abundant information exists on nutrient sharing and demography, the question of how these metameric organisms move water through their bodies remains largely unstudied. Moreover, we lack an understanding of the evolutionary implications of rhizomatous growth across vascular plants. Here, we examined these questions by investigating how rhizomatous growth and vascular construction affect whole-plant hydraulic function. METHODS In five terrestrial fern species with diverse vascular construction, we used microcomputed tomography and bright-field microscopy to examine vascular construction across nodes along the rhizome. These data were integrated with measurements of leaf stomatal conductance under rooted and uprooted conditions to relate vascular patterning and hydraulic architecture to leaf water status. RESULTS Similar to phytomers of woody seed plants, nodal regions in rhizomatous ferns are areas of hydraulic resistance. While water is shared along the rhizomes of these investigated species, hydraulic conductivity drops at nodes and stomatal conductance declines when nodes were locally uprooted. Together, our data suggest that nodes are chokepoints in axial water movement along the rhizome. CONCLUSIONS Nodal chokepoints decrease hydraulic integration between phytomers. At the same time, chokepoints may act as "safety valves", hydraulically localizing each phytomer-potentially decreasing embolism and pathogen spread. This suggests a potential trade-off in the principal construction of the fern rhizome. Moreover, we propose that shoot-borne roots (homorhizy) and the prostrate habit of rhizomatous ferns decrease the hydraulic and structural burdens that upright plants typically incur. The absence of these hydraulic and structural demands may be one reason ferns (and many rhizomatous plants) lack, or have minimally developed, secondary xylem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Suissa
- The Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - William E Friedman
- The Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sun Q. Structural variation and spatial polysaccharide profiling of intervessel pit membranes in grapevine. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:595-609. [PMID: 35869610 PMCID: PMC9510951 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Intervessel pit membranes (PMs) are important cell wall structures in the vessel system that may impact a plant's water transport and its susceptibility to vascular diseases. Functional roles of intervessel PMs largely depend on their structure and polysaccharide composition, which are the targets of this study. METHODS With grapevine used as a model plant, this study applied an immunogold-scanning electron microscopy technique to simultaneously analyse at high resolution intervessel PM structures and major pectic and hemicellulosic polysaccharides that make up intervessel PMs. KEY RESULTS Intervessel PMs in functional xylem showed significant structural variation, with about 90 % of them being structurally intact with smooth or relatively smooth surfaces and the remaining 10 % with progressively degraded structures. The results also elucidated details of the removal process of cell wall materials from the intervessel PM surface toward its depth during its natural degradation. Four groups of pectic and hemicellulosic polysaccharides were immunolocalized in intervessel PMs and differed in their spatial distribution and abundance. Weakly methyl-esterified homogalacturonans (WMe-HGs, detected by JIM5) were abundant in the surface layer, heavily methyl-esterified homogalacturonans (HMe-HGs, detected by JIM7) and xylans detected by CCRC-M140 were mostly found in deeper layers, and fucosylated xyloglucans (F-XyGs, detected by CCRC-M1) were more uniformly distributed at different depths of the intervessel PM. CONCLUSIONS Intervessel PMs displayed diverse structural variations in grapevine. They contained certain major groups of pectic and hemicellulosic polysaccharides with different spatial distributions and abundance. This information is crucial to reveal the polysaccharide profiling of the primary cell wall and to understand the roles of intervessel PMs in the regulation of water transport as well as in a plant's susceptibility to vascular diseases.
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiang (蒋国凤) GF, Li (李溯源) SY, Li (李艺蝉) YC, Roddy AB. Coordination of hydraulic thresholds across roots, stems, and leaves of two co-occurring mangrove species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:2159-2174. [PMID: 35640109 PMCID: PMC9342987 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mangroves are frequently inundated with saline water and have evolved different anatomical and physiological mechanisms to filter and, in some species, excrete excess salt from the water they take up. Because salts impose osmotic stress, interspecific differences in salt tolerance and salt management strategy may influence physiological responses to drought throughout the entire plant hydraulic pathway, from roots to leaves. Here, we characterized embolism vulnerability simultaneously in leaves, stems, and roots of seedlings of two mangrove species (Avicennia marina and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) along with turgor-loss points in roots and leaves and xylem anatomical traits. In both species, the water potentials causing 50% of total embolism were less negative in roots and leaves than they were in stems, but the water potentials causing incipient embolism (5%) were similar in roots, stems, and leaves. Stomatal closure in leaves and turgor loss in both leaves and roots occurred at water potentials only slightly less negative than the water potentials causing 5% of total embolism. Xylem anatomical traits were unrelated to vulnerability to embolism. Vulnerability segmentation may be important in limiting embolism spread into stems from more vulnerable roots and leaves. Interspecific differences in salt tolerance affected hydraulic traits from roots to leaves: the salt-secretor A. marina lost turgor at more negative water potentials and had more embolism-resistant xylem than the salt-excluder B. gymnorrhiza. Characterizing physiological thresholds of roots may help to explain recent mangrove mortality after drought and extended saltwater inundation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Su-Yuan Li (李溯源)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yi-Chan Li (李艺蝉)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Song J, Trueba S, Yin XH, Cao KF, Brodribb TJ, Hao GY. Hydraulic vulnerability segmentation in compound-leaved trees: Evidence from an embolism visualization technique. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:204-214. [PMID: 35099552 PMCID: PMC9070814 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The hydraulic vulnerability segmentation (HVS) hypothesis implies the existence of differences in embolism resistance between plant organs along the xylem pathway and has been suggested as an adaptation allowing the differential preservation of more resource-rich tissues during drought stress. Compound leaves in trees are considered a low-cost means of increasing leaf area and may thus be expected to show evidence of strong HVS, given the tendency of compound-leaved tree species to shed their leaf units during drought. However, the existence and role of HVS in compound-leaved tree species during drought remain uncertain. We used an optical visualization technique to estimate embolism occurrence in stems, petioles, and leaflets of shoots in two compound-leaved tree species, Manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandshurica) and Manchurian walnut (Juglans mandshurica). We found higher (less negative) water potentials corresponding to 50% loss of conductivity (P50) in leaflets and petioles than in stems in both species. Overall, we observed a consistent pattern of stem > petiole > leaflet in terms of xylem resistance to embolism and hydraulic safety margins (i.e. the difference between mid-day water potential and P50). The coordinated variation in embolism vulnerability between organs suggests that during drought conditions, trees benefit from early embolism and subsequent shedding of more expendable organs such as leaflets and petioles, as this provides a degree of protection to the integrity of the hydraulic system of the more carbon costly stems. Our results highlight the importance of HVS as an adaptive mechanism of compound-leaved trees to withstand drought stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management & Key Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Neutrality Liaoning Province, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- School of Environmental and Geographical Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
- Yangtze River Delta National Observatory of Wetland Ecosystem, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Santiago Trueba
- University of Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO, 33615 Pessac, France
| | - Xiao-Han Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management & Key Laboratory of Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Neutrality Liaoning Province, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, and College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schreel JDM, Brodersen C, De Schryver T, Dierick M, Rubinstein A, Dewettinck K, Boone MN, Van Hoorebeke L, Steppe K. Foliar water uptake does not contribute to embolism repair in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:555-566. [PMID: 35141741 PMCID: PMC9007097 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Foliar water uptake has recently been suggested as a possible mechanism for the restoration of hydraulically dysfunctional xylem vessels. In this paper we used a combination of ecophysiological measurements, X-ray microcomputed tomography and cryo-scanning electron microscopy during a drought treatment to fully evaluate this hypothesis. KEY RESULTS Based on an assessment of these methods in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seedlings we were able to (1) confirm an increase in the amount of hydraulically redistributed water absorbed by leaves when the soil water potential decreased, and (2) locate this redistributed water in hydraulically active vessels in the stem. However, (3) no embolism repair was observed irrespective of the organ under investigation (i.e. stem, petiole or leaf) or the intensity of drought. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide evidence for a hydraulic pathway from the leaf surface to the stem xylem following a water potential gradient, but this pathway exists only in functional vessels and does not play a role in embolism repair for beech.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen D M Schreel
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Craig Brodersen
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Thomas De Schryver
- UGent Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT) – Radiation Physics Group, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Manuel Dierick
- UGent Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT) – Radiation Physics Group, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Koen Dewettinck
- Food Structure & Function Research Group, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Matthieu N Boone
- UGent Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT) – Radiation Physics Group, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Luc Van Hoorebeke
- UGent Centre for X-ray Tomography (UGCT) – Radiation Physics Group, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pittermann J, Baer A, Sang Y. Primary tissues may affect estimates of cavitation resistance in ferns. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:285-296. [PMID: 33786827 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Different methods of measuring cavitation resistance in fern petioles lead to variable results, particularly with respect to the P50 metric. We hypothesised that the fern dictyostele structure affects air entry into the xylem, and therefore impacts the shape of the vulnerability curve. Our study examined this variation by comparing vulnerability curves constructed on petioles collected from evergreen and deciduous ferns in the field, with curves generated using the standard centrifuge, air-injection and bench-top dehydration methods. Additional experiments complemented the vulnerability curves to better understand how anatomy shapes estimates of cavitation resistance. Centrifugation and radial air injection generated acceptable vulnerability curves for the deciduous species, but overestimated drought resistance in the two evergreen ferns. In these hardy plants, axial air injection and bench-top dehydration produced results that most closely aligned with observations in nature. Additional experiments revealed that the dictyostele anatomy impedes air entry into the xylem during spinning and radial air injection. Each method produced acceptable vulnerability curves, depending on the species being tested. Therefore, we stress the importance of validating the curves with in situ measures of water potential and, if possible, hydraulic data to generate realistic results with any of the methods currently available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jarmila Pittermann
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Alex Baer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - Ying Sang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen YJ, Maenpuen P, Zhang YJ, Barai K, Katabuchi M, Gao H, Kaewkamol S, Tao LB, Zhang JL. Quantifying vulnerability to embolism in tropical trees and lianas using five methods: can discrepancies be explained by xylem structural traits? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:805-819. [PMID: 32929748 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Vulnerability curves (VCs) describe the loss of hydraulic conductance against increasing xylem tension, providing valuable insights about the response of plant water transport to water stress. Techniques to construct VCs have been developed and modified continuously, but controversies continue. We compared VCs constructed using the bench-top dehydration (BD), air-injection-flow (AI), pneumatic-air-discharge (PAD), optical (OP) and X-ray-computed microtomography (MicroCT) methods for tropical trees and lianas with contrasting vessel lengths. The PAD method generated highly vulnerable VCs, the AI method intermediate VCs, whereas the BD, OP and MicroCT methods produced comparable and more resistant VCs. Vessel-length and diameter accounted for the overestimation ratio of vulnerability estimated using the AI but not the PAD method. Compared with directly measured midday embolism levels, the PAD and AI methods substantially overestimated embolism, whereas the BD, MicroCT and OP methods provided more reasonable estimations. Cut-open vessels, uncertainties in maximum air volume estimations, sample-length effects, tissue cracks and shrinkage together may impede the reliability of the PAD method. In conclusion, we validate the BD, OP and MicroCT methods for tropical plants, whereas the PAD and AI need further mechanistic testing. Therefore, applications of VCs in estimating plant responses to drought need to be cautious.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Yuanjiang Savanna Ecosystem Research Station, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuanjiang, Yunnan, 653300, China
| | - Phisamai Maenpuen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yong-Jiang Zhang
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Kallol Barai
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Masatoshi Katabuchi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Hui Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Sasiwimol Kaewkamol
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lian-Bin Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Jiao-Lin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gauthey A, Peters JMR, Carins-Murphy MR, Rodriguez-Dominguez CM, Li X, Delzon S, King A, López R, Medlyn BE, Tissue DT, Brodribb TJ, Choat B. Visual and hydraulic techniques produce similar estimates of cavitation resistance in woody species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:884-897. [PMID: 32542732 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic failure of the plant vascular system is a principal cause of forest die-off under drought. Accurate quantification of this process is essential to our understanding of the physiological mechanisms underpinning plant mortality. Imaging techniques increasingly are applied to estimate xylem cavitation resistance. These techniques allow for in situ measurement of embolism formation in real time, although the benefits and trade-offs associated with different techniques have not been evaluated in detail. Here we compare two imaging methods, microcomputed tomography (microCT) and optical vulnerability (OV), to standard hydraulic methods for measurement of cavitation resistance in seven woody species representing a diversity of major phylogenetic and xylem anatomical groups. Across the seven species, there was strong agreement between cavitation resistance values (P50 ) estimated from visualization techniques (microCT and OV) and between visual techniques and hydraulic techniques. The results indicate that visual techniques provide accurate estimates of cavitation resistance and the degree to which xylem hydraulic function is impacted by embolism. Results are discussed in the context of trade-offs associated with each technique and possible causes of discrepancy between estimates of cavitation resistance provided by visual and hydraulic techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Gauthey
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Jennifer M R Peters
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Madeline R Carins-Murphy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tas, 7001, Australia
| | - Celia M Rodriguez-Dominguez
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tas, 7001, Australia
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC), Avenida Reina Mercedes, 10, Sevilla, 41012, Spain
| | - Ximeng Li
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- UMR BIOGECO, INRA, Univ Bordeaux, Talence, 33450, France
| | - Andrew King
- L'Orme de Merisiers, Synchrotron SOLEIL, 91190 Saint-Aubin-BP48, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Rosana López
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- PIAF, INRA, University of Clermont-Auvergne, 63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Belinda E Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Tim J Brodribb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tas, 7001, Australia
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cary KL, Ranieri GM, Pittermann J. Xylem form and function under extreme nutrient limitation: an example from California's pygmy forest. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:760-769. [PMID: 31900931 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Xylem anatomy and function have large implications for plant growth as well as survival during drought, but the impact of nutrient limitation on xylem is not fully understood. This study examines the pygmy forest in California, a plant community that experiences negligible water stress but is severely stunted by low-nutrient and acidic soil, to investigate how nutrient limitation affects xylem function. Thirteen key anatomical and hydraulic traits of stems of four species were compared between pygmy forest plants and nearby conspecifics growing on richer soil. Resistance to cavitation (P50 ), a critical trait for predicting survival during drought, had highly species-specific responses: in one species, pygmy plants had a 26% decrease in cavitation resistance compared to higher-nutrient conspecifics, while in another species, pygmy plants had a 56% increase in cavitation resistance. Other traits responded to nutrient limitation more consistently: pygmy plants had smaller xylem conduits and higher leaf-specific conductivity (KL ) than conspecific controls. Edaphic stress, even in the absence of water stress, altered xylem structure and thus had substantial impacts on water transport. Importantly, nutrient limitation shifted cavitation resistance in a species-specific and unpredictable manner; this finding has implications for the assessment of cavitation resistance in other natural systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharine L Cary
- University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Gina M Ranieri
- University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Jarmila Pittermann
- University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chacon AI, Baer A, Wheeler JK, Pittermann J. Two coastal Pacific evergreens, Arbutus menziesii, Pursh. and Quercus agrifolia, Née show little water stress during California's exceptional drought. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230868. [PMID: 32240222 PMCID: PMC7117729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
California's coastal climate is characterized by rainy winters followed by a dry summer season that is supplemented by frequent fog. While rising temperatures and drought caused massive tree mortality in central California during the 2011–2015 extreme drought, dying trees were less common in the central coast region. We hypothesized that cooler, maritime-ameliorated temperatures reduced the effects of drought stress on coastal vegetation. To test this, weekly measurements of water potential and stomatal conductance were made on two coast evergreen tree species, Arbutus menziesii and Quercus agrifolia, throughout the summer 2014 dry season. Water potential remained generally constant during this period but stomatal conductance declined in both species as the dry season progressed. Species' resistance to embolism was determined using the centrifuge method, and showed Q. agrifolia to be more vulnerable to embolism than A. menziesii. The stem vulnerability curves were consistent with species' seasonal water relations as well as their anatomy; the ring-porous Q. agrifolia had substantially larger conduits than the diffuse-porous A. menziesii. Leaf turgor loss points differed significantly as did other pressure-volume parameters but these data were consistent with the trees' seasonal water relations. Overall, the two species appear to employ differing water use strategies; A. menziesii is more profligate in its water use, while Q. agrifolia is more conservative, with a narrower safety margin against drought-induced loss of xylem transport capacity. Despite the extended drought, these species exhibited neither branch die-back nor any obvious symptoms of pronounced water-stress during the study period, implying that the maritime climate of California's central coast may buffer the local vegetation against the severe effects of prolonged drought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I. Chacon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander Baer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - James K. Wheeler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Jarmila Pittermann
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ruiz M, Oustric J, Santini J, Morillon R. Synthetic Polyploidy in Grafted Crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:540894. [PMID: 33224156 PMCID: PMC7674608 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.540894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polyploids have been extensively studied for breeding in the last decade. However, the use of such genotypes at the agronomical level is still limited. Polyploidization is known to modify certain plant phenotypes, while leaving most of the fundamental characteristics apparently untouched. For this reason, polyploid breeding can be very useful for improving specific traits of crop varieties, such as quality, yield, or environmental adaptation. Nevertheless, the mechanisms that underlie polyploidy-induced novelty remain poorly understood. Ploidy-induced phenotypes might also include some undesired effects that need to be considered. In the case of grafted or composite crops, benefits can be provided both by the rootstock's adaptation to the soil conditions and by the scion's excellent yield and quality. Thus, grafted crops provide an extraordinary opportunity to exploit artificial polyploidy, as the effects can be independently applied and explored at the root and/or scion level, increasing the chances of finding successful combinations. The use of synthetic tetraploid (4x) rootstocks may enhance adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses in perennial crops such as apple or citrus. However, their use in commercial production is still very limited. Here, we will review the current and prospective use of artificial polyploidy for rootstock and scion improvement and the implications of their combination. The aim is to provide insight into the methods used to generate and select artificial polyploids and their limitations, the effects of polyploidy on crop phenotype (anatomy, function, quality, yield, and adaptation to stresses) and their potential agronomic relevance as scions or rootstocks in the context of climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ruiz
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Moncada, Spain
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Julie Oustric
- Laboratoire Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire du Végétal, CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Corte, France
| | - Jérémie Santini
- Laboratoire Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire du Végétal, CNRS, UMR 6134 SPE, Université de Corse, Corte, France
| | - Raphaël Morillon
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Equipe SEAPAG, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France - AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- *Correspondence: Raphaël Morillon,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ogasa MY, Yazaki K, Utsumi Y, Miki NH, Fukuda K. Short-time xylem tension relaxation prevents vessel refilling and alleviates cryo-fixation artifacts in diffuse-porous Carpinus tschonoskii and Cercidiphyllum japonicum. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1685-1695. [PMID: 31222295 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Xylem tension relaxation is an important procedure that closely resembles the in vivo xylem water distribution when measuring conductivity or observing water distribution of plant tissue samples by cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM). Recent studies have shown that partial xylem embolism occurs when samples under tension are cut under water and that gas-filled vessels are refilled during tension relaxation. Furthermore, the frequency of gas-filled vessels has been reported to increase in samples without tension relaxation before cryo-fixation by liquid nitrogen, particularly in samples with significant tension. Here, we examined the effect of tension relaxation on these artifacts in Carpinus tschonoskii and Cercidiphyllum japonicum using magnetic resonance imaging. We observed that xylem embolism rarely occurs in bench-dried samples cut under water. In both species, a small portion of the xylem was refilled within ~1 h after tension relaxation. Cryo-SEM observations revealed that short-time (<1 h) xylem tension relaxation decreases the frequency of gas-filled vessels in samples frozen after xylem tension relaxation regardless of the water potential compared with that in samples frozen without rehydration in both species. Therefore, short-time tension relaxation is necessary to retain xylem water distribution during sample preparation against artifacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Y Ogasa
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
- Forest Ecology Group, Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 68 Nagaikyutaroh, Momoyama, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yazaki
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Naoko H Miki
- Department of Environmental Ecology, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kenji Fukuda
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
- Department of Forest Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gao H, Chen YJ, Zhang YJ, Maenpuen P, Lv S, Zhang JL. Vessel-length determination using silicone and air injection: are there artifacts? TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1783-1791. [PMID: 31209479 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Xylem vessels are used by most angiosperm plants for long-distance water and nutrient transport. Vessel length is one of the key functional traits determining plant water-transport efficiency. Additionally, determination of maximum vessel length is necessary for correct sample collection and measurements in hydraulic studies to avoid open-vessel and cutting-under-tension artifacts. Air injection and silicone injection (BLUESIL RTV141A and B mixtures) are two widely used methods for maximum vessel length determination. However, the validity of both methods needs to be carefully tested for species with different vessel lengths. In this study, we tested the air-injection and silicone-injection methods using eight species with different vessel lengths: short (<0.5 m), medium (0.5-1 m) and long (>1 m). We employed a novel approach using RTV141A injection without the RTV141B hardener as a reference method because RTV141A cannot penetrate inter-vessel pit membranes and is not prone to hardening/solidification effects during the injection process. The results revealed that the silicone-injection method substantially underestimated the maximum vessel length of all eight species. However, the air-injection method tended to overestimate the maximum vessel length in five out of eight species. The ratio of underestimation of the silicone-injection method was higher for species with longer vessels, but the overestimation of the air-injection method was independent of the vessel length. Moreover, air injection with different pressures-ranging from 40 to 300 kPa-resulted in comparable results. We conclude that the conventional silicone-injection method can underestimate the vessel length, whereas the air-injection method can overestimate the maximum vessel length, particularly for long-vessel led species. We recommend RTV141A-only injection for determining the maximum vessel length, and it can also be used to validate the use of the air-injection and conventional silicone-injection methods for a given species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ya-Jun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- Yuanjiang Savanna Ecosystem Research Station, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuanjiang, Yunnan 653300, China
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yong-Jiang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Phisamai Maenpuen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Song Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Jiao-Lin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- Yuanjiang Savanna Ecosystem Research Station, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuanjiang, Yunnan 653300, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hochberg U, Ponomarenko A, Zhang YJ, Rockwell FE, Holbrook NM. Visualizing Embolism Propagation in Gas-Injected Leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:874-881. [PMID: 30842264 PMCID: PMC6548249 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Because the xylem in leaves is thought to be at the greatest risk of cavitation, reliable and efficient methods to characterize leaf xylem vulnerability are of interest. We report a method to generate leaf xylem vulnerability curves (VCs) by gas injection. Using optical light transmission, we visualized embolism propagation in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) and red oak (Quercus rubra) leaves injected with positive gas pressure. This resulted in a rapid, stepwise reduction of transmitted light, identical to that observed during leaf dehydration, confirming that the optical method detects gas bubbles and provides insights into the air-seeding hypothesis. In red oak, xylem VCs generated using gas injection were similar to those generated using bench dehydration, but indicated 50% loss of conductivity at lower tension (∼0.4 MPa) in grapevine. In determining VC, this method eliminates the need to ascertain xylem tension, thus avoiding potential errors in water potential estimations. It is also much faster (1 h per VC). However, severing the petiole and applying high-pressure gas could affect air-seeding and the generated VC. We discuss potential artifacts arising from gas injection and recommend comparison of this method with a more standard procedure before it is assumed to be suitable for a given species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uri Hochberg
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
- ARO Volcani Center, Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Bet Dagan, 7505101 Israel
| | - Alexandre Ponomarenko
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Yong-Jiang Zhang
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469
| | - Fulton E Rockwell
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - N Michele Holbrook
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yin P, Meng F, Liu Q, An R, Cai J, Du G. A comparison of two centrifuge techniques for constructing vulnerability curves: insight into the 'open-vessel' artifact. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 165:701-710. [PMID: 29602179 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A vulnerability curve (VC) describes the extent of xylem cavitation resistance. Centrifuges have been used to generate VCs for decades via static- and flow-centrifuge methods. Recently, the validity of the centrifuge techniques has been questioned. Researchers have hypothesized that the centrifuge techniques might yield unreliable VCs due to the open-vessel artifact. However, other researchers reject this hypothesis. The focus of the dispute is centered on whether exponential VCs are more reliable when the static-centrifuge method is used rather than the flow-centrifuge method. To further test the reliability of the centrifuge technique, two centrifuges were manufactured to simulate the static- and flow-centrifuge methods. VCs of three species with open vessels of known lengths were constructed using the two centrifuges. The results showed that both centrifuge techniques produced invalid VCs for Robinia because the water flow through stems under mild tension in centrifuges led to an increasing loss of water conductivity. In addition, the injection of water in the flow-centrifuge exacerbated the loss of water conductivity. However, both centrifuge techniques yielded reliable VCs for Prunus, regardless of the presence of open vessels in the tested samples. We conclude that centrifuge techniques can be used in species with open vessels only when the centrifuge produces a VC that matches the bench-dehydration VC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengxian Yin
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Feng Meng
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Rui An
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jing Cai
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Guangyuan Du
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Konrad W, Katul G, Roth-Nebelsick A, Jensen KH. Xylem functioning, dysfunction and repair: a physical perspective and implications for phloem transport. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:243-261. [PMID: 30299503 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Xylem and phloem are the two main conveyance systems in plants allowing exchanges of water and carbohydrates between roots and leaves. While each system has been studied in isolation for well over a century, the coupling and coordination between them remains the subject of inquiry and active research and frames the scope of the review here. Using a set of balance equations, hazards of bubble formation and their role in shaping xylem pressure and its corollary impact on phloem pressure and sugar transport are featured. The behavior of an isolated and freely floating air bubble within the xylem is first analyzed so as to introduce key principles such as the Helmholtz free energy and its links to embryonic bubble sizes. These principles are extended by considering bubbles filled with water vapor and air arising from air seeding. Using this framework, key results about stability and hazards of bubbles in contact with xylem walls are discussed. A chemical equilibrium between phloem and xylem systems is then introduced to link xylem and osmotic pressures. The consequences of such a link for sugar concentration needed to sustain efficient phloem transport by osmosis in the loading zone is presented. Catastrophic cases where phloem dysfunction occurs are analyzed in terms of xylem function and its vulnerability to cavitation. A link between operating pressures in the soil system bounded by field capacity and wilting points and maintenance of phloem functioning are discussed as conjectures to be tested in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Konrad
- Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Hoelderlinstrasse 12, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Botany, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gabriel Katul
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Levine Science Research Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anita Roth-Nebelsick
- Deptartment of Palaeontology, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kaare H Jensen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej Building 309, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
López R, Nolf M, Duursma RA, Badel E, Flavel RJ, Cochard H, Choat B. Mitigating the open vessel artefact in centrifuge-based measurement of embolism resistance. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:143-155. [PMID: 30085232 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Centrifuge-based techniques to assess xylem vulnerability to embolism are increasingly being used, although we are yet to reach a consensus on the nature and extent of artefactual embolism observed in some angiosperm species. In particular, there is disagreement over whether these artefacts influence both the spin (Cavitron) and static versions of the centrifuge technique equally. We tested two methods for inducing embolism: bench dehydration and centrifugation. We used three methods to measure the resulting loss of conductivity: gravimetric flow measured in bench-dehydrated and centrifuged samples (static centrifuge), in situ flow measured under tension during spinning in the centrifuge (Cavitron) and direct imaging using X-ray computed microtomography (microCT) observations in stems of two species of Hakea that differ in vessel length. Both centrifuge techniques were prone to artefactual embolism in samples with maximum vessel length longer than, or similar to, the centrifuge rotor diameter. Observations with microCT indicated that this artefactual embolism occurred in the outermost portions of samples. The artefact was largely eliminated if flow was measured in an excised central part of the segment in the static centrifuge or starting measurements with the Cavitron at pressures lower than the threshold of embolism formation in open vessels. The simulations of loss of conductivity in centrifuged samples with a new model, CAVITOPEN, confirmed that the impact of open vessels on the vulnerability to embolism curve was higher when vessels were long, samples short and when embolism is formed in open vessels at less negative pressures. This model also offers a robust and quantitative tool to test and correct for artefactual embolism at low xylem tensions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosana López
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, 5, chemin de Beaulieu, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/ José Antonio Novais 10, Madrid, Spain
| | - Markus Nolf
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Remko A Duursma
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Eric Badel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, 5, chemin de Beaulieu, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Richard J Flavel
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Elm Avenue, 2351 Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Hervé Cochard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF, 5, chemin de Beaulieu, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Olson ME, Soriano D, Rosell JA, Anfodillo T, Donoghue MJ, Edwards EJ, León-Gómez C, Dawson T, Camarero Martínez JJ, Castorena M, Echeverría A, Espinosa CI, Fajardo A, Gazol A, Isnard S, Lima RS, Marcati CR, Méndez-Alonzo R. Plant height and hydraulic vulnerability to drought and cold. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:7551-7556. [PMID: 29967148 PMCID: PMC6055177 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1721728115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how plants survive drought and cold is increasingly important as plants worldwide experience dieback with drought in moist places and grow taller with warming in cold ones. Crucial in plant climate adaptation are the diameters of water-transporting conduits. Sampling 537 species across climate zones dominated by angiosperms, we find that plant size is unambiguously the main driver of conduit diameter variation. And because taller plants have wider conduits, and wider conduits within species are more vulnerable to conduction-blocking embolisms, taller conspecifics should be more vulnerable than shorter ones, a prediction we confirm with a plantation experiment. As a result, maximum plant size should be short under drought and cold, which cause embolism, or increase if these pressures relax. That conduit diameter and embolism vulnerability are inseparably related to plant size helps explain why factors that interact with conduit diameter, such as drought or warming, are altering plant heights worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Olson
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México (CDMX), Mexico;
| | - Diana Soriano
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México (CDMX), Mexico
| | - Julieta A Rosell
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 CDMX, Mexico
| | - Tommaso Anfodillo
- Department Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Michael J Donoghue
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106;
| | - Erika J Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8106
| | - Calixto León-Gómez
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México (CDMX), Mexico
| | - Todd Dawson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140
| | - J Julio Camarero Martínez
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Matiss Castorena
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México (CDMX), Mexico
| | - Alberto Echeverría
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México (CDMX), Mexico
| | - Carlos I Espinosa
- Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto sn, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Alex Fajardo
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia Conicyt-Regional R10C1003, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5951601 Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sandrine Isnard
- Botany and Modelling of Plant Architecture and Vegetation Joint Research Unit, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Montpellier, 98800 Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Rivete S Lima
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, 58051-900 Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Carmen R Marcati
- Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, 18603970 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Méndez-Alonzo
- Departamento de Biología de la Conservación, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, 22860 Baja California, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Skelton RP, Dawson TE, Thompson SE, Shen Y, Weitz AP, Ackerly D. Low Vulnerability to Xylem Embolism in Leaves and Stems of North American Oaks. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:1066-1077. [PMID: 29789436 PMCID: PMC6052988 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Although recent findings suggest that xylem embolism represents a significant, drought-induced damaging process in land plants, substantial debate surrounds the capacity of long-vesseled, ring-porous species to resist embolism. We investigated whether recent methodological developments could help resolve this controversy within Quercus, a long-vesseled, ring-porous temperate angiosperm genus, and shed further light on the importance of xylem vulnerability to embolism as an indicator of drought tolerance. We used the optical technique to quantify leaf and stem xylem vulnerability to embolism of eight Quercus species from the Mediterranean-type climate region of California to examine absolute measures of resistance to embolism as well as any potential hydraulic segmentation between tissue types. We demonstrated that our optical assessment reflected flow impairment for a subset of our sample species by quantifying changes in leaf hydraulic conductance in dehydrating branches. Air-entry water potential varied 2-fold in leaves, ranging from -1.7 ± 0.25 MPa to -3.74 ± 0.23 MPa, and 4-fold in stems, ranging from -1.17 ± 0.04 MPa to -4.91 ± 0.3 MPa. Embolism occurred earlier in leaves than in stems in only one out of eight sample species, and plants always lost turgor before experiencing stem embolism. Our results show that long-vesseled North American Quercus species are more resistant to embolism than previously thought and support the hypothesis that avoiding stem embolism is a critical component of drought tolerance in woody trees. Accurately quantifying xylem vulnerability to embolism is essential for understanding species distributions along aridity gradients and predicting plant mortality during drought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Paul Skelton
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Todd E Dawson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Sally E Thompson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Yuzheng Shen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Andrew P Weitz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - David Ackerly
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yin P, Cai J. New possible mechanisms of embolism formation when measuring vulnerability curves by air injection in a pressure sleeve. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1361-1368. [PMID: 29424925 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Since 1988, researchers have exposed stems to positive pressures to displace water in vessels and measure the impact of applied pressure on hydraulic conductivity. The pressure-sleeve technique has been used in more than 60 publications to measure vulnerability curves (VCs), which are a measure of how water stress impacts the ability of plants to transport water because water stress induces embolism in vessels that blocks water flow. It is thought that the positive pressure in a sleeve required to induce 50% loss of conductivity (PLC), P50 , is the same magnitude as the tension that causes 50% PLC, T50 , where the tension can be induced by either bench-top dehydration or by a centrifuge technique. The unifying concept that P50 = T50 and that the entire VC is the same regardless of method is referred to as the air-seeding hypothesis. In the current study, we performed experiments to further test the air-seeding hypothesis in pressure sleeves and concluded that an "effervescence" mechanism caused embolism formation under positive pressure. This mechanism explains why VCs measured using positive pressure do not always match VCs obtained by other methods that induce water tension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengxian Yin
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jing Cai
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Meng LS. Compound Synthesis or Growth and Development of Roots/Stomata Regulate Plant Drought Tolerance or Water Use Efficiency/Water Uptake Efficiency. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:3595-3604. [PMID: 29589939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Water is crucial to plant growth and development because it serves as a medium for all cellular functions. Thus, the improvement of plant drought tolerance or water use efficiency/water uptake efficiency is important in modern agriculture. In this review, we mainly focus on new genetic factors for ameliorating drought tolerance or water use efficiency/water uptake efficiency of plants and explore the involvement of these genetic factors in the regulation of improving plant drought tolerance or water use efficiency/water uptake efficiency, which is a result of altered stomata density and improving root systems (primary root length, hair root growth, and lateral root number) and enhanced production of osmotic protectants, which is caused by transcription factors, proteinases, and phosphatases and protein kinases. These results will help guide the synthesis of a model for predicting how the signals of genetic and environmental stress are integrated at a few genetic determinants to control the establishment of either water use efficiency or water uptake efficiency. Collectively, these insights into the molecular mechanism underpinning the control of plant drought tolerance or water use efficiency/water uptake efficiency may aid future breeding or design strategies to increase crop yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Sheng Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science , Jiangsu Normal University , Xuzhou , Jiangsu 221116 , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Klein T, Zeppel MJB, Anderegg WRL, Bloemen J, De Kauwe MG, Hudson P, Ruehr NK, Powell TL, von Arx G, Nardini A. Xylem embolism refilling and resilience against drought-induced mortality in woody plants: processes and trade-offs. Ecol Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-018-1588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
25
|
Powell TL, Wheeler JK, de Oliveira AAR, da Costa ACL, Saleska SR, Meir P, Moorcroft PR. Differences in xylem and leaf hydraulic traits explain differences in drought tolerance among mature Amazon rainforest trees. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:4280-4293. [PMID: 28426175 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Considerable uncertainty surrounds the impacts of anthropogenic climate change on the composition and structure of Amazon forests. Building upon results from two large-scale ecosystem drought experiments in the eastern Brazilian Amazon that observed increases in mortality rates among some tree species but not others, in this study we investigate the physiological traits underpinning these differential demographic responses. Xylem pressure at 50% conductivity (xylem-P50 ), leaf turgor loss point (TLP), cellular osmotic potential (πo ), and cellular bulk modulus of elasticity (ε), all traits mechanistically linked to drought tolerance, were measured on upper canopy branches and leaves of mature trees from selected species growing at the two drought experiment sites. Each species was placed a priori into one of four plant functional type (PFT) categories: drought-tolerant versus drought-intolerant based on observed mortality rates, and subdivided into early- versus late-successional based on wood density. We tested the hypotheses that the measured traits would be significantly different between the four PFTs and that they would be spatially conserved across the two experimental sites. Xylem-P50 , TLP, and πo , but not ε, occurred at significantly higher water potentials for the drought-intolerant PFT compared to the drought-tolerant PFT; however, there were no significant differences between the early- and late-successional PFTs. These results suggest that these three traits are important for determining drought tolerance, and are largely independent of wood density-a trait commonly associated with successional status. Differences in these physiological traits that occurred between the drought-tolerant and drought-intolerant PFTs were conserved between the two research sites, even though they had different soil types and dry-season lengths. This more detailed understanding of how xylem and leaf hydraulic traits vary between co-occuring drought-tolerant and drought-intolerant tropical tree species promises to facilitate a much-needed improvement in the representation of plant hydraulics within terrestrial ecosystem and biosphere models, which will enhance our ability to make robust predictions of how future changes in climate will affect tropical forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Powell
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - James K Wheeler
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Alex A R de Oliveira
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Evolução, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Scott R Saleska
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick Meir
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul R Moorcroft
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Brodribb TJ, Carriqui M, Delzon S, Lucani C. Optical Measurement of Stem Xylem Vulnerability. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:2054-2061. [PMID: 28684434 PMCID: PMC5543975 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The vulnerability of plant water transport tissues to a loss of function by cavitation during water stress is a key indicator of the survival capabilities of plant species during drought. Quantifying this important metric has been greatly advanced by noninvasive techniques that allow embolisms to be viewed directly in the vascular system. Here, we present a new method for evaluating the spatial and temporal propagation of embolizing bubbles in the stem xylem during imposed water stress. We demonstrate how the optical method, used previously in leaves, can be adapted to measure the xylem vulnerability of stems. Validation of the technique is carried out by measuring the xylem vulnerability of 13 conifers and two short-vesseled angiosperms and comparing the results with measurements made using the cavitron centrifuge method. Very close agreement between the two methods confirms the reliability of the new optical technique and opens the way to simple, efficient, and reliable assessment of stem vulnerability using standard flatbed scanners, cameras, or microscopes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Carriqui
- Department of Biology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- BIOGECO, INRA, University of Bordeaux, 33610 Pessac, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Reconstructing Extinct Plant Water Use for Understanding Vegetation–Climate Feedbacks: Methods, Synthesis, and a Case Study Using the Paleozoic-Era Medullosan Seed Ferns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1017/s1089332600003004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Vegetation affects feedbacks in Earth's hydrologic system, but is constrained by physiological adaptations. In extant ecosystems, the mechanisms controlling plant water used can be measured experimentally; for extinct plants in the recent geological past, water use can be inferred from nearest living relatives, assuming minimal evolutionary change. In deep time, where no close living relatives exist, fossil material provides the only information for inferring plant water use. However, mechanistic models for extinct plant water use must be built on first principles and tested on extant plants. Plants serve as a conduit for water movement from the soil to the atmosphere, constrained by tissue-level construction and gross architecture. No single feature, such as stomata or veins, encompasses enough of the complexity underpinning water-use physiology to serve as the basis of a model of functional water use in all (or perhaps any) extinct plants. Rather, a “functional whole plant” model must be used. To understand the interplay between plant and atmosphere, water use in relation to environmental conditions is investigated in an extinct plant, the seed fernMedullosa((Division Pteridospermatophyta), by reviewing methods for reconstructing physiological variables such as leaf and stem hydraulic capacity, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and albedo. Medullosans had the potential for extremely high photosynthetic and assimilation rates, water transport, stomatal conductance, and transpiration—rates comparable to later angiosperms. When these high growth and gas exchange rates of medullosans are combined with the unique atmospheric gas composition of the late Paleozoic atmosphere, complex vegetation-environmental feedbacks are expected despite their basal phylogenetic position relative to post-Paleozoic seed plants.
Collapse
|
28
|
Venturas MD, Sperry JS, Hacke UG. Plant xylem hydraulics: What we understand, current research, and future challenges. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 59:356-389. [PMID: 28296168 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Herein we review the current state-of-the-art of plant hydraulics in the context of plant physiology, ecology, and evolution, focusing on current and future research opportunities. We explain the physics of water transport in plants and the limits of this transport system, highlighting the relationships between xylem structure and function. We describe the great variety of techniques existing for evaluating xylem resistance to cavitation. We address several methodological issues and their connection with current debates on conduit refilling and exponentially shaped vulnerability curves. We analyze the trade-offs existing between water transport safety and efficiency. We also stress how little information is available on molecular biology of cavitation and the potential role of aquaporins in conduit refilling. Finally, we draw attention to how plant hydraulic traits can be used for modeling stomatal responses to environmental variables and climate change, including drought mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Venturas
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S 1400E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - John S Sperry
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S 1400E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Uwe G Hacke
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hochberg U, Windt CW, Ponomarenko A, Zhang YJ, Gersony J, Rockwell FE, Holbrook NM. Stomatal Closure, Basal Leaf Embolism, and Shedding Protect the Hydraulic Integrity of Grape Stems. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:764-775. [PMID: 28351909 PMCID: PMC5462014 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The time scale of stomatal closure and xylem cavitation during plant dehydration, as well as the fate of embolized organs, are under debate, largely due to methodological limitations in the evaluation of embolism. While some argue that complete stomatal closure precedes the occurrence of embolism, others believe that the two are contemporaneous processes that are accompanied by daily xylem refilling. Here, we utilize an optical light transmission method to continuously monitor xylem cavitation in leaves of dehydrating grapevine (Vitis vinifera) in concert with stomatal conductance and stem and petiole hydraulic measurements. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to continuously monitor xylem cavitation and flow rates in the stem of an intact vine during 10 d of dehydration. The results showed that complete stomatal closure preceded the appearance of embolism in the leaves and the stem by several days. Basal leaves were more vulnerable to xylem embolism than apical leaves and, once embolized, were shed, thereby preventing further water loss and protecting the hydraulic integrity of younger leaves and the stem. As a result, embolism in the stem was minimal even when drought led to complete leaf shedding. These findings suggest that grapevine avoids xylem embolism rather than tolerates it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uri Hochberg
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (U.H., A.P., Y.-J.Z., J.G., F.E.R., N.M.H.); and
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences 2: Plant Sciences, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.W.W.)
| | - Carel W Windt
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (U.H., A.P., Y.-J.Z., J.G., F.E.R., N.M.H.); and
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences 2: Plant Sciences, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.W.W.)
| | - Alexandre Ponomarenko
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (U.H., A.P., Y.-J.Z., J.G., F.E.R., N.M.H.); and
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences 2: Plant Sciences, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.W.W.)
| | - Yong-Jiang Zhang
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (U.H., A.P., Y.-J.Z., J.G., F.E.R., N.M.H.); and
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences 2: Plant Sciences, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.W.W.)
| | - Jessica Gersony
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (U.H., A.P., Y.-J.Z., J.G., F.E.R., N.M.H.); and
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences 2: Plant Sciences, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.W.W.)
| | - Fulton E Rockwell
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (U.H., A.P., Y.-J.Z., J.G., F.E.R., N.M.H.); and
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences 2: Plant Sciences, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.W.W.)
| | - N Michele Holbrook
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (U.H., A.P., Y.-J.Z., J.G., F.E.R., N.M.H.); and
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences 2: Plant Sciences, 52425 Juelich, Germany (C.W.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dayer S, Peña JP, Gindro K, Torregrosa L, Voinesco F, Martínez L, Prieto JA, Zufferey V. Changes in leaf stomatal conductance, petiole hydraulics and vessel morphology in grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Chasselas) under different light and irrigation regimes. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:679-693. [PMID: 32480598 DOI: 10.1071/fp16041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic conductance and water transport in plants may be affected by environmental factors, which in turn regulate leaf gas exchange, plant growth and yield. In this study, we assessed the combined effects of radiation and water regimes on leaf stomatal conductance (gs), petiole specific hydraulic conductivity (Kpetiole) and anatomy (vessel number and size); and leaf aquaporin gene expression of field-grown grapevines at the Agroscope Research Station (Leytron, Switzerland). Chasselas vines were subjected to two radiation (sun and shade) levels combined with two water (irrigated and water-stressed) regimes. The sun and shade leaves received ~61.2 and 1.48molm-2day-1 of photosynthetically active radiation, respectively, during a clear-sky day. The irrigated vines were watered weekly from bloom to veraison whereas the water-stressed vines did not receive any irrigation during the season. Water stress reduced gs and Kpetiole relative to irrigated vines throughout the season. The petioles from water-stressed vines showed fewer large-sized vessels than those from irrigated vines. The shaded leaves from the irrigated vines exhibited a higher Kpetiole than the sun leaves at the end of the season, which was partially explained by a higher number of vessels per petiole and possibly by the upregulation of some of the aquaporins measured in the leaf. These results suggest that not only plant water status but also the light environment at the leaf level affected leaf and petiole hydraulics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Dayer
- INTA EEA Mendoza, San Martín 3853, Luján de Cuyo (5507), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Jorge Perez Peña
- INTA EEA Mendoza, San Martín 3853, Luján de Cuyo (5507), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Katia Gindro
- Agroscope, Institut des sciences en production végétale IPV, Route de Duillier 50, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Torregrosa
- Montpellier SupAgro, UMR AGAP - DAAV research group, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 01, France
| | - Francine Voinesco
- Agroscope, Institut des sciences en production végétale IPV, Route de Duillier 50, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Liliana Martínez
- Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, UNCuyo, Almirante Brown 500, 5507 Chacras de Coria, Argentina
| | - Jorge A Prieto
- INTA EEA Mendoza, San Martín 3853, Luján de Cuyo (5507), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Vivian Zufferey
- Agroscope, Institut des sciences en production végétale IPV, Route de Duillier 50, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Niu C, Meinzer FC, Hao G. Divergence in strategies for coping with winter embolism among co‐occurring temperate tree species: the role of positive xylem pressure, wood type and tree stature. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cun‐Yang Niu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China
- College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Frederick C. Meinzer
- USDA Forest Service Forestry Sciences Laboratory 3200 SW Jefferson Way Corvallis OR97331 USA
| | - Guang‐You Hao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
O'Brien MJ, Engelbrecht BMJ, Joswig J, Pereyra G, Schuldt B, Jansen S, Kattge J, Landhäusser SM, Levick SR, Preisler Y, Väänänen P, Macinnis-Ng C. A synthesis of tree functional traits related to drought-induced mortality in forests across climatic zones. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. O'Brien
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Carretera de Sacramento s/n E-04120 La Cañada Almería Spain
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Bettina M. J. Engelbrecht
- Department of Plant Ecology; Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research; University of Bayreuth; 95440 Bayreuth Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Apartado 0843-03092 Balboa Ancon Republic of Panama
| | - Julia Joswig
- Max-Plank Institute for Biogeochemistry; Hans-Knöll-Str. 10 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Gabriela Pereyra
- Max-Plank Institute for Biogeochemistry; Hans-Knöll-Str. 10 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Bernhard Schuldt
- Plant Ecology; Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences; University of Göttingen; UntereKarspüle 2 37073 Göttingen Germany
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology; Ulm University; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Jens Kattge
- Max-Plank Institute for Biogeochemistry; Hans-Knöll-Str. 10 07745 Jena Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Simon M. Landhäusser
- Department of Renewable Resources; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6G 2E3 Canada
| | - Shaun R. Levick
- Max-Plank Institute for Biogeochemistry; Hans-Knöll-Str. 10 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Yakir Preisler
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; PO Box 12 Rehovot 76100 Israel
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot Israel
| | - Päivi Väänänen
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; PO Box 12 Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Cate Macinnis-Ng
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Auckland; Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nardini A, Savi T, Trifilò P, Lo Gullo MA. Drought Stress and the Recovery from Xylem Embolism in Woody Plants. PROGRESS IN BOTANY VOL. 79 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/124_2017_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
34
|
Torres-Ruiz JM, Cochard H, Mencuccini M, Delzon S, Badel E. Direct observation and modelling of embolism spread between xylem conduits: a case study in Scots pine. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:2774-2785. [PMID: 27739597 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Xylem embolism is one of the main processes involved in drought-related plant mortality. Although its consequences for plant physiology are already well described, embolism formation and spread are poorly evaluated and modelled, especially for tracheid-based species. The aim of this study was to assess the embolism formation and spread in Pinus sylvestris as a case study using X-ray microtomography and hydraulics methods. We also evaluated the potential effects of cavitation fatigue on vulnerability to embolism and the micro-morphology of the bordered pits using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to test for possible links between xylem anatomy and embolism spread. Finally, a novel model was developed to simulate the spread of embolism in a 2D anisotropic cellular structure. Results showed a large variability in the formation and spread of embolism within a ring despite no differences being observed in intertracheid pit membrane anatomical traits. Simulations from the model showed a highly anisotropic tracheid-to-tracheid embolism spreading pattern, which confirms the major role of tracheid-to-tracheid air seeding to explain how embolism spreads in Scots pine. The results also showed that prior embolism removal from the samples reduced the resistance to embolism of the xylem and could result in overestimates of vulnerability to embolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hervé Cochard
- PIAF, INRA, Univ. Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, The Kings Buildings, West Main Road, EH93JF, Edinburgh, UK
- ICREA at CREAF, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Eric Badel
- PIAF, INRA, Univ. Clermont Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Charrier G, Torres-Ruiz JM, Badel E, Burlett R, Choat B, Cochard H, Delmas CEL, Domec JC, Jansen S, King A, Lenoir N, Martin-StPaul N, Gambetta GA, Delzon S. Evidence for Hydraulic Vulnerability Segmentation and Lack of Xylem Refilling under Tension. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:1657-1668. [PMID: 27613852 PMCID: PMC5100766 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The vascular system of grapevine (Vitis spp.) has been reported as being highly vulnerable, even though grapevine regularly experiences seasonal drought. Consequently, stomata would remain open below water potentials that would generate a high loss of stem hydraulic conductivity via xylem embolism. This situation would necessitate daily cycles of embolism repair to restore hydraulic function. However, a more parsimonious explanation is that some hydraulic techniques are prone to artifacts in species with long vessels, leading to the overestimation of vulnerability. The aim of this study was to provide an unbiased assessment of (1) the vulnerability to drought-induced embolism in perennial and annual organs and (2) the ability to refill embolized vessels in two Vitis species X-ray micro-computed tomography observations of intact plants indicated that both Vitis vinifera and Vitis riparia were relatively vulnerable, with the pressure inducing 50% loss of stem hydraulic conductivity = -1.7 and -1.3 MPa, respectively. In V. vinifera, both the stem and petiole had similar sigmoidal vulnerability curves but differed in pressure inducing 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity (-1.7 and -1 MPa for stem and petiole, respectively). Refilling was not observed as long as bulk xylem pressure remained negative (e.g. at the apical part of the plants; -0.11 ± 0.02 MPa) and change in percentage loss of conductivity was 0.02% ± 0.01%. However, positive xylem pressure was observed at the basal part of the plant (0.04 ± 0.01 MPa), leading to a recovery of conductance (change in percentage loss of conductivity = -0.24% ± 0.12%). Our findings provide evidence that grapevine is unable to repair embolized xylem vessels under negative pressure, but its hydraulic vulnerability segmentation provides significant protection of the perennial stem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Charrier
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C., G.A.G.); BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C., J.M.T.-R., R.B., S.D.); PIAF, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France (E.B., H.C.); Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (B.C.); Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, INRA, BSA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1391 ISPA, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.-C.D.); Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.-C.D.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany (S.J.); Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Bordeaux, UMS 3626 Placamat F-33608 Pessac, France (N.L.); and INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, 84914 Avignon, France (N.M.-S.)
| | - José M Torres-Ruiz
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C., G.A.G.); BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C., J.M.T.-R., R.B., S.D.); PIAF, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France (E.B., H.C.); Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (B.C.); Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, INRA, BSA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1391 ISPA, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.-C.D.); Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.-C.D.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany (S.J.); Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Bordeaux, UMS 3626 Placamat F-33608 Pessac, France (N.L.); and INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, 84914 Avignon, France (N.M.-S.)
| | - Eric Badel
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C., G.A.G.); BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C., J.M.T.-R., R.B., S.D.); PIAF, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France (E.B., H.C.); Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (B.C.); Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, INRA, BSA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1391 ISPA, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.-C.D.); Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.-C.D.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany (S.J.); Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Bordeaux, UMS 3626 Placamat F-33608 Pessac, France (N.L.); and INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, 84914 Avignon, France (N.M.-S.)
| | - Regis Burlett
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C., G.A.G.); BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C., J.M.T.-R., R.B., S.D.); PIAF, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France (E.B., H.C.); Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (B.C.); Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, INRA, BSA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1391 ISPA, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.-C.D.); Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.-C.D.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany (S.J.); Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Bordeaux, UMS 3626 Placamat F-33608 Pessac, France (N.L.); and INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, 84914 Avignon, France (N.M.-S.)
| | - Brendan Choat
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C., G.A.G.); BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C., J.M.T.-R., R.B., S.D.); PIAF, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France (E.B., H.C.); Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (B.C.); Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, INRA, BSA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1391 ISPA, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.-C.D.); Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.-C.D.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany (S.J.); Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Bordeaux, UMS 3626 Placamat F-33608 Pessac, France (N.L.); and INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, 84914 Avignon, France (N.M.-S.)
| | - Herve Cochard
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C., G.A.G.); BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C., J.M.T.-R., R.B., S.D.); PIAF, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France (E.B., H.C.); Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (B.C.); Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, INRA, BSA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1391 ISPA, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.-C.D.); Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.-C.D.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany (S.J.); Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Bordeaux, UMS 3626 Placamat F-33608 Pessac, France (N.L.); and INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, 84914 Avignon, France (N.M.-S.)
| | - Chloe E L Delmas
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C., G.A.G.); BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C., J.M.T.-R., R.B., S.D.); PIAF, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France (E.B., H.C.); Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (B.C.); Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, INRA, BSA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1391 ISPA, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.-C.D.); Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.-C.D.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany (S.J.); Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Bordeaux, UMS 3626 Placamat F-33608 Pessac, France (N.L.); and INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, 84914 Avignon, France (N.M.-S.)
| | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C., G.A.G.); BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C., J.M.T.-R., R.B., S.D.); PIAF, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France (E.B., H.C.); Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (B.C.); Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, INRA, BSA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1391 ISPA, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.-C.D.); Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.-C.D.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany (S.J.); Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Bordeaux, UMS 3626 Placamat F-33608 Pessac, France (N.L.); and INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, 84914 Avignon, France (N.M.-S.)
| | - Steven Jansen
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C., G.A.G.); BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C., J.M.T.-R., R.B., S.D.); PIAF, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France (E.B., H.C.); Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (B.C.); Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, INRA, BSA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1391 ISPA, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.-C.D.); Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.-C.D.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany (S.J.); Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Bordeaux, UMS 3626 Placamat F-33608 Pessac, France (N.L.); and INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, 84914 Avignon, France (N.M.-S.)
| | - Andrew King
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C., G.A.G.); BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C., J.M.T.-R., R.B., S.D.); PIAF, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France (E.B., H.C.); Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (B.C.); Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, INRA, BSA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1391 ISPA, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.-C.D.); Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.-C.D.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany (S.J.); Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Bordeaux, UMS 3626 Placamat F-33608 Pessac, France (N.L.); and INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, 84914 Avignon, France (N.M.-S.)
| | - Nicolas Lenoir
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C., G.A.G.); BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C., J.M.T.-R., R.B., S.D.); PIAF, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France (E.B., H.C.); Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (B.C.); Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, INRA, BSA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1391 ISPA, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.-C.D.); Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.-C.D.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany (S.J.); Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Bordeaux, UMS 3626 Placamat F-33608 Pessac, France (N.L.); and INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, 84914 Avignon, France (N.M.-S.)
| | - Nicolas Martin-StPaul
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C., G.A.G.); BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C., J.M.T.-R., R.B., S.D.); PIAF, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France (E.B., H.C.); Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (B.C.); Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, INRA, BSA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1391 ISPA, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.-C.D.); Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.-C.D.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany (S.J.); Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Bordeaux, UMS 3626 Placamat F-33608 Pessac, France (N.L.); and INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, 84914 Avignon, France (N.M.-S.)
| | - Gregory Alan Gambetta
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C., G.A.G.); BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C., J.M.T.-R., R.B., S.D.); PIAF, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France (E.B., H.C.); Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (B.C.); Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, INRA, BSA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1391 ISPA, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.-C.D.); Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.-C.D.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany (S.J.); Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Bordeaux, UMS 3626 Placamat F-33608 Pessac, France (N.L.); and INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, 84914 Avignon, France (N.M.-S.)
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1287, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France (G.C., G.A.G.); BIOGECO, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33610 Cestas, France (G.C., J.M.T.-R., R.B., S.D.); PIAF, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UCA, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France (E.B., H.C.); Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales 2753, Australia (B.C.); Unité Mixte de Recherche SAVE, INRA, BSA, Univ. Bordeaux, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (C.E.L.D.); Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1391 ISPA, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France (J.-C.D.); Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (J.-C.D.); Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm D-89081, Germany (S.J.); Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme de Merisiers, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France (A.K.); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ. Bordeaux, UMS 3626 Placamat F-33608 Pessac, France (N.L.); and INRA, UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, 84914 Avignon, France (N.M.-S.)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chen Y, Schnitzer SA, Zhang Y, Fan Z, Goldstein G, Tomlinson KW, Lin H, Zhang J, Cao K. Physiological regulation and efficient xylem water transport regulate diurnal water and carbon balances of tropical lianas. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya‐Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Mengla Yunnan666303 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China
| | - Stefan A. Schnitzer
- Department of Biological Sciences Marquette University PO Box 1881 Milwaukee WI53201 USA
| | - Yong‐Jiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Mengla Yunnan666303 China
| | - Ze‐Xin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Mengla Yunnan666303 China
| | - Guillermo Goldstein
- Department of Biology University of Miami PO Box 249118 Coral Gables FL33124 USA
| | - Kyle W. Tomlinson
- Center for Integrative Conservation Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Mengla Yunnan666303 China
| | - Hua Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Mengla Yunnan666303 China
| | - Jiao‐Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Mengla Yunnan666303 China
| | - Kun‐Fang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Mengla Yunnan666303 China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresources Guangxi University Nanning Guangxi530004 China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sack L, Ball MC, Brodersen C, Davis SD, Des Marais DL, Donovan LA, Givnish TJ, Hacke UG, Huxman T, Jansen S, Jacobsen AL, Johnson DM, Koch GW, Maurel C, McCulloh KA, McDowell NG, McElrone A, Meinzer FC, Melcher PJ, North G, Pellegrini M, Pockman WT, Pratt RB, Sala A, Santiago LS, Savage JA, Scoffoni C, Sevanto S, Sperry J, Tyerman SD, Way D, Holbrook NM. Plant hydraulics as a central hub integrating plant and ecosystem function: meeting report for 'Emerging Frontiers in Plant Hydraulics' (Washington, DC, May 2015). PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:2085-94. [PMID: 27037757 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Water plays a central role in plant biology and the efficiency of water transport throughout the plant affects both photosynthetic rate and growth, an influence that scales up deterministically to the productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. Moreover, hydraulic traits mediate the ways in which plants interact with their abiotic and biotic environment. At landscape to global scale, plant hydraulic traits are important in describing the function of ecological communities and ecosystems. Plant hydraulics is increasingly recognized as a central hub within a network by which plant biology is connected to palaeobiology, agronomy, climatology, forestry, community and ecosystem ecology and earth-system science. Such grand challenges as anticipating and mitigating the impacts of climate change, and improving the security and sustainability of our food supply rely on our fundamental knowledge of how water behaves in the cells, tissues, organs, bodies and diverse communities of plants. A workshop, 'Emerging Frontiers in Plant Hydraulics' supported by the National Science Foundation, was held in Washington DC, 2015 to promote open discussion of new ideas, controversies regarding measurements and analyses, and especially, the potential for expansion of up-scaled and down-scaled inter-disciplinary research, and the strengthening of connections between plant hydraulic research, allied fields and global modelling efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Marilyn C Ball
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 0200, Australia
| | - Craig Brodersen
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Stephen D Davis
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - David L Des Marais
- Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02131, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Lisa A Donovan
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Thomas J Givnish
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Uwe G Hacke
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Travis Huxman
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology & Center for Environmental Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Steven Jansen
- Ulm University, Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Anna L Jacobsen
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Daniel M Johnson
- Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - George W Koch
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Christophe Maurel
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004, INRA-CNRS-Sup Agro-Université de Montpellier, 2 Place Viala, Montpellier, F-34060, France
| | | | - Nate G McDowell
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Andrew McElrone
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Frederick C Meinzer
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Peter J Melcher
- Department of Biology, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Gretchen North
- Department of Biology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, 90041, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - William T Pockman
- Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - R Brandon Pratt
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Anna Sala
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Louis S Santiago
- Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Jessica A Savage
- Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02131, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - John Sperry
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Stephen D Tyerman
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Precinct, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Danielle Way
- Department of Biology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - N Michele Holbrook
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Pereira L, Bittencourt PRL, Oliveira RS, Junior MBM, Barros FV, Ribeiro RV, Mazzafera P. Plant pneumatics: stem air flow is related to embolism - new perspectives on methods in plant hydraulics. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:357-70. [PMID: 26918522 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Wood contains a large amount of air, even in functional xylem. Air embolisms in the xylem affect water transport and can determine plant growth and survival. Embolisms are usually estimated with laborious hydraulic methods, which can be prone to several artefacts. Here, we describe a new method for estimating embolisms that is based on air flow measurements of entire branches. To calculate the amount of air flowing out of the branch, a vacuum was applied to the cut bases of branches under different water potentials. We first investigated the source of air by determining whether it came from inside or outside the branch. Second, we compared embolism curves according to air flow or hydraulic measurements in 15 vessel- and tracheid-bearing species to test the hypothesis that the air flow is related to embolism. Air flow came almost exclusively from air inside the branch during the 2.5-min measurements and was strongly related to embolism. We propose a new embolism measurement method that is simple, effective, rapid and inexpensive, and that allows several measurements on the same branch, thus opening up new possibilities for studying plant hydraulics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Pereira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, PO Box 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo R L Bittencourt
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, PO Box 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, PO Box 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauro B M Junior
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, PO Box 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda V Barros
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, PO Box 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael V Ribeiro
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, PO Box 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Mazzafera
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, PO Box 6109, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hochberg U, Herrera JC, Cochard H, Badel E. Short-time xylem relaxation results in reliable quantification of embolism in grapevine petioles and sheds new light on their hydraulic strategy. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:748-55. [PMID: 26843208 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the validity of embolism quantification methods has been questioned, especially for long-vesseled plants. Some studies have suggested that cutting xylem while under tension, even under water, might generate artificial cavitation. Accordingly, a rehydration procedure prior to hydraulic measurements has been recommended to avoid this artefact. On the other hand, concerns have been raised that xylem refilling might occur when samples are rehydrated. Here, we explore the potential biases affecting embolism quantification for grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) petioles harvested under tension or after xylem relaxation. We employ direct visualization of embolism through X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT) to test for the occurrence of fast refilling (artifactually low per cent loss of conductivity (PLC) due to rehydration prior to sample harvest) as well as excision-induced embolism (artifactually high embolism due to air introduction during harvest). Additionally, we compared the response functions of both stomatal regulation and xylem embolism to xylem pressure (Ψx). Short-time (20 min) xylem tension relaxation prior to the hydraulic measurement resulted in a lower degree of embolism than found in samples harvested under native tensions, and yielded xylem vulnerability curves similar to the ones obtained using direct microCT visualization. Much longer periods of hydration (overnight) were required before xylem refilling was observed to occur. In field-grown vines, over 85% of stomatal closure occurred at less negative Ψx than that required to induce 12% PLC. Our results demonstrate that relaxation of xylem tension prior to hydraulic measurement allows for the reliable quantification of native embolism in grapevine petioles. Furthermore, we find that stomatal regulation is sufficiently conservative to avoid transpiration-induced cavitation. These results suggest that grapevines have evolved a strategy of cavitation resistance, rather than one of cavitation tolerance (diurnal cycles of embolism and repair).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uri Hochberg
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France Clermont Université, Université Blaise-Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jose Carlos Herrera
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Hervé Cochard
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France Clermont Université, Université Blaise-Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Eric Badel
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France Clermont Université, Université Blaise-Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Vergeynst LL, Sause MGR, De Baerdemaeker NJF, De Roo L, Steppe K. Clustering reveals cavitation-related acoustic emission signals from dehydrating branches. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:786-96. [PMID: 27095256 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The formation of air emboli in the xylem during drought is one of the key processes leading to plant mortality due to loss in hydraulic conductivity, and strongly fuels the interest in quantifying vulnerability to cavitation. The acoustic emission (AE) technique can be used to measure hydraulic conductivity losses and construct vulnerability curves. For years, it has been believed that all the AE signals are produced by the formation of gas emboli in the xylem sap under tension. More recent experiments, however, demonstrate that gas emboli formation cannot explain all the signals detected during drought, suggesting that different sources of AE exist. This complicates the use of the AE technique to measure emboli formation in plants. We therefore analysed AE waveforms measured on branches of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. 'Chardonnay') during bench dehydration with broadband sensors, and applied an automated clustering algorithm in order to find natural clusters of AE signals. We used AE features and AE activity patterns during consecutive dehydration phases to identify the different AE sources. Based on the frequency spectrum of the signals, we distinguished three different types of AE signals, of which the frequency cluster with high 100-200 kHz frequency content was strongly correlated with cavitation. Our results indicate that cavitation-related AE signals can be filtered from other AE sources, which presents a promising avenue into quantifying xylem embolism in plants in laboratory and field conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidewei L Vergeynst
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Markus G R Sause
- Experimental Physics II, Institute for Physics, University of Augsburg, D-86135 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Niels J F De Baerdemaeker
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Linus De Roo
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ryu J, Hwang BG, Kim YX, Lee SJ. Direct observation of local xylem embolisms induced by soil drying in intact Zea mays leaves. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:2617-26. [PMID: 26946123 PMCID: PMC4861012 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The vulnerability of vascular plants to xylem embolism is closely related to their stable long-distance water transport, growth, and survival. Direct measurements of xylem embolism are required to understand what causes embolism and what strategies plants employ against it. In this study, synchrotron X-ray microscopy was used to non-destructively investigate both the anatomical structures of xylem vessels and embolism occurrence in the leaves of intact Zea mays (maize) plants. Xylem embolism was induced by water stress at various soil drying periods and soil water contents. X-ray images of dehydrated maize leaves showed that the ratio of gas-filled vessels to all xylem vessels increased with decreased soil water content and reached approximately 30% under severe water stress. Embolism occurred in some but not all vessels. Embolism in maize leaves was not strongly correlated with xylem diameter but was more likely to occur in the peripheral veins. The rate of embolism formation in metaxylem vessels was higher than in protoxylem vessels. This work has demonstrated that xylem embolism remains low in maize leaves under water stress and that there xylem has characteristic spatial traits of vulnerability to embolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeongeun Ryu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Bae Geun Hwang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Yangmin X Kim
- Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Acoustic Emissions to Measure Drought-Induced Cavitation in Plants. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/app6030071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
43
|
Brodribb TJ, Skelton RP, McAdam SAM, Bienaimé D, Lucani CJ, Marmottant P. Visual quantification of embolism reveals leaf vulnerability to hydraulic failure. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:1403-9. [PMID: 26742653 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Vascular plant mortality during drought has been strongly linked to a failure of the internal water transport system caused by the rapid invasion of air and subsequent blockage of xylem conduits. Quantification of this critical process is greatly complicated by the existence of high water tension in xylem cells making them prone to embolism during experimental manipulation. Here we describe a simple new optical method that can be used to record spatial and temporal patterns of embolism formation in the veins of water-stressed leaves for the first time. Applying this technique in four diverse angiosperm species we found very strong agreement between the dynamics of embolism formation during desiccation and decline of leaf hydraulic conductance. These data connect the failure of the leaf water transport network under drought stress to embolism formation in the leaf xylem, and suggest embolism occurs after stomatal closure under extreme water stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Brodribb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
| | - Robert P Skelton
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
| | - Diane Bienaimé
- LIPhy UMR 5588, CNRS/Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, F-38401, France
| | - Christopher J Lucani
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., 7001, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ogasa MY, Utsumi Y, Miki NH, Yazaki K, Fukuda K. Cutting stems before relaxing xylem tension induces artefacts in Vitis coignetiae, as evidenced by magnetic resonance imaging. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:329-337. [PMID: 26234764 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
It was recently reported that cutting artefacts occur in some species when branches under tension are cut, even under water. We used non-destructive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate the change in xylem water distribution at the cellular level in Vitis coignetiae standing stems before and after relaxing tension. Less than 3% of vessels were cavitated when stems under tension were cut under water at a position shorter than the maximum vessel length (MVL) from the MRI point, in three of four plants. The vessel contents remained at their original status, and cutting artefact vessel cavitation declined to <1% when stems were cut at a position farther than the MVL from the MRI point. Water infiltration into the originally cavitated vessels after cutting the stem, i.e. vessel refilling, was found in <1% of vessels independent of cutting position on three of nine plants. The results indicate that both vessel cavitation and refilling occur in xylem tissue under tension following stem cutting, but its frequency is quite small, and artefacts can be minimized altogether if the distance between the monitoring position and the cutting point is longer than the MVL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Y Ogasa
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8563, Japan
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Utsumi
- Kyushu University Forest, Kyushu University, Ashoro, 089-3705, Japan
| | - Naoko H Miki
- Department of Environmental Ecology, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yazaki
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Kenji Fukuda
- Department of Natural Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8563, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Pivovaroff AL, Burlett R, Lavigne B, Cochard H, Santiago LS, Delzon S. Testing the 'microbubble effect' using the Cavitron technique to measure xylem water extraction curves. AOB PLANTS 2016; 8:plw011. [PMID: 26903487 PMCID: PMC4804203 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plw011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant resistance to xylem cavitation is a major drought adaptation trait and is essential to characterizing vulnerability to climate change. Cavitation resistance can be determined with vulnerability curves. In the past decade, new techniques have increased the ease and speed at which vulnerability curves are produced. However, these new techniques are also subject to new artefacts, especially as related to long-vesselled species. We tested the reliability of the 'flow rotor' centrifuge technique, the so-called Cavitron, and investigated one potential mechanism behind the open vessel artefact in centrifuge-based vulnerability curves: the microbubble effect. The microbubble effect hypothesizes that microbubbles introduced to open vessels, either through sample flushing or injection of solution, travel by buoyancy or mass flow towards the axis of rotation where they artefactually nucleate cavitation. To test the microbubble effect, we constructed vulnerability curves using three different rotor sizes for five species with varying maximum vessel length, as well as water extraction curves that are constructed without injection of solution into the rotor. We found that the Cavitron technique is robust to measure resistance to cavitation in tracheid-bearing and short-vesselled species, but not for long-vesselled ones. Moreover, our results support the microbubble effect hypothesis as the major cause for the open vessel artefact in long-vesselled species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria L Pivovaroff
- La Kretz Center for California Conservation Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA Université de Bordeaux, UMR BIOGECO, 33405 Talence, France Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, 2150 Batchelor Hall, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Régis Burlett
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR BIOGECO, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Bruno Lavigne
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR BIOGECO, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Hervé Cochard
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Louis S Santiago
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, 2150 Batchelor Hall, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- Université de Bordeaux, UMR BIOGECO, 33405 Talence, France INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, 33612 Cestas, France
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Gleason SM, Westoby M, Jansen S, Choat B, Hacke UG, Pratt RB, Bhaskar R, Brodribb TJ, Bucci SJ, Cao KF, Cochard H, Delzon S, Domec JC, Fan ZX, Feild TS, Jacobsen AL, Johnson DM, Lens F, Maherali H, Martínez-Vilalta J, Mayr S, McCulloh KA, Mencuccini M, Mitchell PJ, Morris H, Nardini A, Pittermann J, Plavcová L, Schreiber SG, Sperry JS, Wright IJ, Zanne AE. Weak tradeoff between xylem safety and xylem-specific hydraulic efficiency across the world's woody plant species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:123-36. [PMID: 26378984 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of lignified xylem allowed for the efficient transport of water under tension, but also exposed the vascular network to the risk of gas emboli and the spread of gas between xylem conduits, thus impeding sap transport to the leaves. A well-known hypothesis proposes that the safety of xylem (its ability to resist embolism formation and spread) should trade off against xylem efficiency (its capacity to transport water). We tested this safety-efficiency hypothesis in branch xylem across 335 angiosperm and 89 gymnosperm species. Safety was considered at three levels: the xylem water potentials where 12%, 50% and 88% of maximal conductivity are lost. Although correlations between safety and efficiency were weak (r(2) < 0.086), no species had high efficiency and high safety, supporting the idea for a safety-efficiency tradeoff. However, many species had low efficiency and low safety. Species with low efficiency and low safety were weakly associated (r(2) < 0.02 in most cases) with higher wood density, lower leaf- to sapwood-area and shorter stature. There appears to be no persuasive explanation for the considerable number of species with both low efficiency and low safety. These species represent a real challenge for understanding the evolution of xylem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Gleason
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- USDA-ARS, Water Management Research, 2150 Center Ave, Build D, Suite 320, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Mark Westoby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Uwe G Hacke
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Robert B Pratt
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Radika Bhaskar
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, PA, 19041, USA
| | - Tim J Brodribb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Sandra J Bucci
- Grupo de Estudios Biofísicos y Eco-fisiológicos (GEBEF), Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, 9000, Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, and College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Hervé Cochard
- INRA, UMR547 PIAF, F-63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR547 PIAF, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- INRA, University of Bordeaux, UMR BIOGECO, F-33450, Talence, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Bordeaux Sciences AGRO, UMR1391 ISPA INRA, 1 Cours du général de Gaulle, 33175, Gradignan Cedex, France
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Ze-Xin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Taylor S Feild
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, 4811, Australia
| | - Anna L Jacobsen
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Daniel M Johnson
- Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, PO Box 9517, 2300RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hafiz Maherali
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA at CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- ICREA at CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Barcelona, Spain
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
| | | | - Hugh Morris
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Jarmila Pittermann
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Lenka Plavcová
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Stefan G Schreiber
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - John S Sperry
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257S 1400E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Amy E Zanne
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Science and Engineering Hall, 800 22nd Street NW, Suite 6000, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zelinka SL, Bourne KJ, Hermanson JC, Glass SV, Costa A, Wiedenhoeft AC. Force-displacement measurements of earlywood bordered pits using a mesomechanical tester. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:2088-2097. [PMID: 25754548 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The elastic properties of pit membranes are reported to have important implications in understanding air-seeding phenomena in gymnosperms, and pit aspiration plays a large role in wood technological applications such as wood drying and preservative treatment. Here we present force-displacement measurements for pit membranes of circular bordered pits, collected on a mesomechanical testing system. The system consists of a quartz microprobe attached to a microforce sensor that is positioned and advanced with a micromanipulator mounted on an inverted microscope. Membrane displacement is measured from digital image analysis. Unaspirated pits from earlywood of never-dried wood of Larix and Pinus and aspirated pits from earlywood of dried wood of Larix were tested to generate force-displacement curves up to the point of membrane failure. Two failure modes were observed: rupture or tearing of the pit membrane by the microprobe tip, and the stretching of the pit membrane until the torus was forced out of the pit chamber through the pit aperture without rupture, a condition we refer to as torus prolapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L Zelinka
- Building and Fire Sciences, U.S. Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Keith J Bourne
- Building and Fire Sciences, U.S. Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - John C Hermanson
- Engineering Mechanics and Remote Sensing Laboratory, U.S. Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Samuel V Glass
- Building and Fire Sciences, U.S. Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Adriana Costa
- Center for Wood Anatomy Research, Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Alex C Wiedenhoeft
- Center for Wood Anatomy Research, Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Forest Service, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Jansen S, Schenk HJ. On the ascent of sap in the presence of bubbles. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:1561-1563. [PMID: 26400778 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - H Jochen Schenk
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, P.O. Box 6850, Fullerton, CA 92834-6850 USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Rolland V, Bergstrom DM, Lenné T, Bryant G, Chen H, Wolfe J, Holbrook NM, Stanton DE, Ball MC. Easy Come, Easy Go: Capillary Forces Enable Rapid Refilling of Embolized Primary Xylem Vessels. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:1636-47. [PMID: 26091819 PMCID: PMC4528742 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Protoxylem plays an important role in the hydraulic function of vascular systems of both herbaceous and woody plants, but relatively little is known about the processes underlying the maintenance of protoxylem function in long-lived tissues. In this study, embolism repair was investigated in relation to xylem structure in two cushion plant species, Azorella macquariensis and Colobanthus muscoides, in which vascular water transport depends on protoxylem. Their protoxylem vessels consisted of a primary wall with helical thickenings that effectively formed a pit channel, with the primary wall being the pit channel membrane. Stem protoxylem was organized such that the pit channel membranes connected vessels with paratracheal parenchyma or other protoxylem vessels and were not exposed directly to air spaces. Embolism was experimentally induced in excised vascular tissue and detached shoots by exposing them briefly to air. When water was resupplied, embolized vessels refilled within tens of seconds (excised tissue) to a few minutes (detached shoots) with water sourced from either adjacent parenchyma or water-filled vessels. Refilling occurred in two phases: (1) water refilled xylem pit channels, simplifying bubble shape to a rod with two menisci; and (2) the bubble contracted as the resorption front advanced, dissolving air along the way. Physical properties of the protoxylem vessels (namely pit channel membrane porosity, hydrophilic walls, vessel dimensions, and helical thickenings) promoted rapid refilling of embolized conduits independent of root pressure. These results have implications for the maintenance of vascular function in both herbaceous and woody species, because protoxylem plays a major role in the hydraulic systems of leaves, elongating stems, and roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Rolland
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology (V.R., T.L., D.E.S., M.C.B.), and Centre for Advanced Microscopy (H.C.), Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia;Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Environment, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia (D.M.B.);Center for Molecular and Nanoscale Physics, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia (G.B.);School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia (J.W.); andDepartment of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (N.M.H.)
| | - Dana M Bergstrom
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology (V.R., T.L., D.E.S., M.C.B.), and Centre for Advanced Microscopy (H.C.), Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia;Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Environment, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia (D.M.B.);Center for Molecular and Nanoscale Physics, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia (G.B.);School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia (J.W.); andDepartment of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (N.M.H.)
| | - Thomas Lenné
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology (V.R., T.L., D.E.S., M.C.B.), and Centre for Advanced Microscopy (H.C.), Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia;Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Environment, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia (D.M.B.);Center for Molecular and Nanoscale Physics, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia (G.B.);School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia (J.W.); andDepartment of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (N.M.H.)
| | - Gary Bryant
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology (V.R., T.L., D.E.S., M.C.B.), and Centre for Advanced Microscopy (H.C.), Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia;Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Environment, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia (D.M.B.);Center for Molecular and Nanoscale Physics, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia (G.B.);School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia (J.W.); andDepartment of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (N.M.H.)
| | - Hua Chen
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology (V.R., T.L., D.E.S., M.C.B.), and Centre for Advanced Microscopy (H.C.), Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia;Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Environment, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia (D.M.B.);Center for Molecular and Nanoscale Physics, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia (G.B.);School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia (J.W.); andDepartment of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (N.M.H.)
| | - Joe Wolfe
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology (V.R., T.L., D.E.S., M.C.B.), and Centre for Advanced Microscopy (H.C.), Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia;Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Environment, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia (D.M.B.);Center for Molecular and Nanoscale Physics, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia (G.B.);School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia (J.W.); andDepartment of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (N.M.H.)
| | - N Michele Holbrook
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology (V.R., T.L., D.E.S., M.C.B.), and Centre for Advanced Microscopy (H.C.), Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia;Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Environment, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia (D.M.B.);Center for Molecular and Nanoscale Physics, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia (G.B.);School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia (J.W.); andDepartment of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (N.M.H.)
| | - Daniel E Stanton
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology (V.R., T.L., D.E.S., M.C.B.), and Centre for Advanced Microscopy (H.C.), Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia;Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Environment, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia (D.M.B.);Center for Molecular and Nanoscale Physics, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia (G.B.);School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia (J.W.); andDepartment of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (N.M.H.)
| | - Marilyn C Ball
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology (V.R., T.L., D.E.S., M.C.B.), and Centre for Advanced Microscopy (H.C.), Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia;Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Environment, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia (D.M.B.);Center for Molecular and Nanoscale Physics, School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia (G.B.);School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia (J.W.); andDepartment of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 (N.M.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Knipfer T, Eustis A, Brodersen C, Walker AM, McElrone AJ. Grapevine species from varied native habitats exhibit differences in embolism formation/repair associated with leaf gas exchange and root pressure. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1503-13. [PMID: 25495925 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Drought induces xylem embolism formation, but grapevines can refill non-functional vessels to restore transport capacity. It is unknown whether vulnerability to embolism formation and ability to repair differ among grapevine species. We analysed in vivo embolism formation and repair using x-ray computed microtomography in three wild grapevine species from varied native habitats (Vitis riparia, V. arizonica, V. champinii) and related responses to measurements of leaf gas exchange and root pressure. Vulnerability to embolism formation was greatest in V. riparia, intermediate in V. arizonica and lowest in V. champinii. After re-watering, embolism repair was rapid and pronounced in V. riparia and V. arizonica, but limited or negligible in V. champinii even after numerous days. Similarly, root pressure measured after re-watering was positively correlated with drought stress severity for V. riparia and V. arizonica (species exhibiting embolism repair) but not for V. champinii. Drought-induced reductions in transpiration were greatest for V. riparia and least in V. champinii. Recovery of transpiration after re-watering was delayed for all species, but was greatest for V. champinii and most rapid in V. arizonica. These species exhibit varied responses to drought stress that involve maintenance/recovery of xylem transport capacity coordinated with root pressure and gas exchange responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Knipfer
- Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ashley Eustis
- Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Craig Brodersen
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Andrew M Walker
- Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Andrew J McElrone
- Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- USDA-ARS, Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|