1
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Thuy NT, Kim H, Hong S. Antagonistic functions of CTL1 and SUH1 mediate cell wall assembly in Arabidopsis. PLANT DIRECT 2024; 8:e580. [PMID: 38525472 PMCID: PMC10960159 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Plant genomes contain numerous genes encoding chitinase-like (CTL) proteins, which have a similar protein structure to chitinase belonging to the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family but lack the chitinolytic activity to cleave the β-1,4-glycosidic bond in chitins, polymers of N-acetylglucosamine. CTL1 mutations found in rice and Arabidopsis have caused pleiotropic developmental defects, including altered cell wall composition and decreased abiotic stress tolerance, likely due to reduced cellulose content. In this study, we identified suppressor of hot2 1 (suh1) as a genetic suppressor of the ctl1 hot2-1 mutation in Arabidopsis. The mutation in SUH1 restored almost all examined ctl1 hot2-1 defects to nearly wild-type levels or at least partially. SUH1 encodes a Golgi-located type II membrane protein with glycosyltransferase (GT) activity, and its mutations lead to a reduction in cellulose content and hypersensitivity to cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors, although to a lesser extent than ctl1 hot2-1 mutation. The SUH1 promoter fused with the GUS reporter gene exhibited GUS activity in interfascicular fibers and xylem in stems; meanwhile, the ctl1 hot2-1 mutation significantly increased this activity. Our findings provide genetic and molecular evidence that the antagonistic activities of CTL1 and SUH1 play an essential role in assembling the cell wall in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Thuy
- Department of the Integrative Food, Bioscience, and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life SciencesChonnam National UniversityGwangjuKorea
| | - Hyun‐Jung Kim
- Department of the Integrative Food, Bioscience, and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life SciencesChonnam National UniversityGwangjuKorea
| | - Suk‐Whan Hong
- Department of the Integrative Food, Bioscience, and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life SciencesChonnam National UniversityGwangjuKorea
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2
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Garcia E, Koh J, Wu X, Sarkhosh A, Liu T. Tissue-specific proteome profile analysis reveals regulatory and stress responsive networks in passion fruit during storage. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3564. [PMID: 38346991 PMCID: PMC10861471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52557-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Passiflora edulis, commonly known as passion fruit, is a crop with a fragrant aroma and refreshingly tropical flavor that is a valuable source of antioxidants. It offers a unique opportunity for growers because of its adaptability to tropical and subtropical climates. Passion fruit can be sold in the fresh market or used in value-added products, but its postharvest shelf life has not been well-researched, nor have superior cultivars been well-developed. Understanding the proteins expressed at the tissue level during the postharvest stage can help improve fruit quality and extend shelf life. In this study, we carried out comparative proteomics analysis on four passion fruit tissues, the epicarp, mesocarp, endocarp, and pulp, using multiplexed isobaric tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling quantitation. A total of 3352 proteins were identified, including 295 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Of these DEPs, 213 showed a fold increase greater than 1.45 (50 proteins) or a fold decrease less than 0.45 (163 proteins) with different patterns among tissue types. Among the DEPs, there were proteins expressed with functions in oxygen scavenging, lipid peroxidation, response to heat stress, and pathogen resistance. Thirty-six proteins were designated as hypothetical proteins were characterized for potential functions in immunity, cell structure, homeostasis, stress response, protein metabolism and miraculin biosynthesis. This research provides insight into tissue-specific pathways that can be further studied within fruit physiology and postharvest shelf life to aid in implementing effective plant breeding programs. Knowing the tissue-specific function of fruit is essential for improving fruit quality, developing new varieties, identifying health benefits, and optimizing processing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Garcia
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jin Koh
- The Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Xingbo Wu
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Homestead, FL, 33031, USA
| | - Ali Sarkhosh
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Tie Liu
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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3
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Khan GA, Dutta A, van de Meene A, Frandsen KEH, Ogden M, Whelan J, Persson S. Phosphate starvation regulates cellulose synthesis to modify root growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1204-1217. [PMID: 37823515 PMCID: PMC10828208 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
In the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the absence of the essential macro-nutrient phosphate reduces primary root growth through decreased cell division and elongation, requiring alterations to the polysaccharide-rich cell wall surrounding the cells. Despite its importance, the regulation of cell wall synthesis in response to low phosphate levels is not well understood. In this study, we show that plants increase cellulose synthesis in roots under limiting phosphate conditions, which leads to changes in the thickness and structure of the cell wall. These changes contribute to the reduced growth of primary roots in low-phosphate conditions. Furthermore, we found that the cellulose synthase complex (CSC) activity at the plasma membrane increases during phosphate deficiency. Moreover, we show that this increase in the activity of the CSC is likely due to alterations in the phosphorylation status of cellulose synthases in low-phosphate conditions. Specifically, phosphorylation of CELLULOSE SYNTHASE 1 (CESA1) at the S688 site decreases in low-phosphate conditions. Phosphomimic versions of CESA1 with an S688E mutation showed significantly reduced cellulose induction and primary root length changes in low-phosphate conditions. Protein structure modeling suggests that the phosphorylation status of S688 in CESA1 could play a role in stabilizing and activating the CSC. This mechanistic understanding of root growth regulation under limiting phosphate conditions provides potential strategies for changing root responses to soil phosphate content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazanfar Abbas Khan
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Arka Dutta
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | | | - Kristian E H Frandsen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
| | - Michael Ogden
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
| | - James Whelan
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 20040, China
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4
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Saxe HJ, Walawage SL, Balan B, Leslie CA, Brown PJ, Browne GT, Kluepfel DA, Westphal A, Dandekar AM. Transcriptomic Evidence of a Link between Cell Wall Biogenesis, Pathogenesis, and Vigor in Walnut Root and Trunk Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:931. [PMID: 38256004 PMCID: PMC10815794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Crown gall disease (Agrobacterium tumefaciens), crown/root rot disease (Phytophthora spp.), root lesion disease (Pratylenchus vulnus) and tree vigor are key traits affecting the productivity and quality of walnuts in California. Unchallenged hybrid rootstocks were analyzed by RNA-seq to examine pre-formed factors affecting these traits. Enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes revealed that the increased expression of cell wall biogenesis-related genes plays a key role in susceptibility to A. tumefaciens, susceptibility to Phytophthora spp. and increased vigor. Analysis of the predicted subcellular loci of the encoded proteins revealed that many gene products associated with vigor and susceptibility were targeted to the plasma membrane and extracellular space, connecting these traits to sustaining barrier function. We observed that RNA processing and splicing, along with predicted nuclear targeting, were associated with resistance to A. tumefaciens, resistance to Phytophthora spp. and low vigor. Four genes within the J. microcarpa QTL region for resistance to A. tumefaciens and Phytophthora spp. were represented among our transcripts, with two of the genes being differentially expressed in association with resistance to A. tumefaciens and decreased vigor. No differential expression related to Phytophthora spp. or P. vulnus resistance was observed in this region. Additionally, the J. microcarpa haplotype expressed more transcripts associated with resistance to A. tumefaciens, Phytophthora spp. and low vigor, but not P. vulnus, than the J. regia haplotype. We also report unique and shared hormone and defense responses associated with each trait. This research suggests a link between cell wall biogenesis, vigor and critical root diseases of walnut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houston J. Saxe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (H.J.S.); (S.L.W.); (C.A.L.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Sriema L. Walawage
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (H.J.S.); (S.L.W.); (C.A.L.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Bipin Balan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (H.J.S.); (S.L.W.); (C.A.L.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Charles A. Leslie
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (H.J.S.); (S.L.W.); (C.A.L.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Patrick J. Brown
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (H.J.S.); (S.L.W.); (C.A.L.); (P.J.B.)
| | - Gregory T. Browne
- United States Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (G.T.B.); (D.A.K.)
| | - Daniel A. Kluepfel
- United States Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (G.T.B.); (D.A.K.)
| | - Andreas Westphal
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Abhaya M. Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (H.J.S.); (S.L.W.); (C.A.L.); (P.J.B.)
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5
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Liu L, Wang T, Bai Y, Yan P, Dai L, Du P, Persson S, Zhang Y. Actomyosin and CSI1/POM2 cooperate to deliver cellulose synthase from Golgi to cortical microtubules in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7442. [PMID: 37978293 PMCID: PMC10656550 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43325-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the major components of plant cell walls, cellulose is crucial for plant growth and development. Cellulose is synthesized by cellulose synthase (CesA) complexes (CSCs), which are trafficked and delivered from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane. How CesAs are released from Golgi remains largely unclear. In this study, we observed that STELLO (STL) family proteins localized at a group of small CesA-containing compartments called Small CesA compartments (SmaCCs) or microtubule-associated CesA compartments (MASCs). The STL-labeled SmaCCs/MASCs were directly derived from Golgi through a membrane-stretching process: membrane-patches of Golgi attached to cortical microtubules, which led to emergence of membrane-tails that finally ruptured to generate SmaCCs/MASCs associated with the cortical microtubules. While myosin propelled the movement of Golgi along actin filaments to stretch the tails, the CesA-microtubule linker protein, CSI1/POM2 was indispensable for the tight anchor of the membrane-tail ends at cortical microtubules. Together, our data reveal a non-canonical delivery route to the plasma membrane of a major enzyme complex in plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
| | - Pengcheng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
| | - Liufeng Dai
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
| | - Pingzhou Du
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, Instrumentation and Service Center for Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, 519087, Zhuhai, China
| | - Staffan Persson
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China.
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6
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Liu Q, Wang F, Li P, Yu G, Zhang X. Overexpression of Lolium multiflorum LmMYB1 Enhances Drought Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15280. [PMID: 37894960 PMCID: PMC10607481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lolium multiflorum is one of the world-famous forage grasses with rich biomass, fast growth rate and good nutritional quality. However, its growth and forage yield are often affected by drought, which is a major natural disaster all over the world. MYB transcription factors have some specific roles in response to drought stress, such as regulation of stomatal development and density, control of cell wall and root development. However, the biological function of MYB in L. multiflorum remains unclear. Previously, we elucidated the role of LmMYB1 in enhancing osmotic stress resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, this study elucidates the biological function of LmMYB1 in enhancing plant drought tolerance through an ABA-dependent pathway involving the regulation of cell wall development and stomatal density. After drought stress and ABA stress, the expression of LmMYB1 in L. multiflorum was significantly increased. Overexpression of LmMYB1 increased the survival rate of Arabidopsis thaliana under drought stress. Under drought conditions, expression levels of drought-responsive genes such as AtRD22, AtRAB and AtAREB were up-regulated in OE compared with those in WT. Further observation showed that the stomatal density of OE was reduced, which was associated with the up-regulated expression of cell wall-related pathway genes in the RNA-Seq results. In conclusion, this study confirmed the biological function of LmMYB1 in improving drought tolerance by mediating cell wall development through the ABA-dependent pathway and thereby affecting stomatal density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxu Liu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Q.L.); (F.W.); (P.L.)
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Fangyan Wang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Q.L.); (F.W.); (P.L.)
| | - Peng Li
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Q.L.); (F.W.); (P.L.)
| | - Guohui Yu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Q.L.); (F.W.); (P.L.)
| | - Xinquan Zhang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Q.L.); (F.W.); (P.L.)
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7
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Xu Z, Dai J, Liang L, Zhang Y, He Y, Xing L, Ma J, Zhang D, Zhao C. Chitinase-Like Protein PpCTL1 Contributes to Maintaining Fruit Firmness by Affecting Cellulose Biosynthesis during Peach Development. Foods 2023; 12:2503. [PMID: 37444241 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The firmness of the flesh fruit is a very important feature in the eating process. Peach fruit is very hard during development, but its firmness slightly decreases in the later stages of development. While there has been extensive research on changes in cell wall polysaccharides during fruit ripening, little is known about the changes that occur during growth and development. In this study, we investigated the modifications in cell wall components throughout the development and ripening of peach fruit, as well as its impact on firmness. Our findings revealed a significant positive correlation between fruit firmness and cellulose content at development stage. However, the correlation was lost during the softening process, suggesting that cellulose might be responsible for the fruit firmness during development. Members of the chitinase-like protein (CTL) group are of interest because of their possible role in plant cell wall biosynthesis. Here, two CTL homologous genes, PpCTL1 and PpCTL2, were identified in peach. Spatial and temporal expression patterns of PpCTLs revealed that PpCTL1 exhibited high expression abundance in the fruit and followed a similar trend to cellulose during fruit growth. Furthermore, silencing PpCTL1 expression resulted in reduced cellulose content at 5 DAI (days after injection), this change that would have a negative effect on fruit firmness. Our results indicate that PpCTL1 plays an important role in cellulose biosynthesis and the maintenance of peach firmness during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Xu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Jieyu Dai
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Liping Liang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yonglan Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yaojun He
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Libo Xing
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Juanjuan Ma
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Caiping Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
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8
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Huang L, Zhang W, Li X, Staiger CJ, Zhang C. Point mutations in the catalytic domain disrupt cellulose synthase (CESA6) vesicle trafficking and protein dynamics. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:2654-2677. [PMID: 37043544 PMCID: PMC10291031 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose, the main component of the plant cell wall, is synthesized by the multimeric cellulose synthase (CESA) complex (CSC). In plant cells, CSCs are assembled in the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi and transported through the endomembrane system to the plasma membrane (PM). However, how CESA catalytic activity or conserved motifs around the catalytic core influence vesicle trafficking or protein dynamics is not well understood. Here, we used yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-tagged AtCESA6 and created 18 mutants in key motifs of the catalytic domain to analyze how they affected seedling growth, cellulose biosynthesis, complex formation, and CSC dynamics and trafficking in Arabidopsis thaliana. Seedling growth and cellulose content were reduced by nearly all mutations. Moreover, mutations in most conserved motifs slowed CSC movement in the PM as well as delivery of CSCs to the PM. Interestingly, mutations in the DDG and QXXRW motifs affected YFP-CESA6 abundance in the Golgi. These mutations also perturbed post-Golgi trafficking of CSCs. The 18 mutations were divided into 2 groups based on their phenotypes; we propose that Group I mutations cause CSC trafficking defects, whereas Group II mutations, especially in the QXXRW motif, affect protein folding and/or CSC rosette formation. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the CESA6 catalytic domain is essential for cellulose biosynthesis as well as CSC formation, protein folding and dynamics, and vesicle trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Christopher J Staiger
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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9
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Zhang Y, Zhang J, Zou S, Liu Z, Huang H, Feng C. Genome-wide analysis of the cellulose toolbox of Primulina eburnea, a calcium-rich vegetable. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:259. [PMID: 37189063 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04266-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human-guided crop domestication has lasted for more than 10,000 years. In terms of the domestication and breeding of vegetables, cellulose content in edible tissues is one of the most important traits. Primulina eburnea is a recently developed calcium-rich vegetable with a high soluble and bioavailable calcium content in its leaves. However, the high cellulose content in the leaves hampers the taste, and no research has been reported on the genetic basis of cellulose biosynthesis in this calcium-rich vegetable. RESULTS We identified 36 cellulose biosynthesis-involved genes belonging to eight gene families in the P. eburnea genome. The cellulose accumulated decreasingly throughout leaf development. Nineteen genes were considered core genes in cellulose biosynthesis, which were highly expressed in buds but lowly expressed in mature leaves. In the nitrogen fertilization experiment, exogenous nitrogen decreased the cellulose content in the buds. The expressing pattern of 14 genes were consistent with phenotypic variation in the nitrogen fertilization experiment, and thus they were proposed as cellulose toolbox genes. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides a strong basis for the subsequent functional research of cellulose biosynthesis-involved genes in P. eburnea, and provides a reference for breeding and/or engineering this calcium-rich vegetable with decreased leaf cellulose content to improve the taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of ex situ Plant Conservation and Utilization, Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9, Zhiqing Rd, Jiujiang, 332900, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of ex situ Plant Conservation and Utilization, Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9, Zhiqing Rd, Jiujiang, 332900, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shuaiyu Zou
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of ex situ Plant Conservation and Utilization, Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9, Zhiqing Rd, Jiujiang, 332900, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ziwei Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of ex situ Plant Conservation and Utilization, Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9, Zhiqing Rd, Jiujiang, 332900, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hongwen Huang
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of ex situ Plant Conservation and Utilization, Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9, Zhiqing Rd, Jiujiang, 332900, Jiangxi, China.
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Chen Feng
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of ex situ Plant Conservation and Utilization, Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9, Zhiqing Rd, Jiujiang, 332900, Jiangxi, China.
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10
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Pedersen GB, Blaschek L, Frandsen KEH, Noack LC, Persson S. Cellulose synthesis in land plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:206-231. [PMID: 36564945 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
All plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall that provides cohesion, protection, and a means of directional growth to plants. Cellulose microfibrils contribute the main biomechanical scaffold for most of these walls. The biosynthesis of cellulose, which typically is the most prominent constituent of the cell wall and therefore Earth's most abundant biopolymer, is finely attuned to developmental and environmental cues. Our understanding of the machinery that catalyzes and regulates cellulose biosynthesis has substantially improved due to recent technological advances in, for example, structural biology and microscopy. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the structure, function, and regulation of the cellulose synthesis machinery and its regulatory interactors. We aim to highlight important knowledge gaps in the field, and outline emerging approaches that promise a means to close those gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav B Pedersen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Leonard Blaschek
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kristian E H Frandsen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lise C Noack
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Staffan Persson
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Transcriptomic Evidence Reveals Low Gelatinous Layer Biosynthesis in Neolamarckia cadamba after Gravistimulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010268. [PMID: 36613711 PMCID: PMC9820806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Trees can control their shape and resist gravity by producing tension wood (TW), which is a special wood that results from trees being put under stress. TW is characterized by the presence of a gelatinous layer (G layer) and the differential distribution of cell wall polymers. In this study, we investigated whether or not gravistimulation in N. cadamba resulted in TW with an obvious G layer. The results revealed an absence of an obvious G layer in samples of the upper side of a leaning stem (UW), as well as an accumulation of cellulose and a decrease in lignin content. A negligible change in the content of these polymers was recorded and compared to untreated plant (NW) samples, revealing the presence of a G layer either in much lower concentrations or in a lignified form. A transcriptomic investigation demonstrated a higher expression of cell wall esterase- and hydrolase-related genes in the UW, suggesting an accumulation of noncellulosic sugars in the UW, similar to the spectroscopy results. Furthermore, several G-layer-specific genes were also downregulated, including fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins (FLA), beta-galactosidase (BGAL) and chitinase-like proteins (CTL). The gene coexpression network revealed a strong correlation between cell-wall-synthesis-related genes and G-layer-synthesis-specific genes, suggesting their probable antagonistic role during G layer formation. In brief, the G layer in N. cadamba was either synthesized in a very low amount or was lignified during an early stage of growth; further experimental validation is required to understand the exact mechanism and stage of G layer formation in N. cadamba during gravistimulation.
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12
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Metabolic and Transcriptional Stress Memory in Sorbus pohuashanensis Suspension Cells Induced by Yeast Extract. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233757. [PMID: 36497017 PMCID: PMC9739749 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant stress memory can provide the benefits of enhanced protection against additional stress exposure. Here, we aimed to explore the responses of recurrent and non-recurrent yeast extract (YE) stresses in Sorbus pohuashanensis suspension cells (SPSCs) at metabolomics and transcriptional levels. Biochemical analyses showed that the cell wall integrity and antioxidation capacity of SPSCs in the pretreated group were evidently improved. Metabolic analysis showed that there were 39 significantly altered metabolites in the pretreated group compared to the non-pretreated group. Based on the transcriptome analysis, 219 differentially expressed genes were obtained, which were highly enriched in plant-pathogen interaction, circadian rhythm-plant, oxidative phosphorylation, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, the correlation analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome data revealed that phenylpropanoid biosynthesis involved in the production of biphenyl phytoalexins may play a critical role in the memory response of SPSC to YE, and the key memory genes were also identified, including PAL1, BIS1, and BIS3. Collectively, the above results demonstrated that the memory responses of SPSC to YE were significant in almost all levels, which would be helpful for better understanding the adaptation mechanisms of medicinal plants in response to biotic stress, and laid a biotechnological foundation to accumulate favorable antimicrobial drug candidates from plant suspension cells.
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13
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Cosgrove DJ. Building an extensible cell wall. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1246-1277. [PMID: 35460252 PMCID: PMC9237729 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This article recounts, from my perspective of four decades in this field, evolving paradigms of primary cell wall structure and the mechanism of surface enlargement of growing cell walls. Updates of the structures, physical interactions, and roles of cellulose, xyloglucan, and pectins are presented. This leads to an example of how a conceptual depiction of wall structure can be translated into an explicit quantitative model based on molecular dynamics methods. Comparison of the model's mechanical behavior with experimental results provides insights into the molecular basis of complex mechanical behaviors of primary cell wall and uncovers the dominant role of cellulose-cellulose interactions in forming a strong yet extensible network.
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14
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Zhang YJ, Ren LL, Lin XY, Han XM, Wang W, Yang ZL. Molecular evolution and functional characterization of chitinase gene family in Populus trichocarpa. Gene 2022; 822:146329. [PMID: 35181500 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chitinases, the chitin-degrading enzymes, have been shown to play important role in defense against the chitin-containing fungal pathogens. In this study, we identified 48 chitinase-coding genes from the woody model plant Populus trichocarpa. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the Populus chitinases were classified into seven groups. Different gene structures and protein domain architectures were found among the seven Populus chitinase groups. Selection pressure analysis indicated that all the seven groups are under purifying selection. Phylogenetic analysis combined with chromosome location analysis showed that Populus chitinase gene family mainly expanded through tandem duplication. The Populus chitinase gene family underwent marked expression divergence and is inducibly expressed in response to treatments, such as chitosan, chitin, salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate. Protein enzymatic activity analysis showed that Populus chitinases had activity towards both chitin and chitosan. By integrating sequence characteristic, phylogenetic, selection pressure, gene expression and protein activity analysis, this study shed light on the evolution and function of chitinase family in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Jie Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lin-Ling Ren
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xue-Min Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhi-Ling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China.
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15
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Liu J, Sun C, Guo S, Yin X, Yuan Y, Fan B, Lv Q, Cai X, Zhong Y, Xia Y, Dong X, Guo Z, Song G, Huang W. Genomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal Pathways and Genes Associated With Brittle Stalk Phenotype in Maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:849421. [PMID: 35548303 PMCID: PMC9083323 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.849421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical strength of the stalk affects the lodging resistance and digestibility of the stalk in maize. The molecular mechanisms regulating the brittleness of stalks in maize remain undefined. In this study, we constructed the maize brittle stalk mutant (bk5) by crossing the W22:Mu line with the Zheng 58 line. The brittle phenotype of the mutant bk5 existed in all of the plant organs after the five-leaf stage. Compared to wild-type (WT) plants, the sclerenchyma cells of bk5 stalks had a looser cell arrangement and thinner cell wall. Determination of cell wall composition showed that obvious differences in cellulose content, lignin content, starch content, and total soluble sugar were found between bk5 and WT stalks. Furthermore, we identified 226 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 164 genes significantly upregulated and 62 genes significantly downregulated in RNA-seq analysis. Some pathways related to cellulose and lignin synthesis, such as endocytosis and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored biosynthesis, were identified by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes (KEGG) and gene ontology (GO) analysis. In bulked-segregant sequence analysis (BSA-seq), we detected 2,931,692 high-quality Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and identified five overlapped regions (11.2 Mb) containing 17 candidate genes with missense mutations or premature termination codons using the SNP-index methods. Some genes were involved in the cellulose synthesis-related genes such as ENTH/ANTH/VHS superfamily protein gene (endocytosis-related gene) and the lignin synthesis-related genes such as the cytochrome p450 gene. Some of these candidate genes identified from BSA-seq also existed with differential expression in RNA-seq analysis. These findings increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating the brittle stalk phenotype in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Maize Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, China
| | - Chuanbo Sun
- Maize Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, China
| | - Siqi Guo
- College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaohong Yin
- Maize Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, China
| | - Yuling Yuan
- Hulun Buir Agricultural Reclamation Technology Development Co., Ltd., Hailar, China
| | - Bing Fan
- Hulun Buir Agricultural Reclamation Technology Development Co., Ltd., Hailar, China
| | - Qingxue Lv
- Maize Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, China
| | - Xinru Cai
- Maize Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Maize Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, China
| | - Yuanfeng Xia
- Maize Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, China
| | - Xiaomei Dong
- College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhifu Guo
- College of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guangshu Song
- Maize Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Maize Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, China
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16
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Verbančič J, Huang JJ, McFarlane HE. Analysis of cellulose synthase activity in Arabidopsis using spinning disk microscopy. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100863. [PMID: 34661171 PMCID: PMC8503582 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe sample preparation and visualization of fluorescently tagged cellulose synthases in cellulose synthase complexes at the plasma membrane of Arabidopsis hypocotyl epidermal cells using live-cell imaging via spinning disk microscopy. We present a technique for sample mounting that may be suitable for imaging other samples. Additionally, we offer free, open-source solutions for image analysis and provide extensive troubleshooting suggestions. For complete information on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to McFarlane et al., 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Verbančič
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jenny Jiahui Huang
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St., Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Heather E McFarlane
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St., Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada
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17
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Identification of proteins associated with bast fiber growth of ramie by differential proteomic analysis. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:865. [PMID: 34856929 PMCID: PMC8638140 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ramie is an important fiber-producing crop in China, and its fibers are widely used as textile materials. Fibers contain specialized secondary cellular walls that are mainly composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. Understanding the mechanism underlying the secondary wall biosynthesis of fibers will benefit the improvement of fiber yield and quality in ramie. Results Here, we performed a proteomic analysis of the bark from the top and middle parts of the stem, where fiber growth is at different stages. We identified 6971 non-redundant proteins from bast bark. Proteomic comparison revealed 983 proteins with differential expression between the two bark types. Of these 983 proteins, 46 were identified as the homolog of known secondary wall biosynthetic proteins of Arabidopsis, indicating that they were potentially associated with fiber growth. Then, we proposed a molecular model for the secondary wall biosynthesis of ramie fiber. Furthermore, interaction analysis of 46 candidate proteins revealed two interacting networks that consisted of eight cellulose biosynthetic enzymes and seven lignin biosynthetic proteins, respectively. Conclusion This study sheds light on the proteomic basis underlying bast fiber growth in ramie, and the identification of many candidates associated with fiber growth provides important basis for understanding the fiber growth in this crop. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08195-9.
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18
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Martin RC, Kronmiller BA, Dombrowski JE. Transcriptome Analysis of Lolium temulentum Exposed to a Combination of Drought and Heat Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112247. [PMID: 34834610 PMCID: PMC8621252 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Drought and heat are two major stresses predicted to increase in the future due to climate change. Plants exposed to multiple stressors elicit unique responses from those observed under individual stresses. A comparative transcriptome analysis of Lolium temulentum exposed to drought plus heat and non-stressed control plants revealed 20,221 unique up-regulated and 17,034 unique down-regulated differentially regulated transcripts. Gene ontology analysis revealed a strong emphasis on transcriptional regulation, protein folding, cell cycle/parts, organelles, binding, transport, signaling, oxidoreductase, and antioxidant activity. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) encoding for transcriptional control proteins such as basic leucine zipper, APETALA2/Ethylene Responsive Factor, NAC, and WRKY transcription factors, and Zinc Finger (CCCH type and others) proteins were more often up-regulated, while DEGs encoding Basic Helix-Loop-Helix, MYB and GATA transcription factors, and C2H2 type Zinc Finger proteins were more often down-regulated. The DEGs encoding heat shock transcription factors were only up-regulated. Of the hormones, auxin-related DEGs were the most prevalent, encoding for auxin response factors, binding proteins, and efflux/influx carriers. Gibberellin-, cytokinin- and ABA-related DEGs were also prevalent, with fewer DEGs related to jasmonates and brassinosteroids. Knowledge of genes/pathways that grasses use to respond to the combination of heat/drought will be useful in developing multi-stress resistant grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth C. Martin
- USDA-ARS, National Forage Seed Production Research Center, 3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331-7102, USA;
| | - Brent A. Kronmiller
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-7102, USA;
| | - James E. Dombrowski
- USDA-ARS, National Forage Seed Production Research Center, 3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331-7102, USA;
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19
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Somssich M, Vandenbussche F, Ivakov A, Funke N, Ruprecht C, Vissenberg K, VanDer Straeten D, Persson S, Suslov D. Brassinosteroids Influence Arabidopsis Hypocotyl Graviresponses through Changes in Mannans and Cellulose. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:678-692. [PMID: 33570567 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The force of gravity is a constant environmental factor. Plant shoots respond to gravity through negative gravitropism and gravity resistance. These responses are essential for plants to direct the growth of aerial organs away from the soil surface after germination and to keep an upright posture above ground. We took advantage of the effect of brassinosteroids (BRs) on the two types of graviresponses in Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyls to disentangle functions of cell wall polymers during etiolated shoot growth. The ability of etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings to grow upward was suppressed in the presence of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) but enhanced in the presence of brassinazole (BRZ), an inhibitor of BR biosynthesis. These effects were accompanied by changes in cell wall mechanics and composition. Cell wall biochemical analyses, confocal microscopy of the cellulose-specific pontamine S4B dye and cellular growth analyses revealed that the EBL and BRZ treatments correlated with changes in cellulose fibre organization, cell expansion at the hypocotyl base and mannan content. Indeed, a longitudinal reorientation of cellulose fibres and growth inhibition at the base of hypocotyls supported their upright posture whereas the presence of mannans reduced gravitropic bending. The negative effect of mannans on gravitropism is a new function for this class of hemicelluloses. We also found that EBL interferes with upright growth of hypocotyls through their uneven thickening at the base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Somssich
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Filip Vandenbussche
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Alexander Ivakov
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Norma Funke
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
- Targenomix GmbH, Am Muehlenberg 11, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Colin Ruprecht
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Biology Department, Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerpen 2020, Belgium
- Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Agriculture, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Stavromenos, Heraklion, Crete 71410, Greece
| | - Dominique VanDer Straeten
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
| | - Dmitry Suslov
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
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20
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Menna A, Dora S, Sancho-Andrés G, Kashyap A, Meena MK, Sklodowski K, Gasperini D, Coll NS, Sánchez-Rodríguez C. A primary cell wall cellulose-dependent defense mechanism against vascular pathogens revealed by time-resolved dual transcriptomics. BMC Biol 2021; 19:161. [PMID: 34404410 PMCID: PMC8371875 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01100-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell walls (CWs) are protein-rich polysaccharide matrices essential for plant growth and environmental acclimation. The CW constitutes the first physical barrier as well as a primary source of nutrients for microbes interacting with plants, such as the vascular pathogen Fusarium oxysporum (Fo). Fo colonizes roots, advancing through the plant primary CWs towards the vasculature, where it grows causing devastation in many crops. The pathogenicity of Fo and other vascular microbes relies on their capacity to reach and colonize the xylem. However, little is known about the root-microbe interaction before the pathogen reaches the vasculature and the role of the plant CW during this process. RESULTS Using the pathosystem Arabidopsis-Fo5176, we show dynamic transcriptional changes in both fungus and root during their interaction. One of the earliest plant responses to Fo5176 was the downregulation of primary CW synthesis genes. We observed enhanced resistance to Fo5176 in Arabidopsis mutants impaired in primary CW cellulose synthesis. We confirmed that Arabidopsis roots deposit lignin in response to Fo5176 infection, but we show that lignin-deficient mutants were as susceptible as wildtype plants to Fo5176. Genetic impairment of jasmonic acid biosynthesis and signaling did not alter Arabidopsis response to Fo5176, whereas impairment of ethylene signaling did increase vasculature colonization by Fo5176. Abolishing ethylene signaling attenuated the observed resistance while maintaining the dwarfism observed in primary CW cellulose-deficient mutants. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides significant insights on the dynamic root-vascular pathogen interaction at the transcriptome level and the vital role of primary CW cellulose during defense response to these pathogens. These findings represent an essential resource for the generation of plant resistance to Fo that can be transferred to other vascular pathosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Menna
- Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Dora
- Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Anurag Kashyap
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mukesh Kumar Meena
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Debora Gasperini
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nuria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Ranjan A, Sinha R, Lal SK, Bishi SK, Singh AK. Phytohormone signalling and cross-talk to alleviate aluminium toxicity in plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1331-1343. [PMID: 34086069 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02724-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aluminium (Al) is one of the most abundant metals in earth crust, which becomes toxic to the plants growing in acidic soil. Phytohormones like ethylene, auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid and gibberellic acid are known to play important role in regulating Al toxicity tolerance in plants. Exogenous applications of auxin, cytokinin and abscisic acid have shown significant effect on Al-induced root growth inhibition. Moreover, ethylene and cytokinin act synergistically with auxin in responding against Al toxicity. A number of studies showed that phytohormones play vital roles in controlling root responses to Al toxicity by modulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) signalling, cell wall modifications, organic acid exudation from roots and expression of Al responsive genes and transcription factors. This review provides a summary of recent studies related to involvement of phytohormone signalling and cross-talk with other pathways in regulating response against Al toxicity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Ranjan
- School of Genetic Engineering, ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, 834 003, India.
| | - Ragini Sinha
- School of Genetic Engineering, ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, 834 003, India
| | - Shambhu Krishan Lal
- School of Genetic Engineering, ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, 834 003, India
| | - Sujit Kumar Bishi
- School of Genomics and Molecular Breeding, ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, 834 003, India
| | - Anil Kumar Singh
- School of Genetic Engineering, ICAR-Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi, 834 003, India.
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22
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TRANVIA (TVA) facilitates cellulose synthase trafficking and delivery to the plasma membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021790118. [PMID: 34290139 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021790118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is synthesized at the plasma membrane by cellulose synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs), which are assembled in the Golgi and secreted to the plasma membrane through the trans-Golgi network (TGN) compartment. However, the molecular mechanisms that guide CSCs through the secretory system and deliver them to the plasma membrane are poorly understood. Here, we identified an uncharacterized gene, TRANVIA (TVA), that is transcriptionally coregulated with the CESA genes required for primary cell wall synthesis. The tva mutant exhibits enhanced sensitivity to cellulose synthesis inhibitors; reduced cellulose content; and defective dynamics, density, and secretion of CSCs to the plasma membrane as compared to wild type. TVA is a plant-specific protein of unknown function that is detected in at least two different intracellular compartments: organelles labeled by markers for the TGN and smaller compartments that deliver CSCs to the plasma membrane. Together, our data suggest that TVA promotes trafficking of CSCs to the plasma membrane by facilitating exit from the TGN and/or interaction of CSC secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane.
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23
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McFarlane HE, Mutwil-Anderwald D, Verbančič J, Picard KL, Gookin TE, Froehlich A, Chakravorty D, Trindade LM, Alonso JM, Assmann SM, Persson S. A G protein-coupled receptor-like module regulates cellulose synthase secretion from the endomembrane system in Arabidopsis. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1484-1497.e7. [PMID: 33878345 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is produced at the plasma membrane of plant cells by cellulose synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs). CSCs are assembled in the endomembrane system and then trafficked to the plasma membrane. Because CESAs are only active in the plasma membrane, control of CSC secretion regulates cellulose synthesis. We identified members of a family of seven transmembrane domain-containing proteins (7TMs) that are important for cellulose production during cell wall integrity stress. 7TMs are often associated with guanine nucleotide-binding (G) protein signaling and we found that mutants affecting the Gβγ dimer phenocopied the 7tm mutants. Unexpectedly, the 7TMs localized to the Golgi/trans-Golgi network where they interacted with G protein components. Here, the 7TMs and Gβγ regulated CESA trafficking but did not affect general protein secretion. Our results outline how a G protein-coupled module regulates CESA trafficking and reveal that defects in this process lead to exacerbated responses to cell wall integrity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E McFarlane
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Australia; Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
| | - Daniela Mutwil-Anderwald
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; School of the Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Jana Verbančič
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Australia; Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kelsey L Picard
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Australia; School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001 TAS, Australia
| | - Timothy E Gookin
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Anja Froehlich
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - David Chakravorty
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Luisa M Trindade
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jose M Alonso
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7614, USA
| | - Sarah M Assmann
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Australia; Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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24
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Ye Z, Qiao L, Luo X, Chen X, Zhang X, Tu L. Genome-wide identification of cotton GRAM family proteins reveals that GRAM31 regulates fiber length. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2477-2490. [PMID: 33367778 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The glucosyltransferases, Rab-like GTPase activators and myotubularins (GRAM) domain is highly conserved in eukaryotic cells and is found in proteins involved in membrane-associated processes. GRAM domain proteins have not yet been functionally characterized in cotton. In this study, we identified 164 genes encoding GRAM domain proteins in four cotton species, comprising two subfamilies. In Gossypium hirsutum, our transcriptome data showed that GhGRAM31 was predominantly expressed during the rapid elongation stage of fiber development and that it might control fiber length. GhGRAM31-RNAi transgenic cotton lines showed inhibition of fiber elongation and produced shorter mature fibers, and this was coupled with expression changes of genes related to fiber development. In addition, lint percentage and seed size were also decreased in the RNAi lines. Further examination revealed that GhGRAM31 directly interacts with two other GRAM-domain proteins, GhGRAM5 and GhGRAM35. GhGRAM5 also interacts with the transcription factor GhTTG1, while GhGRAM35 interacts with the transcription factors GhHOX1 and GhHD1. Co-expression of GhGRAM31 and GhGRAM35 was able to promote GhHD1 transcription activity in cotton protoplasts. Our results provide new insights into the biological function of the GRAM-domain protein family in cotton, and selected genes have the potential to be utilized in future programs for the genetic improvement of fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxiu Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lu Qiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangyin Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Xinyuan Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lili Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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25
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Liu J, Zhang W, Long S, Zhao C. Maintenance of Cell Wall Integrity under High Salinity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3260. [PMID: 33806816 PMCID: PMC8004791 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell wall biosynthesis is a complex biological process in plants. In the rapidly growing cells or in the plants that encounter a variety of environmental stresses, the compositions and the structure of cell wall can be dynamically changed. To constantly monitor cell wall status, plants have evolved cell wall integrity (CWI) maintenance system, which allows rapid cell growth and improved adaptation of plants to adverse environmental conditions without the perturbation of cell wall organization. Salt stress is one of the abiotic stresses that can severely disrupt CWI, and studies have shown that the ability of plants to sense and maintain CWI is important for salt tolerance. In this review, we highlight the roles of CWI in salt tolerance and the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of CWI under salt stress. The unsolved questions regarding the association between the CWI and salt tolerance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Liu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.L.); (W.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.L.); (W.Z.); (S.L.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shujie Long
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.L.); (W.Z.); (S.L.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunzhao Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.L.); (W.Z.); (S.L.)
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26
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Singh RV, Sambyal K, Negi A, Sonwani S, Mahajan R. Chitinases production: A robust enzyme and its industrial applications. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2021.1883004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Krishika Sambyal
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, India
| | - Anjali Negi
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, India
| | - Shubham Sonwani
- Department of Biosciences, Christian Eminent College, Indore, India
| | - Ritika Mahajan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Bengaluru, India
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27
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Zhao W, Kirui A, Deligey F, Mentink-Vigier F, Zhou Y, Zhang B, Wang T. Solid-state NMR of unlabeled plant cell walls: high-resolution structural analysis without isotopic enrichment. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:14. [PMID: 33413580 PMCID: PMC7792314 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01858-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidimensional solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy has emerged as an indispensable technique for resolving polymer structure and intermolecular packing in primary and secondary plant cell walls. Isotope (13C) enrichment provides feasible sensitivity for measuring 2D/3D correlation spectra, but this time-consuming procedure and its associated expenses have restricted the application of ssNMR in lignocellulose analysis. RESULTS Here, we present a method that relies on the sensitivity-enhancing technique Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) to eliminate the need for 13C-labeling. With a 26-fold sensitivity enhancement, a series of 2D 13C-13C correlation spectra were successfully collected using the unlabeled stems of wild-type Oryza sativa (rice). The atomic resolution allows us to observe a large number of intramolecular cross peaks for fully revealing the polymorphic structure of cellulose and xylan. NMR relaxation and dipolar order parameters further suggest a sophisticated change of molecular motions in a ctl1 ctl2 double mutant: both cellulose and xylan have become more dynamic on the nanosecond and microsecond timescale, but the motional amplitudes are uniformly small for both polysaccharides. CONCLUSIONS By skipping isotopic labeling, the DNP strategy demonstrated here is universally extendable to all lignocellulose materials. This time-efficient method has landed the technical foundation for understanding polysaccharide structure and cell wall assembly in a large variety of plant tissues and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wancheng Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Alex Kirui
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Fabien Deligey
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | | | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Tuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
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28
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Zhang B, Gao Y, Zhang L, Zhou Y. The plant cell wall: Biosynthesis, construction, and functions. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:251-272. [PMID: 33325153 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is composed of multiple biopolymers, representing one of the most complex structural networks in nature. Hundreds of genes are involved in building such a natural masterpiece. However, the plant cell wall is the least understood cellular structure in plants. Due to great progress in plant functional genomics, many achievements have been made in uncovering cell wall biosynthesis, assembly, and architecture, as well as cell wall regulation and signaling. Such information has significantly advanced our understanding of the roles of the cell wall in many biological and physiological processes and has enhanced our utilization of cell wall materials. The use of cutting-edge technologies such as single-molecule imaging, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy has provided much insight into the plant cell wall as an intricate nanoscale network, opening up unprecedented possibilities for cell wall research. In this review, we summarize the major advances made in understanding the cell wall in this era of functional genomics, including the latest findings on the biosynthesis, construction, and functions of the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yihong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yihua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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29
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Galinousky D, Mokshina N, Padvitski T, Ageeva M, Bogdan V, Kilchevsky A, Gorshkova T. The Toolbox for Fiber Flax Breeding: A Pipeline From Gene Expression to Fiber Quality. Front Genet 2020; 11:589881. [PMID: 33281880 PMCID: PMC7690631 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.589881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of any plant breeding program is to improve quality of a target crop. Crop quality is a comprehensive feature largely determined by biological background. To improve the quality parameters of crops grown for the production of fiber, a functional approach was used to search for genes suitable for the effective manipulation of technical fiber quality. A key step was to identify genes with tissue and stage-specific pattern of expression in the developing fibers. In the current study, we investigated the relationship between gene expression evaluated in bast fibers of developing flax plants and the quality parameters of technical fibers measured after plant harvesting. Based on previously published transcriptomic data, two sets of genes that are upregulated in fibers during intrusive growth and tertiary cell wall deposition were selected. The expression level of the selected genes and fiber quality parameters were measured in fiber flax, linseed (oil flax) cultivars, and wild species that differ in type of yield and fiber quality parameters. Based on gene expression data, linear regression models for technical stem length, fiber tensile strength, and fiber flexibility were constructed, resulting in the identification of genes that have high potential for manipulating fiber quality. Chromosomal localization and single nucleotide polymorphism distribution in the selected genes were characterized for the efficacy of their use in conventional breeding and genome editing programs. Transcriptome-based selection is a highly targeted functional approach that could be used during the development of new cultivars of various crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Galinousky
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
- Laboratory of Ecological Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Natalia Mokshina
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Tsimafei Padvitski
- Cellular Network and Systems Biology Group, University of Cologne, CECAD, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marina Ageeva
- Laboratory of Microscopy, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
| | - Victor Bogdan
- Laboratory of Fiber Flax Breeding, Institute of Flax, Ustie, Belarus
| | - Alexander Kilchevsky
- Laboratory of Ecological Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, The National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russia
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30
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Hess M, Paul SS, Puniya AK, van der Giezen M, Shaw C, Edwards JE, Fliegerová K. Anaerobic Fungi: Past, Present, and Future. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:584893. [PMID: 33193229 PMCID: PMC7609409 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.584893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaerobic fungi (AF) play an essential role in feed conversion due to their potent fiber degrading enzymes and invasive growth. Much has been learned about this unusual fungal phylum since the paradigm shifting work of Colin Orpin in the 1970s, when he characterized the first AF. Molecular approaches targeting specific phylogenetic marker genes have facilitated taxonomic classification of AF, which had been previously been complicated by the complex life cycles and associated morphologies. Although we now have a much better understanding of their diversity, it is believed that there are still numerous genera of AF that remain to be described in gut ecosystems. Recent marker-gene based studies have shown that fungal diversity in the herbivore gut is much like the bacterial population, driven by host phylogeny, host genetics and diet. Since AF are major contributors to the degradation of plant material ingested by the host animal, it is understandable that there has been great interest in exploring the enzymatic repertoire of these microorganisms in order to establish a better understanding of how AF, and their enzymes, can be used to improve host health and performance, while simultaneously reducing the ecological footprint of the livestock industry. A detailed understanding of AF and their interaction with other gut microbes as well as the host animal is essential, especially when production of affordable high-quality protein and other animal-based products needs to meet the demands of an increasing human population. Such a mechanistic understanding, leading to more sustainable livestock practices, will be possible with recently developed -omics technologies that have already provided first insights into the different contributions of the fungal and bacterial population in the rumen during plant cell wall hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hess
- Systems Microbiology & Natural Product Discovery Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Shyam S. Paul
- Gut Microbiome Lab, ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anil K. Puniya
- Anaerobic Microbiology Lab, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Mark van der Giezen
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Claire Shaw
- Systems Microbiology & Natural Product Discovery Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Joan E. Edwards
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Kateřina Fliegerová
- Laboratory of Anaerobic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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31
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Wang L, Hart BE, Khan GA, Cruz ER, Persson S, Wallace IS. Associations between phytohormones and cellulose biosynthesis in land plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:807-824. [PMID: 32619216 PMCID: PMC7539351 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytohormones are small molecules that regulate virtually every aspect of plant growth and development, from basic cellular processes, such as cell expansion and division, to whole plant environmental responses. While the phytohormone levels and distribution thus tell the plant how to adjust itself, the corresponding growth alterations are actuated by cell wall modification/synthesis and internal turgor. Plant cell walls are complex polysaccharide-rich extracellular matrixes that surround all plant cells. Among the cell wall components, cellulose is typically the major polysaccharide, and is the load-bearing structure of the walls. Hence, the cell wall distribution of cellulose, which is synthesized by large Cellulose Synthase protein complexes at the cell surface, directs plant growth. SCOPE Here, we review the relationships between key phytohormone classes and cellulose deposition in plant systems. We present the core signalling pathways associated with each phytohormone and discuss the current understanding of how these signalling pathways impact cellulose biosynthesis with a particular focus on transcriptional and post-translational regulation. Because cortical microtubules underlying the plasma membrane significantly impact the trajectories of Cellulose Synthase Complexes, we also discuss the current understanding of how phytohormone signalling impacts the cortical microtubule array. CONCLUSION Given the importance of cellulose deposition and phytohormone signalling in plant growth and development, one would expect that there is substantial cross-talk between these processes; however, mechanisms for many of these relationships remain unclear and should be considered as the target of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Wang
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bret E Hart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | | | - Edward R Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian S Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
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Valadares RBS, Perotto S, Lucheta AR, Santos EC, Oliveira RM, Lambais MR. Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Indicate Metabolic Changes and Reduced Defense Responses in Mycorrhizal Roots of Oeceoclades maculata (Orchidaceae) Collected in Nature. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E148. [PMID: 32858792 PMCID: PMC7558880 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Orchids form endomycorrhizal associations with fungi mainly belonging to basidiomycetes. The molecular events taking place in orchid mycorrhiza are poorly understood, although the cellular changes necessary to accommodate the fungus and to control nutrient exchanges imply a modulation of gene expression. Here, we used proteomics and transcriptomics to identify changes in the steady-state levels of proteins and transcripts in the roots of the green terrestrial orchid Oeceoclades maculata. When mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots from the same individuals were compared, 94 proteins showed differential accumulation using the label-free protein quantitation approach, 86 using isobaric tagging and 60 using 2D-differential electrophoresis. After de novo assembly of transcriptomic data, 11,179 plant transcripts were found to be differentially expressed, and 2175 were successfully annotated. The annotated plant transcripts allowed the identification of up- and down-regulated metabolic pathways. Overall, proteomics and transcriptomics revealed, in mycorrhizal roots, increased levels of transcription factors and nutrient transporters, as well as ethylene-related proteins. The expression pattern of proteins and transcripts involved in plant defense responses suggested that plant defense was reduced in O. maculata mycorrhizal roots sampled in nature. These results expand our current knowledge towards a better understanding of the orchid mycorrhizal symbiosis in adult plants under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael B. S. Valadares
- Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Depto de Ciência do Solo, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil;
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale. Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, Belém 66050-000, Brazil;
| | - Silvia Perotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino e IPSP-CNR, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Adriano R. Lucheta
- SENAI Innovation Institute for Mineral Technologies, Avenida Brás de Aguiar, 548, Belém 66035-405, Brazil;
| | - Eder C. Santos
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Linha Santa Bárbara, Francisco Beltrão 85601-970, Brazil;
| | - Renato M. Oliveira
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale. Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, Belém 66050-000, Brazil;
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Marcio R. Lambais
- Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Depto de Ciência do Solo, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil;
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Wu H, Zhao G, Gong H, Li J, Luo C, He X, Luo S, Zheng X, Liu X, Guo J, Chen J, Luo J. A high-quality sponge gourd ( Luffa cylindrica) genome. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:128. [PMID: 32821411 PMCID: PMC7395165 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00350-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica) is an important cultivated vegetable and medicinal plant in the family Cucurbitaceae. In this study, a draft genome sequence of the sponge gourd inbred line P93075 was analyzed. Using Illumina, PacBio, and 10× Genomics sequencing techniques as well as new assembly techniques such as FALCON and chromatin interaction mapping (Hi-C), a chromosome-scale genome of approximately 656.19 Mb, with an N50 scaffold length of 48.76 Mb, was generated. From this assembly, 25,508 protein-coding gene loci were identified, and 63.81% of the whole-genome consisted of transposable elements, which are major contributors to the expansion of the sponge gourd genome. According to a phylogenetic analysis of conserved genes, the sponge gourd lineage diverged from the bitter gourd lineage approximately 41.6 million years ago. Additionally, many genes that respond to biotic and abiotic stresses were found to be lineage specific or expanded in the sponge gourd genome, as demonstrated by the presence of 462 NBS-LRR genes, a much greater number than are found in the genomes of other cucurbit species; these results are consistent with the high stress resistance of sponge gourd. Collectively, our study provides insights into genome evolution and serves as a valuable reference for the genetic improvement of sponge gourd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Gangjun Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Hao Gong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Junxing Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Caixia Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Xiaoli He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Shaobo Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Xiaoming Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Jinju Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Junqiu Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Jianning Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640 China
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Nibbering P, Petersen BL, Motawia MS, Jørgensen B, Ulvskov P, Niittylä T. Golgi-localized exo-β1,3-galactosidases involved in cell expansion and root growth in Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:10581-10592. [PMID: 32493777 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are a diverse group of cell surface- and wall-associated glycoproteins. Functionally important AGP glycans are synthesized in the Golgi apparatus, but the relationships among their glycosylation levels, processing, and functionalities are poorly understood. Here, we report the identification and functional characterization of two Golgi-localized exo-β-1,3-galactosidases from the glycosyl hydrolase 43 (GH43) family in Arabidopsis thaliana GH43 loss-of-function mutants exhibited root cell expansion defects in sugar-containing growth media. This root phenotype was associated with an increase in the extent of AGP cell wall association, as demonstrated by Yariv phenylglycoside dye quantification and comprehensive microarray polymer profiling of sequentially extracted cell walls. Characterization of recombinant GH43 variants revealed that the exo-β-1,3-galactosidase activity of GH43 enzymes is hindered by β-1,6 branches on β-1,3-galactans. In line with this steric hindrance, the recombinant GH43 variants did not release galactose from cell wall-extracted glycoproteins or AGP-rich gum arabic. These results indicate that the lack of exo-β-1,3-galactosidase activity alters cell wall extensibility in roots, a phenotype that could be explained by the involvement of galactosidases in AGP glycan biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Nibbering
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bent L Petersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mohammed Saddik Motawia
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bodil Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Totte Niittylä
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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Gigli-Bisceglia N, Engelsdorf T, Hamann T. Plant cell wall integrity maintenance in model plants and crop species-relevant cell wall components and underlying guiding principles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2049-2077. [PMID: 31781810 PMCID: PMC7256069 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The walls surrounding the cells of all land-based plants provide mechanical support essential for growth and development as well as protection from adverse environmental conditions like biotic and abiotic stress. Composition and structure of plant cell walls can differ markedly between cell types, developmental stages and species. This implies that wall composition and structure are actively modified during biological processes and in response to specific functional requirements. Despite extensive research in the area, our understanding of the regulatory processes controlling active and adaptive modifications of cell wall composition and structure is still limited. One of these regulatory processes is the cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism, which monitors and maintains the functional integrity of the plant cell wall during development and interaction with environment. It is an important element in plant pathogen interaction and cell wall plasticity, which seems at least partially responsible for the limited success that targeted manipulation of cell wall metabolism has achieved so far. Here, we provide an overview of the cell wall polysaccharides forming the bulk of plant cell walls in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants and the effects their impairment can have. We summarize our current knowledge regarding the cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism and discuss that it could be responsible for several of the mutant phenotypes observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Timo Engelsdorf
- Division of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Philipps University of Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Institute for Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 5 Høgskoleringen, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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Sato-Izawa K, Nakamura SI, Matsumoto T. Mutation of rice bc1 gene affects internode elongation and induces delayed cell wall deposition in developing internodes. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1749786. [PMID: 32299283 PMCID: PMC7238885 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1749786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A rice COBRA-like gene, BRITTLE CULM1 (BC1) has been shown to be involved in assembling cell wall components and cellulose crystallinity, which determines mechanical strength in above ground organs. However, the detailed roles of BC1 in rice development are poorly understood. In this study, we found that, unlike the known brittle culm mutants, the internode length of the bc1 mutant was ~1.27 times longer than that of wild type in rice. In order to analyze the effects of bc1 mutation on internode development, we compared the deposition of cell wall components among each developmental stage of the elongating second internodes from wild type, Kinmaze, and the bc1 mutant. In wild type, histochemical observations of lignin revealed that lignin deposition was gradually increased after the cell elongation stage of the internodes. Cellulose and p-coumaric acid (pCA) content also gradually increased along with the progress of the developmental stage. The ferulic acid (FA) content rapidly increased in the cell elongation stage and decreased at the late secondary cell wall formation stage. In the bc1 mutant, the contents of cell wall components were lower than those of wild type from the cell elongation stage, in which the BC1 started to express at this stage in wild type. In the bc1 mutant, the deposition patterns of cell wall components, especially phenolic components including lignin, pCA, and FA, were delayed compared with those of wild type. These results suggest that the BC1 gene plays a role in synthesizing appropriate cell walls at each stage in the developing internode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanna Sato-Izawa
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Nakamura
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
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Liu X, Yu Y, Liu Q, Deng S, Jin X, Yin Y, Guo J, Li N, Liu Y, Han S, Wang C, Hao D. A Na 2CO 3-Responsive Chitinase Gene From Leymus chinensis Improve Pathogen Resistance and Saline-Alkali Stress Tolerance in Transgenic Tobacco and Maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:504. [PMID: 32411170 PMCID: PMC7198794 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Salinity and microbial pathogens are the major limiting factors for crop production. Although the manipulation of many genes could improve plant performance under either of these stresses, few genes have reported that could improve both pathogen resistance and saline-alkali stress tolerance. In this study, we identified a new chitinase gene CHITINASE 2 (LcCHI2) that encodes a class II chitinase from Leymus chinensis, which grows naturally on alkaline-sodic soil. Overexpression of LcCHI2 increased chitinase activity in transgenic plants. The transgenic tobacco and maize exhibited improved pathogen resistance and enhanced both neutral salt and alkaline salt stress tolerance. Overexpression of LcCHI2 reduced sodium (Na+) accumulation, malondialdehyde content and relative electrical conductivity in transgenic tobacco under salt stress. In addition, the transgenic tobacco showed diminished lesion against bacterial and fungal pathogen challenge, suggesting an improved disease resistance. Similar improved performance was also observed in LcCHI2-overexpressed maize under both pathogen and salt stresses. It is worth noting that this genetic manipulation does not impair the growth and yield of transgenic tobacco and maize under normal cultivation condition. Apparently, application of LcCHI2 provides a new train of thought for genetically engineering saline-alkali and pathogen resistant crops of both dicots and monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangguo Liu
- Instutute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Yu
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Instutute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Suren Deng
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources & Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuebo Jin
- Instutute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yuejia Yin
- Instutute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jia Guo
- Instutute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Li
- Instutute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Instutute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Siping Han
- Instutute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Chuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources & Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongyun Hao
- Instutute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
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Liu X, Yu Y, Liu Q, Deng S, Jin X, Yin Y, Guo J, Li N, Liu Y, Han S, Wang C, Hao D. A Na 2CO 3-Responsive Chitinase Gene From Leymus chinensis Improve Pathogen Resistance and Saline-Alkali Stress Tolerance in Transgenic Tobacco and Maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:504. [PMID: 32411170 DOI: 10.1101/707281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Salinity and microbial pathogens are the major limiting factors for crop production. Although the manipulation of many genes could improve plant performance under either of these stresses, few genes have reported that could improve both pathogen resistance and saline-alkali stress tolerance. In this study, we identified a new chitinase gene CHITINASE 2 (LcCHI2) that encodes a class II chitinase from Leymus chinensis, which grows naturally on alkaline-sodic soil. Overexpression of LcCHI2 increased chitinase activity in transgenic plants. The transgenic tobacco and maize exhibited improved pathogen resistance and enhanced both neutral salt and alkaline salt stress tolerance. Overexpression of LcCHI2 reduced sodium (Na+) accumulation, malondialdehyde content and relative electrical conductivity in transgenic tobacco under salt stress. In addition, the transgenic tobacco showed diminished lesion against bacterial and fungal pathogen challenge, suggesting an improved disease resistance. Similar improved performance was also observed in LcCHI2-overexpressed maize under both pathogen and salt stresses. It is worth noting that this genetic manipulation does not impair the growth and yield of transgenic tobacco and maize under normal cultivation condition. Apparently, application of LcCHI2 provides a new train of thought for genetically engineering saline-alkali and pathogen resistant crops of both dicots and monocots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangguo Liu
- Instutute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Yu
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Instutute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Suren Deng
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources & Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuebo Jin
- Instutute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yuejia Yin
- Instutute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jia Guo
- Instutute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Li
- Instutute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Instutute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Siping Han
- Instutute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Chuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources & Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongyun Hao
- Instutute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
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Comprehensive Characterization of Fruit Volatiles and Nutritional Quality of Three Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) Genotypes from Different Geographic Groups after Bagging Treatment. Foods 2020; 9:foods9030294. [PMID: 32150913 PMCID: PMC7143270 DOI: 10.3390/foods9030294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bagging is widely practiced to produce high quality and unblemished fruit; however, little is currently known about the effect of bagging on flavor and nutritional quality of cucumber fruits. Here we determined the influence of bagging on fruit quality of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) using three genotypes from different geographic groups. Exocarp chlorophyll and carotenoid levels were significantly decreased by bagging, accompanied by color change. Ascorbate content in bagged fruits decreased to some extent, while contents of soluble sugars, starch, and cellulose were comparable with those of control fruits. Compositions related to fruit flavor quality could be enhanced largely through bagging treatment, with elevation of the relative proportion of C6 aldehyde, as well as (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal/(E)-2-nonenal ratio, and linoleic/α-linolenic acid ratio. Lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide lyase, two key enzymes in the production of volatiles, displayed distinctive transcript expression patterns and trends in changes of enzymatic activity in the bagged fruits of different genotypes. Overall, this study assesses the information on changing characteristics of fruit volatile composition and nutritional quality among different cucumber genotypes after bagging treatment. Results of this study would contribute to providing reference for mechanism study and cultivation conditions to improve cucumber fruit flavor to a considerable degree.
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Santana Silva RJ, Alves RM, Peres Gramacho K, Marcellino LH, Micheli F. Involvement of structurally distinct cupuassu chitinases and osmotin in plant resistance to the fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 148:142-151. [PMID: 31958681 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The cupuassu tree (Theobroma grandiflorum) is a crop of great economic importance to Brazil, mainly for its pulp and seeds, which are used in food industry. However, cupuassu fruit production is threatened by witches' broom disease caused by the fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa. As elements of its defense mechanisms, the plant can produce and accumulate pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins such as chitinases and osmotins. Here, we identified three cupuassu PR proteins (TgPR3, TgPR5 and TgPR8) from cupuassu-M. perniciosa interaction RNA-seq data. TgPR3 and TgPR8 corresponded to chitinases, and TgPR5 to osmotin; they are phylogenetically related to cacao and to Arabidopsis PR sequences involved in biotic and abiotic stress. The TgPR proteins' tridimensional structure was obtained through homology modeling, and molecular docking with chitin and chitosan showed that the TgPR proteins can interact with both cell wall molecules and presented a higher affinity for chitosan. TgPR gene expression was analyzed by RT-qPCR on resistant and susceptible cupuassu genotypes infected by M. perniciosa at 8, 24, 48 and 72 h after infection (hai). The TgPR genes showed higher expression in resistant plants compared to the susceptible ones, mainly for TgPR5 at 8 and 24 hai, while the expression was lower in the susceptible cupuassu plants. To our knowledge, this is the first in silico and in vitro reports of cupuassu PR protein. The data suggested that TgPRs could be involved in recognizing mechanisms of the plant's innate immune system through chitin receptors. Our results also suggest a putative role of chitinase/chitosanase for the TgPR5/osmotin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raner José Santana Silva
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Rafael Moyses Alves
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, 66095-903, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Lucilia Helena Marcellino
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brazil
| | - Fabienne Micheli
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil; CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
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41
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Nagashima Y, Ma Z, Liu X, Qian X, Zhang X, von Schaewen A, Koiwa H. Multiple Quality Control Mechanisms in the ER and TGN Determine Subcellular Dynamics and Salt-Stress Tolerance Function of KORRIGAN1. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:470-485. [PMID: 31852774 PMCID: PMC7008481 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Among many glycoproteins within the plant secretory system, KORRIGAN1 (KOR1), a membrane-anchored endo-β-1,4-glucanase involved in cellulose biosynthesis, provides a link between N-glycosylation, cell wall biosynthesis, and abiotic stress tolerance. After insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum, KOR1 cycles between the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and the plasma membrane (PM). From the TGN, the protein is targeted to growing cell plates during cell division. These processes are governed by multiple sequence motifs and also host genotypes. Here, we investigated the interaction and hierarchy of known and newly identified sorting signals in KOR1 and how they affect KOR1 transport at various stages in the secretory pathway. Conventional steady-state localization showed that structurally compromised KOR1 variants were directed to tonoplasts. In addition, a tandem fluorescent timer technology allowed for differential visualization of young versus aged KOR1 proteins, enabling the analysis of single-pass transport through the secretory pathway. Observations suggest the presence of multiple checkpoints/branches during KOR1 trafficking, where the destination is determined based on KOR1's sequence motifs and folding status. Moreover, growth analyses of dominant PM-confined KOR1-L48L49→A48A49 variants revealed the importance of active removal of KOR1 from the PM during salt stress, which otherwise interfered with stress acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Nagashima
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center and Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Zeyang Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Xueting Liu
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Xiaoning Qian
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Xiuren Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Antje von Schaewen
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hisashi Koiwa
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center and Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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Vercruysse J, Van Bel M, Osuna‐Cruz CM, Kulkarni SR, Storme V, Nelissen H, Gonzalez N, Inzé D, Vandepoele K. Comparative transcriptomics enables the identification of functional orthologous genes involved in early leaf growth. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:553-567. [PMID: 31361386 PMCID: PMC6953196 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leaf growth is a complex trait for which many similarities exist in different plant species, suggesting functional conservation of the underlying pathways. However, a global view of orthologous genes involved in leaf growth showing conserved expression in dicots and monocots is currently missing. Here, we present a genome-wide comparative transcriptome analysis between Arabidopsis and maize, identifying conserved biological processes and gene functions active during leaf growth. Despite the orthology complexity between these distantly related plants, 926 orthologous gene groups including 2829 Arabidopsis and 2974 maize genes with similar expression during leaf growth were found, indicating conservation of the underlying molecular networks. We found 65% of these genes to be involved in one-to-one orthology, whereas only 28.7% of the groups with divergent expression had one-to-one orthology. Within the pool of genes with conserved expression, 19 transcription factor families were identified, demonstrating expression conservation of regulators active during leaf growth. Additionally, 25 Arabidopsis and 25 maize putative targets of the TCP transcription factors with conserved expression were determined based on the presence of enriched transcription factor binding sites. Based on large-scale phenotypic data, we observed that genes with conserved expression have a higher probability to be involved in leaf growth and that leaf-related phenotypes are more frequently present for genes having orthologues between dicots and monocots than clade-specific genes. This study shows the power of integrating transcriptomic with orthology data to identify or select candidates for functional studies during leaf development in flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmien Vercruysse
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGentBelgium
| | - Michiel Van Bel
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGentBelgium
| | - Cristina M. Osuna‐Cruz
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGentBelgium
| | - Shubhada R. Kulkarni
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGentBelgium
| | - Véronique Storme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGentBelgium
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGentBelgium
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGentBelgium
- INRAUMR1332 Biologie du fruit et PathologieINRA Bordeaux AquitaineVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGentBelgium
| | - Klaas Vandepoele
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent UniversityGentBelgium
- Center for Plant Systems BiologyVIBGentBelgium
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Johnson KL. No Stakes for High Strength Corn. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:845-846. [PMID: 31685685 PMCID: PMC6836843 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Johnson
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
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44
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Behr M, Faleri C, Hausman JF, Planchon S, Renaut J, Cai G, Guerriero G. Distribution of cell-wall polysaccharides and proteins during growth of the hemp hypocotyl. PLANTA 2019; 250:1539-1556. [PMID: 31352512 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The immuno-ultrastructural investigation localized cell-wall polysaccharides of bast fibers during hemp hypocotyl growth. Moreover, for the first time, the localization of a peroxidase and laccase is provided in textile hemp. In the hypocotyl of textile hemp, elongation and girth increase are separated in time. This organ is therefore ideal for time-course analyses. Here, we follow the ultrastructural rearrangement of cell-wall components during the development of the hemp hypocotyl. An expression analysis of genes involved in the biosynthesis of cellulose, the chief polysaccharide of bast fiber cell walls and xylan, the main hemicellulose of secondary cell walls, is also provided. The analysis shows a higher expression of cellulose and xylan-related genes at 15 and 20 days after sowing, as compared to 9 days. In the young hypocotyl, the cell walls of bast fibers show cellulose microfibrils that are not yet compacted to form a mature G-layer. Crystalline cellulose is detected abundantly in the S1-layer, together with unsubstituted/low-substituted xylan and, to a lesser extent, in the G-layer. The LM5 galactan epitope is confined to the walls of parenchymatic cells. LM6-specific arabinans are detected at the interface between the cytoplasm and the gelatinous cell wall of bast fibers. The class III peroxidase antibody shows localization in the G-layer only at older developmental stages. The laccase antibody shows a distinctive labelling of the G-layer region closest to the S1-layer; the signal becomes more homogeneous as the hypocotyl matures. The data provide important insights on the cell wall distribution of polysaccharide and protein components in bast fibers during the hypocotyl growth of textile hemp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Behr
- Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Claudia Faleri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Sébastien Planchon
- Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Giampiero Cai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, 4362, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
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Jiao S, Hazebroek JP, Chamberlin MA, Perkins M, Sandhu AS, Gupta R, Simcox KD, Yinghong L, Prall A, Heetland L, Meeley RB, Multani DS. Chitinase-like1 Plays a Role in Stalk Tensile Strength in Maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:1127-1147. [PMID: 31492738 PMCID: PMC6836851 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Stalk lodging in maize (Zea mays) causes significant yield losses due to breaking of stalk tissue below the ear node before harvest. Here, we identified the maize brittle stalk4 (bk4) mutant in a Mutator F2 population. This mutant was characterized by highly brittle aerial parts that broke easily from mechanical disturbance or in high-wind conditions. The bk4 plants displayed a reduction in average stalk diameter and mechanical strength, dwarf stature, senescence at leaf tips, and semisterility of pollen. Histological studies demonstrated a reduction in lignin staining of cells in the bk4 mutant leaves and stalk, and deformation of vascular bundles in the stalk resulting in the loss of xylem and phloem tissues. Biochemical characterization showed a significant reduction in p-coumaric acid, Glc, Man, and cellulose contents. The candidate gene responsible for bk4 phenotype is Chitinase-like1 protein (Ctl1), which is expressed at its highest levels in elongated internodes. Expression levels of secondary cell wall cellulose synthase genes (CesA) in the bk4 single mutant, and phenotypic observations in double mutants combining bk4 with bk2 or null alleles for two CesA genes, confirmed interaction of ZmCtl1 with CesA genes. Overexpression of ZmCtl1 enhanced mechanical stalk strength without affecting plant stature, senescence, or fertility. Biochemical characterization of ZmCtl1 overexpressing lines supported a role for ZmCtl1 in tensile strength enhancement. Conserved identity of CTL1 peptides across plant species and analysis of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ctl1-1 ctl2-1 double mutants indicated that Ctl1 might have a conserved role in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alan Prall
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, Iowa 50131
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Kumar V, Hainaut M, Delhomme N, Mannapperuma C, Immerzeel P, Street NR, Henrissat B, Mellerowicz EJ. Poplar carbohydrate-active enzymes: whole-genome annotation and functional analyses based on RNA expression data. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:589-609. [PMID: 31111606 PMCID: PMC6852159 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) catalyze the formation and modification of glycoproteins, glycolipids, starch, secondary metabolites and cell wall biopolymers. They are key enzymes for the biosynthesis of food and renewable biomass. Woody biomass is particularly important for long-term carbon storage and as an abundant renewable natural resource for many industrial applications. This study presents a re-annotation of CAZyme genes in the current Populus trichocarpa genome assembly and in silico functional characterization, based on high-resolution RNA-Seq data sets. Altogether, 1914 CAZyme and expansin genes were annotated in 101 families. About 1797 of these genes were found expressed in at least one Populus organ. We identified genes involved in the biosynthesis of different cell wall polymers and their paralogs. Whereas similar families exist in poplar and Arabidopsis thaliana (with the exception of CBM13 found only in poplar), a few families had significantly different copy numbers between the two species. To identify the transcriptional coordination and functional relatedness within the CAZymes and other proteins, we performed co-expression network analysis of CAZymes in wood-forming tissues using the AspWood database (http://aspwood.popgenie.org/aspwood-v3.0/) for Populus tremula. This provided an overview of the transcriptional changes in CAZymes during the transition from primary to secondary wall formation, and the clustering of transcripts into potential regulons. Candidate enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of polysaccharides were identified along with many tissue-specific uncharacterized genes and transcription factors. These collections offer a rich source of targets for the modification of secondary cell wall biosynthesis and other developmental processes in woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar
- Umeå Plant Science CenterDepartment of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeaSweden
| | - Matthieu Hainaut
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules BiologiquesCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
- INRAUSC 1408 AFMBMarseilleFrance
| | - Nicolas Delhomme
- Umeå Plant Science CenterDepartment of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeaSweden
| | | | - Peter Immerzeel
- Umeå Plant Science CenterDepartment of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeaSweden
- Chemical EngineeringKarlstad UniversityKarlstad65188Sweden
| | - Nathaniel R. Street
- Umeå Plant Science CenterPlant Physiology DepartmentUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules BiologiquesCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
- INRAUSC 1408 AFMBMarseilleFrance
| | - Ewa J. Mellerowicz
- Umeå Plant Science CenterDepartment of Forest Genetics and Plant PhysiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeaSweden
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47
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Deng Q, Kong Z, Wu X, Ma S, Yuan Y, Jia H, Ma Z. Cloning of a COBL gene determining brittleness in diploid wheat using a MapRseq approach. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 285:141-150. [PMID: 31203879 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant tissue brittleness is related to cellular structure and lodging. MED0031 is a mutant identified previously from ethyl methane sulfonate treatment of diploid wheat accession TA2726, showing brittleness in both stem and leaf. In microscopic and histological observations, the mutant was found to have less large vascular bundles per unit area, a thinner sclerenchyma cell wall, and a broader parenchyma, compared with the wild type. The mutated gene, TmBr1, was mapped to a 0.056 cM interval on chromosome 5Am. This gene was cloned using a MapRseq approach that searched the candidate gene through combination of the prior target gene mapping information with SNP calling and discovery of differentially expressed genes from RNA_seq data of the wild type and a BC3F2 bulk showing the mutant phenotype. TmBr1 encodes a COBL protein and a nonsense mutation within the region coding for the conserved COBRA domain caused premature translation termination. Introduction of TmBr1 to Arabidopsis AtCOBL4 mutant rescued the phenotype, demonstrating their functional conservation. Apart from the effect on cellulose content, the TmBr1 mutation might modulate synthesis of noncellulosic polysaccharide pectin as well. Application of the MapRseq approach to isolation of genes present in recombination cold spots and complicated genomes was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyan Deng
- Crop Genomics and Bioinformatics Center and National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongxin Kong
- Crop Genomics and Bioinformatics Center and National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wu
- Crop Genomics and Bioinformatics Center and National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shengwei Ma
- Crop Genomics and Bioinformatics Center and National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- Crop Genomics and Bioinformatics Center and National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiyan Jia
- Crop Genomics and Bioinformatics Center and National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengqiang Ma
- Crop Genomics and Bioinformatics Center and National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, China.
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48
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Gu SY, Wang LC, Cheuh CM, Lo WS. CHITINASE LIKE1 Regulates Root Development of Dark-Grown Seedlings by Modulating Ethylene Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:600. [PMID: 31156671 PMCID: PMC6530356 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone ethylene plays a regulatory role in development in light- and dark-grown seedlings. We previously isolated a group of small-molecule compounds with a quinazolinone backbone, which were named acsinones (for ACC synthase inhibitor quinazolinones), that act as uncompetitive inhibitors of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase (ACS). Thus, the triple response phenotype, which consists of shortened hypocotyls and roots, radial swelling of hypocotyls and exaggerated curvature of apical hooks, was suppressed by acsinones in dark-grown (etiolated) ethylene overproducer (eto) seedlings. Here, we describe our isolation and characterization of an Arabidopsis revert to eto1 9 (ret9) mutant, which showed reduced sensitivity to acsinones in etiolated eto1 seedlings. Map-based cloning of RET9 revealed an amino acid substitution in CHITINASE LIKE1 (CTL1), which is required for cell wall biogenesis and stress resistance in Arabidopsis. Etiolated seedlings of ctl1ret9 showed short hypocotyls and roots, which were augmented in combination with eto1-4. Consistently, ctl1ret9 seedlings showed enhanced sensitivity to exogenous ACC to suppress primary root elongation as compared with the wild type. After introducing ctl1ret9 to mutants completely insensitive to ethylene, genetic analysis indicated that an intact ethylene response pathway is essential for the alterations in root and apical hook but not hypocotyl in etiolated ctl1ret9 seedlings. Furthermore, a mild yet significantly increased ethylene level in ctl1 mutants was related to elevated mRNA level and activity of ACC oxidase (ACO). Moreover, genes associated with ethylene biosynthesis (ACO1 and ACO2) and response (ERF1 and EDF1) were upregulated in etiolated ctl1ret9 seedlings. By characterizing a new recessive allele of CTL1, we reveal that CTL1 negatively regulates ACO activity and the ethylene response, which thus contributes to understanding a role for ethylene in root elongation in response to perturbed cell wall integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Yuan Gu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Long-Chi Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Mei Cheuh
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Sheng Lo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lampugnani ER, Flores-Sandoval E, Tan QW, Mutwil M, Bowman JL, Persson S. Cellulose Synthesis - Central Components and Their Evolutionary Relationships. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:402-412. [PMID: 30905522 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is an essential morphogenic polysaccharide that is central to the stability of plant cell walls and provides an important raw material for a range of plant-based fiber and fuel industries. The past decade has seen a substantial rise in the identification of cellulose synthesis-related components and in our understanding of how these components function. Much of this research has been conducted in Arabidopsis thaliana (arabidopsis); however, it has become increasingly evident that many of the components and their functions are conserved. We provide here an overview of cellulose synthesis 'core' components. The evolution and coexpression patterns of these components provide important insight into how cellulose synthesis evolved and the potential for the components to work as functional units during cellulose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin R Lampugnani
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | | | - Qiao Wen Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Marek Mutwil
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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50
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Zhong R, Cui D, Ye ZH. Secondary cell wall biosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1703-1723. [PMID: 30312479 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1703 I. Introduction 1703 II. Cellulose biosynthesis 1705 III. Xylan biosynthesis 1709 IV. Glucomannan biosynthesis 1713 V. Lignin biosynthesis 1714 VI. Concluding remarks 1717 Acknowledgements 1717 References 1717 SUMMARY: Secondary walls are synthesized in specialized cells, such as tracheary elements and fibers, and their remarkable strength and rigidity provide strong mechanical support to the cells and the plant body. The main components of secondary walls are cellulose, xylan, glucomannan and lignin. Biochemical, molecular and genetic studies have led to the discovery of most of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary wall components. Cellulose is synthesized by cellulose synthase complexes in the plasma membrane and the recent success of in vitro synthesis of cellulose microfibrils by a single recombinant cellulose synthase isoform reconstituted into proteoliposomes opens new doors to further investigate the structure and functions of cellulose synthase complexes. Most genes involved in the glycosyl backbone synthesis, glycosyl substitutions and acetylation of xylan and glucomannan have been genetically characterized and the biochemical properties of some of their encoded enzymes have been investigated. The genes and their encoded enzymes participating in monolignol biosynthesis and modification have been extensively studied both genetically and biochemically. A full understanding of how secondary wall components are synthesized will ultimately enable us to produce plants with custom-designed secondary wall composition tailored to diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Dongtao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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