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Xu E, Liu Y, Gu D, Zhan X, Li J, Zhou K, Zhang P, Zou Y. Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Responses to Copper: From Deficiency to Excess. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6993. [PMID: 39000099 PMCID: PMC11240974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development. This metal serves as a constituent element or enzyme cofactor that participates in many biochemical pathways and plays a key role in photosynthesis, respiration, ethylene sensing, and antioxidant systems. The physiological significance of Cu uptake and compartmentalization in plants has been underestimated, despite the importance of Cu in cellular metabolic processes. As a micronutrient, Cu has low cellular requirements in plants. However, its bioavailability may be significantly reduced in alkaline or organic matter-rich soils. Cu deficiency is a severe and widespread nutritional disorder that affects plants. In contrast, excessive levels of available Cu in soil can inhibit plant photosynthesis and induce cellular oxidative stress. This can affect plant productivity and potentially pose serious health risks to humans via bioaccumulation in the food chain. Plants have evolved mechanisms to strictly regulate Cu uptake, transport, and cellular homeostasis during long-term environmental adaptation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the diverse functions of Cu chelators, chaperones, and transporters involved in Cu homeostasis and their regulatory mechanisms in plant responses to varying Cu availability conditions. Finally, we identified that future research needs to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms regulating Cu deficiency or stress in plants. This will pave the way for improving the Cu utilization efficiency and/or Cu tolerance of crops grown in alkaline or Cu-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ending Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Rice Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Improvement, Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dongfang Gu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Rice Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Improvement, Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xinchun Zhan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Rice Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Improvement, Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jiyu Li
- Institute of Horticultural Research, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Kunneng Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Rice Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Improvement, Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Peijiang Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Rice Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Improvement, Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yu Zou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Rice Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Improvement, Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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Chen J, Yang L, Zhang H, Ruan J, Wang Y. Role of sugars in the apical hook development of Arabidopsis etiolated seedlings. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:131. [PMID: 38656568 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The sugar supply in the medium affects the apical hook development of Arabidopsis etiolated seedlings. In addition, we provided the mechanism insights of this process. Dicotyledonous plants form an apical hook structure to shield their young cotyledons from mechanical damage as they emerge from the rough soil. Our findings indicate that sugar molecules, such as sucrose and glucose, are crucial for apical hook development. The presence of sucrose and glucose allows the apical hooks to be maintained for a longer period compared to those grown in sugar-free conditions, and this effect is dose-dependent. Key roles in apical hook development are played by several sugar metabolism pathways, including oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. RNA-seq data revealed an up-regulation of genes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism in plants grown in sugar-free conditions, while genes associated with phenylpropanoid metabolism were down-regulated. This study underscores the significant role of sugar metabolism in the apical hook development of etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lei Yang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Hehua Zhang
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Junbin Ruan
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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3
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Li J, Zhang Z, Shi G. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling of Heavy Metal ATPase (HMA) Genes in Peanut: Potential Roles in Heavy Metal Transport. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:613. [PMID: 38203784 PMCID: PMC10779257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The heavy metal ATPase (HMA) family belongs to the P-type ATPase superfamily and plays an essential role in the regulation of metal homeostasis in plants. However, the gene family has not been fully investigated in peanut. Here, a genome-wide identification and bioinformatics analysis was performed on AhHMA genes in peanut, and the expression of 12 AhHMA genes in response to Cu, Zn, and Cd was evaluated in two peanut cultivars (Silihong and Fenghua 1) differing in Cd accumulation. A total of 21 AhHMA genes were identified in the peanut genome, including ten paralogous gene pairs derived from whole-genome duplication, and an additional gene resulting from tandem duplication. AhHMA proteins could be divided into six groups (I-VI), belonging to two clades (Zn/Co/Cd/Pb-ATPases and Cu/Ag-ATPases). Most AhHMA proteins within the same clade or group generally have a similar structure. However, significant divergence exists in the exon/intron organization even between duplicated gene pairs. RNA-seq data showed that most AhHMA genes are preferentially expressed in roots, shoots, and reproductive tissues. qRT-PCR results revealed that AhHMA1.1/1.2, AhHMA3.1/3.2, AhHMA7.1/7.4, and AhHMA8.1 might be involved in Zn transport in peanut plants, while AhHMA3.2 and AhHMA7.5 might be involved in Cd transport. Our findings provide clues to further characterize the functions of AhHMA genes in metal uptake and translocation in peanut plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gangrong Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China; (J.L.); (Z.Z.)
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4
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Jun SE, Shim JS, Park HJ. Beyond NPK: Mineral Nutrient-Mediated Modulation in Orchestrating Flowering Time. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3299. [PMID: 37765463 PMCID: PMC10535918 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Flowering time in plants is a complex process regulated by environmental conditions such as photoperiod and temperature, as well as nutrient conditions. While the impact of major nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on flowering time has been well recognized, the significance of micronutrient imbalances and their deficiencies should not be neglected because they affect the floral transition from the vegetative stage to the reproductive stage. The secondary major nutrients such as calcium, magnesium, and sulfur participate in various aspects of flowering. Micronutrients such as boron, zinc, iron, and copper play crucial roles in enzymatic reactions and hormone biosynthesis, affecting flower development and reproduction as well. The current review comprehensively explores the interplay between microelements and flowering time, and summarizes the underlying mechanism in plants. Consequently, a better understanding of the interplay between microelements and flowering time will provide clues to reveal the roles of microelements in regulating flowering time and to improve crop reproduction in plant industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Eun Jun
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jae Sun Shim
- School of Biological Science and Technology, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Park
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Center of Ecomimetics, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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Koyama T, Zaizen H, Takahashi I, Nakamura H, Nakajima M, Asami T. Small Molecules with Thiourea Skeleton Induce Ethylene Response in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12420. [PMID: 37569795 PMCID: PMC10418922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethylene is the only gaseous plant hormone that regulates several aspects of plant growth, from seedling morphogenesis to fruit ripening and organ senescence. Ethylene also stimulates the germination of Striga hermonthica, a root parasitic weed that severely damages crops in sub-Saharan Africa. Thus, ethylene response stimulants can be used as weed and crop control agents. Ethylene and ethephon, an ethylene-releasing compound, are currently used as ethylene response inducers. However, since ethylene is a gas, which limits its practical application, we targeted the development of a solid ethylene response inducer that could overcome this disadvantage. We performed chemical screening using Arabidopsis thaliana "triple response" as an indicator of ethylene response. After screening, we selected a compound with a thiourea skeleton and named it ZKT1. We then synthesized various derivatives of ZKT1 and evaluated their ethylene-like activities in Arabidopsis. Some derivatives showed considerably higher activity than ZKT1, and their activity was comparable to that of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate. Mode of action analysis using chemical inhibitors and ethylene signaling mutants revealed that ZKT1 derivatives activate the ethylene signaling pathway through interactions with its upstream components. These thiourea derivatives can potentially be potent crop-controlling chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tadao Asami
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (T.K.); (I.T.); (H.N.); (M.N.)
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Azhar BJ, Abbas S, Aman S, Yamburenko MV, Chen W, Müller L, Uzun B, Jewell DA, Dong J, Shakeel SN, Groth G, Binder BM, Grigoryan G, Schaller GE. Basis for high-affinity ethylene binding by the ethylene receptor ETR1 of Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2215195120. [PMID: 37253004 PMCID: PMC10266040 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2215195120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The gaseous hormone ethylene is perceived in plants by membrane-bound receptors, the best studied of these being ETR1 from Arabidopsis. Ethylene receptors can mediate a response to ethylene concentrations at less than one part per billion; however, the mechanistic basis for such high-affinity ligand binding has remained elusive. Here we identify an Asp residue within the ETR1 transmembrane domain that plays a critical role in ethylene binding. Site-directed mutation of the Asp to Asn results in a functional receptor that has a reduced affinity for ethylene, but still mediates ethylene responses in planta. The Asp residue is highly conserved among ethylene receptor-like proteins in plants and bacteria, but Asn variants exist, pointing to the physiological relevance of modulating ethylene-binding kinetics. Our results also support a bifunctional role for the Asp residue in forming a polar bridge to a conserved Lys residue in the receptor to mediate changes in signaling output. We propose a new structural model for the mechanism of ethylene binding and signal transduction, one with similarities to that found in a mammalian olfactory receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beenish J. Azhar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH03755
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-azam University, Islamabad45320, Pakistan
| | - Safdar Abbas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH03755
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-azam University, Islamabad45320, Pakistan
| | - Sitwat Aman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH03755
| | | | - Wei Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH03755
| | - Lena Müller
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Physiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf,40225Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Buket Uzun
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Physiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf,40225Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - David A. Jewell
- Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH03755
| | - Jian Dong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH03755
| | - Samina N. Shakeel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH03755
- Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-azam University, Islamabad45320, Pakistan
| | - Georg Groth
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Physiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf,40225Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Brad M. Binder
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN37996
| | - Gevorg Grigoryan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH03755
- Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH03755
| | - G. Eric Schaller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH03755
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Yang Z, Wu HT, Yang H, Chen WD, Liu JL, Yang F, Tai L, Li BB, Yuan B, Liu WT, Zhang YF, Luo YR, Chen KM. Overexpression of Sedum SpHMA2, SpHMA3 and SpNramp6 in Brassica napus increases multiple heavy metals accumulation for phytoextraction. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 449:130970. [PMID: 36801723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytoextraction is an environmentally friendly phytoremediation technology that can reduce the total amount of heavy metals (HMs) in the soil. Hyperaccumulators or hyperaccumulating transgenic plants with biomass are important biomaterials for phytoextraction. In this study, we show that three different HM transporters from the hyperaccumulator Sedum pumbizincicola, SpHMA2, SpHMA3, and SpNramp6, possess Cd transport. These three transporters are located at the plasma membrane, tonoplast, and plasma membrane, respectively. Their transcripts could be strongly stimulated by multiple HMs treatments. To create potential biomaterials for phytoextraction, we overexpressed the three single genes and two combining genes, SpHMA2&SpHMA3 and SpHMA2&SpNramp6, in rapes having high biomass and environmental adaptability, and found that the aerial parts of the SpHMA2-OE3 and SpHMA2&SpNramp6-OE4 lines accumulated more Cd from single Cd-contaminated soil because SpNramp6 transports Cd from root cells to the xylem and SpHMA2 from the stems to the leaves. However, the accumulation of each HM in the aerial parts of all selected transgenic rapes was strengthened in multiple HMs-contaminated soils, probably due to the synergistic transport. The HMs residuals in the soil after the transgenic plant phytoremediation were also greatly reduced. These results provide effective solutions for phytoextraction in both Cd and multiple HMs-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hai-Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wan-Di Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia-Lan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bin-Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan-Feng Zhang
- Hybrid Rapeseed Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yan-Rong Luo
- Guangdong Kaiyuan Environmental Technology Co., Ltd, Dongguan 523000, China.
| | - Kun-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Shi Y, Huang C, Wang X, Jin W, Wang M, Yu H. Physiological and iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics analyses reveal the similarities and differences in stress responses between short-term boron deficiency and toxicity in wheat roots. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:3617-3632. [PMID: 36795283 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Boron (B) is a trace element that is essential for normal wheat development, such as root growth. In wheat, roots are important organs that absorb nutrients and water. However, at present, there is insufficient research on the molecular mechanism underlying how short-term B stress affects wheat root growth. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, the optimal concentration of B for wheat root growth was determined, and the proteomic profiles of roots under short-term B deficiency and toxicity were analyzed and compared by the isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technique. A total of 270 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) that accumulated in response to B deficiency and 263 DAPs that accumulated in response to B toxicity were identified. Global expression analysis revealed that ethylene, auxin, abscisic acid (ABA), and Ca2+ signals were involved in the responses to these two stresses. Under B deficiency, DAPs related to auxin synthesis or signaling and DAPs involved in calcium signaling increased in abundance. In striking contrast, auxin and calcium signals were repressed under B toxicity. Twenty-one DAPs were detected under both conditions, including RAN1 that played a core role in the auxin and calcium signals. Overexpression of RAN1 was shown to confer plant resistance to B toxicity by activating auxin response genes, including TIR and those identified by iTRAQ in this research. Moreover, growth of the primary roots of tir mutant was significantly inhibited under B toxicity. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results indicate that some connections were present between RAN1 and the auxin signaling pathway under B toxicity. Therefore, this research provides data for improving the understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the response to B stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Chenhan Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoran Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Weihuan Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Mengqing Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Haidong Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China.
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N. D. V, Matsumura H, Munshi AD, Ellur RK, Chinnusamy V, Singh A, Iquebal MA, Jaiswal S, Jat GS, Panigrahi I, Gaikwad AB, Rao AR, Dey SS, Behera TK. Molecular mapping of genomic regions and identification of possible candidate genes associated with gynoecious sex expression in bitter gourd. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1071648. [PMID: 36938036 PMCID: PMC10017754 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1071648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bitter gourd is an important vegetable crop grown throughout the tropics mainly because of its high nutritional value. Sex expression and identification of gynoecious trait in cucurbitaceous vegetable crops has facilitated the hybrid breeding programme in a great way to improve productivity. In bitter gourd, gynoecious sex expression is poorly reported and detailed molecular pathways involve yet to be studied. The present experiment was conducted to study the inheritance, identify the genomic regions associated with gynoecious sex expression and to reveal possible candidate genes through QTL-seq. Segregation for the gynoecious and monoecious sex forms in the F2 progenies indicated single recessive gene controlling gynoecious sex expression in the genotype, PVGy-201. Gynoecious parent, PVGy-201, Monoecious parent, Pusa Do Mausami (PDM), and two contrasting bulks were constituted for deep-sequencing. A total of 10.56, 23.11, 15.07, and 19.38 Gb of clean reads from PVGy-201, PDM, gynoecious bulk and monoecious bulks were generated. Based on the ΔSNP index, 1.31 Mb regions on the chromosome 1 was identified to be associated with gynoecious sex expression in bitter gourd. In the QTL region 293,467 PVGy-201 unique variants, including SNPs and indels, were identified. In the identified QTL region, a total of 1019 homozygous variants were identified between PVGy1 and PDM genomes and 71 among them were non-synonymous variants (SNPS and INDELs), out of which 11 variants (7 INDELs, 4 SNPs) were classified as high impact variants with frame shift/stop gain effect. In total twelve genes associated with male and female gametophyte development were identified in the QTL-region. Ethylene-responsive transcription factor 12, Auxin response factor 6, Copper-transporting ATPase RAN1, CBL-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 23, ABC transporter C family member 2, DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA helicase 1 isoform X2, Polygalacturonase QRT3-like isoform X2, Protein CHROMATIN REMODELING 4 were identified with possible role in gynoecious sex expression. Promoter region variation in 8 among the 12 genes indicated their role in determining gynoecious sex expression in bitter gourd genotype, DBGy-1. The findings in the study provides insight about sex expression in bitter gourd and will facilitate fine mapping and more precise identification of candidate genes through their functional validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay N. D.
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Hideo Matsumura
- Gene Research Centre, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano, Japan
| | - Anilabha Das Munshi
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranjith Kumar Ellur
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Viswanathan Chinnusamy
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankita Singh
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Mir Asif Iquebal
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarika Jaiswal
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Gograj Singh Jat
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ipsita Panigrahi
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ambika Baladev Gaikwad
- Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - A. R. Rao
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Shyam Sundar Dey
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Tusar Kanti Behera
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Zang H, He J, Zhang Q, Li X, Wang T, Bi X, Zhang Y. Ectopic Expression of PvHMA2.1 Enhances Cadmium Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043544. [PMID: 36834955 PMCID: PMC9966247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) in soil inhibits plant growth and development and even harms human health through food chain transmission. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a perennial C4 biofuel crop, is considered an ideal plant for phytoremediation due to its high efficiency in removing Cd and other heavy metals from contaminated soil. The key to understanding the mechanisms of switchgrass Cd tolerance is to identify the genes involved in Cd transport. Heavy-metal ATPases (HMAs) play pivotal roles in heavy metal transport, including Cd, in Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, but little is known about the functions of their orthologs in switchgrass. Therefore, we identified 22 HMAs in switchgrass, which were distributed on 12 chromosomes and divided into 4 groups using a phylogenetic analysis. Then, we focused on PvHMA2.1, which is one of the orthologs of the rice Cd transporter OsHMA2. We found that PvHMA2.1 was widely expressed in roots, internodes, leaves, spikelets, and inflorescences, and was significantly induced in the shoots of switchgrass under Cd treatment. Moreover, PvHMA2.1 was found to have seven transmembrane domains and localized at the cell plasma membrane, indicating that it is a potential transporter. The ectopic expression of PvHMA2.1 alleviated the reduction in primary root length and the loss of fresh weight of Arabidopsis seedlings under Cd treatment, suggesting that PvHMA2.1 enhanced Cd tolerance in Arabidopsis. The higher levels of relative water content and chlorophyll content of the transgenic lines under Cd treatment reflected that PvHMA2.1 maintained water retention capacity and alleviated photosynthesis inhibition under Cd stress in Arabidopsis. The roots of the PvHMA2.1 ectopically expressed lines accumulated less Cd compared to the WT, while no significant differences were found in the Cd contents of the shoots between the transgenic lines and the WT under Cd treatment, suggesting that PvHMA2.1 reduced Cd absorption from the environment through the roots in Arabidopsis. Taken together, our results showed that PvHMA2.1 enhanced Cd tolerance in Arabidopsis, providing a promising target that could be engineered in switchgrass to repair Cd-contaminated soil.
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Wu C, Xiao S, Zuo D, Cheng H, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Lv L, Song G. Genome-wide analysis elucidates the roles of GhHMA genes in different abiotic stresses and fiber development in upland cotton. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 194:281-301. [PMID: 36442360 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The heavy metal-binding domain is involved in heavy metal transporting and plays a significant role in plant detoxification. However, the functions of HMAs are less well known in cotton. In this study, a total of 143 GhHMAs (heavy metal-binding domain) were detected by genome-wide identification in G. hirsutum L. All the GhHMAs were classified into four groups via phylogenetic analysis. The exon/intron structure and protein motifs indicated that each branch of the GhHMA genes was highly conserved. 212 paralogous GhHMA gene pairs were identified, and the segmental duplications were the main role to the expansion of GhHMAs. The Ka/Ks values suggested that the GhHMA gene family has undergone purifying selection during the long-term evolutionary process. GhHMA3 and GhHMA75 were located in the plasma membrane, while GhHMA26, GhHMA117 and GhHMA121 were located in the nucleus, respectively. Transcriptomic data and qRT-PCR showed that GhHMA26 exhibited different expression patterns in each tissue and during fiber development or under different abiotic stresses. Overexpressing GhHMA26 significantly promoted the elongation of leaf trichomes and also improved the tolerance to salt stress. Therefore, GhHMA26 may positively regulate fiber elongation and abiotic stress. Yeast two-hybrid assays indicated that GhHMA26 and GhHMA75 participated in multiple biological functions. Our results suggest some genes in the GhHMAs might be associated with fiber development and the abiotic stress response, which could promote further research involving functional analysis of GhHMA genes in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China; Cotton Research Institute of Shanxi Agricultural University, Yuncheng, 044000, China
| | - Shuiping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China; Cotton Research Institute of Jiangxi Province, Jiujiang, 332105, China
| | - Dongyun Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Hailiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Youping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Qiaolian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Limin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Guoli Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
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12
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Yang Y, Hao C, Du J, Xu L, Guo Z, Li D, Cai H, Guo H, Li L. The carboxy terminal transmembrane domain of SPL7 mediates interaction with RAN1 at the endoplasmic reticulum to regulate ethylene signalling in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:878-892. [PMID: 35832006 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, copper (Cu) transport to the ethylene receptor ETR1 mediated using RAN1, a Cu transporter located at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and Cu homeostasis mediated using SPL7, the key Cu-responsive transcription factor, are two deeply conserved vital processes. However, whether and how the two processes interact to regulate plant development remain elusive. We found that its C-terminal transmembrane domain (TMD) anchors SPL7 to the ER, resulting in dual compartmentalisation of the transcription factor. Immunoprecipitation coupled mass spectrometry, yeast-two-hybrid assay, luciferase complementation imaging and subcellular co-localisation analyses indicate that SPL7 interacts with RAN1 at the ER via the TMD. Genetic analysis revealed that the ethylene-induced triple response was significantly compromised in the spl7 mutant, a phenotype rescuable by RAN1 overexpression but not by SPL7 without the TMD. The genetic interaction was corroborated by molecular analysis showing that SPL7 modulates RAN1 abundance in a TMD-dependent manner. Moreover, SPL7 is feedback regulated by ethylene signalling via EIN3, which binds the SPL7 promoter and represses its transcription. These results demonstrate that ER-anchored SPL7 constitutes a cellular mechanism to regulate RAN1 in ethylene signalling and lay the foundation for investigating how Cu homeostasis conditions ethylene sensitivity in the developmental context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences and School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chen Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences and School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jianmei Du
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhonglong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences and School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Dong Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Huaqing Cai
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Department of Biology, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences and School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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13
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Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Responses to Copper Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112950. [PMID: 36361744 PMCID: PMC9656524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient for humans, animals, and plants, and it participates in various morphological, physiological, and biochemical processes. Cu is a cofactor for a variety of enzymes, and it plays an important role in photosynthesis, respiration, the antioxidant system, and signal transduction. Many studies have demonstrated the adverse effects of excess Cu on crop germination, growth, photosynthesis, and antioxidant activity. This review summarizes the biological functions of Cu, the toxicity of excess Cu to plant growth and development, the roles of Cu transport proteins and chaperone proteins, and the transport process of Cu in plants, as well as the mechanisms of detoxification and tolerance of Cu in plants. Future research directions are proposed, which provide guidelines for related research.
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14
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Gómez-Gallego T, Valderas A, van Tuinen D, Ferrol N. Impact of arbuscular mycorrhiza on maize P 1B-ATPases gene expression and ionome in copper-contaminated soils. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 234:113390. [PMID: 35278990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, symbionts of most land plants, increase plant fitness in metal contaminated soils. To further understand the mechanisms of metal tolerance in the AM symbiosis, the expression patterns of the maize Heavy Metal ATPase (HMA) family members and the ionomes of non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal plants grown under different Cu supplies were examined. Expression of ZmHMA5a and ZmHMA5b, whose encoded proteins were predicted to be localized at the plasma membrane, was up-regulated by Cu in non-mycorrhizal roots and to a lower extent in mycorrhizal roots. Gene expression of the tonoplast ZmHMA3a and ZmHMA4 isoforms was up-regulated by Cu-toxicity in shoots and roots of mycorrhizal plants. AM mitigates the changes induced by Cu toxicity on the maize ionome, specially at the highest Cu soil concentration. Altogether these data suggest that in Cu-contaminated soils, AM increases expression of the HMA genes putatively encoding proteins involved in Cu detoxification and balances mineral nutrient uptake improving the nutritional status of the maize plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Gómez-Gallego
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Ascensión Valderas
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Diederik van Tuinen
- INRAE/AgroSup/Université de Bourgogne UMR1347 Agroécologie, ERL CNRS, 6300 Dijon, France
| | - Nuria Ferrol
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain.
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15
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Thakur M, Praveen S, Divte PR, Mitra R, Kumar M, Gupta CK, Kalidindi U, Bansal R, Roy S, Anand A, Singh B. Metal tolerance in plants: Molecular and physicochemical interface determines the "not so heavy effect" of heavy metals. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:131957. [PMID: 34450367 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An increase in technological interventions and ruthless urbanization in the name of development has deteriorated our environment over time and caused the buildup of heavy metals (HMs) in the soil and water resources. These heavy metals are gaining increased access into our food chain through the plant and/or animal-based products, to adversely impact human health. The issue of how to restrict the entry of HMs or modulate their response in event of their ingress into the plant system is worrisome. The current knowledge on the interactive-regulatory role and contribution of different physical, biophysical, biochemical, physiological, and molecular factors that determine the heavy metal availability-uptake-partitioning dynamics in the soil-plant-environment needs to be updated. The present review critically analyses the interactive overlaps between different adaptation and tolerance strategies that may be causally related to their cellular localization, conjugation and homeostasis, a relative affinity for the transporters, rhizosphere modifications, activation of efflux pumps and vacuolar sequestration that singly or collectively determine a plant's response to HM stress. Recently postulated role of gaseous pollutants such as SO2 and other secondary metabolites in heavy metal tolerance, which may be regulated at the whole plant and/or tissue/cell is discussed to delineate and work towards a "not so heavy" response of plants to heavy metals present in the contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Thakur
- College of Horticulture and Forestry (Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry), Neri, Hamirpur, 177 001, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shamima Praveen
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Pandurang R Divte
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Raktim Mitra
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Mahesh Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, Maharashtra, 413 115, India
| | - Chandan Kumar Gupta
- Division of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, 226 002, India
| | - Usha Kalidindi
- Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Ruchi Bansal
- Division of Germplasm Evaluation, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Suman Roy
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700 120, India
| | - Anjali Anand
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
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16
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Ma Y, Wei N, Wang Q, Liu Z, Liu W. Genome-wide identification and characterization of the heavy metal ATPase (HMA) gene family in Medicago truncatula under copper stress. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:893-902. [PMID: 34728304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In nature, the normal growth, development, and quality of plants are significantly affected by many abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, low temperature, and heavy metals. Among heavy metals, copper is an essential element for plant growth and development but also has a toxic effect on plants when its concentration is excessive. Therefore, plants have evolved a complex regulatory network to regulate the balance of copper ions in cells. Heavy metal ATPases (HMAs), which transport heavy metals to intracellular compartments or detoxify heavy metals present at excessive concentrations, have been extensively studied in model plant species. However, no comprehensive and systematic surveys of members of the HMA gene family have been conducted in the model legume species Medicago truncatula. Here, nine putative MtHMAs were identified in the M. truncatula genome. These MtHMAs were phylogenetically divided into two distinct groups. The members in each group had a relatively conserved gene structure and motif composition. The number of introns in the MtHMAs varied from 5 to 16, with the majority of these genes containing 8 introns. The expression patterns showed that MtHMAs exhibit preferential or distinct expression patterns among different tissues. Finally, the expression patterns of the members of this gene family were verified in the leaves and roots of plants under Cu stress. Our findings will be valuable for the functional investigation and application of members of this gene family in M. truncatula and other related legume species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, China; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China; Western China Technology Innovation Center for Grassland Industry, Gansu Province, China; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, China; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Na Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, China; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China; Western China Technology Innovation Center for Grassland Industry, Gansu Province, China; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, China; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiuxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, China; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China; Western China Technology Innovation Center for Grassland Industry, Gansu Province, China; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, China; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, China; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China; Western China Technology Innovation Center for Grassland Industry, Gansu Province, China; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, China; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Wenxian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, China; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China; Western China Technology Innovation Center for Grassland Industry, Gansu Province, China; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, China; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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17
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Wang X, Song M, Flaishman MA, Chen S, Ma H. AGAMOUS Gene as a New Sex-Identification Marker in Fig ( Ficus carica L.) Is More Efficient Than RAN1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:755358. [PMID: 34745187 PMCID: PMC8564383 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.755358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fig is an ancient gynodioecious fruit tree with females for commercial fruit production and hermaphrodites (males) sometimes used as pollen providers. An early sex-identification method would improve breeding efficiency. Three AGAMOUS (AG) genes were recruited from the Ficus carica genome using AG sequences from Ficus microcarpa and Ficus hispida. FcAG was 5230 bp in length, with 7 exons and 6 introns, and a 744-bp coding sequence. The gene was present in both female and male fig genomes, with a 15-bp deletion in the 7th exon. The other two AG genes (FcAG2-Gall_Stamen and FcAG3-Gall_Stamen) were male-specific, without the 15-bp deletion (759-bp coding sequence), and were only expressed in the gall and stamen of the male fig fruit. Using the deletion as the forward primer (AG-Marker), male plants were very efficiently identified by the presence of a 146-bp PCR product. The previously reported fig male and female polymorphism gene RESPONSIVE-TO-ANTAGONIST1 (RAN1) was also cloned and compared between male and female plants. Fifteen SNPs were found in the 3015-bp protein-coding sequence. Among them, 12 SNPs were identified as having sex-differentiating capacity by checking the sequences of 27 known male and 24 known female cultivars. A RAN1-Marker of 608 bp, including 6 SNPs, was designed, and a PCR and sequencing-based method was verified with 352 fig seedlings from two hybrid populations. Our results confirmed that the newly established AG-Marker is as accurate as the RAN1-Marker, and provide new clues to understanding Ficus sex determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Miaoyu Song
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Moshe A. Flaishman
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Shangwu Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutrition Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiqin Ma
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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18
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Rosas-Santiago P, Zechinelli Pérez K, Gómez Méndez MF, Vera López Portillo F, Ruiz Salas JL, Cordoba Martínez E, Acosta Maspon A, Pantoja O. A differential subcellular localization of two copper transporters from the COPT family suggests distinct roles in copper homeostasis in Physcomitrium patens. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:459-469. [PMID: 34418592 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The moss Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens is a bryophyte that provides genetic information about the adaptation to the life on land by early Embryophytes and is a reference organism for comparative evolutionary studies in plants. Copper is an essential micronutrient for every living organism, its transport across the plasma membrane is achieved by the copper transport protein family COPT/CTR. Two genes related to the COPT family were identified in Physcomitrella patens, PpaCOPT1 and PpaCOPT2. Homology modelling of both proteins showed the presence of three putative transmembrane domains (TMD) and the Mx3M motif, constituting a potential Cu + selectivity filter present in other members of this family. Functional characterization of PpaCOPT1 and PpaCOPT2 in the yeast mutant ctr1Δctr3Δ restored its growth on medium with non-fermentable carbon sources at micromolar Cu concentrations, providing support that these two moss proteins function as high affinity Cu + transporters. Localization of PpaCOPT1 and PpaCOPT2 in yeast cells was observed at the tonoplast and plasma membrane, respectively. The heterologous expression of PpaCOPT2 in tobacco epidermal cells co-localized with the plasma membrane marker. Finally, only PpaCOPT1 was expressed in seven-day old protonema and was influenced by extracellular copper levels. This evidence suggests different roles of PpaCOPT1 and PpaCOPT2 in copper homeostasis in Physcomitrella patens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Rosas-Santiago
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico.
| | - Karla Zechinelli Pérez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico.
| | - María Fernanda Gómez Méndez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico.
| | - Francisco Vera López Portillo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico.
| | - Jorge Luis Ruiz Salas
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico.
| | - Elizabeth Cordoba Martínez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico.
| | - Alexis Acosta Maspon
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico.
| | - Omar Pantoja
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico.
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19
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Jogawat A, Yadav B, Narayan OP. Metal transporters in organelles and their roles in heavy metal transportation and sequestration mechanisms in plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:259-275. [PMID: 33586164 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal toxicity is one of the major concerns for agriculture and health. Accumulation of toxic heavy metals at high concentrations in edible parts of crop plants is the primary cause of disease in humans and cattle. A dramatic increase in industrialization, urbanization, and other high anthropogenic activities has led to the accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soil, which has consequently disrupted soil conditions and affected crop yield. By now, plants have developed several mechanisms to cope with heavy metal stress. However, not all plants are equally effective in dealing with the toxicity of high heavy metal concentrations. Plants have modified their anatomy, morphophysiology, and molecular networks to survive under changing environmental conditions. Heavy metal sequestration is one of the essential processes evolved by some plants to deal with heavy metals' toxic concentration. Some plants even have the ability to accumulate metals in high quantities in the shoots/organelles without toxic effects. For intercellular and interorganeller metal transport, plants harbor spatially distributed various transporters which mainly help in uptake, translocation, and redistribution of metals. This review discusses different heavy metal transporters in different organelles and their roles in metal sequestration and redistribution to help plants cope with heavy metal stress. A good understanding of the processes at stake helps in developing more tolerant crops without affecting their productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bindu Yadav
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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20
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Kumar V, Pandita S, Singh Sidhu GP, Sharma A, Khanna K, Kaur P, Bali AS, Setia R. Copper bioavailability, uptake, toxicity and tolerance in plants: A comprehensive review. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127810. [PMID: 32763578 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential element for humans and plants when present in lesser amount, while in excessive amounts it exerts detrimental effects. There subsists a narrow difference amid the indispensable, positive and detrimental concentration of Cu in living system, which substantially alters with Cu speciation, and form of living organisms. Consequently, it is vital to monitor its bioavailability, speciation, exposure levels and routes in the living organisms. The ingestion of Cu-laced food crops is the key source of this heavy metal toxicity in humans. Hence, it is necessary to appraise the biogeochemical behaviour of Cu in soil-plant system with esteem to their quantity and speciation. On the basis of existing research, this appraisal traces a probable connexion midst: Cu levels, sources, chemistry, speciation and bioavailability in the soil. Besides, the functions of protein transporters in soil-plant Cu transport, and the detrimental effect of Cu on morphological, physiological and nutrient uptake in plants has also been discussed in the current manuscript. Mechanisms related to detoxification strategies like antioxidative response and generation of glutathione and phytochelatins to combat Cu-induced toxicity in plants is discussed as well. We also delimits the Cu accretion in food crops and allied health perils from soils encompassing less or high Cu quantity. Finally, an overview of various techniques involved in the reclamation and restoration of Cu-contaminated soils has been provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Department of Botany, Government Degree College, Ramban, Jammu, 182144, India.
| | - Shevita Pandita
- Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Gagan Preet Singh Sidhu
- Centre for Applied Biology in Environment Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119, India
| | - Anket Sharma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Kanika Khanna
- Independent Researcher, House No.282, Lane no. 3, Friends Colony, Opposite DAV College, Jalandhar, 144008, Punjab, India
| | - Parminder Kaur
- Independent Researcher, House No. 472, Ward No. 8, Dhariwal, Gurdaspur, 143519, Punjab, India
| | - Aditi Shreeya Bali
- Department of Botany, Dyal Singh College, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Raj Setia
- Punjab Remote Sensing Centre, Ludhiana, India
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21
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Abstract
Ethylene is a gaseous phytohormone and the first of this hormone class to be discovered. It is the simplest olefin gas and is biosynthesized by plants to regulate plant development, growth, and stress responses via a well-studied signaling pathway. One of the earliest reported responses to ethylene is the triple response. This response is common in eudicot seedlings grown in the dark and is characterized by reduced growth of the root and hypocotyl, an exaggerated apical hook, and a thickening of the hypocotyl. This proved a useful assay for genetic screens and enabled the identification of many components of the ethylene-signaling pathway. These components include a family of ethylene receptors in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER); a protein kinase, called constitutive triple response 1 (CTR1); an ER-localized transmembrane protein of unknown biochemical activity, called ethylene-insensitive 2 (EIN2); and transcription factors such as EIN3, EIN3-like (EIL), and ethylene response factors (ERFs). These studies led to a linear model, according to which in the absence of ethylene, its cognate receptors signal to CTR1, which inhibits EIN2 and prevents downstream signaling. Ethylene acts as an inverse agonist by inhibiting its receptors, resulting in lower CTR1 activity, which releases EIN2 inhibition. EIN2 alters transcription and translation, leading to most ethylene responses. Although this canonical pathway is the predominant signaling cascade, alternative pathways also affect ethylene responses. This review summarizes our current understanding of ethylene signaling, including these alternative pathways, and discusses how ethylene signaling has been manipulated for agricultural and horticultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad M Binder
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular & Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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Narendrula-Kotha R, Theriault G, Mehes-Smith M, Kalubi K, Nkongolo K. Metal Toxicity and Resistance in Plants and Microorganisms in Terrestrial Ecosystems. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 249:1-27. [PMID: 30725190 DOI: 10.1007/398_2018_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Metals are major abiotic stressors of many organisms, but their toxicity in plants is not as studied as in microorganisms and animals. Likewise, research in plant responses to metal contamination is sketchy. Candidate genes associated with metal resistance in plants have been recently discovered and characterized. Some mechanisms of plant adaptation to metal stressors have been now decrypted. New knowledge on microbial reaction to metal contamination and the relationship between bacterial, archaeal, and fungal resistance to metals has broadened our understanding of metal homeostasis in living organisms. Recent reviews on metal toxicity and resistance mechanisms focused only on the role of transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and ionomics. This review is a critical analysis of key findings on physiological and genetic processes in plants and microorganisms in responses to soil metal contaminations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Theriault
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | | | - Kersey Kalubi
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Kabwe Nkongolo
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada.
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada.
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23
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Zhou M, Zheng S, Liu R, Lu L, Zhang C, Zhang L, Yant L, Wu Y. The genome-wide impact of cadmium on microRNA and mRNA expression in contrasting Cd responsive wheat genotypes. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:615. [PMID: 31357934 PMCID: PMC6664702 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5939-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heavy metal ATPases (HMAs) are responsible for Cd translocation and play a primary role in Cd detoxification in various plant species. However, the characteristics of HMAs and the regulatory mechanisms between HMAs and microRNAs in wheat (Triticum aestivum L) remain unknown. RESULTS By comparative microRNA and transcriptome analysis, a total three known and 19 novel differentially expressed microRNAs (DEMs) and 1561 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in L17 after Cd treatment. In H17, by contrast, 12 known and 57 novel DEMs, and only 297 Cd-induced DEGs were found. Functional enrichments of DEMs and DEGs indicate how genotype-specific biological processes responded to Cd stress. Processes found to be involved in microRNAs-associated Cd response include: ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, tyrosine metabolism, and carbon fixation pathways and thiamine metabolism. For the mRNA response, categories including terpenoid backbone biosynthesis and phenylalanine metabolism, and photosynthesis - antenna proteins and ABC transporters were enriched. Moreover, we identified 32 TaHMA genes in wheat. Phylogenetic trees, chromosomal locations, conserved motifs and expression levels in different tissues and roots under Cd stress are presented. Finally, we infer a microRNA-TaHMAs expression network, indicating that miRNAs can regulate TaHMAs. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that microRNAs play important role in wheat under Cd stress through regulation of targets such as TaHMA2;1. Identification of these targets will be useful for screening and breeding low-Cd accumulation wheat lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Shigang Zheng
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Rong Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Lu Lu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Chihong Zhang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Levi Yant
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Yu Wu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
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Hoppen C, Müller L, Hänsch S, Uzun B, Milić D, Meyer AJ, Weidtkamp-Peters S, Groth G. Soluble and membrane-bound protein carrier mediate direct copper transport to the ethylene receptor family. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10715. [PMID: 31341214 PMCID: PMC6656775 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant hormone ethylene is a key regulator of plant growth, development and stress adaption. Ethylene perception and response are mediated by a family of integral membrane receptors (ETRs) localized at the ER-Golgi network. The biological function of these receptors relies on a protein-bound copper cofactor. Nonetheless, molecular processes and structures controlling assembly and integration of the metal into the functional plant hormone receptor are still unknown. Here, we have explored the molecular pathways of copper transfer from the plant cytosol to the ethylene receptor family by analyzing protein-protein interactions of receptors with soluble and membrane-bound plant copper carriers. Our results suggest that receptors primarily acquire their metal cofactor from copper transporter RESPONSIVE-TO-ANTAGONIST-1 (RAN1) which has been loaded with the transition metal beforehand by soluble copper carriers of the ATX1-family. In addition, we found evidence for a direct interaction of ETRs with soluble chaperones ANTIOXIDANT-1 (ATX1) and COPPER TRANSPORT PROTEIN (CCH) raising the possibility of a direct copper exchange between soluble chaperones and receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hoppen
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Physiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätstraße 1, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Lena Müller
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Physiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätstraße 1, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hänsch
- Center for Advanced Imaging (CAi), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätstraße 1, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Buket Uzun
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Physiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätstraße 1, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Dalibor Milić
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Labs, Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 5, University of Vienna, 1030, Wien, Austria
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- INRES - Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefanie Weidtkamp-Peters
- Center for Advanced Imaging (CAi), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätstraße 1, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Georg Groth
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Physiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätstraße 1, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany.
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Zhao H, Wang L, Zhao FJ, Wu L, Liu A, Xu W. SpHMA1 is a chloroplast cadmium exporter protecting photochemical reactions in the Cd hyperaccumulator Sedum plumbizincicola. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1112-1124. [PMID: 30311663 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sedum plumbizincicola is able to hyperaccumulate cadmium (Cd), a nonessential and highly toxic metal, in the above-ground tissues, but the mechanisms for its Cd hypertolerance are not fully understood. Here, we show that the heavy metal ATPase 1 (SpHMA1) of S. plumbizincicola plays an important role in chloroplast Cd detoxification. Compared with the HMA1 ortholog in the Cd nonhyperaccumulating ecotype of Sedum alfredii, the expression of SpHMA1 in the leaves of S. plumbizincicola was >200 times higher. Heterologous expression of SpHMA1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased Cd sensitivity and Cd transport activity in the yeast cells. The SpHMA1 protein was localized to the chloroplast envelope. SpHMA1 RNA interference transgenic plants and CRISPR/Cas9-induced mutant lines showed significantly increased Cd accumulation in the chloroplasts compared with wild-type plants. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging analysis revealed that the photosystem II of SpHMA1 knockdown and knockout lines suffered from a much higher degree of Cd toxicity than wild type. Taken together, these results suggest that SpHMA1 functions as a chloroplast Cd exporter and protects photosynthesis by preventing Cd accumulation in the chloroplast in S. plumbizincicola and hyperexpression of SpHMA1 is an important component contributing to Cd hypertolerance in S. plumbizincicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liangsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fang-Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Longhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Anna Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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26
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Lekeux G, Laurent C, Joris M, Jadoul A, Jiang D, Bosman B, Carnol M, Motte P, Xiao Z, Galleni M, Hanikenne M. di-Cysteine motifs in the C-terminus of plant HMA4 proteins confer nanomolar affinity for zinc and are essential for HMA4 function in vivo. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:5547-5560. [PMID: 30137564 PMCID: PMC6255694 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The PIB ATPase heavy metal ATPase 4 (HMA4) has a central role in the zinc homeostasis network of Arabidopsis thaliana. This membrane protein loads metal from the pericycle cells into the xylem in roots, thereby allowing root to shoot metal translocation. Moreover, HMA4 is key for zinc hyperaccumulation as well as zinc and cadmium hypertolerance in the pseudometallophyte Arabidopsis halleri. The plant-specific cytosolic C-terminal extension of HMA4 is rich in putative metal-binding residues and has substantially diverged between A. thaliana and A. halleri. To clarify the function of the domain in both species, protein variants with truncated C-terminal extension, as well as with mutated di-Cys motifs and/or a His-stretch, were functionally characterized. We show that di-Cys motifs, but not the His-stretch, contribute to high affinity zinc binding and function in planta. We suggest that the HMA4 C-terminal extension is at least partly responsible for protein targeting to the plasma membrane. Finally, we reveal that the C-terminal extensions of both A. thaliana and A. halleri HMA4 proteins share similar function, despite marginally different zinc-binding capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Lekeux
- InBioS – Center for Protein Engineering (CIP), Biological Macromolecules, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- InBioS – PhytoSystems, Functional Genomics and Plant Molecular Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Clémentine Laurent
- InBioS – Center for Protein Engineering (CIP), Biological Macromolecules, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- InBioS – PhytoSystems, Functional Genomics and Plant Molecular Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Present address: EyeD Pharma, Quartier Hôpital, Avenue Hippocrate, 54000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Marine Joris
- InBioS – PhytoSystems, Functional Genomics and Plant Molecular Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Alice Jadoul
- InBioS – PhytoSystems, Functional Genomics and Plant Molecular Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Dan Jiang
- InBioS – PhytoSystems, Functional Genomics and Plant Molecular Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bernard Bosman
- InBioS – PhytoSystems, Laboratory of Plant and Microbial Ecology, Department of Biology, Ecology, Evolution, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Monique Carnol
- InBioS – PhytoSystems, Laboratory of Plant and Microbial Ecology, Department of Biology, Ecology, Evolution, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Patrick Motte
- InBioS – PhytoSystems, Functional Genomics and Plant Molecular Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Zhiguang Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Present address: Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Moreno Galleni
- InBioS – Center for Protein Engineering (CIP), Biological Macromolecules, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marc Hanikenne
- InBioS – PhytoSystems, Functional Genomics and Plant Molecular Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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27
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Chen Y, Grimplet J, David K, Castellarin SD, Terol J, Wong DCJ, Luo Z, Schaffer R, Celton JM, Talon M, Gambetta GA, Chervin C. Ethylene receptors and related proteins in climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 276:63-72. [PMID: 30348329 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fruits have been traditionally classified into two categories based on their capacity to produce and respond to ethylene during ripening. Fruits whose ripening is associated to a peak of ethylene production and a respiration burst are referred to as climacteric, while those that are not are referred to as non-climacteric. However, an increasing body of literature supports an important role for ethylene in the ripening of both climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. Genome and transcriptomic data have become available across a variety of fruits and we leverage these data to compare the structure and transcriptional regulation of the ethylene receptors and related proteins. Through the analysis of four economically important fruits, two climacteric (tomato and apple), and two non-climacteric (grape and citrus), this review compares the structure and transcriptional regulation of the ethylene receptors and related proteins in both types of fruit, establishing a basis for the annotation of ethylene-related genes. This analysis reveals two interesting differences between climacteric and non-climacteric fruit: i) a higher number of ETR genes are found in climacteric fruits, and ii) non-climacteric fruits are characterized by an earlier ETR expression peak relative to sugar accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Université de Toulouse, Genomics & Biotechnology of Fruits, INRA, Toulouse INP, ENSAT, BP 32607, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Jérôme Grimplet
- Departamento de Viticultura, Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de la Rioja, Logroño, Spain.
| | - Karine David
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Simone Diego Castellarin
- University of British Columbia, Wine Research Centre, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z4, Canada.
| | - Javier Terol
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Carretera CV-315, km 10,7, Moncada, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Darren C J Wong
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Zhiwei Luo
- Plant & Food Research, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Robert Schaffer
- Plant & Food Research, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Jean-Marc Celton
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRA, BP 60057, 49071 Beaucouze Cedex, France.
| | - Manuel Talon
- Centro de Genómica, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Carretera CV-315, km 10,7, Moncada, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Gregory Alan Gambetta
- Bordeaux Science Agro, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne, UMR 1287, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
| | - Christian Chervin
- Université de Toulouse, Genomics & Biotechnology of Fruits, INRA, Toulouse INP, ENSAT, BP 32607, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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Zhang C, Lu W, Yang Y, Shen Z, Ma JF, Zheng L. OsYSL16 is Required for Preferential Cu Distribution to Floral Organs in Rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:2039-2051. [PMID: 29939322 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency of copper (Cu) causes low fertility in many plant species, but the molecular mechanisms underlying distribution of Cu to the floral organs are poorly understood. Here, we found that a member of yellow-stripe like (YSL) family, YSL16 encoding the Cu-nicotianamine (Cu-NA) transporter, was highly expressed in the rachilla, with less expression in the palea and lemma of rice (Oryza sativa). β-Glucuronidase (GUS) staining of transgenic rice carrying the OsYSL16 promoter-GUS showed that OsYSL16 was mainly expressed in vascular bundles of the rachilla as well as the palea and lemma. Knockout of OsYSL16 resulted in decreased Cu distribution to the stamens, but increased distribution to the palea and lemma. A short-term (24 h) 65Cu labeling experiment confirmed increased Cu concentration of palea and lemma in the mutant. Furthermore, we found that redistribution of Cu from the palea and lemma was impaired in the osysl16 mutant after exposure to Cu-free solution. The osysl16 mutant showed low pollen germination, but this was rescued by addition of Cu in the medium. Our results indicate that OsYSL16 expressed in the vascular bundles of the rachilla is important for preferential distribution of Cu to the stamens, while OsYSL16 in vascular bundles of the palea and lemma is involved in Cu redistribution under Cu-limited conditions in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenhui Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenguo Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Luqing Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Zhang Y, Chen K, Zhao FJ, Sun C, Jin C, Shi Y, Sun Y, Li Y, Yang M, Jing X, Luo J, Lian X. OsATX1 Interacts with Heavy Metal P1B-Type ATPases and Affects Copper Transport and Distribution. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:329-344. [PMID: 30002257 PMCID: PMC6130040 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient for plant growth. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying Cu trafficking and distribution to different organs in rice (Oryza sativa) are poorly understood. Here, we report the function and role of Antioxidant Protein1 (OsATX1), a Cu chaperone in rice. Knocking out OsATX1 resulted in increased Cu concentrations in roots, whereas OsATX1 overexpression reduced root Cu concentrations but increased Cu accumulation in the shoots. At the reproductive stage, the concentrations of Cu in developing tissues, including panicles, upper nodes and internodes, younger leaf blades, and leaf sheaths of the main tiller, were increased significantly in OsATX1-overexpressing plants and decreased in osatx1 mutants compared with the wild type. The osatx1 mutants also showed a higher Cu concentration in older leaves. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays showed that OsATX1 interacts with the rice heavy metal P1B-ATPases HMA4, HMA5, HMA6, and HMA9. These results suggest that OsATX1 may function to deliver Cu to heavy metal P1B-ATPases for Cu trafficking and distribution in order to maintain Cu homeostasis in different rice tissues. In addition, heterologous expression of OsATX1 in the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cadmium-sensitive mutant Δycf1 increased the tolerance to Cu and cadmium by decreasing their respective concentrations in the transformed yeast cells. Taken together, our results indicate that OsATX1 plays an important role in facilitating root-to-shoot Cu translocation and the redistribution of Cu from old leaves to developing tissues and seeds in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kai Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fang-Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Cuiju Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuheng Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yangyang Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Meng Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xinyu Jing
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jie Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xingming Lian
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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30
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Ibort P, Molina S, Ruiz-Lozano JM, Aroca R. Molecular Insights into the Involvement of a Never Ripe Receptor in the Interaction Between Two Beneficial Soil Bacteria and Tomato Plants Under Well-Watered and Drought Conditions. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:633-650. [PMID: 29384430 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-17-0292-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Management of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) can be implemented to deal with sustainable intensification of agriculture. Ethylene is an essential component for plant growth and development and in response to drought. However, little is known about the effects of bacterial inoculation on ethylene transduction pathway. Thus, the present study sought to establish whether ethylene perception is critical for growth induction by two different PGPB strains under drought conditions and the analysis of bacterial effects on ethylene production and gene expression in tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum). The ethylene-insensitive never ripe (nr) and its isogenic wild-type (wt) cv. Pearson line were inoculated with either Bacillus megaterium or Enterobacter sp. strain C7 and grown until the attainment of maturity under both well-watered and drought conditions. Ethylene perception is crucial for B. megaterium. However, it is not of prime importance for Enterobacter sp. strain C7 PGPB activity under drought conditions. Both PGPB decreased the expression of ethylene-related genes in wt plants, resulting in stress alleviation, while only B. megaterium induced their expression in nr plants. Furthermore, PGPB inoculation affected transcriptomic profile dependency on strain, genotype, and drought. Ethylene sensitivity determines plant interaction with PGPB strains. Enterobacter sp. strain C7 could modulate amino-acid metabolism, while nr mutation causes a partially functional interaction with B. megaterium, resulting in higher oxidative stress and loss of PGPB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ibort
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Sonia Molina
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Ruiz-Lozano
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Ricardo Aroca
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ-CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
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Wang F, Wang L, Qiao L, Chen J, Pappa MB, Pei H, Zhang T, Chang C, Dong CH. Arabidopsis CPR5 regulates ethylene signaling via molecular association with the ETR1 receptor. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 59:810-824. [PMID: 28708312 PMCID: PMC5680097 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone ethylene plays various functions in plant growth, development and response to environmental stress. Ethylene is perceived by membrane-bound ethylene receptors, and among the homologous receptors in Arabidopsis, the ETR1 ethylene receptor plays a major role. The present study provides evidence demonstrating that Arabidopsis CPR5 functions as a novel ETR1 receptor-interacting protein in regulating ethylene response and signaling. Yeast split ubiquitin assays and bi-fluorescence complementation studies in plant cells indicated that CPR5 directly interacts with the ETR1 receptor. Genetic analyses indicated that mutant alleles of cpr5 can suppress ethylene insensitivity in both etr1-1 and etr1-2, but not in other dominant ethylene receptor mutants. Overexpression of Arabidopsis CPR5 either in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, or ectopically in tobacco, significantly enhanced ethylene sensitivity. These findings indicate that CPR5 plays a critical role in regulating ethylene signaling. CPR5 is localized to endomembrane structures and the nucleus, and is involved in various regulatory pathways, including pathogenesis, leaf senescence, and spontaneous cell death. This study provides evidence for a novel regulatory function played by CPR5 in the ethylene receptor signaling pathway in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Longfei Qiao
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jiacai Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Maria Belen Pappa
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Haixia Pei
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Caren Chang
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Chun-Hai Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Correspondence: Chun-Hai Dong ()
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Zheng F, Cui X, Rivarola M, Gao T, Chang C, Dong CH. Molecular association of Arabidopsis RTH with its homolog RTE1 in regulating ethylene signaling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:2821-2832. [PMID: 28541511 PMCID: PMC5853943 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone ethylene affects many biological processes during plant growth and development. Ethylene is perceived by ethylene receptors at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. The ETR1 ethylene receptor is positively regulated by the transmembrane protein RTE1, which localizes to the ER and Golgi apparatus. The RTE1 gene family is conserved in animals, plants, and lower eukaryotes. In Arabidopsis, RTE1-HOMOLOG (RTH) is the only homolog of the Arabidopsis RTE1 gene family. The regulatory function of the Arabidopsis RTH in ethylene signaling and plant growth is largely unknown. The present study shows Arabidopsis RTH gene expression patterns, protein co-localization with the ER and Golgi apparatus, and the altered ethylene response phenotype when RTH is knocked out or overexpressed in Arabidopsis. Compared with rte1 mutants, rth mutants exhibit less sensitivity to exogenous ethylene, while RTH overexpression confers ethylene hypersensitivity. Genetic analyses indicate that Arabidopsis RTH might not directly regulate the ethylene receptors. RTH can physically interact with RTE1, and evidence supports that RTH might act via RTE1 in regulating ethylene responses and signaling. The present study advances our understanding of the regulatory function of the Arabidopsis RTE1 gene family members in ethylene signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiankui Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Maximo Rivarola
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ting Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Caren Chang
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Chun-Hai Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Triplin, a small molecule, reveals copper ion transport in ethylene signaling from ATX1 to RAN1. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006703. [PMID: 28388654 PMCID: PMC5400275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper ions play an important role in ethylene receptor biogenesis and proper function. The copper transporter RESPONSIVE-TO-ANTAGONIST1 (RAN1) is essential for copper ion transport in Arabidopsis thaliana. However it is still unclear how copper ions are delivered to RAN1 and how copper ions affect ethylene receptors. There is not a specific copper chelator which could be used to explore these questions. Here, by chemical genetics, we identified a novel small molecule, triplin, which could cause a triple response phenotype on dark-grown Arabidopsis seedlings through ethylene signaling pathway. ran1-1 and ran1-2 are hypersensitive to triplin. Adding copper ions in growth medium could partially restore the phenotype on plant caused by triplin. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that triplin could bind copper ion. Compared to the known chelators, triplin acts more specifically to copper ion and it suppresses the toxic effects of excess copper ions on plant root growth. We further showed that mutants of ANTIOXIDANT PROTEIN1 (ATX1) are hypersensitive to tiplin, but with less sensitivity comparing with the ones of ran1-1 and ran1-2. Our study provided genetic evidence for the first time that, copper ions necessary for ethylene receptor biogenesis and signaling are transported from ATX1 to RAN1. Considering that triplin could chelate copper ions in Arabidopsis, and copper ions are essential for plant and animal, we believe that, triplin not only could be useful for studying copper ion transport of plants, but also could be useful for copper metabolism study in animal and human.
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Merchante C, Stepanova AN. The Triple Response Assay and Its Use to Characterize Ethylene Mutants in Arabidopsis. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1573:163-209. [PMID: 28293847 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6854-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of plants to ethylene results in drastic morphological changes. Seedlings germinated in the dark in the presence of saturating concentrations of ethylene display a characteristic phenotype known as the triple response. This phenotype is robust and easy to score. In Arabidopsis the triple response is usually evaluated at 3 days post germination in seedlings grown in the dark in rich media supplemented with 10 μM of the ethylene precursor ACC in air or in unsupplemented media in the presence of 10 ppm ethylene. The triple response in Arabidopsis consists of shortening and thickening of hypocotyls and roots and exaggeration of the curvature of apical hooks. The search for Arabidopsis mutants that fail to show this phenotype in ethylene or, vice versa, display the triple response in the absence of exogenously supplied hormone has allowed the identification of the key components of the ethylene biosynthesis and signaling pathways. Herein, we describe a simple protocol for assaying the triple response in Arabidopsis. The method can also be employed in many other dicot species, with minor modifications to account for species-specific differences in germination. We also compiled a comprehensive table of ethylene-related mutants of Arabidopsis, including many lines with auxin-related defects, as wild-type levels of auxin biosynthesis, transport, signaling, and response are necessary for the normal response of plants to ethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Merchante
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea (IHSM)-UMA-CSIC, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Anna N Stepanova
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA. .,Genetics Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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A heavy metal P-type ATPase OsHMA4 prevents copper accumulation in rice grain. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12138. [PMID: 27387148 PMCID: PMC4941113 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice is a major source of calories and mineral nutrients for over half the world's human population. However, little is known in rice about the genetic basis of variation in accumulation of copper (Cu), an essential but potentially toxic nutrient. Here we identify OsHMA4 as the likely causal gene of a quantitative trait locus controlling Cu accumulation in rice grain. We provide evidence that OsHMA4 functions to sequester Cu into root vacuoles, limiting Cu accumulation in the grain. The difference in grain Cu accumulation is most likely attributed to a single amino acid substitution that leads to different OsHMA4 transport activity. The allele associated with low grain Cu was found in 67 of the 1,367 rice accessions investigated. Identification of natural allelic variation in OsHMA4 may facilitate the development of rice varieties with grain Cu concentrations tuned to both the concentration of Cu in the soil and dietary needs. Copper (Cu) is an essential mineral nutrient but high concentrations in rice grain can cause toxicity. Here the authors provide evidence that natural variation in rice grain Cu concentration is caused by altered sequestration of Cu into root vacuoles due to a single amino acid substitution in the OsHMA4 transporter.
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Kooke R, Kruijer W, Bours R, Becker F, Kuhn A, van de Geest H, Buntjer J, Doeswijk T, Guerra J, Bouwmeester H, Vreugdenhil D, Keurentjes JJB. Genome-Wide Association Mapping and Genomic Prediction Elucidate the Genetic Architecture of Morphological Traits in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:2187-203. [PMID: 26869705 PMCID: PMC4825126 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative traits in plants are controlled by a large number of genes and their interaction with the environment. To disentangle the genetic architecture of such traits, natural variation within species can be explored by studying genotype-phenotype relationships. Genome-wide association studies that link phenotypes to thousands of single nucleotide polymorphism markers are nowadays common practice for such analyses. In many cases, however, the identified individual loci cannot fully explain the heritability estimates, suggesting missing heritability. We analyzed 349 Arabidopsis accessions and found extensive variation and high heritabilities for different morphological traits. The number of significant genome-wide associations was, however, very low. The application of genomic prediction models that take into account the effects of all individual loci may greatly enhance the elucidation of the genetic architecture of quantitative traits in plants. Here, genomic prediction models revealed different genetic architectures for the morphological traits. Integrating genomic prediction and association mapping enabled the assignment of many plausible candidate genes explaining the observed variation. These genes were analyzed for functional and sequence diversity, and good indications that natural allelic variation in many of these genes contributes to phenotypic variation were obtained. For ACS11, an ethylene biosynthesis gene, haplotype differences explaining variation in the ratio of petiole and leaf length could be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik Kooke
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., R.B., A.K., H.B., D.V.); Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., F.B., J.J.B.K.); Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Wageningen Campus, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., H.v.d.G., D.V., J.J.B.K); Biometris, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (W.K.); PRI Bioinformatics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (H.v.d.G.); and Keygene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, the Netherlands (J.B., T.D., J.G.)
| | - Willem Kruijer
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., R.B., A.K., H.B., D.V.); Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., F.B., J.J.B.K.); Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Wageningen Campus, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., H.v.d.G., D.V., J.J.B.K); Biometris, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (W.K.); PRI Bioinformatics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (H.v.d.G.); and Keygene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, the Netherlands (J.B., T.D., J.G.)
| | - Ralph Bours
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., R.B., A.K., H.B., D.V.); Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., F.B., J.J.B.K.); Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Wageningen Campus, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., H.v.d.G., D.V., J.J.B.K); Biometris, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (W.K.); PRI Bioinformatics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (H.v.d.G.); and Keygene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, the Netherlands (J.B., T.D., J.G.)
| | - Frank Becker
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., R.B., A.K., H.B., D.V.); Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., F.B., J.J.B.K.); Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Wageningen Campus, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., H.v.d.G., D.V., J.J.B.K); Biometris, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (W.K.); PRI Bioinformatics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (H.v.d.G.); and Keygene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, the Netherlands (J.B., T.D., J.G.)
| | - André Kuhn
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., R.B., A.K., H.B., D.V.); Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., F.B., J.J.B.K.); Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Wageningen Campus, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., H.v.d.G., D.V., J.J.B.K); Biometris, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (W.K.); PRI Bioinformatics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (H.v.d.G.); and Keygene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, the Netherlands (J.B., T.D., J.G.)
| | - Henri van de Geest
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., R.B., A.K., H.B., D.V.); Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., F.B., J.J.B.K.); Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Wageningen Campus, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., H.v.d.G., D.V., J.J.B.K); Biometris, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (W.K.); PRI Bioinformatics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (H.v.d.G.); and Keygene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, the Netherlands (J.B., T.D., J.G.)
| | - Jaap Buntjer
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., R.B., A.K., H.B., D.V.); Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., F.B., J.J.B.K.); Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Wageningen Campus, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., H.v.d.G., D.V., J.J.B.K); Biometris, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (W.K.); PRI Bioinformatics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (H.v.d.G.); and Keygene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, the Netherlands (J.B., T.D., J.G.)
| | - Timo Doeswijk
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., R.B., A.K., H.B., D.V.); Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., F.B., J.J.B.K.); Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Wageningen Campus, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., H.v.d.G., D.V., J.J.B.K); Biometris, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (W.K.); PRI Bioinformatics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (H.v.d.G.); and Keygene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, the Netherlands (J.B., T.D., J.G.)
| | - José Guerra
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., R.B., A.K., H.B., D.V.); Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., F.B., J.J.B.K.); Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Wageningen Campus, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., H.v.d.G., D.V., J.J.B.K); Biometris, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (W.K.); PRI Bioinformatics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (H.v.d.G.); and Keygene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, the Netherlands (J.B., T.D., J.G.)
| | - Harro Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., R.B., A.K., H.B., D.V.); Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., F.B., J.J.B.K.); Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Wageningen Campus, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., H.v.d.G., D.V., J.J.B.K); Biometris, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (W.K.); PRI Bioinformatics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (H.v.d.G.); and Keygene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, the Netherlands (J.B., T.D., J.G.)
| | - Dick Vreugdenhil
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., R.B., A.K., H.B., D.V.); Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., F.B., J.J.B.K.); Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Wageningen Campus, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., H.v.d.G., D.V., J.J.B.K); Biometris, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (W.K.); PRI Bioinformatics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (H.v.d.G.); and Keygene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, the Netherlands (J.B., T.D., J.G.)
| | - Joost J B Keurentjes
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., R.B., A.K., H.B., D.V.); Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., F.B., J.J.B.K.); Centre for Biosystems Genomics, Wageningen Campus, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (R.K., H.v.d.G., D.V., J.J.B.K); Biometris, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (W.K.); PRI Bioinformatics, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (H.v.d.G.); and Keygene, Agro Business Park 90, 6708 PW Wageningen, the Netherlands (J.B., T.D., J.G.)
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Li D, Xu X, Hu X, Liu Q, Wang Z, Zhang H, Wang H, Wei M, Wang H, Liu H, Li C. Genome-Wide Analysis and Heavy Metal-Induced Expression Profiling of the HMA Gene Family in Populus trichocarpa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1149. [PMID: 26779188 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-018-3637-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The heavy metal ATPase (HMA) family plays an important role in transition metal transport in plants. However, this gene family has not been extensively studied in Populus trichocarpa. We identified 17 HMA genes in P. trichocarpa (PtHMAs), of which PtHMA1-PtHMA4 belonged to the zinc (Zn)/cobalt (Co)/cadmium (Cd)/lead (Pb) subgroup, and PtHMA5-PtHMA8 were members of the copper (Cu)/silver (Ag) subgroup. Most of the genes were localized to chromosomes I and III. Gene structure, gene chromosomal location, and synteny analyses of PtHMAs indicated that tandem and segmental duplications likely contributed to the expansion and evolution of the PtHMAs. Most of the HMA genes contained abiotic stress-related cis-elements. Tissue-specific expression of PtHMA genes showed that PtHMA1 and PtHMA4 had relatively high expression levels in the leaves, whereas Cu/Ag subgroup (PtHMA5.1- PtHMA8) genes were upregulated in the roots. High concentrations of Cu, Ag, Zn, Cd, Co, Pb, and Mn differentially regulated the expression of PtHMAs in various tissues. The preliminary results of the present study generated basic information on the HMA family of Populus that may serve as foundation for future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University Harbin, China
| | - Xuemei Xu
- Library of Northeast Forestry University Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University Harbin, China
| | - Quangang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University Harbin, China
| | - Zhanchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University Harbin, China
| | - Haizhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University Harbin, China
| | - Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University Harbin, China
| | - Ming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University Harbin, China
| | - Hanzeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University Harbin, China
| | - Haimei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University Harbin, China
| | - Chenghao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University Harbin, China
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Migocka M. Copper-transporting ATPases: The evolutionarily conserved machineries for balancing copper in living systems. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:737-45. [PMID: 26422816 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Copper ATPases (Cu-ATPases) are ubiquitous transmembrane proteins using energy from ATP to transport copper across different biological membranes of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. As they belong to the P-ATPase family, Cu-ATPases contain a characteristic catalytic domain with an evolutionarily conserved aspartate residue phosphorylated by ATP to form a phosphoenzyme intermediate, as well as transmembrane helices containing a cation-binding cysteine-proline-cysteine/histidine/serine (CPx) motif for catalytic activation and cation translocation. In addition, most Cu-ATPases possess the N-terminal Cu-binding CxxC motif required for regulation of enzyme activity. In cells, the Cu-ATPases receive copper from soluble chaperones and maintain intracellular copper homeostasis by efflux of copper from the cell or transport of the metal into the intracellular compartments. In addition, copper pumps play an essential role in cuproprotein biosynthesis by the uptake of copper into the cell or delivery of the metal into the chloroplasts and thylakoid lumen or into the lumen of the secretory pathway, where the metal ion is incorporated into copper-dependent enzymes. In the recent years, significant progress has been made toward understanding the function and regulation of Cu-transporting ATPases in archaea, bacteria, yeast, humans, and plants, providing new insights into the specific physiological roles of these essential proteins in various organisms and revealing some conservative regulatory mechanisms of Cu-ATPase activity. In this review, the structural, biochemical, and functional properties of Cu-ATPases from phylogenetically different organisms are summarized and discussed, with particular attention given to the recent insights into the molecular biology of copper pumps in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Migocka
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
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Ju C, Chang C. Mechanistic Insights in Ethylene Perception and Signal Transduction. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:85-95. [PMID: 26246449 PMCID: PMC4577421 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The gaseous hormone ethylene profoundly affects plant growth, development, and stress responses. Ethylene perception occurs at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, and signal transduction leads to a transcriptional cascade that initiates diverse responses, often in conjunction with other signals. Recent findings provide a more complete picture of the components and mechanisms in ethylene signaling, now rendering a more dynamic view of this conserved pathway. This includes newly identified protein-protein interactions at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, as well as the major discoveries that the central regulator ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2 (EIN2) is the long-sought phosphorylation substrate for the CONSTITUTIVE RESPONSE1 protein kinase, and that cleavage of EIN2 transmits the signal to the nucleus. In the nucleus, hundreds of potential gene targets of the EIN3 master transcription factor have been identified and found to be induced in transcriptional waves, and transcriptional coregulation has been shown to be a mechanism of ethylene cross talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanli Ju
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China (C.J.); andDepartment of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815 (C.J., C.C.)
| | - Caren Chang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China (C.J.); andDepartment of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5815 (C.J., C.C.)
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Migocka M, Posyniak E, Maciaszczyk-Dziubinska E, Papierniak A, Kosieradzaka A. Functional and Biochemical Characterization of Cucumber Genes Encoding Two Copper ATPases CsHMA5.1 and CsHMA5.2. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15717-15729. [PMID: 25963145 PMCID: PMC4505482 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.618355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant copper P1B-type ATPases appear to be crucial for maintaining copper homeostasis within plant cells, but until now they have been studied mostly in model plant systems. Here, we present the molecular and biochemical characterization of two cucumber copper ATPases, CsHMA5.1 and CsHMA5.2, indicating a different function for HMA5-like proteins in different plants. When expressed in yeast, CsHMA5.1 and CsHMA5.2 localize to the vacuolar membrane and are activated by monovalent copper or silver ions and cysteine, showing different affinities to Cu(+) (Km ∼1 or 0.5 μM, respectively) and similar affinity to Ag(+) (Km ∼2.5 μM). Both proteins restore the growth of yeast mutants sensitive to copper excess and silver through intracellular copper sequestration, indicating that they contribute to copper and silver detoxification. Immunoblotting with specific antibodies revealed the presence of CsHMA5.1 and CsHMA5.2 in the tonoplast of cucumber cells. Interestingly, the root-specific CsHMA5.1 was not affected by copper stress, whereas the widely expressed CsHMA5.2 was up-regulated or down-regulated in roots upon copper excess or deficiency, respectively. The copper-induced increase in tonoplast CsHMA5.2 is consistent with the increased activity of ATP-dependent copper transport into tonoplast vesicles isolated from roots of plants grown under copper excess. These data identify CsHMA5.1 and CsHMA5.2 as high affinity Cu(+) transporters and suggest that CsHMA5.2 is responsible for the increased sequestration of copper in vacuoles of cucumber root cells under copper excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Migocka
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Posyniak
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Maciaszczyk-Dziubinska
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Genetics and Cell Physiology, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Papierniak
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland
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Leng X, Mu Q, Wang X, Li X, Zhu X, Shangguan L, Fang J. Transporters, chaperones, and P-type ATPases controlling grapevine copper homeostasis. Funct Integr Genomics 2015; 15:673-84. [PMID: 26054906 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-015-0444-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
With more copper and copper-containing compounds used as bactericides and fungicides in viticulture, copper homeostasis in grapevine (Vitis) has become one of the serious environmental crises with great risk. To better understand the regulation of Cu homeostasis in grapevine, grapevine seedlings cultured in vitro with different levels of Cu were utilized to investigate the tolerance mechanisms of grapevine responding to copper availability at physiological and molecular levels. The results indicated that Cu contents in roots and leaves arose with increasing levels of Cu application. With copper concentration increasing, malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased in roots and leaves and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) increased to protect the plant itself from damage. The expression patterns of 19 genes, encoding transporters, chaperones, and P-type ATPases involved in copper homeostasis in root and leaf of grapevine seedling under various levels of Cu(2+) were further analyzed. The expression patterns indicated that CTr1, CTr2, and CTr8 transporters were significantly upregulated in response both to Cu excess and deficiency. ZIP2 was downregulated in response to Cu excess and upregulated under Cu-deficient conditions, while ZIP4 had an opposite expression pattern under similar conditions. The expression of chaperones and P-type ATPases in response to Cu availability in grapevine were also briefly studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangpeng Leng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Tongwei Road 6, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qian Mu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Tongwei Road 6, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Tongwei Road 6, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Tongwei Road 6, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Tongwei Road 6, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lingfei Shangguan
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Tongwei Road 6, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Jinggui Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Tongwei Road 6, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Migocka M, Papierniak A, Maciaszczyk-Dziubinska E, Posyniak E, Kosieradzka A. Molecular and biochemical properties of two P1B2-ATPases, CsHMA3 and CsHMA4, from cucumber. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1127-41. [PMID: 25210955 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
P1B-ATPases (heavy metal ATPases, HMAs) constitute a multigenic subfamily of P-ATPases involved in the transport of monovalent and divalent heavy metals in plant cells. Here, we present the organization of genes encoding the HMA family in the cucumber genome and report the function and biochemical properties of two cucumber proteins homologous to the HMA2-4-like plant HMAs. Eight genes encoding putative P1B -ATPases were identified in the cucumber genome. Among them, CsHMA3 was predominantly expressed in roots and up-regulated by Pb, Zn and Cd excess, whereas the CsHMA4 transcript was most abundant in roots and flowers of cucumber plants, and elevated under Pb and Zn excess. Expression of CsHMA3 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae enhanced yeast tolerance to Cd and Pb, whereas CsHMA4 conferred increased resistance of yeast cells to Cd and Zn. Immunostaining with specific antibodies raised against cucumber proteins revealed tonoplast localization of CsHMA3 and plasma membrane localization of CsHMA4 in cucumber root cells. Kinetic studies of CsHMA3 and CsHMA4 in yeast membranes indicated differing heavy metal cation affinities of these two proteins. Altogether, the results suggest an important role of CsHMA3 and CsHMA4 in Cd and Pb detoxification and Zn homeostasis in cucumber cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Migocka
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, University of Wroclaw Kanonia 6/8, Wroclaw, 50-328, Poland
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Lin M, Pang C, Fan S, Song M, Wei H, Yu S. Global analysis of the Gossypium hirsutum L. Transcriptome during leaf senescence by RNA-Seq. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:43. [PMID: 25849479 PMCID: PMC4342795 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leaf senescence is an important developmental programmed degeneration process that dramatically affects crop quality and yield. The regulation of senescence is highly complex. Although senescence regulatory genes have been well characterized in model species such as Arabidopsis and rice, there is little information on the control of this process in cotton. Here, the senescence process in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaves was investigated over a time course including young leaf, mature leaf and leaf samples from different senescence stages using RNA-Seq. RESULTS Of 24,846 genes detected by mapping the tags to Gossypium genomes, 3,624 genes were identified as differentially expressed during leaf senescence. There was some overlap between the genes identified here and senescence-associated genes previously identified in other species. Most of the genes related to photosynthesis, chlorophyll metabolism and carbon fixation were downregulated; whereas those for plant hormone signal transduction were upregulated. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to evaluate the results of RNA-Seq for gene expression profiles. Furthermore, 519 differentially expressed transcription factors were identified, notably WRKY, bHLH and C3H. In addition, 960 genes involved in the metabolism and regulation of eight hormones were identified, of which many genes involved in the abscisic acid, brassinosteroid, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and ethylene pathways were upregulated, indicating that these hormone-related genes might play crucial roles in cotton leaf development and senescence. However, most auxin, cytokinin and gibberellin pathway-related genes were downregulated, suggesting that these three hormones may act as negative regulators of senescence. CONCLUSIONS This is the first high-resolution, multiple time-course, genome-wide comprehensive analysis of gene expression in cotton. These data are the most comprehensive dataset currently available for cotton leaf senescence, and will serve as a useful resource for unraveling the functions of many specific genes involved in cotton leaf development and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455112 China
| | - Chaoyou Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455112 China
| | - Shuli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455112 China
| | - Meizhen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455112 China
| | - Hengling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455112 China
| | - Shuxun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455112 China
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Guo J, Green BR, Maldonado MT. Sequence Analysis and Gene Expression of Potential Components of Copper Transport and Homeostasis in Thalassiosira pseudonana. Protist 2015; 166:58-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Li D, Xu X, Hu X, Liu Q, Wang Z, Zhang H, Wang H, Wei M, Wang H, Liu H, Li C. Genome-Wide Analysis and Heavy Metal-Induced Expression Profiling of the HMA Gene Family in Populus trichocarpa. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1149. [PMID: 26779188 PMCID: PMC4688379 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The heavy metal ATPase (HMA) family plays an important role in transition metal transport in plants. However, this gene family has not been extensively studied in Populus trichocarpa. We identified 17 HMA genes in P. trichocarpa (PtHMAs), of which PtHMA1-PtHMA4 belonged to the zinc (Zn)/cobalt (Co)/cadmium (Cd)/lead (Pb) subgroup, and PtHMA5-PtHMA8 were members of the copper (Cu)/silver (Ag) subgroup. Most of the genes were localized to chromosomes I and III. Gene structure, gene chromosomal location, and synteny analyses of PtHMAs indicated that tandem and segmental duplications likely contributed to the expansion and evolution of the PtHMAs. Most of the HMA genes contained abiotic stress-related cis-elements. Tissue-specific expression of PtHMA genes showed that PtHMA1 and PtHMA4 had relatively high expression levels in the leaves, whereas Cu/Ag subgroup (PtHMA5.1- PtHMA8) genes were upregulated in the roots. High concentrations of Cu, Ag, Zn, Cd, Co, Pb, and Mn differentially regulated the expression of PtHMAs in various tissues. The preliminary results of the present study generated basic information on the HMA family of Populus that may serve as foundation for future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Xuemei Xu
- Library of Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Quangang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Zhanchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Haizhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Ming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Hanzeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Haimei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
| | - Chenghao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry UniversityHarbin, China
- *Correspondence: Chenghao Li
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Mamidi S, Lee RK, Goos JR, McClean PE. Genome-wide association studies identifies seven major regions responsible for iron deficiency chlorosis in soybean (Glycine max). PLoS One 2014; 9:e107469. [PMID: 25225893 PMCID: PMC4166409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC) is a yield limiting problem in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) production regions with calcareous soils. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using a high density SNP map to discover significant markers, QTL and candidate genes associated with IDC trait variation. A stepwise regression model included eight markers after considering LD between markers, and identified seven major effect QTL on seven chromosomes. Twelve candidate genes known to be associated with iron metabolism mapped near these QTL supporting the polygenic nature of IDC. A non-synonymous substitution with the highest significance in a major QTL region suggests soybean orthologs of FRE1 on Gm03 is a major gene responsible for trait variation. NAS3, a gene that encodes the enzyme nicotianamine synthase which synthesizes the iron chelator nicotianamine also maps to the same QTL region. Disease resistant genes also map to the major QTL, supporting the hypothesis that pathogens compete with the plant for Fe and increase iron deficiency. The markers and the allelic combinations identified here can be further used for marker assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujan Mamidi
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Rian K. Lee
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jay R. Goos
- Department of Soil Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Phillip E. McClean
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
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Baloun J, Nevrtalova E, Kovacova V, Hudzieczek V, Cegan R, Vyskot B, Hobza R. Characterization of the HMA7 gene and transcriptomic analysis of candidate genes for copper tolerance in two Silene vulgaris ecotypes. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:1188-96. [PMID: 24973591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Silene vulgaris possesses ecotype-specific tolerance to high levels of copper in the soil. Although this was reported a few decades ago, little is known about this trait on a molecular level. The aim of this study was to analyze the transcription response to elevated copper concentrations in two S. vulgaris ecotypes originating from copper-contrasting soil types - copper-tolerant Lubietova and copper-sensitive Stranska skala. To reveal if plants are transcriptionally affected, we first analyzed the HMA7 gene, a known key player in copper metabolism. Based on BAC library screening, we identified a BAC clone containing a SvHMA7 sequence with all the structural properties specific for plant copper-transporting ATPases. The functionality of the gene was tested using heterologous complementation in yeast mutants. Analyses of SvHMA7 transcription patterns showed that both ecotypes studied up-regulated SvHMA7 transcription after the copper treatment. Our data are supported by analysis of appropriate reference genes based on RNA-Seq databases. To identify genes specifically involved in copper response in the studied ecotypes, we analyzed transcription profiles of genes coding Cu-transporting proteins and genes involved in the prevention of copper-induced oxidative stress in both ecotypes. Our data show that three genes (APx, POD and COPT5) differ in their transcription pattern between the ecotypes with constitutively increased transcription in Lubietova. Taken together, we have identified transcription differences between metallifferous and non-metalliferous ecotypes of S. vulgaris, and we have suggested candidate genes participating in metal tolerance in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Baloun
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Nevrtalova
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Viera Kovacova
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Hudzieczek
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Cegan
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Boris Vyskot
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Hobza
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Botany, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Slechtitelu 31, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Function and Regulation of the Plant COPT Family of High-Affinity Copper Transport Proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/476917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient for all eukaryotes because it participates as a redox active cofactor in multiple biological processes, including mitochondrial respiration, photosynthesis, oxidative stress protection, and iron (Fe) transport. In eukaryotic cells, Cu transport toward the cytoplasm is mediated by the conserved CTR/COPT family of high-affinity Cu transport proteins. This outlook paper reviews the contribution of our research group to the characterization of the function played by the Arabidopsis thaliana COPT1–6 family of proteins in plant Cu homeostasis. Our studies indicate that the different tissue specificity, Cu-regulated expression, and subcellular localization dictate COPT-specialized contribution to plant Cu transport and distribution. By characterizing lack-of-function Arabidopsis mutant lines, we conclude that COPT1 mediates root Cu acquisition, COPT6 facilitates shoot Cu distribution, and COPT5 mobilizes Cu from storage organelles. Furthermore, our work with copt2 mutant and COPT-overexpressing plants has also uncovered Cu connections with Fe homeostasis and the circadian clock, respectively. Future studies on the interaction between COPT transporters and other components of the Cu homeostasis network will improve our knowledge of plant Cu acquisition, distribution, regulation, and utilization by Cu-proteins.
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Li H, Fan R, Li L, Wei B, Li G, Gu L, Wang X, Zhang X. Identification and characterization of a novel copper transporter gene family TaCT1 in common wheat. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1561-1573. [PMID: 24372025 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Copper is an essential micronutrient for plant growth and development, and copper transporter plays a pivotal role for keeping copper homeostasis. However, little is known about copper transporters in wheat. Here, we report a novel copper transporter gene family, TaCT1, in common wheat. Three TaCT1 homoeologous genes were isolated and assigned to group 5 chromosomes. Each of the TaCT1 genes (TaCT1-5A, -5B or -5D) possesses 12 transmembrane domains. TaCT1 genes exhibited higher transcript levels in leaf than in root, culm and spikelet. Excess copper down-regulated the transcript levels of TaCT1 and copper deficiency-induced TaCT1 expression. Subcellular experiments localized the TaCT1 to the Golgi apparatus. Yeast expression experiments and virus-induced gene silencing analysis indicated that the TaCT1 functioned in copper transport. Site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that three amino acid residues, Met(35), Met(38) and Cys(365), are required for TaCT1 function. Phylogenetic and functional analyses suggested that homologous genes shared high similarity with TaCT1 may exist exclusively in monocot plants. Our work reveals a novel wheat gene family encoding major facilitator superfamily (MFS)-type copper transporters, and provides evidence for their functional involvement in promoting copper uptake and keeping copper homeostasis in common wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxun Li
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, The State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Beijing, 100101, China
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How plants sense ethylene gas--the ethylene receptors. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 133:58-62. [PMID: 24485009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ethylene is a hormone that affects many processes important for plant growth, development, and responses to stresses. The first step in ethylene signal transduction is when ethylene binds to its receptors. Numerous studies have examined how these receptors function. In this review we summarize many of these studies and present our current understanding about how ethylene binds to the receptors. The biochemical output of the receptors is not known but current models predict that when ethylene binds to the receptors, the activity of the associated protein kinase, CTR1 (constitutive triple response1), is reduced. This results in downstream transcriptional changes leading to ethylene responses. We present a model where a copper cofactor is required and the binding of ethylene causes the receptor to pass through a transition state to become non-signaling leading to lower CTR1 activity.
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