1
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Li M, Li J, Wei J, Paré PW. Transcriptional Controls for Early Bolting and Flowering in Angelica sinensis. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091931. [PMID: 34579463 PMCID: PMC8468642 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The root of the perennial herb Angelica sinensis is a widely used source for traditional Chinese medicines. While the plant thrives in cool-moist regions of western China, early bolting and flowering (EBF) for young plants significantly reduces root quality and yield. Approaches to inhibit EBF by changes in physiology during the vernalization process have been investigated; however, the mechanism for activating EBF is still limited. Here, transcript profiles for bolted and unbolted plants (BP and UBP, respectively) were compared by transcriptomic analysis, expression levels of candidate genes were validated by qRT-PCR, and the accumulations of gibberellins (GA1, GA4, GA8, GA9 and GA20) were also monitored by HPLC-MS/MS. A total of over 72,000 unigenes were detected with ca. 2600 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) observed in the BP compared with UBP. While various signaling pathways participate in flower induction, it is genes associated with floral development and the sucrose pathway that are observed to be coordinated in EBF plants, coherently up- and down-regulating flowering genes that activate and inhibit flowering, respectively. The signature transcripts pattern for the developmental pathways that drive flowering provides insight into the molecular signals that activate plant EBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Paul W. Paré
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
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Krizek BA, Bantle AT, Heflin JM, Han H, Freese NH, Loraine AE. AINTEGUMENTA and AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE6 directly regulate floral homeotic, growth, and vascular development genes in young Arabidopsis flowers. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5478-5493. [PMID: 34013313 PMCID: PMC8318262 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis flower primordia give rise to organ primordia in stereotypical positions within four concentric whorls. Floral organ primordia in each whorl undergo distinct developmental programs to become one of four organ types (sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels). The Arabidopsis transcription factors AINTEGUMENTA (ANT) and AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE6 (AIL6) are required for correct positioning of floral organ initiation, contribute to the specification of floral organ identity, and regulate the growth and morphogenesis of developing floral organs. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms by which ANT and AIL6 contribute to floral organogenesis, we identified the genome-wide binding sites of both ANT and AIL6 in stage 3 flower primordia, the developmental stage at which sepal primordia become visible and class B and C floral homeotic genes are first expressed. AIL6 binds to a subset of ANT sites, suggesting that AIL6 regulates some but not all of the same target genes as ANT. ANT- and AIL6-binding sites are associated with genes involved in many biological processes related to meristem and flower organ development. Comparison of genes associated with both ANT and AIL6 ChIP-Seq peaks and those differentially expressed after perturbation of ANT and/or AIL6 activity identified likely direct targets of ANT and AIL6 regulation. These include class B and C floral homeotic genes, growth regulatory genes, and genes involved in vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Krizek
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexis T Bantle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jorman M Heflin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Han Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Nowlan H Freese
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Ann E Loraine
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
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3
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Chen J, Li Y, Li Y, Li Y, Wang Y, Jiang C, Choisy P, Xu T, Cai Y, Pei D, Jiang CZ, Gan SS, Gao J, Ma N. AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 18-HISTONE DEACETYLASE 6 module regulates floral organ identity in rose (Rosa hybrida). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:1074-1087. [PMID: 33729501 PMCID: PMC8195501 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin plays a pivotal role in floral meristem initiation and gynoecium development, but whether and how auxin controls floral organ identity remain largely unknown. Here, we found that auxin levels influence organ specification, and changes in auxin levels influence homeotic transformation between petals and stamens in rose (Rosa hybrida). The PIN-FORMED-LIKES (PILS) gene RhPILS1 governs auxin levels in floral buds during floral organogenesis. RhAUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 18 (RhARF18), whose expression decreases with increasing auxin content, encodes a transcriptional repressor of the C-class gene RhAGAMOUS (RhAG), and controls stamen-petal organ specification in an auxin-dependent manner. Moreover, RhARF18 physically interacts with the histone deacetylase (HDA) RhHDA6. Silencing of RhHDA6 increases H3K9/K14 acetylation levels at the site adjacent to the RhARF18-binding site in the RhAG promoter and reduces petal number, indicating that RhARF18 might recruit RhHDA6 to the RhAG promoter to reinforce the repression of RhAG transcription. We propose a model for how auxin homeostasis controls floral organ identity via regulating transcription of RhAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yonghong Li
- School of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yuqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chuyan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | | | - Tao Xu
- LVMH Recherche, F-45800 St Jean de Braye, France
| | - Youming Cai
- Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Dong Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Cai-Zhong Jiang
- Crop Pathology and Genetic Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Su-Sheng Gan
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Junping Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Qian M, Fan Y, Li Y, Liu M, Sun W, Duan H, Yu M, Chang W, Niu Y, Li X, Liang Y, Qu C, Li J, Lu K. Genome-wide association study and transcriptome comparison reveal novel QTL and candidate genes that control petal size in rapeseed. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3597-3610. [PMID: 33712842 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Petal size determines the value of ornamental plants, and thus their economic value. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling petal size remain unclear in most non-model species. To identify quantitative trait loci and candidate genes controlling petal size in rapeseed (Brassica napus), we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using data from 588 accessions over three consecutive years. We detected 16 significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with petal size, with the most significant SNPs located on chromosomes A05 and C06. A combination of GWAS and transcriptomic sequencing based on two accessions with contrasting differences in petal size identified 52 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that may control petal size variation in rapeseed. In particular, the rapeseed gene BnaA05.RAP2.2, homologous to Arabidopsis RAP2.2, may be critical to the negative control of petal size through the ethylene signaling pathway. In addition, a comparison of petal epidermal cells indicated that petal size differences between the two contrasting accessions were determined mainly by differences in cell number. Finally, we propose a model for the control of petal size in rapeseed through ethylene and cytokinin signaling pathways. Our results provide insights into the genetic mechanisms regulating petal size in flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Qian
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yonghai Fan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yanhua Li
- Institute of Characteristic Crop Research, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Miao Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei Sun
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Huichun Duan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Mengna Yu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei Chang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yue Niu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ying Liang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Cunmin Qu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiana Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Kun Lu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
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Ma H, Xu L, Fu Y, Zhu L. Arabidopsis QWRF1 and QWRF2 Redundantly Modulate Cortical Microtubule Arrangement in Floral Organ Growth and Fertility. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:634218. [PMID: 33634133 PMCID: PMC7901996 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.634218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Floral organ development is fundamental to sexual reproduction in angiosperms. Many key floral regulators (most of which are transcription factors) have been identified and shown to modulate floral meristem determinacy and floral organ identity, but not much is known about the regulation of floral organ growth, which is a critical process by which organs to achieve appropriate morphologies and fulfill their functions. Spatial and temporal control of anisotropic cell expansion following initial cell proliferation is important for organ growth. Cortical microtubules are well known to have important roles in plant cell polar growth/expansion and have been reported to guide the growth and shape of sepals and petals. In this study, we identified two homolog proteins, QWRF1 and QWRF2, which are essential for floral organ growth and plant fertility. We found severely deformed morphologies and symmetries of various floral organs as well as a significant reduction in the seed setting rate in the qwrf1qwrf2 double mutant, although few flower development defects were seen in qwrf1 or qwrf2 single mutants. QWRF1 and QWRF2 display similar expression patterns and are both localized to microtubules in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we found altered cortical microtubule organization and arrangements in qwrf1qwrf2 cells, consistent with abnormal cell expansion in different floral organs, which eventually led to poor fertility. Our results suggest that QWRF1 and QWRF2 are likely microtubule-associated proteins with functional redundancy in fertility and floral organ development, which probably exert their effects via regulation of cortical microtubules and anisotropic cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Liyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Huang S, Liu W, Xu J, Liu Z, Li C, Feng H. The SAP function in pistil development was proved by two allelic mutations in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:538. [PMID: 33256588 PMCID: PMC7708145 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pistil development is a complicated process in plants, and female sterile mutants are ideal material for screening and cloning pistil development-related genes. Using the female sterile mutant (fsm1), BraA04g009730.3C was previously predicted as a candidate mutant gene encoding the STERILE APETALA (SAP) transcriptional regulator. In the current study, a parallel female sterile mutant (fsm2) was derived from EMS mutagenesis of a Chinese cabbage DH line 'FT' seeds. RESULTS Both fsm2 and fsm1 mutant phenotypes exhibited pistil abortion and smaller floral organs. Genetic analysis indicated that the phenotype of mutant fsm2 was also controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene. Allelism testing showed that the mutated fsm1 and fsm2 genes were allelic. A single-nucleotide mutation (G-to-A) in the first exon of BraA04g009730.3C caused a missense mutation from GAA (glutamic acid) to GGA (glycine) in mutant fsm2 plants. Both allelic mutations of BraA04g009730.3C in fsm1 and fsm2 conferred the similar pistil abortion phenotype, which verified the SAP function in pistil development. To probe the mechanism of SAP-induced pistil abortion, we compared the mutant fsm1 and wild-type 'FT' pistil transcriptomes. Among the 3855 differentially expressed genes obtained, 29 were related to ovule development and 16 were related to organ size. CONCLUSION Our study clarified the function of BraA04g009730.3C and revealed that it was responsible for ovule development and organ size. These results lay a foundation to elucidate the molecular mechanism of pistil development in Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Huang
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Chengyu Li
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Hui Feng
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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Miller CN, Dumenil J, Lu FH, Smith C, McKenzie N, Chapman V, Ball J, Box M, Bevan M. Variation in the expression of a transmembrane protein influences cell growth in Arabidopsis thaliana petals by altering auxin responses. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:482. [PMID: 33092536 PMCID: PMC7584087 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The same species of plant can exhibit very diverse sizes and shapes of organs that are genetically determined. Characterising genetic variation underlying this morphological diversity is an important objective in evolutionary studies and it also helps identify the functions of genes influencing plant growth and development. Extensive screens of mutagenised Arabidopsis populations have identified multiple genes and mechanisms affecting organ size and shape, but relatively few studies have exploited the rich diversity of natural populations to identify genes involved in growth control. RESULTS We screened a relatively well characterised collection of Arabidopsis thaliana accessions for variation in petal size. Association analyses identified sequence and gene expression variation on chromosome 4 that made a substantial contribution to differences in petal area. Variation in the expression of a previously uncharacterised gene At4g16850 (named as KSK) had a substantial role on variation in organ size by influencing cell size. Over-expression of KSK led to larger petals with larger cells and promoted the formation of stamenoid features. The expression of auxin-responsive genes known to limit cell growth was reduced in response to KSK over-expression. ANT expression was also reduced in KSK over-expression lines, consistent with altered floral identities. Auxin responses were reduced in KSK over-expressing cells, consistent with changes in auxin-responsive gene expression. KSK may therefore influence auxin responses during petal development. CONCLUSIONS Understanding how genetic variation influences plant growth is important for both evolutionary and mechanistic studies. We used natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana to identify sequence variation in a promoter region of Arabidopsis accessions that mediated differences in the expression of a previously uncharacterised membrane protein. This variation contributed to altered auxin responses and cell size during petal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte N Miller
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jack Dumenil
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Fu Hao Lu
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Caroline Smith
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Neil McKenzie
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Volodymyr Chapman
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Joshua Ball
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Mathew Box
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Michael Bevan
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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Vadde BVL, Roeder AHK. Can the French flag and reaction-diffusion models explain flower patterning? Celebrating the 50th anniversary of the French flag model. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2886-2897. [PMID: 32016398 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
It has been 50 years since Lewis Wolpert introduced the French flag model proposing the patterning of different cell types based on threshold concentrations of a morphogen diffusing in the tissue. Sixty-seven years ago, Alan Turing introduced the idea of patterns initiating de novo from a reaction-diffusion network. Together these models have been used to explain many patterning events in animal development, so here we take a look at their applicability to flower development. First, although many plant transcription factors move through plasmodesmata from cell to cell, in the flower there is little evidence that they specify fate in a concentration-dependent manner, so they cannot yet be described as morphogens. Secondly, the reaction-diffusion model appears to be a reasonably good description of the formation of spots of pigment on petals, although additional nuances are present. Thirdly, aspects of both of these combine in a new fluctuation-based patterning system creating the scattered pattern of giant cells in Arabidopsis sepals. In the future, more precise imaging and manipulations of the dynamics of patterning networks combined with mathematical modeling will allow us to better understand how the multilayered complex and beautiful patterns of flowers emerge de novo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batthula Vijaya Lakshmi Vadde
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Adrienne H K Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Fukuie Y, Shimoyama H, Morishita T, Tsugama D, Fujino K. A putative AGAMOUS ortholog is a candidate for the gene determining ease of dehulling in Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum). PLANTA 2020; 251:85. [PMID: 32198546 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Tartary buckwheat rice-type cultivars, which allow easy dehulling, lacked periclinal cell divisions that proceed underneath the epidermis in the proximity of ovary midribs in non-rice-type cultivars. The easy dehulling in these cultivars was associated with a G→A substitution in an AGAMOUS ortholog. Ease of dehulling in Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) can affect the quality of its products. Tartary buckwheat cultivars that allow easy dehulling are called rice-type cultivars. The rice and non-rice hull types are determined by a single gene, but this gene is unclear. Here, we show that cells underneath the epidermis in the proximity of ovary midribs undergo periclinal cell divisions in non-rice-type cultivars but do not in a rice-type cultivar. The cells that arose from the periclinal cell divisions later underwent lignification, which should increase mechanical strength of hulls. In RNA sequencing, a partial mRNA of an AGAMOUS ortholog in Tartary buckwheat (FtAG) was found to be absent in the rice-type cultivar. Cloning of this gene revealed that this is a 42-bp deletion due to a G→A substitution at a splice acceptor site in the FtAG genomic region. In F2 progeny derived from a cross between non-rice-type and rice-type cultivars, all the rice-type plants exhibited the homozygous A/A allele at this site, whereas all the Tartary-type plants exhibited either the homozygous G/G allele or the heterozygous A/G allele. These results suggest that FtAG is a candidate for the gene that determines ease of dehulling in Tartary buckwheat. The DNA marker that we developed to distinguish the FtAG alleles can be useful in breeding Tartary buckwheat cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Fukuie
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9 Kita-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Hana Shimoyama
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9 Kita-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan
- Division of African Area Studies, Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University, 46 Yoshida-shimo-adachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto, 606-8304, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Morishita
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, Memuro Upland Farming Research Station, Shinsei, Memuro, Kasai, Hokkaido, 082-0081, Japan
- Radiation Breeding Division, Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2425 Kamimurata, Hitachiomiya, Ibaraki, 319-2293, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsugama
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9 Kita-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Midori-cho, Nishi-tokyo-shi, Tokyo, 188-0002, Japan
| | - Kaien Fujino
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9 Kita-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan.
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Unraveling the Deep Genetic Architecture for Seedlessness in Grapevine and the Development and Validation of a New Set of Markers for VviAGL11-Based Gene-Assisted Selection. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11020151. [PMID: 32019199 PMCID: PMC7074311 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seedless inheritance has been considered a quasi-monogenic trait based on the VvAGL11 gene. An intragenic simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker, p3_VvAGL11, is currently used to opportunely discard seeded progeny, which represents up to 50% of seedlings to be established in the field. However, the rate of false positives remains significant, and this lack of accuracy might be due to a more complex genetic architecture, some intrinsic flaws of p3_VvAGL11, or potential recombination events between p3_VvAGL11 and the causal SNP located in the coding region. The purpose of this study was to update the genetic architecture of this trait in order to better understand its implications in breeding strategies. A total of 573 F1 individuals that segregate for seedlessness were genotyped with a 20K SNP chip and characterized phenotypically during four seasons for a fine QTL mapping analysis. Based on the molecular diversity of p3_VvAGL11 alleles, we redesigned this marker, and based on the causal SNP, we developed a qPCR-HRM marker for high-throughput and a Tetra-ARMS-PCR for simple predictive analyses. Up to 10 new QTLs were identified that describe the complex nature of seedlessness, corresponding to small but stable effects. The positive predictive value, based on VvAGL11 alone (0.647), was improved up to 0.814 when adding three small-effect QTLs in a multi-QTL additive model as a proof of concept. The new SSR, 5U_VviAGL11, is more informative and robust, and easier to analyze. However, we demonstrated that the association can be lost by intragenic recombination and that the e7_VviAGL11 SNP-based marker is thus more reliable and decreases the occurrence of false positives. This study highlights the bases of prediction failure based solely on a major gene and a reduced set of candidate genes, in addition to opportunities for molecular breeding following further and larger validation studies.
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Zerpa-Catanho D, Wai J, Wang ML, Yu L, Nguyen J, Ming R. Differential gene expression among three sex types reveals a MALE STERILITY 1 (CpMS1) for sex differentiation in papaya. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:545. [PMID: 31818257 PMCID: PMC6902354 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carica papaya is a trioecious plant species with a genetic sex-determination system defined by sex chromosomes. Under unfavorable environmental conditions male and hermaphrodite exhibit sex-reversal. Previous genomic research revealed few candidate genes for sex differentiation in this species. Nevertheless, more analysis is still needed to identify the mechanism responsible for sex flower organ development in papaya. RESULTS The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes among male, female and hermaphrodite flowers in papaya during early (pre-meiosis) and later (post-meiosis) stages of flower development. RNA-seq was used to evaluate the expression of differentially expressed genes and RT-qPCR was used to verify the results. Putative functions of these genes were analyzed based on their homology with orthologs in other plant species and their expression patterns. We identified a Male Sterility 1 gene (CpMS1) highly up-regulated in male and hermaphrodite flower buds compared to female flower buds, which expresses in small male flower buds (3-8 mm), and that might be playing an important role in male flower organ development due to its homology to MS1 genes previously identified in other plants. This is the first study in which the sex-biased expression of genes related to tapetum development in the anther developmental pathway is being reported in papaya. Besides important transcription factors related to flower organ development and flowering time regulation, we identified differential expression of genes that are known to participate in ABA, ROS and auxin signaling pathways (ABA-8-hydroxylases, AIL5, UPBEAT 1, VAN3-binding protein). CONCLUSIONS CpMS1 was expressed in papaya male and hermaphrodite flowers at early stages, suggesting that this gene might participate in male flower organ development processes, nevertheless, this gene cannot be considered a sex-determination gene. Due to its homology with other plant MS1 proteins and its expression pattern, we hypothesize that this gene participates in anther development processes, like tapetum and pollen development, downstream gender specification. Further gene functional characterization studies in papaya are required to confirm this hypothesis. The role of ABA and ROS signaling pathways in papaya flower development needs to be further explored as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dessireé Zerpa-Catanho
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Jennifer Wai
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Ming Li Wang
- Hawaii Agriculture Research Center, Kunia, HI 96759 USA
| | - Li’ang Yu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Julie Nguyen
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Ray Ming
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
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Liu H, Wang C, Chen H, Zhou B. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis reveals the molecular mechanism of high temperature-induced floral abortion in Litchi chinensis. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:127. [PMID: 30744557 PMCID: PMC6371443 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5493-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Warm winter and hot spring attributed to global warming affected floral development and may induce floral abortion, resulted in poor flowering in litchi. To identify genes potentially involved in litchi floral abortion, six RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) libraries of the developing panicles (DPs) under low temperature (LT) conditions and the shrinking panicles (SPs) under high temperature (HT) conditions were constructed. Results 3.07–8.97 × 106 clean reads were generated. Digital expression of the DPs with that of the SPs was compared. As a result, 1320 up-regulated and 981 down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. From the enriched GO-term, 54 temperature responsive DEGs, 23 hormone homeostasis- or biosynthesis-related DEGs, 137 hormone signal transduction or responsive DEGs, and 18 flowering-related DEGs were identified. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis indicated that the effects of hormone-related DEGs on NACs, MYBs, WRKYs were stronger than that on flowering-related DEGs. Expression pattern analysis of the inflorescence in ‘Nuomici’ and ‘Huaizhi’ under LT and HT conditions showed that genes homologous to AIL6 (LcAIL6), LHY (LcLHY), MED16 (LcMED16), SKIP20 (LcSKIP20), POD20 (LcPOD20) in the two cultivars had similar expression trends. Conclusion This study elucidated the transcriptome in the HT-induced floral abortion and identified key genes involved in the process. NACs, MYBs, WRKYs may act as central players involved in the HT-induced floral abortion underlying hormonal control. Increased transcript in LcLHY, LcMED16, LcSKIP20, LcPOD20 and decreased transcript in LcAIL6 might be related to the inhibition of floral development. Our studies provided potential genes for the future molecular breeding of new cultivars that can reduce floral abortion under warm climates, and a novel clue to reveal the relationship of biological processes based on the RNA-seq data using PLS-SEM. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5493-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Houbin Chen
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Biyan Zhou
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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13
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Abstract
Multicellular organisms, such as plants, fungi, and animals, develop organs with specialized functions. Major challenges in developing such structures include establishment of polarity along three axes (apical-basal, medio-lateral, and dorso-ventral/abaxial-adaxial), specification of tissue types and their coordinated growth, and maintenance of communication between the organ and the entire organism. The gynoecium of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana embodies the female reproductive organ and has proven an excellent model system for studying organ establishment and development, given its division into different regions with distinct symmetries and highly diverse tissue types. Upon pollination, the gynoecium undergoes dramatic changes in morphology and developmental programming to form the seed-containing fruit. In this review, we wish to provide a detailed overview of the molecular and genetic mechanisms that are known to guide gynoecium and fruit development in A. thaliana. We describe networks of key genetic regulators and their interactions with hormonal dynamics in driving these developmental processes. The discoveries made to date clearly demonstrate that conclusions drawn from studying gynoecium and fruit development in flowering plants can be used to further our general understanding of organ formation across the plant kingdom. Importantly, this acquired knowledge is increasingly being used to improve fruit and seed crops, facilitated by the recent profound advances in genomics, cloning, and gene-editing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Simonini
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Østergaard
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom.
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14
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Jiménez-Guillen D, Pérez-Pascual D, Souza-Perera R, Godoy-Hernández G, Zúñiga-Aguilar JJ. Cloning of the Coffea canephora SERK1 promoter and its molecular analysis during the cell-to-embryo transition. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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15
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Kudapa H, Garg V, Chitikineni A, Varshney RK. The RNA-Seq-based high resolution gene expression atlas of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) reveals dynamic spatio-temporal changes associated with growth and development. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:2209-2225. [PMID: 29637575 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chickpea is one of the world's largest cultivated food legumes and is an excellent source of high-quality protein to the human diet. Plant growth and development are controlled by programmed expression of a suite of genes at the given time, stage, and tissue. Understanding how the underlying genome sequence translates into specific plant phenotypes at key developmental stages, information on gene expression patterns is crucial. Here, we present a comprehensive Cicer arietinum Gene Expression Atlas (CaGEA) across different plant developmental stages and organs covering the entire life cycle of chickpea. One of the widely used drought tolerant cultivars, ICC 4958 has been used to generate RNA-Seq data from 27 samples at 5 major developmental stages of the plant. A total of 816 million raw reads were generated and of these, 794 million filtered reads after quality control (QC) were subjected to downstream analysis. A total of 15,947 unique number of differentially expressed genes across different pairwise tissue combinations were identified. Significant differences in gene expression patterns contributing in the process of flowering, nodulation, and seed and root development were inferred in this study. Furthermore, differentially expressed candidate genes from "QTL-hotspot" region associated with drought stress response in chickpea were validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himabindu Kudapa
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, 502 324, India
| | - Vanika Garg
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, 502 324, India
| | - Annapurna Chitikineni
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, 502 324, India
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, 502 324, India
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16
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van Es SW, Silveira SR, Rocha DI, Bimbo A, Martinelli AP, Dornelas MC, Angenent GC, Immink RG. Novel functions of the Arabidopsis transcription factor TCP5 in petal development and ethylene biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:867-879. [PMID: 29570883 PMCID: PMC6001666 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The flowers of most dicotyledons have petals that, together with the sepals, initially protect the reproductive organs. Later during development petals are required to open the flower and to attract pollinators. This diverse set of functions demands tight temporal and spatial regulation of petal development. We studied the functioning of the Arabidopsis thaliana TCP5-like transcription factors (TFs) in petals. Overexpression of TCP5 in petal epidermal cells results in smaller petals, whereas tcp5 tcp13 tcp17 triple knockout lines have wider petals with an increased surface area. Comprehensive expression studies revealed effects of TCP5-like TFs on the expression of genes related to the cell cycle, growth regulation and organ growth. Additionally, the ethylene biosynthesis genes 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase 2 (ACS2) and ACC oxidase 2 (ACO2) and several ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTORS (ERFs) are found to be differentially expressed in TCP5 mutant and overexpression lines. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR showed direct binding of TCP5 to the ACS2 locus in vivo. Ethylene is known to influence cell elongation, and the petal phenotype of the tcp5 tcp13 tcp17 mutant could be complemented by treatment of the plants with an ethylene pathway inhibitor. Taken together, this reveals a novel role for TCP5-like TFs in the regulation of ethylene-mediated petal development and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam W. van Es
- BioscienceWageningen Plant ResearchWageningen University and Research6708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University and Research6708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Sylvia R. Silveira
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia VegetalCentro de Energia Nuclear na AgriculturaUniversidade de São PauloPiracicabaSP, CEP 13416‐000Brazil
| | - Diego I. Rocha
- Departamento de Biologia VegetalInstituto de BiologiaUniversidade Estadual de CampinasCampinas, Sao PauloCEP 13083–862Brazil
| | - Andrea Bimbo
- BioscienceWageningen Plant ResearchWageningen University and Research6708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Adriana P. Martinelli
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia VegetalCentro de Energia Nuclear na AgriculturaUniversidade de São PauloPiracicabaSP, CEP 13416‐000Brazil
| | - Marcelo C. Dornelas
- Departamento de Biologia VegetalInstituto de BiologiaUniversidade Estadual de CampinasCampinas, Sao PauloCEP 13083–862Brazil
| | - Gerco C. Angenent
- BioscienceWageningen Plant ResearchWageningen University and Research6708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University and Research6708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Richard G.H. Immink
- BioscienceWageningen Plant ResearchWageningen University and Research6708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University and Research6708 PBWageningenThe Netherlands
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Monniaux M, Vandenbussche M. How to Evolve a Perianth: A Review of Cadastral Mechanisms for Perianth Identity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1573. [PMID: 30420867 PMCID: PMC6216099 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The flower of angiosperms is considered to be a major evolutionary innovation that impacted the whole biome. In particular, two properties of the flower are classically linked to its ecological success: bisexuality and a differentiated perianth with sepals and petals. Although the molecular basis for floral organ identity is well understood in extant species and summarized in the famous ABC model, how perianth identity appeared during evolution is still unknown. Here we propose that cadastral mechanisms that maintain reproductive organ identities to the center of the flower could have supported perianth evolution. In particular, repressing B- and C-class genes expression toward the inner whorls of the flower, is a key process to isolate domains with sepal and petal identity in the outer whorls. We review from the literature in model species the diverse regulators that repress B- and C-class genes expression to the center of the flower. This review highlights the existence of both unique and conserved repressors between species, and possible candidates to investigate further in order to shed light on perianth evolution.
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18
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Li B, Tang M, Nelson A, Caligagan H, Zhou X, Clark-Wiest C, Ngo R, Brady SM, Kliebenstein DJ. Network-Guided Discovery of Extensive Epistasis between Transcription Factors Involved in Aliphatic Glucosinolate Biosynthesis. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:178-195. [PMID: 29317470 PMCID: PMC5810574 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants use diverse mechanisms influenced by vast regulatory networks of indefinite scale to adapt to their environment. These regulatory networks have an unknown potential for epistasis between genes within and across networks. To test for epistasis within an adaptive trait genetic network, we generated and tested 47 Arabidopsis thaliana double mutant combinations for 20 transcription factors, which all influence the accumulation of aliphatic glucosinolates, the defense metabolites that control fitness. The epistatic combinations were used to test if there is more or less epistasis depending on gene membership within the same or different phenotypic subnetworks. Extensive epistasis was observed between the transcription factors, regardless of subnetwork membership. Metabolite accumulation displayed antagonistic epistasis, suggesting the presence of a buffering mechanism. Epistasis affecting enzymatic estimated activity was highly conditional on the tissue and environment and shifted between both antagonistic and synergistic forms. Transcriptional analysis showed that epistasis shifts depend on how the trait is measured. Because the 47 combinations described here represent a small sampling of the potential epistatic combinations in this genetic network, there is potential for significantly more epistasis. Additionally, the main effect of the individual gene was not predictive of the epistatic effects, suggesting that there is a need for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Li
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Michelle Tang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Ayla Nelson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Hart Caligagan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Xue Zhou
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Caitlin Clark-Wiest
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Richard Ngo
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Siobhan M Brady
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Daniel J Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616
- DynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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19
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Lee SJ, Lee BH, Jung JH, Park SK, Song JT, Kim JH. GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR and GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR Specify Meristematic Cells of Gynoecia and Anthers. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:717-729. [PMID: 29114079 PMCID: PMC5761776 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the biological roles of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR (GRF) and GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR (GIF) transcriptional complex in the development of gynoecia and anthers. There are nine GRFs and three GIFs in Arabidopsis, and seven GRFs are posttranscriptionally silenced by microRNA396 (miR396). We found that overexpression of MIR396 in the gif1 gif2 double mutant background (gif1 gif2 35S:MIR396) resulted in neither ovary nor pollen. Histological and molecular marker-based analyses revealed that the mutant gynoecial primordia failed to develop carpel margin meristems and mature flowers lacked the ovary, consisting only of the stigma, style, and replum-like tissues. The mutant anther primordia were not able to form the pluripotent archesporial cells that produce pollen mother cells and microsporangia. Multiple combinations of GRF mutations also displayed the same phenotypes, indicating that the GRF-GIF duo is required for the formation of those meristematic and pluripotent cells. Most GRF proteins are localized and abundant in those cells. We also found that the weak gynoecial defects of pinoid-3 (pid-3) mutants were remarkably exacerbated by gif1 gif2 double mutations and 35S:MIR396, so that none of the gynoecia produced by gif1 gif2 pid-3 and 35S:MIR396 pid-3 developed ovaries at all. Moreover, gif1 gif2 double mutations and 35S:MIR396 also acted synergistically with 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid in forming aberrant gynoecia. The results altogether suggest that the GRF-GIF duo regulates the meristematic and pluripotent competence of carpel margin meristems and the archesporial cell lineage and that this regulation is implemented in association with auxin action, ultimately conferring reproductive competence on Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Joo Lee
- Department of Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Byung Ha Lee
- Department of Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Jung
- Department of Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Soon Ki Park
- School of Applied Bioscience, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Jong Tae Song
- School of Applied Bioscience, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Jeong Hoe Kim
- Department of Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
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20
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Yordanov YS, Ma C, Yordanova E, Meilan R, Strauss SH, Busov VB. BIG LEAF is a regulator of organ size and adventitious root formation in poplar. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180527. [PMID: 28686626 PMCID: PMC5501567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report the discovery through activation tagging and subsequent characterization of the BIG LEAF (BL) gene from poplar. In poplar, BL regulates leaf size via positively affecting cell proliferation. Up and downregulation of the gene led to increased and decreased leaf size, respectively, and these phenotypes corresponded to increased and decreased cell numbers. BL function encompasses the early stages of leaf development as native BL expression was specific to the shoot apical meristem and leaf primordia and was absent from the later stages of leaf development and other organs. Consistently, BL downregulation reduced leaf size at the earliest stages of leaf development. Ectopic expression in mature leaves resulted in continued growth most probably via sustained cell proliferation and thus the increased leaf size. In contrast to the positive effect on leaf growth, ectopic BL expression in stems interfered with and significantly reduced stem thickening, suggesting that BL is a highly specific activator of growth. In addition, stem cuttings from BL overexpressing plants developed roots, whereas the wild type was difficult to root, demonstrating that BL is a positive regulator of adventitious rooting. Large transcriptomic changes in plants that overexpressed BL indicated that BL may have a broad integrative role, encompassing many genes linked to organ growth. We conclude that BL plays a fundamental role in control of leaf size and thus may be a useful tool for modifying plant biomass productivity and adventitious rooting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yordan S. Yordanov
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Cathleen Ma
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Elena Yordanova
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Richard Meilan
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Steven H. Strauss
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Victor B. Busov
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States of America
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Transcriptional changes during ovule development in two genotypes of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) with contrast in seed size. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36304. [PMID: 27824099 PMCID: PMC5099886 DOI: 10.1038/srep36304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Litchi chinensis is a subtropical fruit crop, popular for its nutritional value and taste. Fruits with small seed size and thick aril are desirable in litchi. To gain molecular insight into gene expression that leads to the reduction in the size of seed in Litchi chinensis, transcriptomes of two genetically closely related genotypes, with contrasting seed size were compared in developing ovules. The cDNA library constructed from early developmental stages of ovules (0, 6, and 14 days after anthesis) of bold- and small-seeded litchi genotypes yielded 303,778,968 high quality paired-end reads. These were de-novo assembled into 1,19,939 transcripts with an average length of 865 bp. A total of 10,186 transcripts with contrast in expression were identified in developing ovules between the small- and large- seeded genotypes. A majority of these differences were present in ovules before anthesis, thus suggesting the role of maternal factors in seed development. A number of transcripts indicative of metabolic stress, expressed at higher level in the small seeded genotype. Several differentially expressed transcripts identified in such ovules showed homology with Arabidopsis genes associated with different stages of ovule development and embryogenesis.
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Huang T, Irish VF. Gene networks controlling petal organogenesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:61-8. [PMID: 26428062 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the biggest unanswered questions in developmental biology is how growth is controlled. Petals are an excellent organ system for investigating growth control in plants: petals are dispensable, have a simple structure, and are largely refractory to environmental perturbations that can alter their size and shape. In recent studies, a number of genes controlling petal growth have been identified. The overall picture of how such genes function in petal organogenesis is beginning to be elucidated. This review will focus on studies using petals as a model system to explore the underlying gene networks that control organ initiation, growth, and final organ morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengbo Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Ave., Shenzhen 518060, PR China Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 266 Whitney Ave., New Haven, CT 06520-8104. USA
| | - Vivian F Irish
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 266 Whitney Ave., New Haven, CT 06520-8104. USA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8106. USA
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Randall RS, Sornay E, Dewitte W, Murray JAH. AINTEGUMENTA and the D-type cyclin CYCD3;1 independently contribute to petal size control in Arabidopsis: evidence for organ size compensation being an emergent rather than a determined property. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:3991-4000. [PMID: 25948704 PMCID: PMC4473993 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant lateral aerial organ (LAO) growth is determined by the number and size of cells comprising the organ. Genetic alteration of one parameter is often accompanied by changes in the other, such that the overall effect on final LAO size is minimized, suggested to be caused by an active organ level 'compensation mechanism'. For example, the aintegumenta (ant) mutant exhibits reduced cell number but increased cell size in LAOs. The ANT transcription factor regulates the duration of the cell division phase of LAO growth, and its ectopic expression is correlated with increased levels of the cell cycle regulator CYCD3;1. This has previously led to the suggestion that ANT regulates CYCD3;1. It is shown here that while ANT is required for normal cell proliferation in petals, CYCD3;1 is not, suggesting that ANT does not regulate CYCD3;1 during petal growth. Moreover CYCD3;1 expression was similar in wild-type and ant-9 flowers. In contrast to the compensatory changes between cell size and number in ant mutants, cycd3;1 mutants show increased petal cell size unaccompanied by changes in cell number, leading to larger organs. However, loss of CYCD3;1 in the ant-9 mutant background leads to a phenotype consistent with compensation mechanisms. These apparently arbitrary examples of compensation are reconciled through a model of LAO growth in which distinct phases of division and cell expansion occupy differing lengths of a defined overall growth window. This leads to the proposal that many observations of 'compensation mechanisms' might alternatively be more simply explained as emergent properties of LAO development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo S Randall
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Emily Sornay
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Walter Dewitte
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - James A H Murray
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
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Li B, Gaudinier A, Tang M, Taylor-Teeples M, Nham NT, Ghaffari C, Benson DS, Steinmann M, Gray JA, Brady SM, Kliebenstein DJ. Promoter-based integration in plant defense regulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1803-20. [PMID: 25352272 PMCID: PMC4256871 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.248716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A key unanswered question in plant biology is how a plant regulates metabolism to maximize performance across an array of biotic and abiotic environmental stresses. In this study, we addressed the potential breadth of transcriptional regulation that can alter accumulation of the defensive glucosinolate metabolites in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). A systematic yeast one-hybrid study was used to identify hundreds of unique potential regulatory interactions with a nearly complete complement of 21 promoters for the aliphatic glucosinolate pathway. Conducting high-throughput phenotypic validation, we showed that >75% of tested transcription factor (TF) mutants significantly altered the accumulation of the defensive glucosinolates. These glucosinolate phenotypes were conditional upon the environment and tissue type, suggesting that these TFs may allow the plant to tune its defenses to the local environment. Furthermore, the pattern of TF/promoter interactions could partially explain mutant phenotypes. This work shows that defense chemistry within Arabidopsis has a highly intricate transcriptional regulatory system that may allow for the optimization of defense metabolite accumulation across a broad array of environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Li
- Departments of Plant Sciences (B.L., M.T., N.T.N. C.G., D.S.B., M.S., J.A.G., D.J.K.) and Plant Biology (A.G., M.T., M.T.-T., J.A.G., S.M.B.) and Genome Center (A.G., M.T., M.T.-T., J.A.G., S.M.B.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andDynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.J.K.)
| | - Allison Gaudinier
- Departments of Plant Sciences (B.L., M.T., N.T.N. C.G., D.S.B., M.S., J.A.G., D.J.K.) and Plant Biology (A.G., M.T., M.T.-T., J.A.G., S.M.B.) and Genome Center (A.G., M.T., M.T.-T., J.A.G., S.M.B.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andDynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.J.K.)
| | - Michelle Tang
- Departments of Plant Sciences (B.L., M.T., N.T.N. C.G., D.S.B., M.S., J.A.G., D.J.K.) and Plant Biology (A.G., M.T., M.T.-T., J.A.G., S.M.B.) and Genome Center (A.G., M.T., M.T.-T., J.A.G., S.M.B.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andDynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.J.K.)
| | - Mallorie Taylor-Teeples
- Departments of Plant Sciences (B.L., M.T., N.T.N. C.G., D.S.B., M.S., J.A.G., D.J.K.) and Plant Biology (A.G., M.T., M.T.-T., J.A.G., S.M.B.) and Genome Center (A.G., M.T., M.T.-T., J.A.G., S.M.B.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andDynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.J.K.)
| | - Ngoc T Nham
- Departments of Plant Sciences (B.L., M.T., N.T.N. C.G., D.S.B., M.S., J.A.G., D.J.K.) and Plant Biology (A.G., M.T., M.T.-T., J.A.G., S.M.B.) and Genome Center (A.G., M.T., M.T.-T., J.A.G., S.M.B.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andDynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.J.K.)
| | - Cyrus Ghaffari
- Departments of Plant Sciences (B.L., M.T., N.T.N. C.G., D.S.B., M.S., J.A.G., D.J.K.) and Plant Biology (A.G., M.T., M.T.-T., J.A.G., S.M.B.) and Genome Center (A.G., M.T., M.T.-T., J.A.G., S.M.B.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andDynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.J.K.)
| | - Darik Scott Benson
- Departments of Plant Sciences (B.L., M.T., N.T.N. C.G., D.S.B., M.S., J.A.G., D.J.K.) and Plant Biology (A.G., M.T., M.T.-T., J.A.G., S.M.B.) and Genome Center (A.G., M.T., M.T.-T., J.A.G., S.M.B.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andDynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.J.K.)
| | - Margaret Steinmann
- Departments of Plant Sciences (B.L., M.T., N.T.N. C.G., D.S.B., M.S., J.A.G., D.J.K.) and Plant Biology (A.G., M.T., M.T.-T., J.A.G., S.M.B.) and Genome Center (A.G., M.T., M.T.-T., J.A.G., S.M.B.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andDynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.J.K.)
| | - Jennifer A Gray
- Departments of Plant Sciences (B.L., M.T., N.T.N. C.G., D.S.B., M.S., J.A.G., D.J.K.) and Plant Biology (A.G., M.T., M.T.-T., J.A.G., S.M.B.) and Genome Center (A.G., M.T., M.T.-T., J.A.G., S.M.B.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andDynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.J.K.)
| | - Siobhan M Brady
- Departments of Plant Sciences (B.L., M.T., N.T.N. C.G., D.S.B., M.S., J.A.G., D.J.K.) and Plant Biology (A.G., M.T., M.T.-T., J.A.G., S.M.B.) and Genome Center (A.G., M.T., M.T.-T., J.A.G., S.M.B.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andDynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.J.K.)
| | - Daniel J Kliebenstein
- Departments of Plant Sciences (B.L., M.T., N.T.N. C.G., D.S.B., M.S., J.A.G., D.J.K.) and Plant Biology (A.G., M.T., M.T.-T., J.A.G., S.M.B.) and Genome Center (A.G., M.T., M.T.-T., J.A.G., S.M.B.), University of California, Davis, California 95616; andDynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark (D.J.K.)
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The Half-Size ABC Transporter FOLDED PETALS 2/ABCG13 Is Involved in Petal Elongation through Narrow Spaces in Arabidopsis thaliana Floral Buds. PLANTS 2014; 3:348-58. [PMID: 27135508 PMCID: PMC4844351 DOI: 10.3390/plants3030348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Flowers are vital for attracting pollinators to plants and in horticulture for humans. Petal morphogenesis is a central process of floral development. Petal development can be divided into three main processes: the establishment of organ identity in a concentric pattern, primordia initiation at fixed positions within a whorl, and morphogenesis, which includes petal elongation through the narrow spaces within the bud. Here, we show that the FOLDED PETALS 2 (FOP2) gene, encoding a member of the half-size ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter family ABCG13, is involved in straight elongation of petals in Arabidopsis thaliana. In fop2 mutants, flowers open with folded petals, instead of straight-elongated ones found in the wild type. The epicuticular nanoridge structures are absent in many abaxial epidermal cells of fop2 petals, and surgical or genetic generation of space in young fop2 buds restores the straight elongation of petals, suggesting that the physical contact of sepals and petals causes the petal folding. Similar petal folding has been reported in the fop1 mutant, and the petals of fop2 fop1 double mutants resemble those of both the fop1 and fop2 single mutants, although the epidermal structure and permeability of the petal surface is more affected in fop2. Our results suggest that synthesis and transport of cutin or wax in growing petals play an important role for their smooth elongation through the narrow spaces of floral buds.
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Legué V, Rigal A, Bhalerao RP. Adventitious root formation in tree species: involvement of transcription factors. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 151:192-8. [PMID: 24666319 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Adventitious rooting is an essential step in the vegetative propagation of economically important horticultural and woody species. Populus has emerged as an experimental model for studying processes that are important in tree growth and development. It is highly useful for molecular genetic analysis of adventitious roots in trees. In this short review, we will highlight the recent progress made in the identification of transcription factors involved in the control of adventitious rooting in woody species. Their regulation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Legué
- INRA and Université de Lorraine, UMR Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes 1136, F-54280, Champenoux, France; Clermont Université, Université Blaise-Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France; INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, F-63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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27
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Horstman A, Willemsen V, Boutilier K, Heidstra R. AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE proteins: hubs in a plethora of networks. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 19:146-57. [PMID: 24280109 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Members of the AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE (AIL) family of APETALA 2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) domain transcription factors are expressed in all dividing tissues in the plant, where they have central roles in developmental processes such as embryogenesis, stem cell niche specification, meristem maintenance, organ positioning, and growth. When overexpressed, AIL proteins induce adventitious growth, including somatic embryogenesis and ectopic organ formation. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome contains eight AIL genes, including AINTEGUMENTA, BABY BOOM, and the PLETHORA genes. Studies on these transcription factors have revealed their intricate relationship with auxin as well as their involvement in an increasing number of gene regulatory networks, in which extensive crosstalk and feedback loops have a major role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Horstman
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Viola Willemsen
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Boutilier
- Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renze Heidstra
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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28
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Takeda S, Noguchi M, Hamamura Y, Higashiyama T. Spatial distribution of the RABBIT EARS protein and effects of its ectopic expression in Arabidopsis thaliana flowers. PLANTA 2014; 239:707-715. [PMID: 24366683 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-2010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In many flowering plants, flowers consist of two peripheral organs, sepals and petals, occurring in outer two whorls, and two inner reproductive organs, stamens and carpels. These organs are arranged in a concentric pattern in a floral meristem, and the organ identity is established by the combined action of floral homeotic genes expressed along the whorls. Floral organ primordia arise at fixed positions in the floral meristem within each whorl. The RABBIT EARS (RBE) gene is transcribed in the petal precursor cells and primordia, and regulates petal initiation and early growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. We investigated the spatial and temporal expression pattern of a RBE protein fused to the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Expression of the GFP:RBE fusion gene under the RBE cis-regulatory genomic fragment rescues the rbe petal defects, indicating that the fusion protein is functional. The GFP signal is located to the cells where RBE is transcribed, suggesting that RBE function is cell-autonomous. Ectopic expression of GFP:RBE under the APETALA1 promoter causes the homeotic conversion of floral organs, resulting in sterile flowers. In these plants, the class B homeotic genes APETALA3 and PISTILLATA are down-regulated, suggesting that the restriction of the RBE expression to the petal precursor cells is crucial for flower development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Takeda
- Cell and Genome Biology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kitaina-Yazuma Oji 74, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, 619-0244, Japan,
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29
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Lee BH, Wynn AN, Franks RG, Hwang YS, Lim J, Kim JH. The Arabidopsis thaliana GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR gene family plays an essential role in control of male and female reproductive development. Dev Biol 2014; 386:12-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Enugutti B, Kirchhelle C, Schneitz K. On the genetic control of planar growth during tissue morphogenesis in plants. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:651-61. [PMID: 22983223 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0452-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Tissue morphogenesis requires extensive intercellular communication. Plant organs are composites of distinct radial cell layers. A typical layer, such as the epidermis, is propagated by stereotypic anticlinal cell divisions. It is presently unclear what mechanisms coordinate cell divisions relative to the plane of a layer, resulting in planar growth and maintenance of the layer structure. Failure in the regulation of coordinated growth across a tissue may result in spatially restricted abnormal growth and the formation of a tumor-like protrusion. Therefore, one way to approach planar growth control is to look for genetic mutants that exhibit localized tumor-like outgrowths. Interestingly, plants appear to have evolved quite robust genetic mechanisms that govern these aspects of tissue morphogenesis. Here we provide a short summary of the current knowledge about the genetics of tumor formation in plants and relate it to the known control of coordinated cell behavior within a tissue layer. We further portray the integuments of Arabidopsis thaliana as an excellent model system to study the regulation of planar growth. The value of examining this process in integuments was established by the recent identification of the Arabidopsis AGC VIII kinase UNICORN as a novel growth suppressor involved in the regulation of planar growth and the inhibition of localized ectopic growth in integuments and other floral organs. An emerging insight is that misregulation of central determinants of adaxial-abaxial tissue polarity can lead to the formation of spatially restricted multicellular outgrowths in several tissues. Thus, there may exist a link between the mechanisms regulating adaxial-abaxial tissue polarity and planar growth in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Enugutti
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 4, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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Takeda S, Iwasaki A, Matsumoto N, Uemura T, Tatematsu K, Okada K. Physical interaction of floral organs controls petal morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:1242-50. [PMID: 23314942 PMCID: PMC3585593 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.212084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flowering plants bear beautiful flowers to attract pollinators. Petals are the most variable organs in flowering plants, with their color, fragrance, and shape. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), petal primordia arise at a similar time to stamen primordia and elongate at later stages through the narrow space between anthers and sepals. Although many of the genes involved in regulating petal identity and primordia growth are known, the molecular mechanism for the later elongation process remains unknown. We found a mutant, folded petals1 (fop1), in which normal petal development is inhibited during their growth through the narrow space between sepals and anthers, resulting in formation of folded petals at maturation. During elongation, the fop1 petals contact the sepal surface at several sites. The conical-shaped petal epidermal cells are flattened in the fop1 mutant, as if they had been pressed from the top. Surgical or genetic removal of sepals in young buds restores the regular growth of petals, suggesting that narrow space within a bud is the cause of petal folding in the fop1 mutant. FOP1 encodes a member of the bifunctional wax ester synthase/diacylglycerol acyltransferase family, WSD11, which is expressed in elongating petals and localized to the plasma membrane. These results suggest that the FOP1/WSD11 products synthesized in the petal epidermis may act as a lubricant, enabling uninhibited growth of the petals as they extend between the sepals and the anthers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Takeda
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan (S.T., A.I., N.M., K.O.); Laboratory of Plant Organ Development, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444–8585, Japan (A.I., K.T., K.O.); Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University and Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seika, Kyoto 619–0244, Japan (S.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan (T.U.)
| | - Akira Iwasaki
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan (S.T., A.I., N.M., K.O.); Laboratory of Plant Organ Development, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444–8585, Japan (A.I., K.T., K.O.); Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University and Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seika, Kyoto 619–0244, Japan (S.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan (T.U.)
| | - Noritaka Matsumoto
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan (S.T., A.I., N.M., K.O.); Laboratory of Plant Organ Development, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444–8585, Japan (A.I., K.T., K.O.); Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University and Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seika, Kyoto 619–0244, Japan (S.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan (T.U.)
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan (S.T., A.I., N.M., K.O.); Laboratory of Plant Organ Development, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444–8585, Japan (A.I., K.T., K.O.); Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University and Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seika, Kyoto 619–0244, Japan (S.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan (T.U.)
| | - Kiyoshi Tatematsu
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan (S.T., A.I., N.M., K.O.); Laboratory of Plant Organ Development, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444–8585, Japan (A.I., K.T., K.O.); Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University and Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seika, Kyoto 619–0244, Japan (S.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan (T.U.)
| | - Kiyotaka Okada
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8502, Japan (S.T., A.I., N.M., K.O.); Laboratory of Plant Organ Development, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444–8585, Japan (A.I., K.T., K.O.); Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University and Kyoto Prefectural Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seika, Kyoto 619–0244, Japan (S.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan (T.U.)
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Enugutti B, Schneitz K. Genetic analysis of ectopic growth suppression during planar growth of integuments mediated by the Arabidopsis AGC protein kinase UNICORN. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:2. [PMID: 23281875 PMCID: PMC3560232 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coordination of growth within a tissue layer is of critical importance for tissue morphogenesis. For example, cells within the epidermis undergo stereotypic cell divisions that are oriented along the plane of the layer (planar growth), thereby propagating the layered epidermal structure. Little is known about the developmental control that regulates such planar growth in plants. Recent evidence suggested that the Arabidopsis AGC VIII protein kinase UNICORN (UCN) maintains planar growth by suppressing the formation of ectopic multicellular protrusions in several floral tissues including integuments. In the current model UCN controls this process during integument development by directly interacting with the ABERRANT TESTA SHAPE (ATS) protein, a member of the KANADI (KAN) family of transcription factors, thereby repressing its activity. Here we report on the further characterization of the UCN mechanism. RESULTS Phenotypic analysis of flowers of ucn-1 plants impaired in floral homeotic gene activity revealed that any of the four floral whorls could produce organs carrying ucn-1 protrusions. The ectopic outgrowths of ucn integuments did not accumulate detectable signals of the auxin and cytokinin reporters DR5rev::GFP and ARR5::GUS, respectively. Furthermore, wild-type and ucn-1 seedlings showed similarly strong callus formation upon in vitro culture on callus-inducing medium. We also show that ovules of ucn-1 plants carrying the dominant ats allele sk21-D exhibited more pronounced protrusion formation. Finally ovules of ucn-1 ett-1 double mutants and ucn-1 ett-1 arf4-1 triple mutants displayed an additive phenotype. CONCLUSIONS These data deepen the molecular insight into the UCN-mediated control of planar growth during integument development. The presented evidence indicates that UCN downstream signaling does not involve the control of auxin or cytokinin homeostasis. The results also reveal that UCN interacts with ATS independently of an ATS/ETT complex required for integument initiation and they further emphasize the necessity to balance UCN and ATS proteins during maintenance of planar growth in integuments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Enugutti
- Present address: Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3-5, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kay Schneitz
- Entwicklungsbiologie der Pflanzen, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
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Rigal A, Yordanov YS, Perrone I, Karlberg A, Tisserant E, Bellini C, Busov VB, Martin F, Kohler A, Bhalerao R, Legué V. The AINTEGUMENTA LIKE1 homeotic transcription factor PtAIL1 controls the formation of adventitious root primordia in poplar. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:1996-2006. [PMID: 23077242 PMCID: PMC3510126 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.204453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Adventitious rooting is an essential but sometimes rate-limiting step in the clonal multiplication of elite tree germplasm, because the ability to form roots declines rapidly with age in mature adult plant tissues. In spite of the importance of adventitious rooting, the mechanism behind this developmental process remains poorly understood. We have described the transcriptional profiles that are associated with the developmental stages of adventitious root formation in the model tree poplar (Populus trichocarpa). Transcriptome analyses indicate a highly specific temporal induction of the AINTEGUMENTA LIKE1 (PtAIL1) transcription factor of the AP2 family during adventitious root formation. Transgenic poplar samples that overexpressed PtAIL1 were able to grow an increased number of adventitious roots, whereas RNA interference mediated the down-expression of PtAIL1 expression, which led to a delay in adventitious root formation. Microarray analysis showed that the expression of 15 genes, including the transcription factors AGAMOUS-Like6 and MYB36, was overexpressed in the stem tissues that generated root primordia in PtAIL1-overexpressing plants, whereas their expression was reduced in the RNA interference lines. These results demonstrate that PtAIL1 is a positive regulator of poplar rooting that acts early in the development of adventitious roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Rigal
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Lorraine University, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Lorraine University 1136 Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France (A.R., E.T., F.M., A.Ko., V.L.); School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931–1295 (Y.S.Y., V.B.B.); Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umea, Sweden (A.Ka., R.B.); Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187 Umea, Sweden (I.P., C.B.); and Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles cedex, France (C.B.)
| | - Yordan S. Yordanov
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Lorraine University, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Lorraine University 1136 Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France (A.R., E.T., F.M., A.Ko., V.L.); School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931–1295 (Y.S.Y., V.B.B.); Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umea, Sweden (A.Ka., R.B.); Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187 Umea, Sweden (I.P., C.B.); and Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles cedex, France (C.B.)
| | - Irene Perrone
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Lorraine University, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Lorraine University 1136 Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France (A.R., E.T., F.M., A.Ko., V.L.); School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931–1295 (Y.S.Y., V.B.B.); Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umea, Sweden (A.Ka., R.B.); Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187 Umea, Sweden (I.P., C.B.); and Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles cedex, France (C.B.)
| | - Anna Karlberg
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Lorraine University, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Lorraine University 1136 Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France (A.R., E.T., F.M., A.Ko., V.L.); School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931–1295 (Y.S.Y., V.B.B.); Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umea, Sweden (A.Ka., R.B.); Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187 Umea, Sweden (I.P., C.B.); and Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles cedex, France (C.B.)
| | - Emilie Tisserant
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Lorraine University, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Lorraine University 1136 Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France (A.R., E.T., F.M., A.Ko., V.L.); School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931–1295 (Y.S.Y., V.B.B.); Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umea, Sweden (A.Ka., R.B.); Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187 Umea, Sweden (I.P., C.B.); and Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles cedex, France (C.B.)
| | - Catherine Bellini
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Lorraine University, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Lorraine University 1136 Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France (A.R., E.T., F.M., A.Ko., V.L.); School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931–1295 (Y.S.Y., V.B.B.); Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umea, Sweden (A.Ka., R.B.); Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187 Umea, Sweden (I.P., C.B.); and Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles cedex, France (C.B.)
| | - Victor B. Busov
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique and Lorraine University, Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique/Lorraine University 1136 Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France (A.R., E.T., F.M., A.Ko., V.L.); School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931–1295 (Y.S.Y., V.B.B.); Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umea, Sweden (A.Ka., R.B.); Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187 Umea, Sweden (I.P., C.B.); and Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-AgroParisTech Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles cedex, France (C.B.)
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Heijmans K, Morel P, Vandenbussche M. MADS-box genes and floral development: the dark side. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:5397-404. [PMID: 22915743 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The origin of the flower during evolution has been a crucial step in further facilitating plants to colonize a wide range of different niches on our planet. The >250 000 species of flowering plants existing today display an astonishing diversity in floral architecture. For this reason, the flower is a very attractive subject for evolutionary developmental (evo-devo) genetics studies. Research during the last two decades has provided compelling evidence that the origin and functional diversification of MIKC(c) MADS-box transcription factors has played a critical role during evolution of flowering plants. As master regulators of floral organ identity, MADS-box proteins are at the heart of the classic ABC model for floral development. Despite the enormous progress made in the field of floral development, there still remain aspects that are less well understood. Here we highlight some of the dark corners within our current knowledge on MADS-box genes and flower development, which would be worthwhile investigating in more detail in future research. These include the general question of to what extent MADS-box gene functions are conserved between species, the function of TM8-clade MADS-box genes which so far have remained uncharacterized, the divergence within the A-function, and post-transcriptional regulation of the ABC-genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas Heijmans
- Plant Genetics, IWWR, Radboud University Nijmegen 6525AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
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Hu J, Zhang J, Shan H, Chen Z. Expression of floral MADS-box genes in Sinofranchetia chinensis (Lardizabalaceae): implications for the nature of the nectar leaves. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 110:57-69. [PMID: 22652421 PMCID: PMC3380600 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The perianths of the Lardizabalaceae are diverse. The second-whorl floral organs of Sinofranchetia chinensis (Lardizabalaceae) are nectar leaves. The aim of this study was to explore the nature of this type of floral organ, and to determine its relationship to nectar leaves in other Ranunculales species, and to other floral organs in Sinofranchetia chinensis. METHODS Approaches of evolutionary developmental biology were used, including 3' RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) for isolating floral MADS-box genes, phylogenetic analysis for reconstructing gene evolutionary history, in situ hybridization and tissue-specific RT-PCR for identifying gene expression patterns and SEM (scanning electron microscopy) for observing the epidermal cell morphology of floral organs. KEY RESULTS Fourteen new floral MADS-box genes were isolated from Sinofranchetia chinensis and from two other species of Lardizabalaceae, Holboellia grandiflora and Decaisnea insignis. The phylogenetic analysis of AP3-like genes in Ranunculales showed that three AP3 paralogues from Sinofranchetia chinensis belong to the AP3-I, -II and -III lineages. In situ hybridization results showed that SIchAP3-3 is significantly expressed only in nectar leaves at the late stages of floral development, and SIchAG, a C-class MADS-box gene, is expressed not only in stamens and carpels, but also in nectar leaves. SEM observation revealed that the adaxial surface of nectar leaves is covered with conical epidermal cells, a hallmark of petaloidy. CONCLUSIONS The gene expression data imply that the nectar leaves in S. chinensis might share a similar genetic regulatory code with other nectar leaves in Ranunculales species. Based on gene expression and morphological evidence, it is considered that the nectar leaves in S. chinensis could be referred to as petals. Furthermore, the study supports the hypothesis that the nectar leaves in some Ranunculales species might be derived from stamens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hongyan Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zhiduan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Rashid M, Guangyuan H, Guangxiao Y, Hussain J, Xu Y. AP2/ERF Transcription Factor in Rice: Genome-Wide Canvas and Syntenic Relationships between Monocots and Eudicots. Evol Bioinform Online 2012; 8:321-55. [PMID: 22807623 PMCID: PMC3396566 DOI: 10.4137/ebo.s9369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor family intimately regulates gene expression in response to hormones, biotic and abiotic factors, symbiotic interactions, cell differentiation, and stress signalling pathways in plants. In this study, 170 AP2/ERF family genes are identified by phylogenetic analysis of the rice genome (Oryza sativa l. japonica) and they are divided into a total of 11 groups, including four major groups (AP2, ERF, DREB, and RAV), 10 subgroups, and two soloists. Gene structure analysis revealed that, at position-6, the amino acid threonine (Thr-6) is conserved in the double domain AP2 proteins compared to the amino acid arginine (Arg-6), which is preserved in the single domain of ERF proteins. In addition, the histidine (His) amino acid is found in both domains of the double domain AP2 protein, which is missing in single domain ERF proteins. Motif analysis indicates that most of the conserved motifs, apart from the AP2/ERF domain, are exclusively distributed among the specific clades in the phylogenetic tree and regulate plausible functions. Expression analysis reveals a widespread distribution of the rice AP2/ERF family genes within plant tissues. In the vegetative organs, the transcripts of these genes are found most abundant in the roots followed by the leaf and stem; whereas, in reproductive tissues, the gene expression of this family is observed high in the embryo and lemma. From chromosomal localization, it appears that repetition and tandem-duplication may contribute to the evolution of new genes in the rice genome. In this study, interspecies comparisons between rice and wheat reveal 34 rice loci and unveil the extent of collinearity between the two genomes. It was subsequently ascertained that chromosome-9 has more orthologous loci for CRT/DRE genes whereas chromosome-2 exhibits orthologs for ERF subfamily members. Maximum conserved synteny is found in chromosome-3 for AP2 double domain subfamily genes. Macrosynteny between rice and Arabidopsis, a distant, related genome, uncovered 11 homologs/orthologs loci in both genomes. The distribution of AP2/ERF family gene paralogs in Arabidopsis was most frequent in chromosome-1 followed by chromosome-5. In Arabidopsis, ERF subfamily gene orthologs are found on chromosome-1, chromosome-3, and chromosome-5, whereas DRE subfamily genes are found on chromosome-2 and chromosome-5. Orthologs for RAV and AP2 with double domains in Arabidopsis are located on chromosome-1 and chromosome-3, respectively. In conclusion, the data generated in this survey will be useful for conducting genomic research to determine the precise role of the AP2/ERF gene during stress responses with the ultimate goal of improving crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rashid
- China-UK HUST-RRes Genetic Engineering and Genomics Joint Laboratory, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base (Genetic Engineering) of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The key laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - He Guangyuan
- China-UK HUST-RRes Genetic Engineering and Genomics Joint Laboratory, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base (Genetic Engineering) of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The key laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yang Guangxiao
- China-UK HUST-RRes Genetic Engineering and Genomics Joint Laboratory, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base (Genetic Engineering) of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The key laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Javeed Hussain
- China-UK HUST-RRes Genetic Engineering and Genomics Joint Laboratory, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base (Genetic Engineering) of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The key laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yan Xu
- China-UK HUST-RRes Genetic Engineering and Genomics Joint Laboratory, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base (Genetic Engineering) of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, The key laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan 430074, China
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Transcriptomic characterization of a synergistic genetic interaction during carpel margin meristem development in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26231. [PMID: 22031826 PMCID: PMC3198736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In flowering plants the gynoecium is the female reproductive structure. In Arabidopsis thaliana ovules initiate within the developing gynoecium from meristematic tissue located along the margins of the floral carpels. When fertilized the ovules will develop into seeds. SEUSS (SEU) and AINTEGUMENTA (ANT) encode transcriptional regulators that are critical for the proper formation of ovules from the carpel margin meristem (CMM). The synergistic loss of ovule initiation observed in the seu ant double mutant suggests that SEU and ANT share overlapping functions during CMM development. However the molecular mechanism underlying this synergistic interaction is unknown. Using the ATH1 transcriptomics platform we identified transcripts that were differentially expressed in seu ant double mutant relative to wild type and single mutant gynoecia. In particular we sought to identify transcripts whose expression was dependent on the coordinated activities of the SEU and ANT gene products. Our analysis identifies a diverse set of transcripts that display altered expression in the seu ant double mutant tissues. The analysis of overrepresented Gene Ontology classifications suggests a preponderance of transcriptional regulators including multiple members of the REPRODUCTIVE MERISTEMS (REM) and GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR (GRF) families are mis-regulated in the seu ant gynoecia. Our in situ hybridization analyses indicate that many of these genes are preferentially expressed within the developing CMM. This study is the first step toward a detailed description of the transcriptional regulatory hierarchies that control the development of the CMM and ovule initiation. Understanding the regulatory hierarchy controlled by SEU and ANT will clarify the molecular mechanism of the functional redundancy of these two genes and illuminate the developmental and molecular events required for CMM development and ovule initiation.
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El Ouakfaoui S, Schnell J, Abdeen A, Colville A, Labbé H, Han S, Baum B, Laberge S, Miki B. Control of somatic embryogenesis and embryo development by AP2 transcription factors. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 74:313-26. [PMID: 20798978 PMCID: PMC2952763 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-010-9674-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Members of the AP2 family of transcription factors, such as BABY BOOM (BBM), play important roles in cell proliferation and embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtBBM) and Brassica napus (BnBBM) but how this occurs is not understood. We have isolated three AP2 genes (GmBBM1, GmAIL5, GmPLT2) from somatic embryo cultures of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr, and discovered GmBBM1 to be homologous to AtBBM and BnBBM. GmAIL5 and GmPLT2 were homologous to Arabidopsis AINTEGUMENTA-like5 (AIL5) and PLETHORA2 (PLT2), respectively. Constitutive expression of GmBBM1 in Arabidopsis induced somatic embryos on vegetative organs and other pleiotropic effects on post-germinative vegetative organ development. Sequence comparisons of BBM orthologues revealed the presence of ten sequence motifs outside of the AP2 DNA-binding domains. One of the motifs, bbm-1, was specific to the BBM-like genes. Deletion and domain swap analyses revealed that bbm-1 was important for somatic embryogenesis and acted cooperatively with at least one other motif, euANT2, in the regulation of somatic embryogenesis and embryo development in transgenic Arabidopsis. The results provide new insights into the mechanisms by which BBM governs embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souad El Ouakfaoui
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6 Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2560 Hochelaga Blvd, Quebec, QC G1V 2J3 Canada
- Present Address: Biotechnology Section, Emerging Priorities Division, Environment Canada, Fontaine Building, 7th floor, #775, 200 Sacré-Coeur, Gatineau, Québec K1A 0H3 Canada
| | - Jaimie Schnell
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6 Canada
- Present Address: Plant and Biotechnology Risk Assessment Unit, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0Y9 Canada
| | - Ashraf Abdeen
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6 Canada
- Present Address: Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Docteur Penfield, Room N5/2Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1 Canada
| | - Adam Colville
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6 Canada
- Biology Department, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada
- Present Address: Iogen Corporation, 400 Hunt Club Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1V 1C1 Canada
| | - Hélène Labbé
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - Shuyou Han
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6 Canada
- Present Address: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario N5V 4T3 Canada
| | - Bernard Baum
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - Serge Laberge
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2560 Hochelaga Blvd, Quebec, QC G1V 2J3 Canada
| | - Brian Miki
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6 Canada
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Wollmann H, Mica E, Todesco M, Long JA, Weigel D. On reconciling the interactions between APETALA2, miR172 and AGAMOUS with the ABC model of flower development. Development 2010; 137:3633-42. [PMID: 20876650 DOI: 10.1242/dev.036673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ABC model of flower development explains how three classes of homeotic genes confer identity to the four types of floral organs. In Arabidopsis thaliana, APETALA2 (AP2) and AGAMOUS (AG) represent A- and C-class genes that act in an antagonistic fashion to specify perianth and reproductive organs, respectively. An apparent paradox was the finding that AP2 mRNA is supposedly uniformly distributed throughout young floral primordia. Although miR172 has a role in preventing AP2 protein accumulation, miR172 was reported to disappear from the periphery only several days after AG activation in the center of the flower. Here, we resolve the enigmatic behavior of AP2 and its negative regulator miR172 through careful expression analyses. We find that AP2 mRNA accumulates predominantly in the outer floral whorls, as expected for an A-class homeotic gene. Its pattern overlaps only transiently with that of miR172, which we find to be restricted to the center of young floral primordia from early stages on. MiR172 also accumulates in the shoot meristem upon floral induction, compatible with its known role in regulating AP2-related genes with a role in flowering. Furthermore, we show that AP2 can cause striking organ proliferation defects that are not limited to the center of the floral meristem, where its antagonist AG is required for terminating stem cell proliferation. Moreover, AP2 never expands uniformly into the center of ag mutant flowers, while miR172 is largely unaffected by loss of AG activity. We present a model in which the decision whether stamens or petals develop is based on the balance between AP2 and AG activities, rather than the two being mutually exclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Wollmann
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Kramer EM, Hodges SA. Aquilegia as a model system for the evolution and ecology of petals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2010; 365:477-90. [PMID: 20047874 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The ranunculid genus Aquilegia holds extraordinary promise as a model system for investigating a wide range of questions relating to the evolution and ecology of petals. New genetic and genomic resources, including an extensive EST database, BAC libraries and physical maps, as well as virus-induced gene silencing are facilitating this research on multiple fronts. At the developmental genetic level, Aquilegia has been important for elucidating the developmental programme for specifying petals and petaloid characteristics. Data suggest that duplication events among the petal and stamen identity genes have resulted in sub- and neofunctionalization. This expansion of gene function does not include the petaloidy of Aquilegia sepals, however, which does not depend on the same loci that control identity of the second whorl petals. Of special interest is the elaboration of the petal into a nectar spur, a major innovation for the genus. Intra- and interspecific variation in the shape and colour of petals, especially the spurs, has been shown to be adaptative for different pollinators. Thus, understanding the genetic basis of these traits will help us connect the ecological interactions driving speciation with the genetic changes responsible for remodelling morphology. Progress in this area has focused on the multiple, parallel transitions in flower colour and nectar spur length across the genus. For flower colour, upstream transcription factors appear to be primarily targets of natural selection. Thus research in Aquilegia spans the initial evolution of petals and petaloidy to the diversification of petal morphology to the ecological basis of petal form, thereby providing a comprehensive picture of the evolutionary biology of this critical angiosperm feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M Kramer
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Alvarez-Buylla ER, Benítez M, Corvera-Poiré A, Chaos Cador Á, de Folter S, Gamboa de Buen A, Garay-Arroyo A, García-Ponce B, Jaimes-Miranda F, Pérez-Ruiz RV, Piñeyro-Nelson A, Sánchez-Corrales YE. Flower development. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2010; 8:e0127. [PMID: 22303253 PMCID: PMC3244948 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flowers are the most complex structures of plants. Studies of Arabidopsis thaliana, which has typical eudicot flowers, have been fundamental in advancing the structural and molecular understanding of flower development. The main processes and stages of Arabidopsis flower development are summarized to provide a framework in which to interpret the detailed molecular genetic studies of genes assigned functions during flower development and is extended to recent genomics studies uncovering the key regulatory modules involved. Computational models have been used to study the concerted action and dynamics of the gene regulatory module that underlies patterning of the Arabidopsis inflorescence meristem and specification of the primordial cell types during early stages of flower development. This includes the gene combinations that specify sepal, petal, stamen and carpel identity, and genes that interact with them. As a dynamic gene regulatory network this module has been shown to converge to stable multigenic profiles that depend upon the overall network topology and are thus robust, which can explain the canalization of flower organ determination and the overall conservation of the basic flower plan among eudicots. Comparative and evolutionary approaches derived from Arabidopsis studies pave the way to studying the molecular basis of diverse floral morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena R. Alvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Mariana Benítez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Adriana Corvera-Poiré
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Álvaro Chaos Cador
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Alicia Gamboa de Buen
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Adriana Garay-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Berenice García-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Fabiola Jaimes-Miranda
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Rigoberto V. Pérez-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Alma Piñeyro-Nelson
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Yara E. Sánchez-Corrales
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er Circuito Exterior S/N Junto a Jardín Botánico Exterior, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, México D.F. 04510, Mexico
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Irish VF. The flowering of Arabidopsis flower development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 61:1014-28. [PMID: 20409275 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.04065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Flowers come in a variety of colors, shapes and sizes. Despite this variety, flowers have a very stereotypical architecture, consisting of a series of sterile organs surrounding the reproductive structures. Arabidopsis, as the premier model system for molecular and genetic analyses of plant development, has provided a wealth of insights into how this architecture is specified. With the advent of the completion of the Arabidopsis genome sequence a decade ago, in combination with a rich variety of forward and reverse genetic strategies, many of the genes and regulatory pathways controlling flower initiation, patterning, growth and differentiation have been characterized. A central theme that has emerged from these studies is the complexity and abundance of both positive and negative feedback loops that operate to regulate different aspects of flower formation. Presumably, this considerable degree of feedback regulation serves to promote a robust and stable transition to flowering, even in the face of genetic or environmental perturbations. This review will summarize recent advances in defining the genes, the regulatory pathways, and their interactions, that underpin how the Arabidopsis flower is formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian F Irish
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8104, USA.
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43
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Liu Z, Mara C. Regulatory mechanisms for floral homeotic gene expression. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2010; 21:80-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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44
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Ferrándiz C, Fourquin C, Prunet N, Scutt CP, Sundberg E, Trehin C, Vialette-Guiraud AC. Carpel Development. ADVANCES IN BOTANICAL RESEARCH 2010. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-380868-4.00001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
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45
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Krizek B. AINTEGUMENTA and AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE6 act redundantly to regulate Arabidopsis floral growth and patterning. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 150:1916-29. [PMID: 19542297 PMCID: PMC2719149 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.141119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
An Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) flower consists of four types of organs arranged in a stereotypical pattern. This complex floral structure is elaborated from a small number of floral meristem cells partitioned from the shoot apical meristem during reproductive development. The positioning of floral primordia within the periphery of the shoot apical meristem depends on transport of the phytohormone auxin with floral anlagen arising at sites of auxin maxima. An early marker of lateral organ fate is the AP2/ERF-type transcription factor AINTEGUMENTA (ANT), which has been proposed to act downstream of auxin in organogenic growth. Here, I show that the related, AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE6 (AIL6)/PLETHORA3 gene acts redundantly with ANT during flower development. ant ail6 double mutants show defects in floral organ positioning, identity, and growth. These floral defects are correlated with changes in the expression levels and patterns of two floral organ identity genes, APETALA3 and AGAMOUS. ant ail6 flowers also display altered expression of an auxin-responsive reporter, suggesting that auxin accumulation and/or responses are not normal. Furthermore, I show that ANT expression in incipient and young floral primordia depends on auxin transport within the inflorescence meristem. These results show that ANT and AIL6 are important regulators of floral growth and patterning and that they may act downstream of auxin in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betha Krizek
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
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46
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Tang M, Li G, Chen M. The phylogeny and expression pattern of APETALA2-like genes in rice. J Genet Genomics 2009; 34:930-8. [PMID: 17945171 DOI: 10.1016/s1673-8527(07)60104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The multigene families undergo birth-and-death evolution and thus contribute to biological innovations. The APETALA2-like genes belong to the euAP2 group of the AP2 gene family. These genes are characterized by several distinct motifs and exist in ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that these genes have undergone the birth-and-death evolution. The five APETALA2-like genes in rice (Oryza sativa L.) display redundant but distinct expression patterns as demonstrated by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. The potential functions of these genes were discussed on the basis of phylogenetic and expression pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meifang Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A &F University, Yangling 712100, China
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47
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Zhang Y, Cao G, Qu LJ, Gu H. Characterization of Arabidopsis MYB transcription factor gene AtMYB17 and its possible regulation by LEAFY and AGL15. J Genet Genomics 2009; 36:99-107. [PMID: 19232308 DOI: 10.1016/s1673-8527(08)60096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
MYB transcription factors compose one of the largest transcription factor families in Arabidopsis, which play important roles in various developmental processes as well as defense responses against environmental stresses. In this study, we report the characterization of AtMYB17 gene, a putative R2R3 type MYB gene family member in Arabidopsis. AtMYB17 was found exclusively localized in nuclear, with an activation domain at its C-terminus. AtMYB17 was highly expressed in inflorescences and siliques, especially at early flower developmental stages. The level of AtMYB17 transcripts was also found to increase after imbibition during seed germination and gradually concentrate to the shoot apex. Bioinformatics analysis identified several binding sites of LEAFY (LFY) and AGL15 in the promoter region of AtMYB17. Promoter-GUS fusion analysis showed that the LFY binding sites were important in fine-tuning regulation of the spatio-temporal expression of AtMYB17 in transgenic plants. Moreover, AtMYB17 was up-regulated in 35S::AGL15 plants. Taken together, our data suggest that LFY may be involved in the regulation of AtMYB17, possibly together with AGL15, and thereafter in early inflorescence development and seed germination.
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48
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Skinner DJ, Gasser CS. Expression-based discovery of candidate ovule development regulators through transcriptional profiling of ovule mutants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 9:29. [PMID: 19291320 PMCID: PMC2664812 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-9-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arabidopsis ovules comprise four morphologically distinct parts: the nucellus, which contains the embryo sac, two integuments that become the seed coat, and the funiculus that anchors the ovule within the carpel. Analysis of developmental mutants has shown that ovule morphogenesis relies on tightly regulated genetic interactions that can serve as a model for developmental regulation. Redundancy, pleiotropic effects and subtle phenotypes may preclude identification of mutants affecting some processes in screens for phenotypic changes. Expression-based gene discovery can be used access such obscured genes. RESULTS Affymetrix microarrays were used for expression-based gene discovery to identify sets of genes expressed in either or both integuments. The genes were identified by comparison of pistil mRNA from wild type with mRNA from two mutants; inner no outer (ino, which lacks the outer integument), and aintegumenta (ant, which lacks both integuments). Pools of pistils representing early and late stages of ovule development were evaluated and data from the three genotypes were used to designate genes that were predominantly expressed in the integuments using pair-wise and cluster analyses. Approximately two hundred genes were found to have a high probability of preferential expression in these structures, and the predictive nature of the expression classes was confirmed with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. CONCLUSION The results showed that it was possible to use a mutant, ant, with broad effects on plant phenotype to identify genes expressed specifically in ovules, when coupled with predictions from known gene expression patterns, or in combination with a more specific mutant, ino. Robust microarray averaging (RMA) analysis of array data provided the most reliable comparisons, especially for weakly expressed genes. The studies yielded an over-abundance of transcriptional regulators in the identified genes, and these form a set of candidate genes for evaluation of roles in ovule development using reverse genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra J Skinner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Crop Science, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Charles S Gasser
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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49
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Mizumoto K, Hatano H, Hirabayashi C, Murai K, Takumi S. Altered expression of wheat AINTEGUMENTA homolog, WANT-1, in pistil and pistil-like transformed stamen of an alloplasmic line with Aegilops crassa cytoplasm. Dev Genes Evol 2009; 219:175-87. [PMID: 19255779 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-009-0275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Homeotic transformation of stamens into pistil-like structures, called pistillody, has been reported in some alloplasmic common wheat lines with Aegilops crassa cytoplasm. An alloplasmic line of Chinese Spring ditelosomic 7BS (CSdt7BS) with Ae. crassa cytoplasm lacking the long arm of the chromosome 7B shows pistillody, and the pistils and transformed stamens are sterile due to abnormal ovule development. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of the ovule abnormality, we compared the expression profiles of floral organs between euplasmic and alloplasmic CSdt7BS lines. Two differential display methods of mRNA profiling demonstrated that Ae. crassa cytoplasm largely affects nuclear gene expression profiles of common wheat. Of the differentially expressed genes, a wheat AINTEGUMENTA (ANT) homolog, WANT-1, was preferentially expressed in pistils but not in stamens, and accumulation of the transcript was limited to ovule primordia at the floral organ development stage. In alloplasmic wheat, WANT-1 expression was patchy and weak at the ovule-development stages. On the other hand, no significant difference in gene expression patterns of wheat AGAMOUS (AG) homologs (WAG-1 and WAG-2) was observed between fertile and sterile pistils. These results indicated that alteration of gene expression after initiation of ovule primordia results in abnormal ovule development, and that the aberrant ovule formation is at least partly associated with the weak expression of WANT-1 around ovule primordia in alloplasmic wheat with Ae. crassa cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Mizumoto
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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50
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Yu L, Patibanda V, Smith HMS. A novel role of BELL1-like homeobox genes, PENNYWISE and POUND-FOOLISH, in floral patterning. PLANTA 2009; 229:693-707. [PMID: 19082619 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0867-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Flowers are determinate shoots comprised of perianth and reproductive organs displayed in a whorled phyllotactic pattern. Floral organ identity genes display region-specific expression patterns in the developing flower. In Arabidopsis, floral organ identity genes are activated by LEAFY (LFY), which functions with region-specific co-regulators, UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS (UFO) and WUSCHEL (WUS), to up-regulate homeotic genes in specific whorls of the flower. PENNYWISE (PNY) and POUND-FOOLISH (PNF) are redundant functioning BELL1-like homeodomain proteins that are expressed in shoot and floral meristems. During flower development, PNY functions with a co-repressor complex to down-regulate the homeotic gene, AGAMOUS (AG), in the outer whorls of the flower. However, the function of PNY as well as PNF in regulating floral organ identity in the central whorls of the flower is not known. In this report, we show that combining mutations in PNY and PNF enhance the floral patterning phenotypes of weak and strong alleles of lfy, indicating that these BELL1-like homeodomain proteins play a role in the specification of petals, stamens and carpels during flower development. Expression studies show that PNY and PNF positively regulate the homeotic genes, APETALA3 and AG, in the inner whorls of the flower. Moreover, PNY and PNF function in parallel with LFY, UFO and WUS to regulate homeotic gene expression. Since PNY and PNF interact with the KNOTTED1-like homeodomain proteins, SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM) and KNOTTED-LIKE from ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA2 (KNAT2) that regulate floral development, we propose that PNY/PNF-STM and PNY/PNF-KNAT2 complexes function in the inner whorls to regulate flower patterning events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Yu
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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