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Woudenberg S, Alvarez MD, Rienstra J, Levitsky V, Mironova V, Scarpella E, Kuhn A, Weijers D. Analysis of auxin responses in the fern Ceratopteris richardii identifies the developmental phase as a major determinant for response properties. Development 2024; 151:dev203026. [PMID: 39324436 DOI: 10.1242/dev.203026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
The auxin signaling molecule regulates a range of plant growth and developmental processes. The core transcriptional machinery responsible for auxin-mediated responses is conserved across all land plants. Genetic, physiological and molecular exploration in bryophyte and angiosperm model species have shown both qualitative and quantitative differences in auxin responses. Given the highly divergent ontogeny of the dominant gametophyte (bryophytes) and sporophyte (angiosperms) generations, however, it is unclear whether such differences derive from distinct phylogeny or ontogeny. Here, we address this question by comparing a range of physiological, developmental and molecular responses to auxin in both generations of the model fern Ceratopteris richardii. We find that auxin response in Ceratopteris gametophytes closely resembles that of a thalloid bryophyte, whereas the sporophyte mimics auxin response in flowering plants. This resemblance manifests both at the phenotypic and transcriptional levels. Furthermore, we show that disrupting auxin transport can lead to ectopic sporophyte induction on the gametophyte, suggesting a role for auxin in the alternation of generations. Our study thus identifies developmental phase, rather than phylogeny, as a major determinant of auxin response properties in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd Woudenberg
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Melissa Dipp Alvarez
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Juriaan Rienstra
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Victor Levitsky
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Lavrentyeva Avenue 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Victoria Mironova
- Department of Plant Systems Physiology, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Enrico Scarpella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW-405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Andre Kuhn
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Depaepe T, Prinsen E, Hu Y, Sanchez-Munoz R, Denoo B, Buyst D, Darouez H, Werbrouck S, Hayashi KI, Martins J, Winne J, Van Der Straeten D. Arinole, a novel auxin-stimulating benzoxazole, affects root growth and promotes adventitious root formation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:5681-5702. [PMID: 38920303 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The triple response phenotype is characteristic for seedlings treated with the phytohormone ethylene or its direct precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-carboxylic acid, and is often employed to find novel chemical tools to probe ethylene responses. We identified a benzoxazole-urea derivative (B2) partially mimicking ethylene effects in a triple response bioassay. A phenotypic analysis demonstrated that B2 and its closest analogue arinole (ARI) induced phenotypic responses reminiscent of seedlings with elevated levels of auxin, including impaired hook development and inhibition of seedling growth. Specifically, ARI reduced longitudinal cell elongation in roots, while promoting cell division. In contrast to other natural or synthetic auxins, ARI mostly acts as an inducer of adventitious root development, with only limited effects on lateral root development. Quantification of free auxins and auxin biosynthetic precursors as well as auxin-related gene expression demonstrated that ARI boosts global auxin levels. In addition, analyses of auxin reporter lines and mutants, together with pharmacological assays with auxin-related inhibitors, confirmed that ARI effects are facilitated by TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE1 (TAA1)-mediated auxin synthesis. ARI treatment in an array of species, including Arabidopsis, pea, tomato, poplar, and lavender, resulted in adventitious root formation, which is a desirable trait in both agriculture and horticulture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Depaepe
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els Prinsen
- Laboratory of Integrated Molecular Plant Physiological Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yuming Hu
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Raul Sanchez-Munoz
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bram Denoo
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dieter Buyst
- NMR and Structure Analysis Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hajer Darouez
- Laboratory for Applied In Vitro Plant Biotechnology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Stefaan Werbrouck
- Laboratory for Applied In Vitro Plant Biotechnology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Ken-Ichiro Hayashi
- Natural Products Chemistry Lab, Department of Biochemistry, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - José Martins
- NMR and Structure Analysis Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johan Winne
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominique Van Der Straeten
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Shang E, Wei K, Lv B, Zhang X, Lin X, Ding Z, Leng J, Tian H, Ding Z. VIK-Mediated Auxin Signaling Regulates Lateral Root Development in Arabidopsis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2402442. [PMID: 38958531 PMCID: PMC11434109 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The crucial role of TIR1-receptor-mediated gene transcription regulation in auxin signaling has long been established. In recent years, the significant role of protein phosphorylation modifications in auxin signal transduction has gradually emerged. To further elucidate the significant role of protein phosphorylation modifications in auxin signaling, a phosphoproteomic analysis in conjunction with auxin treatment has identified an auxin activated Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase (MAPKKK) VH1-INTERACTING Kinase (VIK), which plays an important role in auxin-induced lateral root (LR) development. In the vik mutant, auxin-induced LR development is significantly attenuated. Further investigations show that VIK interacts separately with the positive regulator of LR development, LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES-DOMAIN18 (LBD18), and the negative regulator of LR emergence, Ethylene Responsive Factor 13 (ERF13). VIK directly phosphorylates and stabilizes the positive transcription factor LBD18 in LR formation. In the meantime, VIK directly phosphorylates the negative regulator ERF13 at Ser168 and Ser172 sites, causing its degradation and releasing the repression by ERF13 on LR emergence. In summary, VIK-mediated auxin signaling regulates LR development by enhancing the protein stability of LBD18 and inducing the degradation of ERF13, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlei Shang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation BiologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesShandong UniversityQingdaoShandong266237China
| | - Kaijing Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation BiologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesShandong UniversityQingdaoShandong266237China
| | - Bingsheng Lv
- College of HorticultureQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoShandong266109China
| | - Xueli Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation BiologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesShandong UniversityQingdaoShandong266237China
| | - Xuefeng Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation BiologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesShandong UniversityQingdaoShandong266237China
| | - Zhihui Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation BiologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesShandong UniversityQingdaoShandong266237China
| | - Junchen Leng
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation BiologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesShandong UniversityQingdaoShandong266237China
| | - Huiyu Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation BiologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesShandong UniversityQingdaoShandong266237China
| | - Zhaojun Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation BiologyMinistry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesShandong UniversityQingdaoShandong266237China
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Tessi TM, Maurino VG. AZGs: a new family of cytokinin transporters. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:1841-1848. [PMID: 38979638 DOI: 10.1042/bst20231537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are phytohormones structurally similar to purines that play important roles in various aspects of plant physiology and development. The local and long-distance distribution of CKs is very important to control their action throughout the plant body. Over the past decade, several novel CK transporters have been described, many of which have been linked to a physiological function rather than simply their ability to transport the hormone in vitro. Purine permeases, equilibrative nucleotide transporters and ATP-binding cassette transporters are involved in the local and long-range distribution of CK. In addition, members of the Arabidopsis AZA-GUANINE RESISTANT (AZG) protein family, AZG1 and AZG2, have recently been shown to mediate CK uptake at the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum. Despite sharing ∼50% homology, AZG1 and AZG2 have unique transport mechanisms, tissue-specific expression patterns, and subcellular localizations that underlie their distinct physiological functions. AZG2 is expressed in a small group of cells in the overlying tissue around the lateral root primordia, where its expression is induced by auxins and it is involved in the regulation of lateral root growth. AZG1 is ubiquitously expressed, with high levels in the division zone of the root apical meristem. Here, it binds and stabilises the auxin efflux carrier PIN1, thereby shaping root architecture, particularly under salt stress. This review highlights the latest findings on the protein properties, transport mechanisms and cellular functions of this new family of CK transporters and discusses perspectives for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas M Tessi
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Veronica G Maurino
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Cellular Molecular Botany (IZMB), University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Zimmerman K, Pegler JL, Oultram JMJ, Collings DA, Wang MB, Grof CPL, Eamens AL. Molecular Manipulation of the miR160/ AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR Expression Module Impacts Root Development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:1042. [PMID: 39202402 PMCID: PMC11353855 DOI: 10.3390/genes15081042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), microRNA160 (miR160) regulates the expression of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR10 (ARF10), ARF16 and ARF17 throughout development, including the development of the root system. We have previously shown that in addition to DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA BINDING1 (DRB1), DRB2 is also involved in controlling the rate of production of specific miRNA cohorts in the tissues where DRB2 is expressed in wild-type Arabidopsis plants. In this study, a miR160 overexpression transgene (MIR160B) and miR160-resistant transgene versions of ARF10 and ARF16 (mARF10 and mARF16) were introduced into wild-type Arabidopsis plants and the drb1 and drb2 single mutants to determine the degree of requirement of DRB2 to regulate the miR160 expression module as part of root development. Via this molecular modification approach, we show that in addition to DRB1, DRB2 is required to regulate the level of miR160 production from its precursor transcripts in Arabidopsis roots. Furthermore, we go on to correlate the altered abundance of miR160 or its ARF10, ARF16 and ARF17 target genes in the generated series of transformant lines with the enhanced development of the root system displayed by these plant lines. More specifically, promotion of primary root elongation likely stemmed from enhancement of miR160-directed ARF17 expression repression, while the promotion of lateral and adventitious root formation was the result of an elevated degree of miR160-directed regulation of ARF17 expression, and to a lesser degree, ARF10 and ARF16 expression. Taken together, the results presented in this study identify the requirement of the functional interplay between DRB1 and DRB2 to tightly control the rate of miR160 production, to in turn ensure the appropriate degree of miR160-directed ARF10, ARF16 and ARF17 gene expression regulation as part of normal root system development in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Zimmerman
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (K.Z.); (J.L.P.); (J.M.J.O.); (D.A.C.); (C.P.L.G.)
| | - Joseph L. Pegler
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (K.Z.); (J.L.P.); (J.M.J.O.); (D.A.C.); (C.P.L.G.)
| | - Jackson M. J. Oultram
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (K.Z.); (J.L.P.); (J.M.J.O.); (D.A.C.); (C.P.L.G.)
| | - David A. Collings
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (K.Z.); (J.L.P.); (J.M.J.O.); (D.A.C.); (C.P.L.G.)
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ming-Bo Wang
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Christopher P. L. Grof
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (K.Z.); (J.L.P.); (J.M.J.O.); (D.A.C.); (C.P.L.G.)
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew L. Eamens
- Seaweed Research Group, School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia
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Lu L, Liu N, Fan Z, Liu M, Zhang X, Tian J, Yu Y, Lin H, Huang Y, Kong Z. A novel PGPR strain, Streptomyces lasalocidi JCM 3373 T, alleviates salt stress and shapes root architecture in soybean by secreting indole-3-carboxaldehyde. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:1941-1956. [PMID: 38369767 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
While soybean (Glycine max L.) provides the most important source of vegetable oil and protein, it is sensitive to salinity, which seriously endangers the yield and quality during soybean production. The application of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) to improve salt tolerance for plant is currently gaining increasing attention. Streptomycetes are a major group of PGPR. However, to date, few streptomycetes has been successfully developed and applied to promote salt tolerance in soybean. Here, we discovered a novel PGPR strain, Streptomyces lasalocidi JCM 3373T, from 36 strains of streptomycetes via assays of their capacity to alleviate salt stress in soybean. Microscopic observation showed that S. lasalocidi JCM 3373T does not colonise soybean roots. Chemical analysis confirmed that S. lasalocidi JCM 3373T secretes indole-3-carboxaldehyde (ICA1d). Importantly, IAC1d inoculation alleviates salt stress in soybean and modulates its root architecture by regulating the expression of stress-responsive genes GmVSP, GmPHD2 and GmWRKY54 and root growth-related genes GmPIN1a, GmPIN2a, GmYUCCA5 and GmYUCCA6. Taken together, the novel PGPR strain, S. lasalocidi JCM 3373T, alleviates salt stress and improves root architecture in soybean by secreting ICA1d. Our findings provide novel clues for the development of new microbial inoculant and the improvement of crop productivity under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zihui Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Minghao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Honghui Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaosheng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hou-Ji Laboratory in Shanxi province, Academy of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
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Chen JC, Lin HY, Novák O, Strnad M, Lee YI, Fang SC. Diverse geotropic responses in the orchid family. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 38809156 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
In epiphytes, aerial roots are important to combat water-deficient, nutrient-poor, and high-irradiance microhabitats. However, whether aerial roots can respond to gravity and whether auxin plays a role in regulating aerial root development remain open-ended questions. Here, we investigated the gravitropic response of the epiphytic orchid Phalaenopsis aphrodite. Our data showed that aerial roots of P. aphrodite failed to respond to gravity, and this was correlated with a lack of starch granules/statolith sedimentation in the roots and the absence of the auxin efflux carrier PIN2 gene. Using an established auxin reporter, we discovered that auxin maximum was absent in the quiescent center of aerial roots of P. aphrodite. Also, gravity failed to trigger auxin redistribution in the root caps. Hence, loss of gravity sensing and gravity-dependent auxin redistribution may be the genetic factors contributing to aerial root development. Moreover, the architectural and functional innovations that achieve fast gravitropism in the flowering plants appear to be lost in both terrestrial and epiphytic orchids, but are present in the early diverged orchid subfamilies. Taken together, our findings provide physiological and molecular evidence to support the notion that epiphytic orchids lack gravitropism and suggest diverse geotropic responses in the orchid family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhun-Chen Chen
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yin Lin
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Science, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Science, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Yung-I Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Su-Chiung Fang
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Cohen JD, Strader LC. An auxin research odyssey: 1989-2023. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1410-1428. [PMID: 38382088 PMCID: PMC11062468 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin is at times called the master regulator of plant processes and has been shown to be a central player in embryo development, the establishment of the polar axis, early aspects of seedling growth, as well as growth and organ formation during later stages of plant development. The Plant Cell has been key, since the inception of the journal, to developing an understanding of auxin biology. Auxin-regulated plant growth control is accomplished by both changes in the levels of active hormones and the sensitivity of plant tissues to these concentration changes. In this historical review, we chart auxin research as it has progressed in key areas and highlight the role The Plant Cell played in these scientific developments. We focus on understanding auxin-responsive genes, transcription factors, reporter constructs, perception, and signal transduction processes. Auxin metabolism is discussed from the development of tryptophan auxotrophic mutants, the molecular biology of conjugate formation and hydrolysis, indole-3-butyric acid metabolism and transport, and key steps in indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis, catabolism, and transport. This progress leads to an expectation of a more comprehensive understanding of the systems biology of auxin and the spatial and temporal regulation of cellular growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry D Cohen
- Department of Horticultural Science and the Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Lucia C Strader
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27008, USA
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Blanco-Touriñán N. Quantification of xylem connection defects during lateral root development in Arabidopsis. STAR Protoc 2024; 5:102786. [PMID: 38113142 PMCID: PMC10767186 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the establishment of vascular connections between primary and lateral roots have recently gained significant attention. Here, I present a protocol to visualize and quantify xylem connection defects during lateral root development. I describe steps for employing stains to infer whether the defects observed in xylem bridges are associated with alterations in the xylem differentiation program, including programmed cell death and secondary cell wall deposition. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Blanco-Touriñán et al. (2023) and Ursache et al. (2018).1,2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Blanco-Touriñán
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Sydow P, Murren CJ. Above and belowground phenotypic response to exogenous auxin across Arabidopsis thaliana mutants and natural accessions varies from seedling to reproductive maturity. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16873. [PMID: 38348101 PMCID: PMC10860551 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Plant hormones influence phenology, development, and function of above and belowground plant structures. In seedlings, auxin influences the initiation and development of lateral roots and root systems. How auxin-related genes influence root initiation at early life stages has been investigated from numerous perspectives. There is a gap in our understanding of how these genes influence root size through the life cycle and in mature plants. Across development, the influence of a particular gene on plant phenotypes is partly regulated by the addition of a poly-A tail to mRNA transcripts via alternative polyadenylation (APA). Auxin related genes have documented variation in APA, with auxin itself contributing to APA site switches. Studies of the influence of exogenous auxin on natural plant accessions and mutants of auxin pathway gene families exhibiting variation in APA are required for a more complete understanding of genotype by development by hormone interactions in whole plant and fitness traits. Methods We studied Arabidopsis thaliana homozygous mutant lines with inserts in auxin-related genes previously identified to exhibit variation in number of APA sites. Our growth chamber experiment included wildtype Col-0 controls, mutant lines, and natural accession phytometers. We applied exogenous auxin through the life cycle. We quantified belowground and aboveground phenotypes in 14 day old, 21 day old seedlings and plants at reproductive maturity. We contrasted root, rosette and flowering phenotypes across wildtype, auxin mutant, and natural accession lines, APA groups, hormone treatments, and life stages using general linear models. Results The root systems and rosettes of mutant lines in auxin related genes varied in response to auxin applications across life stages and varied between genotypes within life stages. In seedlings, exposure to auxin decreased size, but increased lateral root density, whereas at reproductive maturity, plants displayed greater aboveground mass and total root length. These differences may in part be due to a shift which delayed the reproductive stage when plants were treated with auxin. Root traits of auxin related mutants depended on the number of APA sites of mutant genes and the plant's developmental stage. Mutants with inserts in genes with many APA sites exhibited lower early seedling belowground biomass than those with few APA sites but only when exposed to exogenous auxin. As we observed different responses to exogenous auxin across the life cycle, we advocate for further studies of belowground traits and hormones at reproductive maturity. Studying phenotypic variation of genotypes across life stages and hormone environments will uncover additional shared patterns across traits, assisting efforts to potentially reach breeding targets and enhance our understanding of variation of genotypes in natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Sydow
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, United States
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Courtney J. Murren
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, United States
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11
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Xing Y, Liu C, Zheng C, Li H, Yin H. Evolution and function analysis of auxin response factors reveal the molecular basis of the developed root system of Zygophyllum xanthoxylum. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:81. [PMID: 38302884 PMCID: PMC10835889 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04717-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a xerophytic shrub, forming developed root system dominated with lateral roots is one of the effective strategies for Zygophyllum xanthoxylum to adapt to desert habitat. However, the molecular mechanism of lateral root formation in Z. xanthoxylum is still unclear. Auxin response factors (ARFs) are a master family of transcription factors (TFs) in auxin-mediated biological processes including root growth and development. RESULTS Here, to determine the relationship between ARFs and root system formation in Z. xanthoxylum, a total of 30 potential ZxARF genes were first identified, and their classifications, evolutionary relationships, duplication events and conserved domains were characterized. 107 ARF protein sequences from alga to higher plant species including Z. xanthoxylum are split into A, B, and C 3 Clades, consisting with previous studies. The comparative analysis of ARFs between xerophytes and mesophytes showed that A-ARFs of xerophytes expanded considerably more than that of mesophytes. Furthermore, in this Clade, ZxARF5b and ZxARF8b have lost the important B3 DNA-binding domain partly and completely, suggesting both two proteins may be more functional in activating transcription by dimerization with AUX/IAA repressors. qRT-PCR results showed that all A-ZxARFs are high expressed in the roots of Z. xanthoxylum, and they were significantly induced by drought stress. Among these A-ZxARFs, the over-expression assay showed that ZxARF7c and ZxARF7d play positive roles in lateral root formation. CONCLUSION This study provided the first comprehensive overview of ZxARFs and highlighted the importance of A-ZxARFs in the lateral root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongju Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems; Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Zhang Y, Ma Y, Zhao D, Tang Z, Zhang T, Zhang K, Dong J, Zhang H. Genetic regulation of lateral root development. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2081397. [PMID: 35642513 PMCID: PMC10761116 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2081397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lateral roots (LRs) are an important part of plant root systems. In dicots, for example, after plants adapted from aquatic to terrestrial environments, filamentous pseudorhizae evolved to allow nutrient absorption. A typical plant root system comprises a primary root, LRs, root hairs, and a root cap. Classical plant roots exhibit geotropism (the tendency to grow downward into the ground) and can synthesize plant hormones and other essential substances. Root vascular bundles and complex spatial structures enable plants to absorb water and nutrients to meet their nutrient quotas and grow. The primary root carries out most functions during early growth stages but is later overtaken by LRs, underscoring the importance of LR development water and mineral uptake and the soil fixation capacity of the root. LR development is modulated by endogenous plant hormones and external environmental factors, and its underlying mechanisms have been dissected in great detail in Arabidopsis, thanks to its simple root anatomy and the ease of obtaining mutants. This review comprehensively and systematically summarizes past research (largely in Arabidopsis) on LR basic structure, development stages, and molecular mechanisms regulated by different factors, as well as future prospects in LR research, to provide broad background knowledge for root researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Pear Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yuru Ma
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hengshui University, Hengshui, Hebei, China
| | - Ziyan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Tengteng Zhang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jingao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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13
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Tamizhselvan P, Madhavan S, Constan-Aguilar C, Elrefaay ER, Liu J, Pěnčík A, Novák O, Cairó A, Hrtyan M, Geisler M, Tognetti VB. Chloroplast Auxin Efflux Mediated by ABCB28 and ABCB29 Fine-Tunes Salt and Drought Stress Responses in Arabidopsis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:7. [PMID: 38202315 PMCID: PMC10780339 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is among the first processes negatively affected by environmental cues and its performance directly determines plant cell fitness and ultimately crop yield. Primarily sites of photosynthesis, chloroplasts are unique sites also for the biosynthesis of precursors of the growth regulator auxin and for sensing environmental stress, but their role in intracellular auxin homeostasis, vital for plant growth and survival in changing environments, remains poorly understood. Here, we identified two ATP-binding cassette (ABC) subfamily B transporters, ABCB28 and ABCB29, which export auxin across the chloroplast envelope to the cytosol in a concerted action in vivo. Moreover, we provide evidence for an auxin biosynthesis pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplasts. The overexpression of ABCB28 and ABCB29 influenced stomatal regulation and resulted in significantly improved water use efficiency and survival rates during salt and drought stresses. Our results suggest that chloroplast auxin production and transport contribute to stomata regulation for conserving water upon salt stress. ABCB28 and ABCB29 integrate photosynthesis and auxin signals and as such hold great potential to improve the adaptation potential of crops to environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Tamizhselvan
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.T.); (S.M.); (C.C.-A.); (E.R.E.); (A.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Sharmila Madhavan
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.T.); (S.M.); (C.C.-A.); (E.R.E.); (A.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Christian Constan-Aguilar
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.T.); (S.M.); (C.C.-A.); (E.R.E.); (A.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Eman Ryad Elrefaay
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.T.); (S.M.); (C.C.-A.); (E.R.E.); (A.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (J.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, & Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (A.P.); (O.N.)
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, & Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (A.P.); (O.N.)
| | - Albert Cairó
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.T.); (S.M.); (C.C.-A.); (E.R.E.); (A.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Mónika Hrtyan
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.T.); (S.M.); (C.C.-A.); (E.R.E.); (A.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (J.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Vanesa Beatriz Tognetti
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.T.); (S.M.); (C.C.-A.); (E.R.E.); (A.C.); (M.H.)
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14
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Reyes-Hernández BJ, Maizel A. Tunable recurrent priming of lateral roots in Arabidopsis: More than just a clock? CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 76:102479. [PMID: 37857036 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Lateral root (LR) formation in Arabidopsis is a continuous, repetitive, post-embryonic process regulated by a series of coordinated events and tuned by the environment. It shapes the root system, enabling plants to efficiently explore soil resources and adapt to changing environmental conditions. Although the auxin-regulated modules responsible for LR morphogenesis and emergence are well documented, less is known about the initial priming. Priming is characterised by recurring peaks of auxin signalling, which, once memorised, earmark cells to form the new LR. We review the recent experimental and modelling approaches to understand the molecular processes underlying the recurring LR formation. We argue that the intermittent priming of LR results from interweaving the pattern of auxin flow and root growth together with an oscillatory auxin-modulated transcriptional mechanism and illustrate its long-range sugar-mediated tuning by light.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexis Maizel
- Center for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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15
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Sarkar R, Mukherjee S, Pradhan B, Chatterjee G, Goswami R, Ali MN, Ray SS. Molecular characterization of vermicompost-derived IAA-releasing bacterial isolates and assessment of their impact on the root improvement of banana during primary hardening. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:351. [PMID: 37864056 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03809-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
The hardening step of micropropagation is crucial to make the in vitro raised plants mature and further enhancing their survivability in the external environment. Auxin regulates various root physiological parameters in plant systems. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the impact of three vermicompost-derived IAA-releasing microbial strains, designated S1, S2, and S3, as biofertilizers on in vitro raised banana plantlets during primary hardening. The High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) analysis of these strains revealed a higher IAA content for S1 and S2 than that of S3 after 144 h of incubation. In total, seven different treatments were applied to banana plantlets, and significant variations were observed in all plant growth parameters for all treatments except autoclaved cocopeat (100%) mixed with autoclaved vermicompost (100%) at a 1:1 ratio. Among these treatments, the application of S3 biofertilizer: autoclaved cocopeat (1:1), followed by S2 biofertlizer: autoclaved cocopeat (1:1), was found to be better than other treatments for root numbers per plant, root length per plant, root volume, and chlorophyll content. These findings have confirmed the beneficial effects of microbial strains on plant systems and propose a link between root improvement and bacterial auxin. Further, these strains were identified at the molecular level as Bacillus sp. As per our knowledge, this is the first report of Bacillus strains isolated from vermicompost and applied as biofertilizer along with cocopeat for the primary hardening of banana. This unique approach may be adopted to improve the quality of plants during hardening, which increases their survival under abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajdeep Sarkar
- Division of Agricultural Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama, Narendrapur, Kolkata, India
| | - Shibasis Mukherjee
- Division of Agricultural Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama, Narendrapur, Kolkata, India
| | - Bhubaneswar Pradhan
- Division of Agricultural Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama, Narendrapur, Kolkata, India
| | - Gautam Chatterjee
- Division of Agricultural Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama, Narendrapur, Kolkata, India
| | - Rupak Goswami
- Division of Rural Development, School of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama, Narendrapur, Kolkata, India
| | - Md Nasim Ali
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, India
| | - Syandan Sinha Ray
- Division of Agricultural Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama, Narendrapur, Kolkata, India.
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16
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Sanchez-Corrionero A, Sánchez-Vicente I, Arteaga N, Manrique-Gil I, Gómez-Jiménez S, Torres-Quezada I, Albertos P, Lorenzo O. Fine-tuned nitric oxide and hormone interface in plant root development and regeneration. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6104-6118. [PMID: 36548145 PMCID: PMC10575706 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant root growth and developmental capacities reside in a few stem cells of the root apical meristem (RAM). Maintenance of these stem cells requires regenerative divisions of the initial stem cell niche (SCN) cells, self-maintenance, and proliferative divisions of the daughter cells. This ensures sufficient cell diversity to guarantee the development of complex root tissues in the plant. Damage in the root during growth involves the formation of a new post-embryonic root, a process known as regeneration. Post-embryonic root development and organogenesis processes include primary root development and SCN maintenance, plant regeneration, and the development of adventitious and lateral roots. These developmental processes require a fine-tuned balance between cell proliferation and maintenance. An important regulator during root development and regeneration is the gasotransmitter nitric oxide (NO). In this review we have sought to compile how NO regulates cell rate proliferation, cell differentiation, and quiescence of SCNs, usually through interaction with phytohormones, or other molecular mechanisms involved in cellular redox homeostasis. NO exerts a role on molecular components of the auxin and cytokinin signaling pathways in primary roots that affects cell proliferation and maintenance of the RAM. During root regeneration, a peak of auxin and cytokinin triggers specific molecular programs. Moreover, NO participates in adventitious root formation through its interaction with players of the brassinosteroid and cytokinin signaling cascade. Lately, NO has been implicated in root regeneration under hypoxia conditions by regulating stem cell specification through phytoglobins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Sanchez-Corrionero
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación en Agrobiotecnología (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Sánchez-Vicente
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación en Agrobiotecnología (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Noelia Arteaga
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación en Agrobiotecnología (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Isabel Manrique-Gil
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación en Agrobiotecnología (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Sara Gómez-Jiménez
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación en Agrobiotecnología (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Isabel Torres-Quezada
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación en Agrobiotecnología (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pablo Albertos
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación en Agrobiotecnología (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Oscar Lorenzo
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación en Agrobiotecnología (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/ Río Duero 12, 37185 Salamanca, Spain
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17
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Granada Agudelo M, Ruiz B, Capela D, Remigi P. The role of microbial interactions on rhizobial fitness. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1277262. [PMID: 37877089 PMCID: PMC10591227 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1277262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobia are soil bacteria that can establish a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with legume plants. As horizontally transmitted symbionts, the life cycle of rhizobia includes a free-living phase in the soil and a plant-associated symbiotic phase. Throughout this life cycle, rhizobia are exposed to a myriad of other microorganisms that interact with them, modulating their fitness and symbiotic performance. In this review, we describe the diversity of interactions between rhizobia and other microorganisms that can occur in the rhizosphere, during the initiation of nodulation, and within nodules. Some of these rhizobia-microbe interactions are indirect, and occur when the presence of some microbes modifies plant physiology in a way that feeds back on rhizobial fitness. We further describe how these interactions can impose significant selective pressures on rhizobia and modify their evolutionary trajectories. More extensive investigations on the eco-evolutionary dynamics of rhizobia in complex biotic environments will likely reveal fascinating new aspects of this well-studied symbiotic interaction and provide critical knowledge for future agronomical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Granada Agudelo
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microbes Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Bryan Ruiz
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microbes Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Delphine Capela
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microbes Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Philippe Remigi
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microbes Environnement (LIPME), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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18
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Wang HQ, Zhao XY, Xuan W, Wang P, Zhao FJ. Rice roots avoid asymmetric heavy metal and salinity stress via an RBOH-ROS-auxin signaling cascade. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:1678-1694. [PMID: 37735869 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Root developmental plasticity is crucial for plants to adapt to a changing soil environment, where nutrients and abiotic stress factors are distributed heterogeneously. How plant roots sense and avoid heterogeneous abiotic stress in soil remains unclear. Here, we show that, in response to asymmetric stress of heavy metals (cadmium, copper, or lead) and salt, rice roots rapidly proliferate lateral roots (LRs) in the stress-free area, thereby remodeling root architecture to avoid localized stress. Imaging and quantitative analyses of reactive oxygen species (ROS) showed that asymmetric stress induces a ROS burst in the tips of the exposed roots and simultaneously triggers rapid systemic ROS signaling to the unexposed roots. Addition of a ROS scavenger to either the stressed or stress-free area abolished systemic ROS signaling and LR proliferation induced by asymmetric stress. Asymmetric stress also enhanced cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) signaling; blocking Ca2+signaling inhibited systemic ROS propagation and LR branching in the stress-free area. We identified two plasma-membrane-localized respiratory burst oxidase homologs, OsRBOHA and OsRBOHI, as key players in systemic ROS signaling under asymmetric stress. Expression of OsRBOHA and OsRBOHI in roots was upregulated by Cd stress, and knockout of either gene reduced systemic ROS signaling and LR proliferation under asymmetric stress. Furthermore, we demonstrated that auxin signaling and cell wall remodeling act downstream of the systemic ROS signaling to promote LR development. Collectively, our study reveals an RBOH-ROS-auxin signaling cascade that enables rice roots to avoid localized stress of heavy metals and salt and provides new insight into root system plasticity in heterogenous soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xing-Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wei Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fang-Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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19
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Zhang T, Ge Y, Cai G, Pan X, Xu L. WOX-ARF modules initiate different types of roots. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112966. [PMID: 37556327 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Seed plants have evolved a complex root system consisting of at least three root types, i.e., adventitious roots, lateral roots, and the primary root. Auxin is the key hormone that controls the initiation of different root types. Here, we show that protein complexes with different combinations of intermediate-clade WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOXs (IC-WOXs) and class-A AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORs (A-ARFs) initiate the three root types in Arabidopsis thaliana. In adventitious root founder cells from detached leaves, the WOX11-ARF6/8 complex activates RGF1 INSENSITIVEs (RGIs) and LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN 16 (LBD16) to initiate the adventitious root primordium. In lateral root founder cells, ARF7/19 activate RGIs and LBD16 without IC-WOX to initiate the lateral root primordium. In the primary root founder cell (i.e., hypophysis of an embryo), the WOX9-ARF5 complex initiates the primary root by activation of RGIs. Overall, the WOX-ARF modules show a division of labor to initiate different type of roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yachao Ge
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gui Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuan Pan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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20
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Šmeringai J, Schrumpfová PP, Pernisová M. Cytokinins - regulators of de novo shoot organogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1239133. [PMID: 37662179 PMCID: PMC10471832 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1239133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants, unlike animals, possess a unique developmental plasticity, that allows them to adapt to changing environmental conditions. A fundamental aspect of this plasticity is their ability to undergo postembryonic de novo organogenesis. This requires the presence of regulators that trigger and mediate specific spatiotemporal changes in developmental programs. The phytohormone cytokinin has been known as a principal regulator of plant development for more than six decades. In de novo shoot organogenesis and in vitro shoot regeneration, cytokinins are the prime candidates for the signal that determines shoot identity. Both processes of de novo shoot apical meristem development are accompanied by changes in gene expression, cell fate reprogramming, and the switching-on of the shoot-specific homeodomain regulator, WUSCHEL. Current understanding about the role of cytokinins in the shoot regeneration will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Šmeringai
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petra Procházková Schrumpfová
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Markéta Pernisová
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
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21
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Xie XG, Lu WL, Feng KM, Zheng CJ, Yang Y, Jia M, Wu YS, Shi YZ, Han T, Qin LP. Mechanisms of Epichloë bromicola to Promote Plant Growth and Its Potential Application for Coix lacryma-jobi L. Cultivation. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:306. [PMID: 37501023 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03411-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi play important roles in regulating plant growth and development and usually used as a promising strategy to enhance the biosynthesis of host valuable secondary metabolite, but the underlying growth-promoting mechanisms are only partly understood. In this study, the wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings co-cultured with fungal endophyte Epichloë bromicola showed auxin (IAA)-stimulated phenotypes, and the growth-promoting effects caused by E. bromicola were further verified by the experiments of spatially separated co-culture and fungal extract treatment. IAA was detected and identified in the extract of E. bromicola culture by LC-HRMS/MS, whereas 2,3-butanediol was confirmed to be the predominant volatile active compound in the diethyl ether and ethyl acetate extracts by GC-MS. Further study observed that IAA-related genes including synthesis key enzyme genes (CYP79B2, CYP79B3, NIT1, TAA1 and YUCCA1) and controlling polar transport genes (AUX1, BIG, EIR1, AXR3 and ARF1), were highly expressed at different periods after E. bromicola inoculation. More importantly, the introduction of fungal endophyte E. bromicola could effectively promote the growth and accumulation of coixol in Coix under soil conditions. Our study showed that endophytic fungus E. bromicola might be considered as a potential inoculant for improving medicinal plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Guang Xie
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wei-Lan Lu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Kun-Miao Feng
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Cheng-Jian Zheng
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Min Jia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yi-Sang Wu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yan-Zhang Shi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ting Han
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Lu-Ping Qin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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22
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Varas E, Valladares S, Vielba J, Vidal N, Sánchez C. Expression of CsSCL1 and Rooting Response in Chestnut Leaves Are Dependent on the Auxin Polar Transport and the Ontogenetic Origin of the Tissues. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2657. [PMID: 37514273 PMCID: PMC10385970 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the de novo regeneration of adventitious roots are still poorly understood, particularly in trees. We developed a system for studying adventitious rooting (AR) at physiological and molecular levels using leaves excised from chestnut microshoots of the same genotype but with two distinct ontogenetic origins that differ in rooting competence. Leaves were treated with auxin and N-1-naphthyl-phthalamic acid (NPA), an inhibitor of auxin polar transport (PAT). The physiological effects were investigated by recording rooting rates and the number and quality of the roots. Molecular responses were examined by localizing and monitoring the changes in the expression of CsSCL1, an auxin-inducible gene in juvenile and mature shoots during AR. The rooting response of leaves was ontogenetic-stage dependent and similar to that of the donor microshoots. Initiation of root primordia and root development were inhibited by application of NPA, although its effect depended on the timing of application. CsSCL1 was upregulated by auxin only in rooting-competent leaves during the novo root organogenesis, and the expression was reduced by NPA. The inhibitory effect on gene expression was detected during the reprograming of rooting competent cells towards root initials in response to auxin, indicating that PAT-mediated upregulation of CsSCL1 is required in the initial steps of AR in chestnut leaves. The localized expression of CsSCL1 in the quiescent center (QC) also suggests a role for this gene in the maintenance of meristematic competence and root radial patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Varas
- Misión Biológica de Galicia Sede Santiago de Compostela, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apdo 122, 15780 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Fundación Promiva, Ctra M-501, Km 5.4, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Valladares
- Misión Biológica de Galicia Sede Santiago de Compostela, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apdo 122, 15780 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Agromillora Iberia, C/El Rebato, s/n, 08379 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Vielba
- Misión Biológica de Galicia Sede Santiago de Compostela, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apdo 122, 15780 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Nieves Vidal
- Misión Biológica de Galicia Sede Santiago de Compostela, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apdo 122, 15780 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Conchi Sánchez
- Misión Biológica de Galicia Sede Santiago de Compostela, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apdo 122, 15780 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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23
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Ullah G, Ibrahim M, Nawaz G, Khatoon A, Jamil M, Rehman SU, Ali EA, Tariq A. Plant-Derived Smoke Mitigates the Inhibitory Effects of the Auxin Inhibitor 2,3,5-Triiodo Benzoic Acid (TIBA) by Enhancing Root Architecture and Biochemical Parameters in Maize. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2604. [PMID: 37514219 PMCID: PMC10383894 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate and compare the effects of plant-derived smoke (PDS) and auxin (IAA and IBA) on maize growth under the application of 2,3,5-triiodo benzoic acid (TIBA). For this purpose, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), each at a concentration of 10 ppm, along with PDS at a ratio of 1:500 (v/v) were used alone and in combination with 10 ppm of TIBA. The results indicate that the germination percentage (%) of maize seeds was enhanced under IAA, IBA and PDS treatment. However, IAA and IBA resulted in reduced germination when applied in combination with TIBA. Importantly, the germination percentage (%) was improved by PDS under TIBA treatment. The analysis of seedling height, length of leaves, and number of primary, seminal and secondary/lateral roots showed improvement under individual treatments of IAA and IBA, PDS and PDS + TIBA treatment, while these values were reduced under IAA + TIBA and IBA + TIBA application. Chlorophyll content, total soluble sugars and antioxidative enzymatic activity including POD and SOD increased in seedlings treated with PDS alone or both PDS and TIBA, while in seedlings treated with IAA and TIBA or IBA and TIBA, their levels were decreased. APX and CAT responded in the opposite way-under IAA, IBA and PDS treatment, their levels were found to be lower than the control (simple water treatment), while TIBA treatment with either IAA, IBA or PDS enhanced their levels as compared to the control. These results reveal that PDS has the potential to alleviate the inhibitory effects of TIBA. This study highlights the role of PDS in preventing TIBA from blocking the auxin entry sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulfan Ullah
- Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 2600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ibrahim
- Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 2600, Pakistan
| | - Ghazala Nawaz
- Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 2600, Pakistan
| | - Amana Khatoon
- Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 2600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Jamil
- Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 2600, Pakistan
| | - Shafiq Ur Rehman
- Department of Biology, The University of Haripur, Haripur 2262, Pakistan
| | - Essam A Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Akash Tariq
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
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24
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Muroyama A, Gong Y, Hartman KS, Bergmann D. Cortical polarity ensures its own asymmetric inheritance in the stomatal lineage to pattern the leaf surface. Science 2023; 381:54-59. [PMID: 37410832 PMCID: PMC10328556 DOI: 10.1126/science.add6162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell divisions specify differential cell fates across kingdoms. In metazoans, preferential inheritance of fate determinants into one daughter cell frequently depends on polarity-cytoskeleton interactions. Despite the prevalence of asymmetric divisions throughout plant development, evidence for analogous mechanisms that segregate fate determinants remains elusive. Here, we describe a mechanism in the Arabidopsis leaf epidermis that ensures unequal inheritance of a fate-enforcing polarity domain. By defining a cortical region depleted of stable microtubules, the polarity domain limits possible division orientations. Accordingly, uncoupling the polarity domain from microtubule organization during mitosis leads to aberrant division planes and accompanying cell identity defects. Our data highlight how a common biological module, coupling polarity to fate segregation through the cytoskeleton, can be reconfigured to accommodate unique features of plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Muroyama
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Current Address: Department of Organismic & Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Kensington S. Hartman
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dominique Bergmann
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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25
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Zhao P, Zhang J, Chen S, Zhang Z, Wan G, Mao J, Wang Z, Tan S, Xiang C. ERF1 inhibits lateral root emergence by promoting local auxin accumulation and repressing ARF7 expression. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112565. [PMID: 37224012 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lateral roots (LRs) are crucial for plants to sense environmental signals in addition to water and nutrient absorption. Auxin is key for LR formation, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we report that Arabidopsis ERF1 inhibits LR emergence by promoting local auxin accumulation with altered distribution and regulating auxin signaling. Loss of ERF1 increases LR density compared with the wild type, whereas ERF1 overexpression causes the opposite phenotype. ERF1 enhances auxin transport by upregulating PIN1 and AUX1, resulting in excessive auxin accumulation in the endodermal, cortical, and epidermal cells surrounding LR primordia. Furthermore, ERF1 represses ARF7 transcription, thereby downregulating the expression of cell-wall remodeling genes that facilitate LR emergence. Together, our study reveals that ERF1 integrates environmental signals to promote local auxin accumulation with altered distribution and repress ARF7, consequently inhibiting LR emergence in adaptation to fluctuating environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingxia Zhao
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province 230027, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province 230027, China
| | - Siyan Chen
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province 230027, China
| | - Zisheng Zhang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province 230027, China
| | - Guangyu Wan
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province 230027, China
| | - Jieli Mao
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province 230027, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Shutang Tan
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province 230027, China
| | - Chengbin Xiang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Interdisciplinary Sciences at the Microscale, MOE Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science and Technology of China, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province 230027, China.
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26
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Kircher S, Schopfer P. Photosynthetic sucrose drives the lateral root clock in Arabidopsis seedlings. Curr Biol 2023:S0960-9822(23)00543-2. [PMID: 37207646 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The development of plant roots is subject to control by light. Here, we show that, similar to monotonous root elongation, the periodic induction of lateral roots (LRs) depends on the activation by light of photomorphogenic and photosynthetic photoreceptors in the shoot in a hierarchical order. The prevailing belief is that the plant hormone auxin serves as a mobile signal transmitter, responsible for interorgan communication, including light-controlled shoot-to-root connections. Alternatively, it has been proposed that the transcription factor HY5 assumes the role as a mobile shoot-to-root signal transmitter. Here, we provide evidence that photosynthetic sucrose produced in the shoot acts as the long-distance signal carrier regulating the local, tryptophan-based biosynthesis of auxin in the LR generation zone of the primary root tip, where the LR clock controls the pace of LR initiation in an auxin-tunable manner. Synchronization of LR formation with primary root elongation allows the adjustment of overall root growth to the photosynthetic performance of the shoot and the maintenance of a constant LR density during light-dark changes in a variable light environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kircher
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Peter Schopfer
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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27
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Liu M, Zhang Q, Jin R, Zhao P, Zhu X, Wang J, Yu Y, Tang Z. The Role of IAA in Regulating Root Architecture of Sweetpotato ( Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam) in Response to Potassium Deficiency Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091779. [PMID: 37176837 PMCID: PMC10181447 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants can adapt to the spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients by changing the morphology and architecture of the root system. Here, we explored the role of auxin in the response of sweetpotato roots to potassium (K+) deficiency stress. Two sweetpotato cultivars, Xushu 32 (low-K-tolerant) and Ningzishu 1 (low-K-sensitive), were cultured in low K+ (0.1 mmol L-1, LK) and normal K+ (10 mmol L-1, CK) nutrient solutions. Compared with CK, LK reduced the dry mass, K+ content, and K+ accumulation in the two cultivars, but the losses of Xushu 32 were smaller than those of Ningzishu 1. LK also affected root growth, mainly impairing the length, surface area, forks number, and crossings number. However, Xushu 32 had significantly higher lateral root length, density, and surface area than Ningzishu 1, closely related to the roots' higher indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content. According to the qPCR results, Xushu 32 synthesized more IAA (via IbYUC8 and IbTAR2) in leaves but transported and accumulated in roots through polar transport (via IbPIN1, IbPIN3, and IbAUX1). It was also associated with the upregulation of auxin signaling pathway genes (IbIAA4 and IbIAA8) in roots. These results imply that IAA participates in the formation of lateral roots and the change in root architecture during the tolerance to low K+ stress of sweetpotato, thus improving the absorption of K+ and the formation of biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, China/Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/National Agricultural Experimental Station for Soil Quality, Xuzhou 221000, China
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Qiangqiang Zhang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, China/Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/National Agricultural Experimental Station for Soil Quality, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Rong Jin
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, China/Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/National Agricultural Experimental Station for Soil Quality, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, China/Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/National Agricultural Experimental Station for Soil Quality, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Xiaoya Zhu
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, China/Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/National Agricultural Experimental Station for Soil Quality, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, China/Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/National Agricultural Experimental Station for Soil Quality, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Yongchao Yu
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, China/Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/National Agricultural Experimental Station for Soil Quality, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Zhonghou Tang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, China/Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture/National Agricultural Experimental Station for Soil Quality, Xuzhou 221000, China
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28
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Jourquin J, Fernandez AI, Wang Q, Xu K, Chen J, Šimura J, Ljung K, Vanneste S, Beeckman T. GOLVEN peptides regulate lateral root spacing as part of a negative feedback loop on the establishment of auxin maxima. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023:erad123. [PMID: 37004244 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Lateral root initiation requires the accumulation of auxin in lateral root founder cells, yielding a local auxin maximum. The positioning of auxin maxima along the primary root determines the density and spacing of lateral roots. The GOLVEN6 (GLV6) and GLV10 signaling peptides and their receptors have been established as regulators of lateral root spacing via their inhibitory effect on lateral root initiation in Arabidopsis. However, it remained unclear how these GLV peptides interfere with auxin signaling or homeostasis. Here, we show that GLV6/10 signaling regulates the expression of a subset of auxin response genes, downstream of the canonical auxin signaling pathway, while simultaneously inhibiting the establishment of auxin maxima within xylem-pole pericycle cells that neighbor lateral root initiation sites. We present genetic evidence that this inhibitory effect relies on the activity of the PIN3 and PIN7 auxin export proteins. Furthermore, GLV6/10 peptide signaling was found to enhance PIN7 abundance in the plasma membranes of xylem-pole pericycle cells, which likely stimulates auxin efflux from these cells. Based on these findings, we propose a model in which the GLV6/10 signaling pathway serves as a negative feedback mechanism that contributes to the robust patterning of auxin maxima along the primary root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Jourquin
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB-UGent, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Ana Ibis Fernandez
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB-UGent, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB-UGent, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB-UGent, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB-UGent, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Jan Šimura
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karin Ljung
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB-UGent, Ghent 9052, Belgium
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29
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Ahmad N, Jiang Z, Zhang L, Hussain I, Yang X. Insights on Phytohormonal Crosstalk in Plant Response to Nitrogen Stress: A Focus on Plant Root Growth and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043631. [PMID: 36835044 PMCID: PMC9958644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is a vital mineral component that can restrict the growth and development of plants if supplied inappropriately. In order to benefit their growth and development, plants have complex physiological and structural responses to changes in their nitrogen supply. As higher plants have multiple organs with varying functions and nutritional requirements, they coordinate their responses at the whole-plant level based on local and long-distance signaling pathways. It has been suggested that phytohormones are signaling substances in such pathways. The nitrogen signaling pathway is closely associated with phytohormones such as auxin (AUX), abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinins (CKs), ethylene (ETH), brassinosteroid (BR), strigolactones (SLs), jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA). Recent research has shed light on how nitrogen and phytohormones interact to modulate physiology and morphology. This review provides a summary of the research on how phytohormone signaling affects root system architecture (RSA) in response to nitrogen availability. Overall, this review contributes to identifying recent developments in the interaction between phytohormones and N, as well as serving as a foundation for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazir Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zhengjie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Iqbal Hussain
- Department of Horticulture, Institute of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Correspondence:
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Behiry S, Soliman SA, Massoud MA, Abdelbary M, Kordy AM, Abdelkhalek A, Heflish A. Trichoderma pubescens Elicit Induced Systemic Resistance in Tomato Challenged by Rhizoctonia solani. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020167. [PMID: 36836282 PMCID: PMC9961125 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani causes severe diseases in many plant species, particularly root rot in tomato plants. For the first time, Trichoderma pubescens effectively controls R. solani in vitro and in vivo. R. solani strain R11 was identified using the ITS region (OP456527); meanwhile, T. pubescens strain Tp21 was characterized by the ITS region (OP456528) and two genes (tef-1 and rpb2). The antagonistic dual culture method revealed that T. pubescens had a high activity of 76.93% in vitro. A substantial increase in root length, plant height, shoot fresh and dry, and root fresh and dry weight was indicated after applying T. pubescens to tomato plants in vivo. Additionally, it significantly increased the chlorophyll content and total phenolic compounds. The treatment with T. pubescens exhibited a low disease index (DI, 16.00%) without significant differences with Uniform® fungicide at a concentration of 1 ppm (14.67%), while the R. solani-infected plants showed a DI of 78.67%. At 15 days after inoculation, promising increases in the relative expression levels of three defense-related genes (PAL, CHS, and HQT) were observed in all T. pubescens treated plants compared with the non-treated plants. Plants treated with T. pubescens alone showed the highest expression value, with relative transcriptional levels of PAL, CHS, and HQT that were 2.72-, 4.44-, and 3.72-fold higher in comparison with control plants, respectively. The two treatments of T. pubescens exhibited increasing antioxidant enzyme production (POX, SOD, PPO, and CAT), while high MDA and H2O2 levels were observed in the infected plants. The HPLC results of the leaf extract showed a fluctuation in polyphenolic compound content. T. pubescens application alone or for treating plant pathogen infection showed elevated phenolic acids such as chlorogenic and coumaric acids. Therefore, the ability of T. pubescens to inhibit the growth of R. solani, enhance the development of tomato plants, and induce systemic resistance supports the application of T. pubescens as a potential bioagent for managing root rot disease and productivity increase of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Behiry
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Seham A. Soliman
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, ALCRI, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El Arab City 21934, Egypt
| | - Magdy A. Massoud
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt
| | - Moawad Abdelbary
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Kordy
- Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdelkhalek
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, ALCRI, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El Arab City 21934, Egypt
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Ahmed Heflish
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531, Egypt
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CPR5-mediated nucleo-cytoplasmic localization of IAA12 and IAA19 controls lateral root development during abiotic stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2209781120. [PMID: 36623191 PMCID: PMC9934060 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2209781120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasticity of the root system architecture (RSA) is essential in enabling plants to cope with various environmental stresses and is mainly controlled by the phytohormone auxin. Lateral root development is a major determinant of RSA. Abiotic stresses reduce auxin signaling output, inhibiting lateral root development; however, how abiotic stress translates into a lower auxin signaling output is not fully understood. Here, we show that the nucleo-cytoplasmic distribution of the negative regulators of auxin signaling AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID INDUCIBLE 12 (AUX/IAA12 or IAA12) and IAA19 determines lateral root development under various abiotic stress conditions. The cytoplasmic localization of IAA12 and IAA19 in the root elongation zone enforces auxin signaling output, allowing lateral root development. Among components of the nuclear pore complex, we show that CONSTITUTIVE EXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES 5 (CPR5) selectively mediates the cytoplasmic translocation of IAA12/19. Under abiotic stress conditions, CPR5 expression is strongly decreased, resulting in the accumulation of nucleus-localized IAA12/19 in the root elongation zone and the suppression of lateral root development, which is reiterated in the cpr5 mutant. This study reveals a regulatory mechanism for auxin signaling whereby the spatial distribution of AUX/IAA regulators is critical for lateral root development, especially in fluctuating environmental conditions.
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Morales-Herrera S, Rubilar-Hernández C, Pérez-Henríquez P, Norambuena L. Endocytic trafficking induces lateral root founder cell specification in Arabidopsis thaliana in a process distinct from the auxin-induced pathway. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1060021. [PMID: 36726665 PMCID: PMC9885164 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1060021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants can modify their body structure, such as their root architecture, post-embryonically. For example, Arabidopsis thaliana can develop lateral roots as part of an endogenous program or in response to biotic and abiotic stimuli. Root pericycle cells are specified to become lateral root founder cells, initiating lateral root organogenesis. We used the endocytic trafficking inducer Sortin2 to examine the role of endomembrane trafficking in lateral root founder cell specification. Our results indicate that Sortin2 stimulation turns on a de novo program of lateral root primordium formation that is distinct from the endogenous program driven by auxin. In this distinctive mechanism, extracellular calcium uptake and endocytic trafficking toward the vacuole are required for lateral root founder cell specification upstream of the auxin module led by AUX/IAA28. The auxin-dependent TIR1/AFB F-boxes and auxin polar transport are dispensable for the endocytic trafficking-dependent lateral root founder cell specification; however, a different set of F-box proteins and a functional SCF complex are required. The endocytic trafficking could constitute a convenient strategy for organogenesis in response to environmental conditions.
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Fang D, Zhang W, Ye Z, Hu F, Cheng X, Cao J. The plant specific SHORT INTERNODES/STYLISH (SHI/STY) proteins: Structure and functions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 194:685-695. [PMID: 36565613 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant specific SHORT INTERNODES/STYLISH (SHI/STY) protein is a transcription factor involved in the formation and development of early lateral organs in plants. However, research on the SHI/STY protein family is not focused enough. In this article, we review recent studies on SHI/STY genes and explore the evolution and structure of SHI/STY. The biological functions of SHI/STYs are discussed in detail in this review, and the application of each biological function to modern agriculture is discussed. All SHI/STY proteins contain typical conserved RING-like zinc finger domain and IGGH domain. SHI/STYs are involved in the formation and development of lateral root, stem extension, leaf morphogenesis, and root nodule development. They are also involved in the regulation of pistil and stamen development and flowering time. At the same time, the regulation of some GA, JA, and auxin signals also involves these family proteins. For each aspect, unanswered or poorly understood questions were identified to help define future research areas. This review will provide a basis for further functional study of this gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weimeng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziyi Ye
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiuzhu Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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Ma M, Lu Y, Di D, Kronzucker HJ, Dong G, Shi W. The nitrification inhibitor 1,9-decanediol from rice roots promotes root growth in Arabidopsis through involvement of ABA and PIN2-mediated auxin signaling. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 280:153891. [PMID: 36495813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
1,9-decanediol (1,9-D) is a biological nitrification inhibitor secreted in roots, which effectively inhibits soil nitrifier activity and reduces nitrogen loss from agricultural fields. However, the effects of 1,9-D on plant root growth and the involvement of signaling pathways in the plant response to 1,9-D have not been investigated. Here, we report that 1,9-D, in the 100-400 μM concentration range, promotes primary root length in Arabidopsis seedlings at 3d and 5d, by 10.1%-33.3% and 6.9%-32.6%, and, in a range of 50-200 μM, leads to an increase in the number of lateral roots. 150 μM 1,9-D was found optimum for the positive regulation of root growth. qRT-PCR analysis reveals that 1,9-D can significantly increase AtABA3 gene expression and that a mutation in ABA3 results in insensitivity of root growth to 1,9-D. Moreover, through pharmacological experiments, we show that exogenous addition of ABA (abscisic acid) with 1,9-D enhances primary root length by 23.5%-63.3%, and an exogenous supply of 1,9-D with the ABA inhibitor Flu reduces primary root length by 1.0%-14.3%. Primary root length of the pin2/eir1-1 is shown to be insensitive to both exogenous addition of 1,9-D and ABA, indicating that the auxin carrier PIN2/EIR1 is involved in promotion of root growth by 1,9-D. These results suggest a novel for 1,9-D in regulating plant root growth through ABA and auxin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yufang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Dongwei Di
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Herbert J Kronzucker
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | | | - Weiming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Sanada A, Agehara S. Characterizing Root Morphological Responses to Exogenous Tryptophan in Soybean ( Glycine max) Seedlings Using a Scanner-Based Rhizotron System. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:186. [PMID: 36616315 PMCID: PMC9823744 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan is a precursor of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which is the major auxin involved in the regulation of lateral root formation. In this study, we used a scanner-based rhizotron system to examine root growth and morphological responses of soybean (Glycine max, ‘Golden Harvest’) seedlings to exogenous tryptophan. Seeds were sown directly in the rhizotron filled with field soil. Tryptophan was applied at 1.9 and 3.8 mg plant−1 by soil drenching or foliar spray. Canopy and root projected area were monitored by analyzing canopy and rhizotron images using ImageJ software. Seedlings were sampled at the first trifoliate stage, 18 days after sowing (DAS), and root morphology was determined by analyzing washed root images using WinRHIZO software. According to contrast analysis, when all tryptophan treatments were pooled, tryptophan application increased canopy and root projected area by 13% to 14% compared with the control at 18 DAS. Tryptophan application also increased root dry matter accumulation by 26%, root:shoot ratio by 24%, and secondary root number by 13%. Tryptophan applied by soil drenching also increased root length and surface area of fine roots (<0.2 mm diameter) by 25% and 21%, respectively, whereas it slightly inhibited primary root elongation. The efficacy of tryptophan soil drenching in stimulating root formation became greater with increasing the application rate. These results suggest that exogenous tryptophan induces auxin-like activities in root development. Soil drenching of tryptophan appears to be an effective strategy in improving the establishment of soybean. Importantly, this strategy is easily implementable by commercial growers with no negative side effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Sanada
- Department of International Agricultural Development, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Agehara
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 14625 CR 672, Wimauma, FL 33598, USA
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Zhang H, Zhao D, Tang Z, Zhang Y, Zhang K, Dong J, Wang F. Exogenous brassinosteroids promotes root growth, enhances stress tolerance, and increases yield in maize. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2095139. [PMID: 35775499 PMCID: PMC9255028 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2095139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) regulate of maize (Zea mays L.) growth, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we used a multi-disciplinary approach to determine how BRs regulate maize morphology and physiology during development. Treatment with the BRs promoted primary root the elongation and growth during germination, and the early development of lateral roots. BRs treatment during the middle growth stage increased the levels of various stress resistance factors, and enhanced resistance to lodging, likely by protecting the plant against stem rot and sheath rot. BRs had no significant effect on plant height during late growth, but it increased leaf angle and photosynthetic efficiency, as well as yield and quality traits. Our findings increase our understanding of the regulatory effects of BR on maize root growth and development and the mechanism by which BR improves disease resistance, which could further the potential for using BR to improve maize yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Hengshui University, Hengshui, Hebei, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ziyan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Pear Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hebei, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jingao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Fengru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- CONTACT Fengru Wang State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei071001, China
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Thuzar M, Sae-lee Y, Saensuk C, Pitaloka MK, Dechkrong P, Aesomnuk W, Ruanjaichon V, Wanchana S, Arikit S. Primary Root Excision Induces ERF071, Which Mediates the Development of Lateral Roots in Makapuno Coconut ( Cocos nucifera). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:105. [PMID: 36616233 PMCID: PMC9823405 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is widely recognized as one of nature's most beneficial plants. Makapuno, a special type of coconut with a soft, jelly-like endosperm, is a high-value commercial coconut and an expensive delicacy with a high cost of planting material. The embryo rescue technique is a very useful tool to support mass propagation of makapuno coconut. Nevertheless, transplanting the seedlings is a challenge due to poor root development, which results in the inability of the plant to acclimatize. In this study, primary root excision was used in makapuno to observe the effects of primary root excision on lateral root development. The overall results showed that seedlings with roots excised had a significantly higher number of lateral roots, and shoot length also increased significantly. Using de novo transcriptome assembly and differential gene expression analysis, we identified 512 differentially expressed genes in the excised and intact root samples. ERF071, encoding an ethylene-responsive transcription factor, was identified as a highly expressed gene in excised roots compared to intact roots, and was considered a candidate gene associated with lateral root formation induced by root excision in makapuno coconut. This study provides insight into the mechanism and candidate genes involved in the development of lateral roots in coconut, which may be useful for the future breeding and mass propagation of makapuno coconut through tissue culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mya Thuzar
- Rice Science and Innovation Center, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Yonlada Sae-lee
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Chatree Saensuk
- Rice Science and Innovation Center, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Mutiara K. Pitaloka
- Rice Science and Innovation Center, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Punyavee Dechkrong
- Central Laboratory and Greenhouse Complex, Research and Academic Services Center, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Wanchana Aesomnuk
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Vinitchan Ruanjaichon
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Samart Wanchana
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Siwaret Arikit
- Rice Science and Innovation Center, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
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Irineu LESDS, Soares CDP, Soares TS, de Almeida FA, Almeida-Silva F, Gazara RK, Meneses CHSG, Canellas LP, Silveira V, Venancio TM, Olivares FL. Multiomic Approaches Reveal Hormonal Modulation and Nitrogen Uptake and Assimilation in the Initial Growth of Maize Inoculated with Herbaspirillum seropedicae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:48. [PMID: 36616175 PMCID: PMC9824467 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Herbaspirillum seropedicae is an endophytic bacterium that can fix nitrogen and synthesize phytohormones, which can lead to a plant growth-promoting effect when used as a microbial inoculant. Studies focused on mechanisms of action are crucial for a better understanding of the bacteria-plant interaction and optimization of plant growth-promoting response. This work aims to understand the underlined mechanisms responsible for the early stimulatory growth effects of H. seropedicae inoculation in maize. To perform these studies, we combined transcriptomic and proteomic approaches with physiological analysis. The results obtained eight days after inoculation (d.a.i) showed increased root biomass (233 and 253%) and shoot biomass (249 and 264%), respectively, for the fresh and dry mass of maize-inoculated seedlings and increased green content and development. Omics data analysis, before a positive biostimulation phenotype (5 d.a.i.) revealed that inoculation increases N-uptake and N-assimilation machinery through differentially expressed nitrate transporters and amino acid pathways, as well carbon/nitrogen metabolism integration by the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the polyamine pathway. Additionally, phytohormone levels of root and shoot tissues increased in bacterium-inoculated-maize plants, leading to feedback regulation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. The early biostimulatory effect of H. seropedicae partially results from hormonal modulation coupled with efficient nutrient uptake-assimilation and a boost in primary anabolic metabolism of carbon-nitrogen integrative pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Eduardo Souza da Silva Irineu
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiane Sanches Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe Astolpho de Almeida
- Institute de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Almeida-Silva
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, UGENT, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rajesh Kumar Gazara
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Luciano Pasqualoto Canellas
- Núcleo de Desenvolvimento de Insumos Biológicos para a Agricultura, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vanildo Silveira
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago Motta Venancio
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio Lopes Olivares
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Núcleo de Desenvolvimento de Insumos Biológicos para a Agricultura, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ni J, Zhang N, Zhan Y, Ding K, Qi P, Wang X, Ding W, Xu M. Transgenic tobacco plant overexpressing ginkgo dihydroflavonol 4-reductase gene GbDFR6 exhibits multiple developmental defects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1066736. [PMID: 36589135 PMCID: PMC9794611 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1066736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Dihydroflavonol Q 4-reductase (DFR), a key enzyme in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in plants, significantly influences plant survival. However, the roles of DFR in the regulation of plant development are largely unknown. In the present study, phenotypes of transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing the Ginkgo biloba DFR gene, GbDFR6, were investigated. Transgenic tobacco seedlings exhibited relatively low fresh weights, long primary roots, decreased lateral root numbers, and impaired root gravitropic responses when compared to wild-type tobacco plants. Adult transgenic tobacco plants exhibited a considerably high percentage of wrinkled leaves when compared to the wild-type tobacco plants. In addition to the auxin-related phenotypic changes, transgenic tobacco plants exhibited delayed flowering phenotypes under short-day conditions. Gene expression analysis revealed that the delayed flowering in transgenic tobacco plants was caused by the low expression levels of NtFT4. Finally, variations in anthocyanin and flavonoid contents in transgenic tobacco plants were evaluated. The results revealed that the levels of most anthocyanins identified in transgenic tobacco leaves increased. Specifically, cyanidin-3,5-O-diglucoside content increased by 9.8-fold in transgenic tobacco plants when compared to the wild-type tobacco plants. Pelargonidin-3-O-(coumaryl)-glucoside was only detected in transgenic tobacco plants. Regarding flavonoid compounds, one flavonoid compound (epicatechin gallate) was upregulated, whereas seven flavonoid compounds (Tamarixetin-3-O-rutinoside; Sexangularetin-3-O-glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside; Kaempferol-3-O-neohesperidoside; Engeletin; 2'-Hydoxy,5-methoxyGenistein-O-rhamnosyl-glucoside; Diosmetin; Hispidulin) were downregulated in both transgenic tobacco leaves and roots. The results indicate novel and multiple roles of GbDFR6 in ginkgo and provide a valuable method to produce a late flowering tobacco variety in tobacco industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kexin Ding
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Qi
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wona Ding
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Maojun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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40
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Zhang Y, Xia G, Sheng L, Chen M, Hu C, Ye Y, Yue X, Chen S, OuYang W, Xia Z. Regulatory roles of selective autophagy through targeting of native proteins in plant adaptive responses. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:2125-2138. [PMID: 35922498 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02910-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Selective autophagy functions as a regulatory mechanism by targeting native and functional proteins to ensure their proper levels and activities in plant adaptive responses. Autophagy is a cellular degradation and recycling pathway with a key role in cellular homeostasis and metabolism. Autophagy is initiated with the biogenesis of autophagosomes, which fuse with the lysosomes or vacuoles to release their contents for degradation. Under nutrient starvation or other adverse environmental conditions, autophagy usually targets unwanted or damaged proteins, organelles and other cellular components for degradation and recycling to promote cell survival. Over the past decade, however, a substantial number of studies have reported that autophagy in plants also functions as a regulatory mechanism by targeting enzymes, structural and regulatory proteins that are not necessarily damaged or dysfunctional to ensure their proper abundance and function to facilitate cellular changes required for response to endogenous and environmental conditions. During plant-pathogen interactions in particular, selective autophagy targets specific pathogen components as a defense mechanism and pathogens also utilize autophagy to target functional host factors to suppress defense mechanisms. Autophagy also targets native and functional protein regulators of plant heat stress memory, hormone signaling, and vesicle trafficking associated with plant responses to abiotic and other conditions. In this review, we discuss advances in the regulatory roles of selective autophagy through targeting of native proteins in plant adaptive responses, what questions remain and how further progress in the analysis of these special regulatory roles of autophagy can help understand biological processes important to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Gengshou Xia
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Sheng
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingjue Chen
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenyang Hu
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yule Ye
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yue
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shaocong Chen
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenwu OuYang
- Department of Landscape and Horticulture, Ecology College, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenkai Xia
- China Medical University -The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Temmerman A, Marquez-Garcia B, Depuydt S, Bruznican S, De Cuyper C, De Keyser A, Boyer FD, Vereecke D, Struk S, Goormachtig S. MAX2-dependent competence for callus formation and shoot regeneration from Arabidopsis thaliana root explants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6272-6291. [PMID: 35738874 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Although the division of the pericycle cells initiates both lateral root development and root-derived callus formation, these developmental processes are affected differently in the strigolactone and karrikin/KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2 (KAI2) ligand signalling mutant more axillary growth 2 (max2). Whereas max2 produces more lateral roots than the wild type, it is defective in the regeneration of shoots from root explants. We suggest that the decreased shoot regeneration of max2 originates from delayed formation of callus primordium, yielding less callus material to regenerate shoots. Indeed, when incubated on callus-inducing medium, the pericycle cell division was reduced in max2 and the early gene expression varied when compared with the wild type, as determined by a transcriptomics analysis. Furthermore, the expression of the LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN genes and of callus-induction genes was modified in correlation with the max2 phenotype, suggesting a role for MAX2 in the regulation of the interplay between cytokinin, auxin, and light signalling in callus initiation. Additionally, we found that the in vitro shoot regeneration phenotype of max2 might be caused by a defect in KAI2, rather than in DWARF14, signalling. Nevertheless, the shoot regeneration assays revealed that the strigolactone biosynthesis mutants max3 and max4 also play a minor role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Temmerman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Belen Marquez-Garcia
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephen Depuydt
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Songdomunhwa-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, Korea
| | - Silvia Bruznican
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carolien De Cuyper
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annick De Keyser
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - François-Didier Boyer
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Danny Vereecke
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sylwia Struk
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Goormachtig
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
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Canher B, Lanssens F, Zhang A, Bisht A, Mazumdar S, Heyman J, Wolf S, Melnyk CW, De Veylder L. The regeneration factors ERF114 and ERF115 regulate auxin-mediated lateral root development in response to mechanical cues. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:1543-1557. [PMID: 36030378 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants show an unparalleled regenerative capacity, allowing them to survive severe stress conditions, such as injury, herbivory attack, and harsh weather conditions. This potential not only replenishes tissues and restores damaged organs but can also give rise to whole plant bodies. Despite the intertwined nature of development and regeneration, common upstream cues and signaling mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that in addition to being activators of regeneration, ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 114 (ERF114) and ERF115 govern developmental growth in the absence of wounding or injury. Increased ERF114 and ERF115 activity enhances auxin sensitivity, which is correlated with enhanced xylem maturation and lateral root formation, whereas their knockout results in a decrease in lateral roots. Moreover, we provide evidence that mechanical cues contribute to ERF114 and ERF115 expression in correlation with BZR1-mediated brassinosteroid signaling under both regenerative and developmental conditions. Antagonistically, cell wall integrity surveillance via mechanosensory FERONIA signaling suppresses their expression under both conditions. Taken together, our data suggest a molecular framework in which cell wall signals and mechanical strains regulate organ development and regenerative responses via ERF114- and ERF115-mediated auxin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balkan Canher
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
| | - Fien Lanssens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
| | - Ai Zhang
- Department of Plant Biology, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anchal Bisht
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
| | - Shamik Mazumdar
- Department of Plant Biology, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jefri Heyman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Charles W Melnyk
- Department of Plant Biology, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent B-9052, Belgium.
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Zhang M, Chen X, Zhao Y, Zhang J, He Q, Qian J, Tan G, Liu W, Yang X, Wang B. Quantification of six types of cytokinins: Integration of an ultra-performance liquid chromatographic-electrospray tandem mass spectrometric method with antibody based immunoaffinity columns equally recognizing cytokinins in free base and nucleoside forms. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1682:463497. [PMID: 36166882 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CTKs) exist in various types in plants. The accurate quantification of free base and nucleoside types of cytokinins are helpful for better understanding their physiological role. In the present study, antibodies against trans-zeatin riboside (tZR) and N6-isopentenyladenine riboside (iPR) antibodies with equal recognition to free base and nucleoside cytokinins were developed. The cross-reactivity of tZR mAb 3G101G7 with tZR, trans-zeatin (tZ), dihydrozeatin riboside (DHZR), dihydrozeatin (DHZ), iPR, and N6-isopentenyladenine (iP) was 100.0%, 95.7%, 19.1%, 18.0%, 1.1%, and 0.7%, and that of iPR mAb 5C82F1 with above-mentioned 6 types of cytokinins was 1.5%, 1.4%, 5.7%, 3.1%, 100.0% and 92.6%, respectively. The obtained antibodies were used to prepare two immunoaffinity columns (IAC). The elution efficiencies of tZR 3G101G7-IAC for tZ and tZR, DHZ and DHZR and of iPR 5C82F1-IAC for iP and iPR were almost no difference with the same loading amount on their corresponding IACs. Subsequently, six types of cytokinins in mepiquat chloride (MC)-treated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) roots were determined by IACs combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The contents of tZR, iPR and DHZR were increased by 9.3∼38.5%, 6.6∼23.5%, and 30.1∼110.0%, respectively, whereas those of tZ and iP were reduced by 5.3∼20.0% and 27.7∼32.1%, respectively. The decreased tZ and iP levels led to the ratio of auxin-to-active cytokinins increase to promote lateral root initiation in MC-treated cotton seeding. Integration of the IACs equally recognizing cytokinins in their free base and nucleoside forms with UPLC-ESI-MS/MS can accurately quantify different cytokinins in plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajie Zhao
- College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing He
- College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingqi Qian
- College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiyu Tan
- College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Yang
- College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Baomin Wang
- College of Agronomy, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Chemical inhibition of the auxin inactivation pathway uncovers the roles of metabolic turnover in auxin homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2206869119. [PMID: 35914172 PMCID: PMC9371723 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2206869119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), plays a prominent role in plant development. Auxin homeostasis is coordinately regulated by auxin synthesis, transport, and inactivation; however, the physiological contribution of auxin inactivation to auxin homeostasis has not been determined. The GH3 IAA-amino acid conjugating enzymes play a central role in auxin inactivation. Chemical inhibition of GH3 proteins in planta is challenging because the inhibition of these enzymes leads to IAA overaccumulation that rapidly induces GH3 expression. Here, we report the characterization of a potent GH3 inhibitor, kakeimide, that selectively targets IAA-conjugating GH3 proteins. Chemical knockdown of the auxin inactivation pathway demonstrates that auxin turnover is very rapid (about 10 min) and indicates that both auxin biosynthesis and inactivation dynamically regulate auxin homeostasis.
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45
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The Pyla-1 Natural Accession of Arabidopsis thaliana Shows Little Nitrate-Induced Plasticity of Root Development. NITROGEN 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/nitrogen3030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimizing root system architecture is a strategy for coping with soil fertility, such as low nitrogen input. An ample number of Arabidopsis thaliana natural accessions have set the foundation for studies on mechanisms that regulate root morphology. This report compares the Columbia-0 (Col-0) reference and Pyla-1 (Pyl-1) from a coastal zone in France, known for having the tallest sand dune in Europe. Seedlings were grown on vertical agar plates with different nitrate concentrations. The lateral root outgrowth of Col-0 was stimulated under mild depletion and repressed under nitrate enrichment. The Pyl-1 produced a long primary root and any or very few visible lateral roots across the nitrate supplies. This could reflect an adaptation to sandy soil conditions, where the primary root grows downwards to the lower strata to take up water and mobile soil resources without elongating the lateral roots. Microscopic observations revealed similar densities of lateral root primordia in both accessions. The Pyl-1 maintained the ability to initiate lateral root primordia. However, the post-initiation events seemed to be critical in modulating the lateral-root-less phenotype. In Pyl-1, the emergence of primordia through the primary root tissues was slowed, and newly formed lateral roots stayed stunted. In brief, Pyl-1 is a fascinating genotype for studying the nutritional influences on lateral root development.
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Ghate T, Soneji K, Barvkar V, Ramakrishnan P, Prusty D, Islam SR, Manna SK, Srivastava AK. Thiourea mediated ROS-metabolites reprogramming restores root system architecture under arsenic stress in rice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:129020. [PMID: 35650738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a ubiquitous carcinogenic metalloid that enters into human food chain, through rice consumption. To unravel the conundrum of oxidative vs. reductive stress, the differential root-system architecture (RSA) was studied under As (a ROS producer) and thiourea (TU; a ROS scavenger) alone treatments, which indicated 0.80- and 0.74-fold reduction in the number of lateral roots (NLR), respectively compared with those of control. In case of As+TU treatment, NLR was increased by 4.35-fold compared with those of As-stress, which coincided with partial restoration of redox-status and auxin transport towards the root-tip. The expression levels of 16 ROS related genes, including RBOHC, UPB-1 C, SHR1, PUCHI, were quantified which provided the molecular fingerprint, in accordance with endogenous ROS signature. LC-MS based untargeted and targeted metabolomics data revealed that As-induced oxidative stress was metabolically more challenging than TU alone-induced reductive stress. Cis/trans-ferruloyl putrescine and γ-glutamyl leucine were identified as novel As-responsive metabolites whose levels were decreased and increased, respectively under As+TU than As-treated roots. In addition, the overall amino acid accumulation was increased in As+TU than As-treated roots, indicating the improved nutritional availability. Thus, the study revealed dynamic interplay between "ROS-metabolites-RSA", to the broader context of TU-mediated amelioration of As-stress in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejashree Ghate
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400085, India; School of Biological sciencesUM-DAE Center for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari 400098, Mumbai
| | - Kanchan Soneji
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400085, India; Division of crop production, ICAR- Indian Institute of Soybean Research, Khandwa Road, Indore 452001, (M.P), India
| | - Vitthal Barvkar
- Department of Botany, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Padma Ramakrishnan
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms, GKVK Post, Bengaluru 560065, India
| | - Debasish Prusty
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Sk Ramiz Islam
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Soumen Kanti Manna
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Srivastava
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India.
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Yang S, de Haan M, Mayer J, Janacek DP, Hammes UZ, Poppenberger B, Sieberer T. A novel chemical inhibitor of polar auxin transport promotes shoot regeneration by local enhancement of HD-ZIP III transcription. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1111-1128. [PMID: 35491431 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
De novo shoot organogenesis is a prerequisite for numerous applications in plant research and breeding but is often a limiting factor, for example, in genome editing approaches. Class III homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-ZIP III) transcription factors have been characterized as crucial regulators of shoot specification, however up-stream components controlling their activity during shoot regeneration are only partially identified. In a chemical genetic screen, we isolated ZIC2, a novel activator of HD-ZIP III activity. Using molecular, physiological and hormone transport analyses in Arabidopsis and sunflower (Helianthus annuus), we examined the molecular mechanism by which the drug promotes HD-ZIP III expression. ZIC2-dependent upregulation of HD-ZIP III transcription promotes shoot regeneration in Arabidopsis and is accompanied by the induction of shoot specifying factors WUS and RAP2.6L and a subset of cytokinin biosynthesis enzymes. ZIC2's effect on HD-ZIP III expression and regeneration is based on its ability to limit polar auxin transport. We further provide evidence that chemical modulation of auxin efflux can enhance de novo shoot formation in the regeneration recalcitrant species sunflower. Activation of HD-ZIP III transcription during shoot regeneration depends on the local distribution of auxin and chemical modulation of auxin transport can be used to overcome poor shoot organogenesis in tissue culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiqi Yang
- Research Unit Plant Growth Regulation, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Marjolein de Haan
- Research Unit Plant Growth Regulation, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Julius Mayer
- Research Unit Plant Growth Regulation, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Dorina P Janacek
- Plant Systems Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Ulrich Z Hammes
- Plant Systems Biology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Brigitte Poppenberger
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Tobias Sieberer
- Research Unit Plant Growth Regulation, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
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48
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Perez-Garcia P, Serrano-Ron L, Moreno-Risueno MA. The nature of the root clock at single cell resolution: Principles of communication and similarities with plant and animal pulsatile and circadian mechanisms. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 77:102102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.102102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pino LE, Lima JE, Vicente MH, de Sá AFL, Pérez-Alfocea F, Albacete A, Costa JL, Werner T, Schmülling T, Freschi L, Figueira A, Zsögön A, Peres LEP. Increased branching independent of strigolactone in cytokinin oxidase 2-overexpressing tomato is mediated by reduced auxin transport. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2022; 2:12. [PMID: 37789497 PMCID: PMC10514996 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-022-00032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Tomato production is influenced by shoot branching, which is controlled by different hormones. Here we produced tomato plants overexpressing the cytokinin-deactivating gene CYTOKININ OXYDASE 2 (CKX2). CKX2-overexpressing (CKX2-OE) plants showed an excessive growth of axillary shoots, the opposite phenotype expected for plants with reduced cytokinin content, as evidenced by LC-MS analysis and ARR5-GUS staining. The TCP transcription factor SlBRC1b was downregulated in the axillary buds of CKX2-OE and its excessive branching was dependent on a functional version of the GRAS-family gene LATERAL SUPPRESSOR (LS). Grafting experiments indicated that increased branching in CKX2-OE plants is unlikely to be mediated by root-derived signals. Crossing CKX2-OE plants with transgenic antisense plants for the strigolactone biosynthesis gene CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE (CCD7-AS) produced an additive phenotype, indicating independent effects of cytokinin and strigolactones on increased branching. On the other hand, CKX2-OE plants showed reduced polar auxin transport and their bud outgrowth was reduced when combined with auxin mutants. Accordingly, CKX2-OE basal buds did not respond to auxin applied in the decapitated apex. Our results suggest that tomato shoot branching depends on a fine-tuning of different hormonal balances and that perturbations in the auxin status could compensate for the reduced cytokinin levels in CKX2-OE plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Ellen Pino
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz'University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Joni E Lima
- Botany Department, ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mateus H Vicente
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz'University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Ariadne F L de Sá
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz'University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Alfonso Albacete
- Department of Plant Nutrition, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Univ. Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juliana L Costa
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tomáš Werner
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 51, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luciano Freschi
- Biosciences Institute, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Figueira
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Agustin Zsögön
- Plant Sciences Department, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Lázaro E P Peres
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz'University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil.
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Edelmann HG. Plant root development: is the classical theory for auxin-regulated root growth false? PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:823-832. [PMID: 34515860 PMCID: PMC9010396 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01697-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the longest standing theories and, therein-based, regulation-model of plant root development, posits the inhibitory action of auxin (IAA, indolylacetic acid) on elongation growth of root cells. This effect, as induced by exogenously supplied IAA, served as the foundation stone for root growth regulation. For decades, auxin ruled the day and only allowed hormonal side players to be somehow involved, or in some way affected. However, this copiously reiterated, apparent cardinal role of auxin only applies in roots immersed in solutions; it vanishes as soon as IAA-supplied roots are not surrounded by liquid. When roots grow in humid air, exogenous IAA has no inhibitory effect on elongation growth of maize roots, regardless of whether it is applied basipetally from the top of the root or to the entire residual seedling immersed in IAA solution. Nevertheless, such treatment leads to pronounced root-borne ethylene emission and lateral rooting, illustrating and confirming thereby induced auxin presence and its effect on the root - yet, not on root cell elongation. Based on these findings, a new root growth regulatory model is proposed. In this model, it is not IAA, but IAA-triggered ethylene which plays the cardinal regulatory role - taking effect, or not - depending on the external circumstances. In this model, in water- or solution-incubated roots, IAA-dependent ethylene acts due to its accumulation within the root proper by inhibited/restrained diffusion into the liquid phase. In roots exposed to moist air or gas, there is no effect on cell elongation, since IAA-triggered ethylene diffuses out of the root without an impact on growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans G Edelmann
- Institut für Biologiedidaktik, Universität zu Köln, Cologne, Germany.
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