1
|
Huang X, Hou ZL, Ma BL, Zhao H, Jiang ZM, Cai J. Seasonality in embolism resistance and hydraulic capacitance jointly mediate hydraulic safety in branches and leaves of oriental cork oak (Quercus variabilis Bl.). TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae109. [PMID: 39216110 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Seasonality in temperate regions is prominent during the era of increased climatic variability. A hydraulic trait that can adjust to seasonally changing climatic conditions is crucial for tree safety. However, little attention has been paid to the intraspecific seasonality of drought-related traits and hydraulic safety of keystone forest trees. We examined seasonal variations in the key morphological and physiological traits as well as multiple hydraulic safety margins (SMs) at the branch and leaf levels in oriental cork oak (Quercus variabilis Bl.), which is predominant in Chinese temperate forests. Pneumatic measurements indicated that, as seasons progressed, the water potential at which 50% of branch embolisms occur (P50_branch) decreased from -3.34 to -4.23 MPa, with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 9.08%. Sapwood capacitance ranged from 48.19 to 248.08 kg m-3 MPa-1, peaking in autumn and reaching minimum in winter (CV 60.58%). Rehydration kinetics confirmed higher leaf embolism vulnerability (P50_leaf) in spring and autumn than those in summer, with values ranging from -1.06 to -3.02 MPa (CV 39.85%). All leaf pressure-volume (PV) traits shifted with growth, with CVs ranging from 6.95% to 46.69%. Sapwood density had significant negative correlations with P50_branch and hydraulic capacitance for elastic water storage, whereas leaf mass per area was linearly associated with PV traits but not with P50_leaf. Furthermore, the branch typical SMs (difference between branch midday water potential and P50_branch) were consistently >1.84 MPa, and vulnerability segmentation was prevalent throughout, implying a plausible hydraulic foundation for the dominance of Q. variabilis. Diverse hydraulic response patterns existed across seasons, leading to positive SMs mediated by the aforementioned physiological traits. Although Q. variabilis exhibits a high level of hydraulic safety, its susceptibility to sudden summer droughts may increase due to global climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhuo-Liang Hou
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Bo-Long Ma
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Han Zhao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zai-Min Jiang
- College of Life, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
- Qinling National Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jing Cai
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
- Qinling National Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chhajed SS, Wright IJ, Perez-Priego O. Theory and tests for coordination among hydraulic and photosynthetic traits in co-occurring woody species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 39044658 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Co-occurring plants show wide variation in their hydraulic and photosynthetic traits. Here, we extended 'least-cost' optimality theory to derive predictions for how variation in key hydraulic traits potentially affects the cost of acquiring and using water in photosynthesis and how this, in turn, should drive variation in photosynthetic traits. We tested these ideas across 18 woody species at a temperate woodland in eastern Australia, focusing on hydraulic traits representing different aspects of plant water balance, that is storage (sapwood capacitance, CS), demand vs supply (branch leaf : sapwood area ratio, AL : AS and leaf : sapwood mass ratio and ML : MS), access to soil water (proxied by predawn leaf water potential, ΨPD) and physical strength (sapwood density, WD). Species with higher AL : AS had higher ratio of leaf-internal to ambient CO2 concentration during photosynthesis (ci : ca), a trait central to the least-cost theory framework. CS and the daily operating range of tissue water potential (∆Ψ) had an interactive effect on ci : ca. CS, WD and ΨPD were significantly correlated with each other. These results, along with those from multivariate analyses, underscored the pivotal role leaf : sapwood allocation (AL : AS), and water storage (CS) play in coordination between plant hydraulic and photosynthetic systems. This study uniquely explored the role of hydraulic traits in predicting species-specific photosynthetic variation based on optimality theory and highlights important mechanistic links within the plant carbon-water balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubham S Chhajed
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
- ARC Centre for Plant Success in Nature & Agriculture, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Ian J Wright
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
- ARC Centre for Plant Success in Nature & Agriculture, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Oscar Perez-Priego
- Department of Forest Engineering, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Crta. N-IV km. 396, C.P. 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
O’Keefe K, Smith DD, McCulloh KA. Linking stem rehydration kinetics to hydraulic traits using a novel method and mechanistic model. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:1121-1131. [PMID: 37232478 PMCID: PMC10457032 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the recognized importance of hydraulic capacitance as a mechanism used by plants to maintain hydraulic functioning during high transpiration, characterizing the dynamics of capacitance remains a challenge. METHODS We used a novel 'two-balance method' to investigate relationships between stem rehydration kinetics and other hydraulic traits in multiple tree species, and we developed a model to explore stem rehydration kinetics further. KEY RESULTS We found that: (1) rehydration time constants and the amount of water uptake occurring during rehydration differed significantly across species; (2) time constants did not change with declining water potential (Ψ), while water uptake increased at lower Ψ in some species; (3) longer time constants were associated with lower wood density, higher capacitance and less negative stem pressures causing 50 % loss of hydraulic conductivity (P50); (4) greater water uptake occurred in stems with lower wood density and less negative P50 values; and (5) the model could estimate the total hydraulic resistance of the rehydration path, which cannot be measured directly. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the two-balance method can be used to examine rehydration dynamics quickly and thoroughly in detached woody stems. This method has the potential to improve our understanding of how capacitance functions across tree species, which is an often-overlooked component of whole-plant hydraulics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly O’Keefe
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, St. Edward’s University, Austin, TX 78704, USA
| | - Duncan D Smith
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lira-Martins D, Quesada CA, Strekopytov S, Humphreys-Williams E, Herault B, Lloyd J. Wood Nutrient-Water-Density Linkages Are Influenced by Both Species and Environment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:778403. [PMID: 35444675 PMCID: PMC9014131 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.778403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tropical trees store a large amount of nutrients in their woody tissues, thus triggering the question of what the functional association of these elements with other wood traits is. Given the osmotic activity of mineral elements such as potassium, sodium, and calcium, these elements should be strong candidates in mediating the water storing capacity in tropical trees. We investigated the role of wood nutrients in facilitating wood water storage in trees by using branch samples from 48 tropical tree species in South America and examined their associations with wood density (ρ). Wood density varied from 316 kg/m3 in Peru plots, where the soil nutrient status is relatively higher, to 908 kg/m3 in Brazil plots, where the nutrient availability is lower. Phosphorus content in wood varied significantly between plots with lowest values found in French Guiana (1.2 mol/m3) and plots with highest values found in Peru (43.6 mol/m3). Conversely, potassium in woody tissues showed a significant cross-species variation with Minquartia guianensis in Brazil showing the lowest values (8.8 mol/m3) and with Neea divaricata in Peru having the highest values (114 mol/m3). We found that lower wood density trees store more water in their woody tissues with cations, especially potassium, having a positive association with water storage. Specific relationships between wood cation concentrations and stem water storage potential nevertheless depend on both species' identity and growing location. Tropical trees with increased water storage capacity show lower wood density and have an increased reliance on cations to regulate this reservoir. Our study highlights that cations play a more important role in tropical tree water relations than has previously been thought, with potassium being particularly important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Demetrius Lira-Martins
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Quesada
- Coordination of Environmental Dynamics, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Stanislav Strekopytov
- Imaging and Analysis Centre, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC, Teddington, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bruno Herault
- UR Forests and Societies, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique Pour le Développement (Cirad), Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast
| | - Jon Lloyd
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical, Environmental and Sustainability Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD, Australia
- Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li X, Xi B, Wu X, Choat B, Feng J, Jiang M, Tissue D. Unlocking Drought-Induced Tree Mortality: Physiological Mechanisms to Modeling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:835921. [PMID: 35444681 PMCID: PMC9015645 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.835921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Drought-related tree mortality has become a major concern worldwide due to its pronounced negative impacts on the functioning and sustainability of forest ecosystems. However, our ability to identify the species that are most vulnerable to drought, and to pinpoint the spatial and temporal patterns of mortality events, is still limited. Model is useful tools to capture the dynamics of vegetation at spatiotemporal scales, yet contemporary land surface models (LSMs) are often incapable of predicting the response of vegetation to environmental perturbations with sufficient accuracy, especially under stressful conditions such as drought. Significant progress has been made regarding the physiological mechanisms underpinning plant drought response in the past decade, and plant hydraulic dysfunction has emerged as a key determinant for tree death due to water shortage. The identification of pivotal physiological events and relevant plant traits may facilitate forecasting tree mortality through a mechanistic approach, with improved precision. In this review, we (1) summarize current understanding of physiological mechanisms leading to tree death, (2) describe the functionality of key hydraulic traits that are involved in the process of hydraulic dysfunction, and (3) outline their roles in improving the representation of hydraulic function in LSMs. We urge potential future research on detailed hydraulic processes under drought, pinpointing corresponding functional traits, as well as understanding traits variation across and within species, for a better representation of drought-induced tree mortality in models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ximeng Li
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Benye Xi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuchen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| | - Jinchao Feng
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Mingkai Jiang
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - David Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
- Global Centre for Land-based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Baer AB, Fickle JC, Medina J, Robles C, Pratt RB, Jacobsen AL. Xylem biomechanics, water storage, and density within roots and shoots of an angiosperm tree species. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:7984-7997. [PMID: 34410349 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Xylem is a complex tissue that forms the bulk of tree bodies and has several functions, including to conduct water, store water and nutrients, and biomechanically support the plant body. We examined how xylem functional traits varied at different positions within 9-year-old Populus balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa. Whole trees were excavated, and xylem samples were collected at 1-m increments along the main root-to-shoot axis of six trees, from root tip to shoot tip. We examined biomechanical and water-storage traits of the xylem, including using a non-invasive imaging technique to examine water content within long, intact branches (high-resolution computed tomography; microCT). Xylem density, strength, and stiffness were greater in shoots than roots. Along the main root-to-shoot axis, xylem strength and stiffness were greatest at shoot tips, and the tissue became linearly weaker and less stiff down the plant and through the root. Roots had greater water storage with lower biomechanical support, and shoots had biomechanically stronger and stiffer xylem with lower water storage. These findings support trade-offs among xylem functions between roots and shoots. Understanding how xylem functions differ throughout tree bodies is important in understanding whole-tree functioning and how terrestrial plants endure numerous environmental challenges over decades of growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex B Baer
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Jaycie C Fickle
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Jackeline Medina
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Catherine Robles
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - R Brandon Pratt
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Anna L Jacobsen
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jiang P, Meinzer FC, Fu X, Kou L, Dai X, Wang H. Trade-offs between xylem water and carbohydrate storage among 24 coexisting subtropical understory shrub species spanning a spectrum of isohydry. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:403-415. [PMID: 33079181 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic capacitance and carbohydrate storage are two drought adaptation strategies of woody angiosperms. However, we currently lack information on their associations and how they are associated with species' degree of isohydry. We measured total stem xylem nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) concentration in the dry and wet seasons, xylem hydraulic capacitance, native leaf water potentials, pressure-volume curve parameters and photosynthetic performance in 24 woody understory species differing in their degree of isohydry. We found a trade-off between xylem water and carbohydrate storage both in storage capacitance and along a spectrum of isohydry. Species with higher hydraulic capacitance had lower native NSC storage. The less isohydric species tended to show greater NSC depletion in the dry season and have more drought-tolerant leaves. In contrast, the more isohydric species had higher hydraulic capacitance, which may enhance their drought avoidance capacity. In these species, leaf flushing in the wet season and higher photosynthetic rates in the dry season resulted in accumulation rather than depletion of NSC in the dry season. Our results provide new insights into the mechanisms through which xylem storage functions determine co-occurring species' drought adaptation strategies and improve our capacity to predict community assembly processes under drought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Jiang
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Frederick C Meinzer
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Xiaoli Fu
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liang Kou
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoqin Dai
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Scarff FR, Lenz T, Richards AE, Zanne AE, Wright IJ, Westoby M. Effects of plant hydraulic traits on the flammability of live fine canopy fuels. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona R. Scarff
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Tanja Lenz
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Anna E. Richards
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
| | | | - Ian J. Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Mark Westoby
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Exploring the Influence of Biological Traits and Environmental Drivers on Water Use Variations across Contrasting Forests. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding species-specific water use patterns across contrasting sites and how sensitivity of responses to environmental variables changes for different species is critical for evaluating potential forest dynamics and land use changes under global change. To quantify water use patterns and the sensitivity of tree transpiration to environmental drivers among sites and species, sap flow and meteorological data sets from three contrasting climatic zones were combined and compared in this analysis. Agathis australis from NZHP site, Schima wallichii Choisy (native) and Acacia mangium Willd (exotic) from CHS site, Liquidamber formosana Hance, Quercus variabilis Blume and Quercus acutissima Carruth from CJGS site were the dominant trees chosen as our study species. Biological traits were collected to explain the underlying physiological mechanisms for water use variation. Results showed that the strongest environmental drivers of sap flow were photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and temperature across sites, indicating that the response of water use to abiotic drivers converged across sites. Water use magnitude was site specific, which was controlled by site characteristics, species composition and local weather conditions. The species with higher sap flow density (Fd) generally had greater stomatal conductance. Native deciduous broadleaved species had a higher Fd and faster response to stomatal regulation than that of native evergreen broadleaved species (S. wallichii) and conifer species A. australis. The analysis also showed that exotic species (A. mangium) consumed more water than native species (S. wallichii). Trees with diffuse porous and lower wood density had relatively higher Fd for angiosperms, suggesting that water use was regulated by physiological differences. Water use characteristics across sites are controlled by both external factors such as site-specific characteristics (local environmental conditions and species composition) and internal factors such as biological traits (xylem anatomy, root biomass and leaf area), which highlights the complexity of quantifying land water budgets for areas covered by different species.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ziemińska K, Rosa E, Gleason SM, Holbrook NM. Wood day capacitance is related to water content, wood density, and anatomy across 30 temperate tree species. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:3048-3067. [PMID: 32935340 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Water released from wood during transpiration (capacitance) can meaningfully affect daily water use and drought response. To provide context for better understanding of capacitance mechanisms, we investigated links between capacitance and wood anatomy. On twigs of 30 temperate angiosperm tree species, we measured day capacitance (between predawn and midday), water content, wood density, and anatomical traits, that is, vessel dimensions, tissue fractions, and vessel-tissue contact fractions (fraction of vessel circumference in contact with other tissues). Across all species, wood density (WD) and predawn lumen volumetric water content (VWCL-pd ) together were the strongest predictors of day capacitance (r2adj = .44). Vessel-tissue contact fractions explained an additional ~10% of the variation in day capacitance. Regression models were not improved by including tissue lumen fractions. Among diffuse-porous species, VWCL-pd and vessel-ray contact fraction together were the best predictors of day capacitance, whereas among semi/ring-porous species, VWCL-pd , WD and vessel-fibre contact fraction were the best predictors. At predawn, wood was less than fully saturated for all species (lumen relative water content = 0.52 ± 0.17). Our findings imply that day capacitance depends on the amount of stored water, tissue connectivity and the bulk wood properties arising from WD (e.g., elasticity), rather than the fraction of any particular tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasia Ziemińska
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emily Rosa
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California, USA
| | - Sean M Gleason
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Water Management and Systems Research Unit, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - N Michele Holbrook
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yazaki K, Levia DF, Takenouchi A, Watanabe M, Kabeya D, Miki NH, Taneda H, Ogasa MY, Oguro M, Saiki S, Tobita H, Fukuda K. Imperforate tracheary elements and vessels alleviate xylem tension under severe dehydration: insights from water release curves for excised twigs of three tree species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:1122-1135. [PMID: 32779767 PMCID: PMC7496847 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Water stored in the xylem of woody plants is important for supporting the transpiration stream under prolonged drought, yet the source of stored water within the xylem during drought remains unclear. Insights into xylem water utilization during drought will uncover the adaptation strategies of the test species to stress. METHODS To fill the existing knowledge gap, we excised twigs of Abies firma (Japanese fir, conifer), Cercidiphyllum japonicum (katsura tree, diffuse-porous) and Quercus serrata (konara oak, ring-porous) to quantify interspecific variation of water transfer in xylem corresponding with increasing cumulative water release (CWR) using micro x-ray computed tomography and cryo-SEM. RESULTS For all species studied, the main components of water storage within the operating range of water potential were not living cells but cavitation release and capillaries. Abies firma maintained water in the earlywood-like cells, for possible maintenance of the transpiration stream. Cercidiphyllum japonicum maintained water in its vessels over 200 kg m-3 of CWR, while Q. serrata lost most of its water in vessels with increasing CWR up to 100 kg m-3 . Cercidiphyllum japonicum exhibited a higher water storage capacity than Q. serrata. Under high CWR, narrow conduits stored xylem water in C. japonicum and imperforate tracheary elements in Q. serrata. CONCLUSIONS Among the species examined, increasing CWR appears to indicate differential utilization of stored water in relation to variation of xylem structure, thereby providing insight into the interspecific responses of tree species to drought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Yazaki
- Department of Plant EcologyForestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI)TsukubaIbaraki305‐8687Japan
| | - Delphis F. Levia
- Departments of Geography & Spatial Sciences and Plant & Soil SciencesUniversity of DelawareNewarkDE19716USA
| | - Akiko Takenouchi
- Research Center for Structural MaterialsNational Institute of Materials Science (NIMS)TsukubaIbaraki305‐0047Japan
| | - Makoto Watanabe
- Research Center for Structural MaterialsNational Institute of Materials Science (NIMS)TsukubaIbaraki305‐0047Japan
| | - Daisuke Kabeya
- Department of Plant EcologyForestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI)TsukubaIbaraki305‐8687Japan
| | - Naoko H. Miki
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life ScienceOkayama UniversityOkayama700‐8530Japan
| | - Haruhiko Taneda
- Graduate School of ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyo113‐0033Japan
| | - Mayumi Y. Ogasa
- Kansai Research CenterForestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI)KyotoKyoto612‐0855Japan
| | - Michio Oguro
- Department of Forest VegetationForestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI)TsukubaIbaraki305‐8687Japan
| | - Shin‐Taro Saiki
- Department of Plant EcologyForestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI)TsukubaIbaraki305‐8687Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tobita
- Department of Plant EcologyForestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI)TsukubaIbaraki305‐8687Japan
| | - Kenji Fukuda
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyo113‐8657Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Salomón RL, Steppe K, Ourcival JM, Villers S, Rodríguez-Calcerrada J, Schapman R, Limousin JM. Hydraulic acclimation in a Mediterranean oak subjected to permanent throughfall exclusion results in increased stem hydraulic capacitance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1528-1544. [PMID: 32154937 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stem water storage capacity and hydraulic capacitance (CS ) play a crucial role in tree survival under drought-stress. To investigate whether CS adjusts to increasing water deficit, variation in stem water content (StWC) was monitored in vivo for 2 years and related to periodical measurements of tree water potential in Mediterranean Quercus ilex trees subjected either to permanent throughfall exclusion (TE) or to control conditions. Seasonal reductions in StWC were larger in TE trees relative to control ones, resulting in greater seasonal CS (154 and 80 kg m-3 MPa-1 , respectively), but only during the first phase of the desorption curve, when predawn water potential was above -1.1 MPa. Below this point, CS decreased substantially and did not differ between treatments (<20 kg m-3 MPa-1 ). The allometric relationship between tree diameter and sapwood area, measured via electrical resistivity tomography, was not affected by TE. Our results suggest that (a) CS response to water deficit in the drought-tolerant Q. ilex might be more important to optimize carbon gain during well-hydrated periods than to prevent drought-induced embolism formation during severe drought stress, and (b) enhanced CS during early summer does not result from proportional increases in sapwood volume, but mostly from increased elastic water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto L Salomón
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jean M Ourcival
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Selwyn Villers
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Roderick Schapman
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jean M Limousin
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
McCulloh KA, Domec JC, Johnson DM, Smith DD, Meinzer FC. A dynamic yet vulnerable pipeline: Integration and coordination of hydraulic traits across whole plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2789-2807. [PMID: 31273812 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of measurements in the field of plant hydraulics have been on small-diameter branches from woody species. These measurements have provided considerable insight into plant functioning, but our understanding of plant physiology and ecology would benefit from a broader view, because branch hydraulic properties are influenced by many factors. Here, we discuss the influence that other components of the hydraulic network have on branch vulnerability to embolism propagation. We also modelled the impact of changes in the ratio of root-to-leaf areas and soil texture on vulnerability to hydraulic failure along the soil-to-leaf continuum and showed that hydraulic function is better maintained through changes in root vulnerability and root-to-leaf area ratio than in branch vulnerability. Differences among species in the stringency with which they regulate leaf water potential and in reliance on stored water to buffer changes in water potential also affect the need to construct embolism resistant branches. Many approaches, such as measurements on fine roots, small individuals, combining sap flow and psychrometry techniques, and modelling efforts, could vastly improve our understanding of whole-plant hydraulic functioning. A better understanding of how traits are coordinated across the whole plant will improve predictions for plant function under future climate conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR 1391 INRA-ISPA, 33175, Gradignan Cedex, France
| | - Daniel M Johnson
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Duncan D Smith
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Frederick C Meinzer
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fu X, Meinzer FC, Woodruff DR, Liu YY, Smith DD, McCulloh KA, Howard AR. Coordination and trade-offs between leaf and stem hydraulic traits and stomatal regulation along a spectrum of isohydry to anisohydry. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2245-2258. [PMID: 30820970 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The degree of plant iso/anisohydry, a widely used framework for classifying species-specific hydraulic strategies, integrates multiple components of the whole-plant hydraulic pathway. However, little is known about how it associates with coordination of functional and structural traits within and across different organs. We examined stem and leaf hydraulic capacitance and conductivity/conductance, stem xylem anatomical features, stomatal regulation of daily minimum leaf and stem water potential (Ψ), and the kinetics of stomatal responses to vapour pressure deficit (VPD) in six diverse woody species differing markedly in their degree of iso/anisohydry. At the stem level, more anisohydric species had higher wood density and lower native capacitance and conductivity. Like stems, leaves of more anisohydric species had lower hydraulic conductance; however, unlike stems, their leaves had higher native capacitance at their daily minimum values of leaf Ψ. Moreover, rates of VPD-induced stomatal closure were related to intrinsic rather than native leaf capacitance and were not associated with species' degree of iso/anisohydry. Our results suggest a trade-off between hydraulic storage and efficiency in the leaf, but a coordination between hydraulic storage and efficiency in the stem along a spectrum of plant iso/anisohydry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Fu
- Qianyanzhou Ecological Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhongke-Ji'an Institute for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Ji'an, China
| | | | - David R Woodruff
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Yan-Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Teachers Education University, Nanning, China
| | - Duncan D Smith
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Ava R Howard
- Department of Biology, Western Oregon University, Monmouth, Oregon
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Siddiq Z, Zhang YJ, Zhu SD, Cao KF. Canopy water status and photosynthesis of tropical trees are associated with trunk sapwood hydraulic properties. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 139:724-730. [PMID: 31055133 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tree trunks not only provide physical support for canopy leaves but also supply and store water for transpiration. However, the relationships between trunk hydraulic properties and canopy leaf physiology in tropical trees are not well-understood. In this study we concurrently measured morning and midday canopy leaf photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs), and leaf water potentials (ΨL) in 40 tropical trees representing 14 species at the beginning of the rainy season in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China. We also measured trunk sapwood capacitance (C), wood density, and sap flux density to assess their association with canopy leaf physiology. Among the 14 studied species, only three and four species did not show a significant midday reduction in A and gs respectively. The diurnally maximum A and gs were significantly positively related to sapwood hydraulic capacitance, maximum sap flux density (midday), and sap flux density at 11:00. Those species with lower wood density and higher C showed a lower reduction in ΨL at midday, whereas, species with high C, and large values of maximum sap flux density also showed high carbon assimilation at midday. Our results provide new insights into the close coordination between canopy physiology and trunk sapwood hydraulic properties in tropical trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Siddiq
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, 666303, China; Department of Botany, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yong-Jiang Zhang
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469, USA
| | - Shi-Dan Zhu
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hu Y, Zhao P, Zhu L, Zhao X, Ni G, Ouyang L, Schäfer KVR, Shen W. Responses of sap flux and intrinsic water use efficiency to canopy and understory nitrogen addition in a temperate broadleaved deciduous forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:325-336. [PMID: 30121032 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Increasing atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition could profoundly impact structure and functioning of forest ecosystems. Therefore, we conducted a two-year (2014-2015) experiment to assess the responses of tree sap flux density (Js) and intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) of dominant tree species (Liquidambar formosana, Quercus acutissima and Quercus variabilis) to increased N deposition at a manipulative experiment with canopy and understory N addition in a deciduous broadleaved forest. Five treatments were administered including N addition of 25 kg ha-1 year-1 and 50 kg ha-1 year-1 onto canopy (C25 and C50) and understory (U25 and U50), and control treatment (CK, without N addition). Our results showed neither canopy nor understory N addition had an impact on leaf N content and C:N ratio (P > 0.05). Due to the distinct influencing ways, canopy and understory N addition generated different impacts on Js and WUEi of the dominant tree species. Canopy N addition increased WUEi of Q. variabilis, whereas understory addition treatment had a minimal impact on WUEi. Both N additions did not exert impacts on WUEi of L. formosana and Q. acutissima. Canopy N addition exerted negative impacts on Js and its sensitivity to micrometeorological factors of Q. acutissima and Q. variabilis in 2014, while understory addition showed no effect. Neither canopy nor understory N addition had an influence on Js of L. formosana in 2014. Probably owing to the increased soil acidification as the experiment proceeded, Js of L. formosana and Q. variabilis was decreased by understory N addition while canopy addition had a minimal effect in 2015. Thus, the traditional understory addition approach could not fully reflect the effects of increased N deposition on the canopy-associated transpiration process indicated by the different responses of Js and WUEi to canopy and understory N addition, and exaggerated its influences induced by the variation of soil chemical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Hu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Road Xingke 723, District Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Road Xingke 723, District Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Road Xingke 723, District Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Liwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Road Xingke 723, District Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xiuhua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Road Xingke 723, District Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Guangyan Ni
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Road Xingke 723, District Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Lei Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Road Xingke 723, District Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Karina V R Schäfer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, 195 University Avenue, Newark 07102, NJ, USA; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 195 University Avenue, Newark 07102, NJ, USA
| | - Weijun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Road Xingke 723, District Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Road Xingke 723, District Tianhe, Guangzhou 510650, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li X, Blackman CJ, Choat B, Duursma RA, Rymer PD, Medlyn BE, Tissue DT. Tree hydraulic traits are coordinated and strongly linked to climate-of-origin across a rainfall gradient. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:646-660. [PMID: 29314083 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant hydraulic traits capture the impacts of drought stress on plant function, yet vegetation models lack sufficient information regarding trait coordination and variation with climate-of-origin across species. Here, we investigated key hydraulic and carbon economy traits of 12 woody species in Australia from a broad climatic gradient, with the aim of identifying the coordination among these traits and the role of climate in shaping cross-species trait variation. The influence of environmental variation was minimized by a common garden approach, allowing us to factor out the influence of environment on phenotypic variation across species. We found that hydraulic traits (leaf turgor loss point, stomatal sensitivity to drought [Pgs ], xylem vulnerability to cavitation [Px ], and branch capacitance [Cbranch ]) were highly coordinated across species and strongly related to rainfall and aridity in the species native distributional range. In addition, trade-offs between drought tolerance and plant growth rate were observed across species. Collectively, these results provide critical insight into the coordination among hydraulic traits in modulating drought adaptation and will significantly advance our ability to predict drought vulnerability in these dominant trees species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ximeng Li
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Chris J Blackman
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Remko A Duursma
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Paul D Rymer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Belinda E Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pita P, Rodríguez-Calcerrada J, Medel D, Gil L. Further insights into the components of resistance to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi in Ulmus minor: hydraulic conductance, stomatal sensitivity and bark dehydration. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:252-262. [PMID: 29040781 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dutch elm disease (DED) is a vascular disease that has killed over 1 billion elm trees. The pathogen spreads throughout the xylem network triggering vessel blockage, which results in water stress, tissue dehydration and extensive leaf wilting in susceptible genotypes. We investigated the differences between four Ulmus minor Mill. clones of contrasting susceptibility to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Brasier regarding morphological, anatomical and physiological traits affecting water transport, in order to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying DED susceptibility. We analyzed the differential response to water shortage and increased air vapor pressure deficit (VPD) to investigate whether resistance to water stress might be related to DED tolerance. Sixteen plants per clone, aged 2 years, were grown inside a greenhouse under differential watering. Stomatal conductance was measured under ambient and increased VPD. Growth, bark water content and stem hydraulic and anatomical parameters were measured 22 days after starting differential watering. Vessel lumen area, lumen fraction and hydraulic conductance were highest in susceptible clones. Stomatal conductance was lowest under low VPD and decreased faster under increased VPD in resistant clones. We found a negative relationship between the decrease in stomatal conductance at increased VPD and specific hydraulic conductance, revealing a narrower hydraulic margin for sustaining transpiration in resistant clones. The effect of water shortage was greater on radial stem growth than on leaf area, which could be explained through an extensive use of capacitance water to buffer xylem water potential. Water shortage reduced stomatal conductance and vessel lumen area. Bark water content under conditions of water shortage only decreased in susceptible clones. Higher hydraulic constraints to sap flow in resistant clones may determine higher stomatal sensitivity to VPD and so contribute to DED resistance by limiting pathogen expansion and reducing water loss and metabolic impairment in cells involved in fighting against infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Pita
- ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Dep. Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Calcerrada
- ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Dep. Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Medel
- ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Dep. Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Gil
- ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Dep. Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Responses of Tree Transpiration and Growth to Seasonal Rainfall Redistribution in a Subtropical Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forest. Ecosystems 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-017-0185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
20
|
Salomón RL, Limousin JM, Ourcival JM, Rodríguez-Calcerrada J, Steppe K. Stem hydraulic capacitance decreases with drought stress: implications for modelling tree hydraulics in the Mediterranean oak Quercus ilex. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1379-1391. [PMID: 28152583 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic modelling is a primary tool to predict plant performance in future drier scenarios. However, as most tree models are validated under non-stress conditions, they may fail when water becomes limiting. To simulate tree hydraulic functioning under moist and dry conditions, the current version of a water flow and storage mechanistic model was further developed by implementing equations that describe variation in xylem hydraulic resistance (RX ) and stem hydraulic capacitance (CS ) with predawn water potential (ΨPD ). The model was applied in a Mediterranean forest experiencing intense summer drought, where six Quercus ilex trees were instrumented to monitor stem diameter variations and sap flow, concurrently with measurements of predawn and midday leaf water potential. Best model performance was observed when CS was allowed to decrease with decreasing ΨPD . Hydraulic capacitance decreased from 62 to 25 kg m-3 MPa-1 across the growing season. In parallel, tree transpiration decreased to a greater extent than the capacitive water release and the contribution of stored water to transpiration increased from 2.0 to 5.1%. Our results demonstrate the importance of stored water and seasonality in CS for tree hydraulic functioning, and they suggest that CS should be considered to predict the drought response of trees with models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto L Salomón
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, E.T.S. Forestry Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links, 653-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marc Limousin
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CEFE, CNRS, UMR 5175, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Marc Ourcival
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CEFE, CNRS, UMR 5175, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Calcerrada
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, E.T.S. Forestry Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links, 653-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gillison AN, Asner GP, Fernandes ECM, Mafalacusser J, Banze A, Izidine S, da Fonseca AR, Pacate H. Biodiversity and agriculture in dynamic landscapes: Integrating ground and remotely-sensed baseline surveys. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 177:9-19. [PMID: 27064732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable biodiversity and land management require a cost-effective means of forecasting landscape response to environmental change. Conventional species-based, regional biodiversity assessments are rarely adequate for policy planning and decision making. We show how new ground and remotely-sensed survey methods can be coordinated to help elucidate and predict relationships between biodiversity, land use and soil properties along complex biophysical gradients that typify many similar landscapes worldwide. In the lower Zambezi valley, Mozambique we used environmental, gradient-directed transects (gradsects) to sample vascular plant species, plant functional types, vegetation structure, soil properties and land-use characteristics. Soil fertility indices were derived using novel multidimensional scaling of soil properties. To facilitate spatial analysis, we applied a probabilistic remote sensing approach, analyzing Landsat 7 satellite imagery to map photosynthetically active and inactive vegetation and bare soil along each gradsect. Despite the relatively low sample number, we found highly significant correlations between single and combined sets of specific plant, soil and remotely sensed variables that permitted testable spatial projections of biodiversity and soil fertility across the regional land-use mosaic. This integrative and rapid approach provides a low-cost, high-return and readily transferable methodology that permits the ready identification of testable biodiversity indicators for adaptive management of biodiversity and potential agricultural productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Gillison
- Center for Biodiversity Management, P.O. Box 120 Yungaburra, Queensland 4884, Australia.
| | - Gregory P Asner
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Erick C M Fernandes
- Agriculture and Rural Development (LCSAR), The World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW Mail Stop 16-603, Washington, DC 20433, USA
| | | | - Aurélio Banze
- National Institute for Agricultural Research (IIAM), No. 2698, Avenida das FPLM, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Samira Izidine
- National Institute for Agricultural Research (IIAM), No. 2698, Avenida das FPLM, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Hermenegildo Pacate
- DPCA Provincial Directorate of Coordination of Environmental Action (DCPA), Tete, Mozambique
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jupa R, Plavcová L, Gloser V, Jansen S. Linking xylem water storage with anatomical parameters in five temperate tree species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:756-69. [PMID: 27083523 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The release of water from storage compartments to the transpiration stream is an important functional mechanism that provides the buffering of sudden fluctuations in water potential. The ability of tissues to release water per change in water potential, referred to as hydraulic capacitance, is assumed to be associated with the anatomy of storage tissues. However, information about how specific anatomical parameters determine capacitance is limited. In this study, we measured sapwood capacitance (C) in terminal branches and roots of five temperate tree species (Fagus sylvatica L., Picea abies L., Quercus robur L., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Tilia cordata Mill.). Capacitance was calculated separately for water released mainly from capillary (CI; open vessels, tracheids, fibres, intercellular spaces and cracks) and elastic storage compartments (CII; living parenchyma cells), corresponding to two distinct phases of the moisture release curve. We found that C was generally higher in roots than branches, with CI being 3-11 times higher than CII Sapwood density and the ratio of dead to living xylem cells were most closely correlated with C In addition, the magnitude of CI was strongly correlated with fibre/tracheid lumen area, whereas CII was highly dependent on the thickness of axial parenchyma cell walls. Our results indicate that water released from capillary compartments predominates over water released from elastic storage in both branches and roots, suggesting the limited importance of parenchyma cells for water storage in juvenile xylem of temperate tree species. Contrary to intact organs, water released from open conduits in our small wood samples significantly increased CI at relatively high water potentials. Linking anatomical parameters with the hydraulic capacitance of a tissue contributes to a better understanding of water release mechanisms and their implications for plant hydraulics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radek Jupa
- Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Plavcová
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 890 81 Ulm, Germany Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Gloser
- Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 890 81 Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Trifilò P, Nardini A, Lo Gullo MA, Barbera PM, Savi T, Raimondo F. Diurnal changes in embolism rate in nine dry forest trees: relationships with species-specific xylem vulnerability, hydraulic strategy and wood traits. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:694-705. [PMID: 26116926 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported correlations between stem sapwood capacitance (C(wood)) and xylem vulnerability to embolism, but it is unclear how C(wood) relates to the eventual ability of plants to reverse embolism. We investigated possible functional links between embolism reversal efficiency, C(wood), wood density (WD), vulnerability to xylem embolism and hydraulic safety margins in nine woody species native to dry sclerophyllous forests with different degrees of iso versus anisohydry. Substantial inter-specific differences in terms of seasonal/diurnal changes of xylem and leaf water potential, maximum diurnal values of transpiration rate and xylem vulnerability to embolism formation were recorded. Significant diurnal changes in percentage loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC) were recorded for five species. Significant correlations were recorded between diurnal PLC changes and P50 and P88 values (i.e., xylem pressure inducing 50 and 88% PLC, respectively) as well as between diurnal PLC changes and safety margins referenced to P50 and P88. WD was linearly correlated with minimum diurnal leaf water potential, diurnal PLC changes and wood capacitance across all species. In contrast, significant relationships between P50, safety margin values referenced to P50 and WD were recorded only for the isohydric species. Functional links between diurnal changes in PLC, hydraulic strategies and WD and C(wood) are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Trifilò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche e Ambientali, Università di Messina, Salita F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria A Lo Gullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche e Ambientali, Università di Messina, Salita F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Piera M Barbera
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Tadeja Savi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Fabio Raimondo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche e Ambientali, Università di Messina, Salita F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Diverse patterns of stored water use among saplings in seasonally dry tropical forests. Oecologia 2015; 179:925-36. [PMID: 26025573 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3329-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
25
|
Ziemińska K, Westoby M, Wright IJ. Broad Anatomical Variation within a Narrow Wood Density Range--A Study of Twig Wood across 69 Australian Angiosperms. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124892. [PMID: 25906320 PMCID: PMC4408027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Just as people with the same weight can have different body builds, woods with the same wood density can have different anatomies. Here, our aim was to assess the magnitude of anatomical variation within a restricted range of wood density and explore its potential ecological implications. Methods Twig wood of 69 angiosperm tree and shrub species was analyzed. Species were selected so that wood density varied within a relatively narrow range (0.38–0.62 g cm-3). Anatomical traits quantified included wood tissue fractions (fibres, axial parenchyma, ray parenchyma, vessels, and conduits with maximum lumen diameter below 15 μm), vessel properties, and pith area. To search for potential ecological correlates of anatomical variation the species were sampled across rainfall and temperature contrasts, and several other ecologically-relevant traits were measured (plant height, leaf area to sapwood area ratio, and modulus of elasticity). Results Despite the limited range in wood density, substantial anatomical variation was observed. Total parenchyma fraction varied from 0.12 to 0.66 and fibre fraction from 0.20 to 0.74, and these two traits were strongly inversely correlated (r = -0.86, P < 0.001). Parenchyma was weakly (0.24 ≤|r|≤ 0.35, P < 0.05) or not associated with vessel properties nor with height, leaf area to sapwood area ratio, and modulus of elasticity (0.24 ≤|r|≤ 0.41, P < 0.05). However, vessel traits were fairly well correlated with height and leaf area to sapwood area ratio (0.47 ≤|r|≤ 0.65, all P < 0.001). Modulus of elasticity was mainly driven by fibre wall plus vessel wall fraction rather than by the parenchyma component. Conclusions Overall, there seem to be at least three axes of variation in xylem, substantially independent of each other: a wood density spectrum, a fibre-parenchyma spectrum, and a vessel area spectrum. The fibre-parenchyma spectrum does not yet have any clear or convincing ecological interpretation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasia Ziemińska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Mark Westoby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Ian J. Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| |
Collapse
|