1
|
Jing X, Baum C, Castagneyrol B, Eisenhauer N, Ferlian O, Gebauer T, Hajek P, Jactel H, Muys B, Nock CA, Ponette Q, Rose L, Saurer M, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Verheyen K, Van Meerbeek K. Leaf isotopes reveal tree diversity effects on the functional responses to the pan-European 2018 summer drought. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:1312-1328. [PMID: 38934095 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Recent droughts have strongly impacted forest ecosystems and are projected to increase in frequency, intensity, and duration in the future together with continued warming. While evidence suggests that tree diversity can regulate drought impacts in natural forests, few studies examine whether mixed tree plantations are more resistant to the impacts of severe droughts. Using natural variations in leaf carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) isotopic ratios, that is δ13C and δ15N, as proxies for drought response, we analyzed the effects of tree species richness on the functional responses of tree plantations to the pan-European 2018 summer drought in seven European tree diversity experiments. We found that leaf δ13C decreased with increasing tree species richness, indicating less drought stress. This effect was not related to drought intensity, nor desiccation tolerance of the tree species. Leaf δ15N increased with drought intensity, indicating a shift toward more open N cycling as water availability diminishes. Additionally, drought intensity was observed to alter the influence of tree species richness on leaf δ15N from weakly negative under low drought intensity to weakly positive under high drought intensity. Overall, our findings suggest that dual leaf isotope analysis helps understand the interaction between drought, nutrients, and species richness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, and College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Christel Baum
- Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6, Rostock, 18059, Germany
| | | | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Olga Ferlian
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstrasse 4, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Tobias Gebauer
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Peter Hajek
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Hervé Jactel
- BIOGECO, INRAE, University of Bordeaux, Cestas, 33610, France
| | - Bart Muys
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Charles A Nock
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
- Renewable Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Quentin Ponette
- Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2 - box L7.05.24, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Laura Rose
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
- Ministry of Environment, Climate, Energy and Agriculture (BUKEA), Hamburg, 21109, Germany
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf, Zuercherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | | | - Kris Verheyen
- Forest & Nature Lab, Campus Gontrode, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Melle-Gontrode, 9090, Belgium
| | - Koenraad Van Meerbeek
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mas E, Cochard H, Deluigi J, Didion-Gency M, Martin-StPaul N, Morcillo L, Valladares F, Vilagrosa A, Grossiord C. Interactions between beech and oak seedlings can modify the effects of hotter droughts and the onset of hydraulic failure. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1021-1034. [PMID: 37897156 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Mixing species with contrasting resource use strategies could reduce forest vulnerability to extreme events. Yet, how species diversity affects seedling hydraulic responses to heat and drought, including mortality risk, is largely unknown. Using open-top chambers, we assessed how, over several years, species interactions (monocultures vs mixtures) modulate heat and drought impacts on the hydraulic traits of juvenile European beech and pubescent oak. Using modeling, we estimated species interaction effects on timing to drought-induced mortality and the underlying mechanisms driving these impacts. We show that mixtures mitigate adverse heat and drought impacts for oak (less negative leaf water potential, higher stomatal conductance, and delayed stomatal closure) but enhance them for beech (lower water potential and stomatal conductance, narrower leaf safety margins, faster tree mortality). Potential underlying mechanisms include oak's larger canopy and higher transpiration, allowing for quicker exhaustion of soil water in mixtures. Our findings highlight that diversity has the potential to alter the effects of extreme events, which would ensure that some species persist even if others remain sensitive. Among the many processes driving diversity effects, differences in canopy size and transpiration associated with the stomatal regulation strategy seem the primary mechanisms driving mortality vulnerability in mixed seedling plantations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugénie Mas
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory (PERL), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Cochard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Janisse Deluigi
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory (PERL), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Margaux Didion-Gency
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory (PERL), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Martin-StPaul
- Unité Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (UR629), INRAE, DomaineSaint Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914, Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Luna Morcillo
- CEAM Foundation, Joint Research Unit University of Alicante-CEAM, Department of Ecology, University of Alicante, PO Box 99, C. San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Fernando Valladares
- Depto de Biogeografía y Cambio Global, LINCGlobal, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), 28006, Madrid, Spain
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Univ. Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, 28933, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Vilagrosa
- CEAM Foundation, Joint Research Unit University of Alicante-CEAM, Department of Ecology, University of Alicante, PO Box 99, C. San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory (PERL), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Didion‐Gency M, Gessler A, Buchmann N, Gisler J, Schaub M, Grossiord C. Impact of warmer and drier conditions on tree photosynthetic properties and the role of species interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:547-560. [PMID: 35842790 PMCID: PMC9804646 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Increased temperature and prolonged soil moisture reduction have distinct impacts on tree photosynthetic properties. Yet, our knowledge of their combined effect is limited. Moreover, how species interactions alter photosynthetic responses to warming and drought remains unclear. Using mesocosms, we studied how photosynthetic properties of European beech and downy oak were impacted by multi-year warming and soil moisture reduction alone or combined, and how species interactions (intra- vs inter-specific interactions) modulated these effects. Warming of +5°C enhanced photosynthetic properties in oak but not beech, while moisture reduction decreased them in both species. Combined warming and moisture reduction reduced photosynthetic properties for both species, but no exacerbated effects were observed. Oak was less impacted by combined warming and limited moisture when interacting with beech than in intra-specific stands. For beech, species interactions had no impact on the photosynthetic responses to warming and moisture reduction, alone or combined. Warming had either no or beneficial effects on the photosynthetic properties, while moisture reduction and their combined effects strongly reduced photosynthetic responses. However, inter-specific interactions mitigated the adverse impacts of combined warming and drought in oak, thereby highlighting the need to deepen our understanding of the role of species interactions under climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Didion‐Gency
- Forest Dynamics Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSLCH‐8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSLCH‐8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH ZurichCH‐8092ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZurichCH‐8092ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jonas Gisler
- Forest Dynamics Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSLCH‐8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Forest Dynamics Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSLCH‐8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental EngineeringEPFLCH‐1015LausanneSwitzerland
- Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSLCH‐1015LausanneSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hajek P, Link RM, Nock CA, Bauhus J, Gebauer T, Gessler A, Kovach K, Messier C, Paquette A, Saurer M, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Rose L, Schuldt B. Mutually inclusive mechanisms of drought-induced tree mortality. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:3365-3378. [PMID: 35246895 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Unprecedented tree dieback across Central Europe caused by recent global change-type drought events highlights the need for a better mechanistic understanding of drought-induced tree mortality. Although numerous physiological risk factors have been identified, the importance of two principal mechanisms, hydraulic failure and carbon starvation, is still debated. It further remains largely unresolved how the local neighborhood composition affects individual mortality risk. We studied 9435 young trees of 12 temperate species planted in a diversity experiment in 2013 to assess how hydraulic traits, carbon dynamics, pest infestation, tree height and neighborhood competition influence individual mortality risk. Following the most extreme global change-type drought since record in 2018, one third of these trees died. Across species, hydraulic safety margins (HSMs) were negatively and a shift towards a higher sugar fraction in the non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) pool positively associated with mortality risk. Moreover, trees infested by bark beetles had a higher mortality risk, and taller trees a lower mortality risk. Most neighborhood interactions were beneficial, although neighborhood effects were highly species-specific. Species that suffered more from drought, especially Larix spp. and Betula spp., tended to increase the survival probability of their neighbors and vice versa. While severe tissue dehydration marks the final stage of drought-induced tree mortality, we show that hydraulic failure is interrelated with a series of other, mutually inclusive processes. These include shifts in NSC pools driven by osmotic adjustment and/or starch depletion as well as pest infestation and are modulated by the size and species identity of a tree and its neighbors. A more holistic view that accounts for multiple causes of drought-induced tree mortality is required to improve predictions of trends in global forest dynamics and to identify mutually beneficial species combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hajek
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roman M Link
- Chair of Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biological Sciences, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Charles A Nock
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jürgen Bauhus
- Chair of Silviculture, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Gebauer
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kyle Kovach
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christian Messier
- Center for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- University of Quebec in Outaouais (UQO), Institut des Sciences de la Forêt Tempérée (ISFORT), Gatineau, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain Paquette
- Center for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Laura Rose
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schuldt
- Chair of Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biological Sciences, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hajek P, Link RM, Nock CA, Bauhus J, Gebauer T, Gessler A, Kovach K, Messier C, Paquette A, Saurer M, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Rose L, Schuldt B. Mutually inclusive mechanisms of drought-induced tree mortality. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:3365-3378. [PMID: 35246895 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.17.423038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Unprecedented tree dieback across Central Europe caused by recent global change-type drought events highlights the need for a better mechanistic understanding of drought-induced tree mortality. Although numerous physiological risk factors have been identified, the importance of two principal mechanisms, hydraulic failure and carbon starvation, is still debated. It further remains largely unresolved how the local neighborhood composition affects individual mortality risk. We studied 9435 young trees of 12 temperate species planted in a diversity experiment in 2013 to assess how hydraulic traits, carbon dynamics, pest infestation, tree height and neighborhood competition influence individual mortality risk. Following the most extreme global change-type drought since record in 2018, one third of these trees died. Across species, hydraulic safety margins (HSMs) were negatively and a shift towards a higher sugar fraction in the non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) pool positively associated with mortality risk. Moreover, trees infested by bark beetles had a higher mortality risk, and taller trees a lower mortality risk. Most neighborhood interactions were beneficial, although neighborhood effects were highly species-specific. Species that suffered more from drought, especially Larix spp. and Betula spp., tended to increase the survival probability of their neighbors and vice versa. While severe tissue dehydration marks the final stage of drought-induced tree mortality, we show that hydraulic failure is interrelated with a series of other, mutually inclusive processes. These include shifts in NSC pools driven by osmotic adjustment and/or starch depletion as well as pest infestation and are modulated by the size and species identity of a tree and its neighbors. A more holistic view that accounts for multiple causes of drought-induced tree mortality is required to improve predictions of trends in global forest dynamics and to identify mutually beneficial species combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hajek
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roman M Link
- Chair of Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biological Sciences, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Charles A Nock
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jürgen Bauhus
- Chair of Silviculture, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Gebauer
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kyle Kovach
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Christian Messier
- Center for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- University of Quebec in Outaouais (UQO), Institut des Sciences de la Forêt Tempérée (ISFORT), Gatineau, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain Paquette
- Center for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Laura Rose
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schuldt
- Chair of Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, University of Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biological Sciences, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jing X, Muys B, Baeten L, Bruelheide H, De Wandeler H, Desie E, Hättenschwiler S, Jactel H, Jaroszewicz B, Jucker T, Kardol P, Pollastrini M, Ratcliffe S, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Selvi F, Vancampenhout K, van der Plas F, Verheyen K, Vesterdal L, Zuo J, Van Meerbeek K. Climatic conditions, not above- and belowground resource availability and uptake capacity, mediate tree diversity effects on productivity and stability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:152560. [PMID: 34952080 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tree species diversity promotes multiple ecosystem functions and services. However, little is known about how above- and belowground resource availability (light, nutrients, and water) and resource uptake capacity mediate tree species diversity effects on aboveground wood productivity and temporal stability of productivity in European forests and whether the effects differ between humid and arid regions. We used the data from six major European forest types along a latitudinal gradient to address those two questions. We found that neither leaf area index (a proxy for light uptake capacity), nor fine root biomass (a proxy for soil nutrient and water uptake capacity) was related to tree species richness. Leaf area index did, however, enhance productivity, but negatively affected stability. Productivity was further promoted by soil nutrient availability, while stability was enhanced by fine root biomass. We only found a positive effect of tree species richness on productivity in arid regions and a positive effect on stability in humid regions. This indicates a possible disconnection between productivity and stability regarding tree species richness effects. In other words, the mechanisms that drive the positive effects of tree species richness on productivity do not per se benefit stability simultaneously. Our findings therefore suggest that tree species richness effects are largely mediated by differences in climatic conditions rather than by differences in above- and belowground resource availability and uptake capacity at the regional scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jing
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Muys
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Lander Baeten
- Forest & Nature Lab, Campus Gontrode, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, BE-9090 Melle-Gontrode, Belgium.
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology / Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Hans De Wandeler
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen Desie
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Stephan Hättenschwiler
- CEFE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ. Paul-Valéry Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Hervé Jactel
- INRAE, University of Bordeaux, BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France.
| | - Bogdan Jaroszewicz
- Białowieża Geobotanical Station, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Sportowa 19, 17-230 Białowieża, Poland.
| | - Tommaso Jucker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skogsmarksgränd, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Martina Pollastrini
- University of Firenze, Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, Firenze, Italy.
| | | | - Michael Scherer-Lorenzen
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Federico Selvi
- University of Firenze, Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Karen Vancampenhout
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Fons van der Plas
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700, AA Wageningen, the Netherlands; Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Life science, Leipzig University, Germany
| | - Kris Verheyen
- Forest & Nature Lab, Campus Gontrode, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, BE-9090 Melle-Gontrode, Belgium.
| | - Lars Vesterdal
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Juan Zuo
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Koenraad Van Meerbeek
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bottero A, Forrester DI, Cailleret M, Kohnle U, Gessler A, Michel D, Bose AK, Bauhus J, Bugmann H, Cuntz M, Gillerot L, Hanewinkel M, Lévesque M, Ryder J, Sainte‐Marie J, Schwarz J, Yousefpour R, Zamora‐Pereira JC, Rigling A. Growth resistance and resilience of mixed silver fir and Norway spruce forests in central Europe: Contrasting responses to mild and severe droughts. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:4403-4419. [PMID: 34166562 PMCID: PMC8453522 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Extreme droughts are expected to increase in frequency and severity in many regions of the world, threatening multiple ecosystem services provided by forests. Effective strategies to adapt forests to such droughts require comprehensive information on the effects and importance of the factors influencing forest resistance and resilience. We used a unique combination of inventory and dendrochronological data from a long-term (>30 years) silvicultural experiment in mixed silver fir and Norway spruce mountain forests along a temperature and precipitation gradient in southwestern Germany. We aimed at examining the mechanisms and forest stand characteristics underpinning the resistance and resilience to past mild and severe droughts. We found that (i) fir benefited from mild droughts and showed higher resistance (i.e., lower growth loss during drought) and resilience (i.e., faster return to pre-drought growth levels) than spruce to all droughts; (ii) species identity determined mild drought responses while species interactions and management-related factors strongly influenced the responses to severe droughts; (iii) intraspecific and interspecific interactions had contrasting effects on the two species, with spruce being less resistant to severe droughts when exposed to interaction with fir and beech; (iv) higher values of residual stand basal area following thinning were associated with lower resistance and resilience to severe droughts; and (v) larger trees were resilient to mild drought events but highly vulnerable to severe droughts. Our study provides an analytical approach for examining the effects of different factors on individual tree- and stand-level drought response. The forests investigated here were to a certain extent resilient to mild droughts, and even benefited from such conditions, but were strongly affected by severe droughts. Lastly, negative effects of severe droughts can be reduced through modifying species composition, tree size distribution and stand density in mixed silver fir-Norway spruce forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bottero
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - David I. Forrester
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Chair of SilvicultureFaculty of Environment and Natural ResourcesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Maxime Cailleret
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- UMR RECOVERAix Marseille UniversityINRAEAix‐en‐ProvenceFrance
| | - Ulrich Kohnle
- Forest Research Institute of Baden‐Württemberg FVAFreiburgGermany
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial EcologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Dominic Michel
- IT Services GroupDepartment of Health Sciences and TechnologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Forest EcologyDepartment of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Arun K. Bose
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Forest and Wood Technology DisciplineKhulna UniversityKhulnaBangladesh
| | - Jürgen Bauhus
- Chair of SilvicultureFaculty of Environment and Natural ResourcesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Harald Bugmann
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Forest EcologyDepartment of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Matthias Cuntz
- Université de LorraineAgroParisTechINRAEUMR SilvaNancyFrance
| | - Loïc Gillerot
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Forest Management & SilvicultureDepartment of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Marc Hanewinkel
- Chair of Forestry Economics and Forest PlanningUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Mathieu Lévesque
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Forest Management & SilvicultureDepartment of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - James Ryder
- Université de LorraineAgroParisTechINRAEUMR SilvaNancyFrance
| | | | - Julia Schwarz
- Chair of SilvicultureFaculty of Environment and Natural ResourcesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Rasoul Yousefpour
- Chair of Forestry Economics and Forest PlanningUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | | | - Andreas Rigling
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial EcologyETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Didion‐Gency M, Bachofen C, Buchmann N, Gessler A, Morin X, Vicente E, Vollenweider P, Grossiord C. Interactive effects of tree species mixture and climate on foliar and woody trait variation in a widely distributed deciduous tree. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Didion‐Gency
- Forest Dynamics Unit Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Christoph Bachofen
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL School of Architecture Civil and Environmental Engineering EPFL Lausanne Switzerland
- Community Ecology Unit Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics Unit Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Xavier Morin
- CEFEUniversité de Montpellier—CNRSEPHEIRDUniv. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France
| | - Eduardo Vicente
- Department of Ecology Joint Research Unit University of Alicante—CEAMUniversity of Alicante Alicante Spain
| | - Pierre Vollenweider
- Forest Dynamics Unit Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL School of Architecture Civil and Environmental Engineering EPFL Lausanne Switzerland
- Community Ecology Unit Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL Lausanne Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kerr KL, Zenes N, Trugman AT, Anderegg WRL. Testing the effects of species interactions and water limitation on tree seedling biomass allocation and physiology. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1323-1335. [PMID: 33555334 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Species interactions mediate tree responses to water limitation because competition and/or facilitation alter plant physiology and growth. However, because it is difficult to isolate the effects of plant-plant interactions and water limitation from other environmental factors, the mechanisms underlying tree physiology and growth in coexisting plants under drought are poorly understood. We investigated how species interactions and water limitation impact the physiology and growth of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides), narrowleaf cottonwood (Populus angustifolia) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) seedlings in a controlled environment growth chamber, using aspen as a focal species. Seedlings were grown in pots alone or with a con- or hetero-specific seedling, and were subjected to a water limitation treatment. Growth, water status and physiological traits were measured before, during and after the treatment. Under well-watered conditions, the presence of another seedling affected growth or biomass allocation in all species, but did not impact the physiological traits we measured. Under water limitation, the presence of a competing seedling had a marginal impact on seedling growth and physiological traits in all species. Throughout the study, the magnitude and direction of seedling responses were complex and often species-specific. Our study serves as an important step toward testing how species' interactions modify physiological responses and growth in well-watered and water-limited periods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Kerr
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84111, USA
| | - Nicole Zenes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84111, USA
| | - Anna T Trugman
- Department of Geography, University of California Santa Barbara, 1832 Ellison Hall, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - William R L Anderegg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84111, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jansen K, von Oheimb G, Bruelheide H, Härdtle W, Fichtner A. Tree species richness modulates water supply in the local tree neighbourhood: evidence from wood δ13C signatures in a large-scale forest experiment. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20203100. [PMID: 33653137 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.3100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity is considered to mitigate the adverse effects of changing precipitation patterns. However, our understanding of how tree diversity at the local neighbourhood scale modulates the water use and leaf physiology of individual trees remains unclear. We made use of a large-scale tree diversity experiment in subtropical China to study eight tree species along an experimentally manipulated gradient of local neighbourhood tree species richness. Twig wood carbon isotope composition (δ13Cwood) was used as an indicator for immediate leaf-level responses to water availability in relation to local neighbourhood conditions and a target tree's functional traits. Across species, a target tree's δ13Cwood signatures decreased progressively with increasing neighbourhood species richness, with effects being strongest at high neighbourhood shading intensity. Moreover, the δ13Cwood-shading relationship shifted from positive (thin-leaved species) or neutral (thick-leaved species) in conspecific to negative in heterospecific neighbourhoods, most likely owing to a lower interspecific competition for water and microclimate amelioration. This suggests that promoting tree species richness at the local neighbourhood scale may improve a tree's local water supply with potential effects for an optimized water-use efficiency of tree communities during drought. This assumption, however, requires validation by further studies that focus on mechanisms that regulate the water availability in mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Jansen
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Goddert von Oheimb
- Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection, Technische Universität Dresden, Pienner Straße 7, 01737 Tharandt, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Werner Härdtle
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Fichtner
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Grossiord C. Having the right neighbors: how tree species diversity modulates drought impacts on forests. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:42-49. [PMID: 30585635 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Droughts are a rising concern for terrestrial ecosystems, particularly for forests where drought-induced reductions in tree growth and survival are reported. Biodiversity has long been acknowledged as an important component modulating ecosystem functions, including mitigating their vulnerability to climate-related stresses. Yet the impact of tree diversity on forest vulnerability to drought is unclear. In this review, consistent mechanisms are identified by which tree diversity could reduce vulnerability to drought and emerging evidence is revealed that tree diversity is not systematically positively related to drought resistance in forests. A path is suggested to further increase our knowledge on this subject in the face of climate change, proposing standardization of methods to quantitatively establish diversity impacts on the drought resistance of forests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Grossiord
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bose AK, Gessler A, Bolte A, Bottero A, Buras A, Cailleret M, Camarero JJ, Haeni M, Hereş A, Hevia A, Lévesque M, Linares JC, Martinez‐Vilalta J, Matías L, Menzel A, Sánchez‐Salguero R, Saurer M, Vennetier M, Ziche D, Rigling A. Growth and resilience responses of Scots pine to extreme droughts across Europe depend on predrought growth conditions. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:4521-4537. [PMID: 32388882 PMCID: PMC7383776 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change is expected to further raise the frequency and severity of extreme events, such as droughts. The effects of extreme droughts on trees are difficult to disentangle given the inherent complexity of drought events (frequency, severity, duration, and timing during the growing season). Besides, drought effects might be modulated by trees' phenotypic variability, which is, in turn, affected by long-term local selective pressures and management legacies. Here we investigated the magnitude and the temporal changes of tree-level resilience (i.e., resistance, recovery, and resilience) to extreme droughts. Moreover, we assessed the tree-, site-, and drought-related factors and their interactions driving the tree-level resilience to extreme droughts. We used a tree-ring network of the widely distributed Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) along a 2,800 km latitudinal gradient from southern Spain to northern Germany. We found that the resilience to extreme drought decreased in mid-elevation and low productivity sites from 1980-1999 to 2000-2011 likely due to more frequent and severe droughts in the later period. Our study showed that the impact of drought on tree-level resilience was not dependent on its latitudinal location, but rather on the type of sites trees were growing at and on their growth performances (i.e., magnitude and variability of growth) during the predrought period. We found significant interactive effects between drought duration and tree growth prior to drought, suggesting that Scots pine trees with higher magnitude and variability of growth in the long term are more vulnerable to long and severe droughts. Moreover, our results indicate that Scots pine trees that experienced more frequent droughts over the long-term were less resistant to extreme droughts. We, therefore, conclude that the physiological resilience to extreme droughts might be constrained by their growth prior to drought, and that more frequent and longer drought periods may overstrain their potential for acclimation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Bose
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape ResearchBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Forestry and Wood Technology DisciplineKhulna UniversityKhulnaBangladesh
| | - Arthur Gessler
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape ResearchBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Andreas Bolte
- Thünen Institute of Forest EcosystemsEberswaldeGermany
| | - Alessandra Bottero
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape ResearchBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Allan Buras
- Land Surface‐Atmosphere InteractionsTechnische Universitat MünchenFreisingGermany
| | - Maxime Cailleret
- UMR RECOVER/Ecosystèmes Méditerranéens et RisquesINRAEAix‐en‐Provencecedex 5France
| | | | - Matthias Haeni
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape ResearchBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Ana‐Maria Hereş
- Department of Forest SciencesTransilvania University of BraşovBraşovRomania
- BC3 ‐ Basque Centre for Climate ChangeScientific Campus of the University of the Basque CountryLeioaSpain
| | - Andrea Hevia
- Departamento de Ciencias AgroforestalesUniversidad de HuelvaPalos de la FronteraSpain
| | | | - Juan C. Linares
- Depto. Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y NaturalesUniversidad Pablo de OlavideSevillaSpain
| | - Jordi Martinez‐Vilalta
- CREAFBellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès)Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès)Spain
| | - Luis Matías
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y EcologíaFacultad de BiologíaUniversidad de SevillaSevillaSpain
| | - Annette Menzel
- EcoclimatologyTechnische Universität MünchenFreisingGermany
- Institute for Advanced StudyTechnische Universität MünchenGarchingGermany
| | - Raúl Sánchez‐Salguero
- Depto. Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y NaturalesUniversidad Pablo de OlavideSevillaSpain
| | - Matthias Saurer
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape ResearchBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Michel Vennetier
- UMR RECOVER/Ecosystèmes Méditerranéens et RisquesINRAEAix‐en‐Provencecedex 5France
| | - Daniel Ziche
- Thünen Institute of Forest EcosystemsEberswaldeGermany
- Faculty of Forest and EnvironmentEberswalde University for Sustainable DevelopmentEberswaldeGermany
| | - Andreas Rigling
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape ResearchBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Drought Resistance of Norway Spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst) and European Beech (Fagus sylvatica [L.]) in Mixed vs. Monospecific Stands and on Dry vs. Wet Sites. From Evidence at the Tree Level to Relevance at the Stand Level. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11060639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Frequency of drought years is expected to increase through climate warming. Mixed stands have often shown to be more productive than monospecific stands in terms of yield and of resistance against windthrows and bark beetle attacks. Mixture of beech and spruce is of particular interest. However, little is known about its growth reaction to drought. Therefore, we investigated the drought reaction of beech and spruce in mixed vs. monospecific stands along an ecological gradient. In particular, we sought evidence for mixture-related resilience on the individual tree level. Therefore, we quantified the response of tree ring width to drought. Moreover, we attempted to explain the relevance of individual tree response on the stand level by quantifying the stand level loss of volume growth after drought. At the individual tree level, beech was found to be more resilient and resistant in pure vs. mixed stands. Spruce, in contrast, was favored by mixture, and this was especially evident on drier sites. Along the gradient, growth losses at stand level increased in both mixed and pure stands in 2015, with growth gains on the drier sites observed in the same drought year, in accordance with the Stress Gradient Hypothesis. However, the stand level difference of growth loss between mixed and pure stands was not statistically significant. Mitigating mixture effects on the level of the individual tree thus did not become evident on the level of the whole stand.
Collapse
|
14
|
Schuldt B, Buras A, Arend M, Vitasse Y, Beierkuhnlein C, Damm A, Gharun M, Grams TE, Hauck M, Hajek P, Hartmann H, Hiltbrunner E, Hoch G, Holloway-Phillips M, Körner C, Larysch E, Lübbe T, Nelson DB, Rammig A, Rigling A, Rose L, Ruehr NK, Schumann K, Weiser F, Werner C, Wohlgemuth T, Zang CS, Kahmen A. A first assessment of the impact of the extreme 2018 summer drought on Central European forests. Basic Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
15
|
Tree Neighbourhood Diversity Has Negligible Effects on Drought Resilience of European Beech, Silver Fir and Norway Spruce. Ecosystems 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-020-00501-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
16
|
Yazzie JO, Fulé PZ, Kim YS, Sánchez Meador A. Diné kinship as a framework for conserving native tree species in climate change. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 29:e01944. [PMID: 31267598 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Climate change affects all ecosystems but despite increasing recognition for the needs to integrate Indigenous knowledge with modern climate science, the epistemological differences between the two make it challenging. In this study, we present how Indigenous belief and knowledge system can frame the application of a modeling tool (Climate-Forest Vegetation Simulator). We focus on managing forest ecosystem services of the Diné (Navajo) Nation as a case study. Most Diné tribal members depend directly on the land for their livelihoods and cultural traditions. The forest plays a vital role in Diné livelihoods through social, cultural, spiritual, subsistence, and economic factors. We simulated forest dynamics over time under alternative climate change scenarios and management strategies to identify forest management strategies that will maintain future ecosystem services. We initialized the Climate-Forest Vegetation Simulator model with data from permanent plots and site-specific growth models under multiple management systems (no-management, thinning, burning, and assisted migration planting) and different climate scenarios (no-climate-change, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0). Projections of climate change show average losses of basal area by over 65% by 2105, a shift in tree species composition to drier-adapted species, and a decrease in species diversity. While substantial forest loss was inevitable under the warming climate scenarios, the modeling framework allowed us to evaluate the management treatments, including planting, for conserving multiple tree species in mixed conifer forests, thus providing an anchor for biodiversity. We presented the modeling results and management implications and discuss how they can complement Diné kinship concepts. Our approach is a useful step for framing modern science with Indigenous Knowledge and for developing improved strategies to sustain natural resources and livelihoods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime O Yazzie
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 15018, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86011, USA
| | - Peter Z Fulé
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 15018, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86011, USA
| | - Yeon-Su Kim
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 15018, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86011, USA
| | - Andrew Sánchez Meador
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 15018, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86011, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Interactions between Climate and Nutrient Cycles on Forest Response to Global Change: The Role of Mixed Forests. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10080609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Forest ecosystems are undergoing unprecedented changes in environmental conditions due to global change impacts. Modification of global biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen, and the subsequent climate change are affecting forest functions at different scales, from physiology and growth of individual trees to cycling of nutrients. This review summarizes the present knowledge regarding the impact of global change on forest functioning not only with respect to climate change, which is the focus of most studies, but also the influence of altered nitrogen cycle and the interactions among them. The carbon dioxide (CO2) fertilization effect on tree growth is expected to be constrained by nutrient imbalances resulting from high N deposition rates and the counteractive effect of increasing water deficit, which interact in a complex way. At the community level, responses to global change are modified by species interactions that may lead to competition for resources and/or relaxation due to facilitation and resource partitioning processes. Thus, some species mixtures can be more resistant to drought than their respective pure forests, albeit it depends on environmental conditions and species’ functional traits. Climate change and nitrogen deposition have additional impacts on litterfall dynamics, and subsequent decomposition and nutrient mineralization processes. Elemental ratios (i.e., stoichiometry) are associated with important ecosystem traits, including trees’ adaptability to stress or decomposition rates. As stoichiometry of different ecosystem components are also influenced by global change, nutrient cycling in forests will be altered too. Therefore, a re-assessment of traditional forest management is needed in order to cope with global change. Proposed silvicultural systems emphasize the key role of diversity to assure multiple ecosystem services, and special attention has been paid to mixed-species forests. Finally, a summary of the patterns and underlying mechanisms governing the relationships between diversity and different ecosystems functions, such as productivity and stability, is provided.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ammer C. Diversity and forest productivity in a changing climate. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:50-66. [PMID: 29905960 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 50 I. Introduction 50 II. Drivers of the diversity-productivity relationship 51 III. Patterns of the diversity-productivity relationship 55 IV. Responses of mixed stands to climate change 57 V. Conclusions 60 Acknowledgements 61 References 61 SUMMARY: Although the relationship between species diversity and biomass productivity has been extensively studied in grasslands, the impact of tree species diversity on forest productivity, as well as the main drivers of this relationship, are still under discussion. It is widely accepted that the magnitude of the relationship between tree diversity and forest stand productivity is context specific and depends on environmental conditions, but the underlying mechanisms of this relationship are still not fully understood. Competition reduction and facilitation have been identified as key mechanisms driving the diversity-productivity relationship. However, contrasting results have been reported with respect to the extent to which competition reduction and facilitation determine the diversity-productivity relationship. They appear to depend on regional climate, soil fertility, functional diversity of the tree species involved, and developmental stage of the forest. The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge and to suggest a conceptual framework to explain the various processes leading to higher productivity of species-rich forests compared with average yields of their respective monocultures. This framework provides three pathways for possible development of the diversity-productivity relationship under a changing climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ammer
- Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, Faculty of Forest Sciences, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land-use, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Aussenac R, Bergeron Y, Gravel D, Drobyshev I. Interactions among trees: A key element in the stabilising effect of species diversity on forest growth. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Aussenac
- Chaire industrielle CRSNG‐UQAT‐UQAM en aménagement forestier durableInstitut de recherche sur les forêtsUniversité du Québec en Abitibi‐Témiscamingue (UQAT) Rouyn‐Noranda Québec Canada
| | - Yves Bergeron
- Chaire industrielle CRSNG‐UQAT‐UQAM en aménagement forestier durableInstitut de recherche sur les forêtsUniversité du Québec en Abitibi‐Témiscamingue (UQAT) Rouyn‐Noranda Québec Canada
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Chaire de recherche en écologie intégrativeDépartement de biologieFaculté des sciencesUniversité de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke Québec Canada
| | - Igor Drobyshev
- Chaire industrielle CRSNG‐UQAT‐UQAM en aménagement forestier durableInstitut de recherche sur les forêtsUniversité du Québec en Abitibi‐Témiscamingue (UQAT) Rouyn‐Noranda Québec Canada
- Southern Swedish Forest Research CentreSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences Alnarp Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Can tree species richness attenuate the effect of drought on organic matter decomposition and stabilization in young plantation forests? ACTA OECOLOGICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
21
|
Sousa-Silva R, Verheyen K, Ponette Q, Bay E, Sioen G, Titeux H, Van de Peer T, Van Meerbeek K, Muys B. Tree diversity mitigates defoliation after a drought-induced tipping point. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:4304-4315. [PMID: 29802782 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the processes that underlie drought-related tree vitality loss is essential for anticipating future forest dynamics, and for developing management plans aiming at increasing the resilience of forests to climate change. Forest vitality has been continuously monitored in Europe since the acid rain alert in the 1980s, and the intensive monitoring plots of ICP Forests offer the opportunity to investigate the effects of air pollution and climate change on forest condition. By making use of over 100 long-term monitoring plots, where crown defoliation has been assessed extensively since 1990, we discovered a progressive shift from a negative to a positive effect of species richness on forest health. The observed tipping point in the balance of net interactions, from competition to facilitation, has never been reported from real ecosystems outside experimental conditions; and the strong temporal consistency of our observations with increasing drought stress emphasizes its climate change relevance. Furthermore, we show that higher species diversity has reduced the severity of defoliation in the long term. Our results confirm the greater resilience of diverse forests to future climate change-induced stress. More generally, they add to an accumulating body of evidence on the large potential of tree species mixtures to face manifold disturbances in a changing world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Sousa-Silva
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kris Verheyen
- Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, Gontrode-Melle, Belgium
| | - Quentin Ponette
- Earth and Life Institute, Environmental Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Elodie Bay
- Observatoire Wallon de la Santé des Forêts (OWSF) - Direction du Milieu forestier (DEMNA-DMF), Service Public de Wallonie (SPW), Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Geert Sioen
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hugues Titeux
- Earth and Life Institute, Environmental Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van de Peer
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koenraad Van Meerbeek
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Muys
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Over- and Underyielding in Time and Space in Experiments with Mixed Stands of Scots Pine and Norway Spruce. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9080495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pine-spruce forests are one of the commonest mixed forest types in Europe and both tree species are very important for wood supply. This study summarized nine European studies with Scots pine and Norway spruce where a mixed-species stand and both monocultures were located in an experimental set-up. Overyielding (where growth of a mixed stand was greater than the average of both monocultures) was relatively common and often ranged between 0% and 30%, but could also be negative at individual study sites. Each individual site demonstrated consistent patterns of the mixing effect over different measurement periods. Transgressive overyielding (where the mixed-species stand was more productive than either of the monocultures) was found at three study sites, while a monoculture was more productive on the other sites. Large variation between study sites indicated that the existing experiments do not fully represent the extensive region where this mixed pine-spruce forest can occur. Pooled increment data displayed a negative influence of latitude and stand age on the mixing effect of those tree species in forests younger than 70 years.
Collapse
|
23
|
Vitali V, Forrester DI, Bauhus J. Know Your Neighbours: Drought Response of Norway Spruce, Silver Fir and Douglas Fir in Mixed Forests Depends on Species Identity and Diversity of Tree Neighbourhoods. Ecosystems 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-017-0214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
24
|
Vitali V, Büntgen U, Bauhus J. Silver fir and Douglas fir are more tolerant to extreme droughts than Norway spruce in south-western Germany. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:5108-5119. [PMID: 28556403 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Improving our understanding of the potential of forest adaptation is an urgent task in the light of predicted climate change. Long-term alternatives for susceptible yet economically important tree species such as Norway spruce (Picea abies) are required, if the frequency and intensity of summer droughts will continue to increase. Although Silver fir (Abies alba) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) have both been described as drought-tolerant species, our understanding of their growth responses to drought extremes is still limited. Here, we use a dendroecological approach to assess the resistance, resilience, and recovery of these important central Europe to conifer species the exceptional droughts in 1976 and 2003. A total of 270 trees per species were sampled in 18 managed mixed-species stands along an altitudinal gradient (400-1200 m a.s.l.) at the western slopes of the southern and central Black Forest in southwest Germany. While radial growth in all species responded similarly to the 1976 drought, Norway spruce was least resistant and resilient to the 2003 summer drought. Silver fir showed the overall highest resistance to drought, similarly to Douglas fir, which exhibited the widest growth rings. Silver fir trees from lower elevations were more drought prone than trees at higher elevations. Douglas fir and Norway spruce, however, revealed lower drought resilience at higher altitudes. Although the 1976 and 2003 drought extremes were quite different, Douglas fir maintained consistently the highest radial growth. Although our study did not examine population-level responses, it clearly indicates that Silver fir and Douglas fir are generally more resistant and resilient to previous drought extremes and are therefore suitable alternatives to Norway spruce; Silver fir more so at higher altitudes. Cultivating these species instead of Norway spruce will contribute to maintaining a high level of productivity across many Central European mountain forests under future climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vitali
- Chair of Silviculture, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulf Büntgen
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place Cambridge, UK
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Global Change Research Centre and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jürgen Bauhus
- Chair of Silviculture, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ratcliffe S, Wirth C, Jucker T, van der Plas F, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Verheyen K, Allan E, Benavides R, Bruelheide H, Ohse B, Paquette A, Ampoorter E, Bastias CC, Bauhus J, Bonal D, Bouriaud O, Bussotti F, Carnol M, Castagneyrol B, Chećko E, Dawud SM, Wandeler HD, Domisch T, Finér L, Fischer M, Fotelli M, Gessler A, Granier A, Grossiord C, Guyot V, Haase J, Hättenschwiler S, Jactel H, Jaroszewicz B, Joly FX, Kambach S, Kolb S, Koricheva J, Liebersgesell M, Milligan H, Müller S, Muys B, Nguyen D, Nock C, Pollastrini M, Purschke O, Radoglou K, Raulund-Rasmussen K, Roger F, Ruiz-Benito P, Seidl R, Selvi F, Seiferling I, Stenlid J, Valladares F, Vesterdal L, Baeten L. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning relations in European forests depend on environmental context. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:1414-1426. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
26
|
Gleason KE, Bradford JB, Bottero A, D'Amato AW, Fraver S, Palik BJ, Battaglia MA, Iverson L, Kenefic L, Kern CC. Competition amplifies drought stress in forests across broad climatic and compositional gradients. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E. Gleason
- Southwest Biological Science Center US Geological Survey Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA
| | - John B. Bradford
- Southwest Biological Science Center US Geological Survey Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA
| | - Alessandra Bottero
- Department of Forest Resources University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota 55455 USA
| | - Anthony W. D'Amato
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources University of Vermont 204E Aiken Center Burlington Vermont 05405 USA
| | - Shawn Fraver
- School of Forest Resources University of Maine 5755 Nutting Hall Orono Maine 04469‐5755 USA
| | - Brian J. Palik
- Northern Research Station USDA Forest Service 1831 Highway 169 E Grand Rapids Minnesota 80526 USA
| | - Michael A. Battaglia
- Rocky Mountain Research Station USDA Forest Service 240 West Prospect Road Fort Collins Colorado 80526 USA
| | - Louis Iverson
- 3 Northern Research Station USDA Forest Service 59 Main Road Delaware Ohio 43015 USA
| | - Laura Kenefic
- Center for Ecosystem Change Northern Research Station USDA Forest Service 686 Government Road Bradley Maine 04411 USA
| | - Christel C. Kern
- Northern Research Station USDA Forest Service 5985 Highway K Rhinelander Wisconsin 54501 USA
| |
Collapse
|