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Zeng P, Jiang C, Liu A, Yang X, Lin F, Cheng L. Association of systemic immunity-inflammation index with metabolic syndrome in U.S. adult: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2024; 24:61. [PMID: 38225566 PMCID: PMC10788994 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-023-04635-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a pathological condition characterized by the abnormal clustering of several metabolic components and has become a major public health concern. We aim to investigate the potential link of Systemic immunity-inflammation index (SII) on MetS and its components. METHODS AND RESULT Weighted multivariable logistic regression was conducted to assess the relationship between SII and MetS and its components. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) model and threshold effect analysis were also performed. A total of 6,999 U.S. adults were enrolled. Multivariate model found that SII were positively associated with MetS (OR = 1.18;95CI%:1.07-1.30) and hypertension (OR = 1.22; 95CI%:1.12-1.34) in a dose-dependent manner. When SII was converted into a categorical variable, the risk of MetS increased by 36% and the risk of hypertension increased by 53% in the highest quantile of SIIs. The RCS model confirmed linear associations between SII and MetS, as well as a non-linear association between SII and certain components of MetS, including hypertension, hyperglycemia, low HDL, and hyperlipidemia. Meanwhile, the relationship between SII and hypertension presents a J-shaped curve with a threshold of 8.27, above which the risk of hypertension increases. Furthermore, in MetS and hypertension, age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and race were not significantly associated with this positive association based on subgroup analyses and interaction tests(p for interaction > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The present study indicated that there was a higher SII association with an increased risk of MetS and hypertension in adults. However, further prospective cohort studies are required to establish a causal relationship between SII and MetS, as well as its components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Anbang Liu
- Shandong First Medical University, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Xinyuan Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
| | - Lingli Cheng
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, Guangdong, China.
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2
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Martin SD, Connor T, Sanigorski A, McEwen KA, Henstridge DC, Nijagal B, De Souza D, Tull DL, Meikle PJ, Kowalski GM, Bruce CR, Gregorevic P, Febbraio MA, Collier FM, Walder KR, McGee SL. Class IIa HDACs inhibit cell death pathways and protect muscle integrity in response to lipotoxicity. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:787. [PMID: 38040704 PMCID: PMC10692215 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06319-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Lipotoxicity, the accumulation of lipids in non-adipose tissues, alters the metabolic transcriptome and mitochondrial metabolism in skeletal muscle. The mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. Here we show that lipotoxicity increased histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) and histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5), which reduced the expression of metabolic genes and oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle, resulting in increased non-oxidative glucose metabolism. This metabolic reprogramming was also associated with impaired apoptosis and ferroptosis responses, and preserved muscle cell viability in response to lipotoxicity. Mechanistically, increased HDAC4 and 5 decreased acetylation of p53 at K120, a modification required for transcriptional activation of apoptosis. Redox drivers of ferroptosis derived from oxidative metabolism were also reduced. The relevance of this pathway was demonstrated by overexpression of loss-of-function HDAC4 and HDAC5 mutants in skeletal muscle of obese db/db mice, which enhanced oxidative metabolic capacity, increased apoptosis and ferroptosis and reduced muscle mass. This study identifies HDAC4 and HDAC5 as repressors of skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism, which is linked to inhibition of cell death pathways and preservation of muscle integrity in response to lipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheree D Martin
- Institute for Mental and Physical Heath and Clinical Translation (IMPACT) and Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Timothy Connor
- Institute for Mental and Physical Heath and Clinical Translation (IMPACT) and Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Andrew Sanigorski
- Institute for Mental and Physical Heath and Clinical Translation (IMPACT) and Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Kevin A McEwen
- Institute for Mental and Physical Heath and Clinical Translation (IMPACT) and Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Darren C Henstridge
- College of Health and Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Brunda Nijagal
- Metabolomics Australia, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - David De Souza
- Metabolomics Australia, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Dedreia L Tull
- Metabolomics Australia, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Greg M Kowalski
- Institute for Mental and Physical Heath and Clinical Translation (IMPACT) and Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
- Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN) and School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Clinton R Bruce
- Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN) and School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Paul Gregorevic
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark A Febbraio
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Ken R Walder
- Institute for Mental and Physical Heath and Clinical Translation (IMPACT) and Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Sean L McGee
- Institute for Mental and Physical Heath and Clinical Translation (IMPACT) and Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia.
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3
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Insulin Metabolism in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Secretion, Signaling, and Clearance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043140. [PMID: 36834549 PMCID: PMC9962893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine and metabolic disorder in women of reproductive age. Its heterogeneous clinical presentation is characterized by hyperandrogenemia, reproductive changes, polycystic ovary morphology, and insulin resistance (IR). The primary pathophysiological process in its multifactorial etiology has not yet been identified. However, the two most proposed core etiologies are the disruption of insulin metabolism and hyperandrogenemia, both of which begin to intertwine and propagate each other in the later stages of the disease. Insulin metabolism can be viewed as the interconnectedness of beta cell function, IR or insulin sensitivity, and insulin clearance. Previous studies of insulin metabolism in PCOS patients have yielded conflicting results, and literature reviews have focused mainly on the molecular mechanisms and clinical implications of IR. In this narrative review, we comprehensively explored the role of insulin secretion, clearance, and decreased sensitivity in target cells as a potential primary insult in PCOS pathogenesis, along with the molecular mechanism behind IR in PCOS.
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Durr AJ, Korol AS, Hathaway QA, Kunovac A, Taylor AD, Rizwan S, Pinti MV, Hollander JM. Machine learning for spatial stratification of progressive cardiovascular dysfunction in a murine model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285512. [PMID: 37155623 PMCID: PMC10166525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) has been utilized to evaluate independent spatial alterations in the diabetic heart, but the progressive manifestation of regional and segmental cardiac dysfunction in the type 2 diabetic (T2DM) heart remains understudied. Therefore, the objective of this study was to elucidate if machine learning could be utilized to reliably describe patterns of the progressive regional and segmental dysfunction that are associated with the development of cardiac contractile dysfunction in the T2DM heart. Non-invasive conventional echocardiography and STE datasets were utilized to segregate mice into two pre-determined groups, wild-type and Db/Db, at 5, 12, 20, and 25 weeks. A support vector machine model, which classifies data using a single line, or hyperplane, that best separates each class, and a ReliefF algorithm, which ranks features by how well each feature lends to the classification of data, were used to identify and rank cardiac regions, segments, and features by their ability to identify cardiac dysfunction. STE features more accurately segregated animals as diabetic or non-diabetic when compared with conventional echocardiography, and the ReliefF algorithm efficiently ranked STE features by their ability to identify cardiac dysfunction. The Septal region, and the AntSeptum segment, best identified cardiac dysfunction at 5, 20, and 25 weeks, with the AntSeptum also containing the greatest number of features which differed between diabetic and non-diabetic mice. Cardiac dysfunction manifests in a spatial and temporal fashion, and is defined by patterns of regional and segmental dysfunction in the T2DM heart which are identifiable using machine learning methodologies. Further, machine learning identified the Septal region and AntSeptum segment as locales of interest for therapeutic interventions aimed at ameliorating cardiac dysfunction in T2DM, suggesting that machine learning may provide a more thorough approach to managing contractile data with the intention of identifying experimental and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrya J Durr
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
- Mitochondria, Metabolism & Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Anna S Korol
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Quincy A Hathaway
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
- Mitochondria, Metabolism & Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Amina Kunovac
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
- Mitochondria, Metabolism & Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology (iTOX), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Andrew D Taylor
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
- Mitochondria, Metabolism & Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Saira Rizwan
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
- Mitochondria, Metabolism & Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Mark V Pinti
- Mitochondria, Metabolism & Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
- West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - John M Hollander
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
- Mitochondria, Metabolism & Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
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Chehade L, Khouri H, Malatier--Ségard J, Caron A, Mauger JF, Chapados NA, Aguer C. Acute exposure to environmentally relevant levels of DDT alters muscle mitochondrial function in vivo in rats but not in vitro in L6 myotubes: A pilot study. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:487-498. [PMID: 35345859 PMCID: PMC8956919 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Lejeune S, Roy C, Slimani A, Pasquet A, Vancraeynest D, Vanoverschelde JL, Gerber BL, Beauloye C, Pouleur AC. Diabetic phenotype and prognosis of patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction in a real life cohort. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2021; 20:48. [PMID: 33608002 PMCID: PMC7893869 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-021-01242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a heterogeneous syndrome, with several underlying etiologic and pathophysiologic factors. The presence of diabetes might identify an important phenotype, with implications for therapeutic strategies. While diabetes is associated with worse prognosis in HFpEF, the prognostic impact of glycemic control is yet unknown. Hence, we investigated phenotypic differences between diabetic and non-diabetic HFpEF patients (pts), and the prognostic impact of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C). Methods We prospectively enrolled 183 pts with HFpEF (78 ± 9 years, 38% men), including 70 (38%) diabetics (type 2 diabetes only). They underwent 2D echocardiography (n = 183), cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) (n = 150), and were followed for a combined outcome of all-cause mortality and first HF hospitalization. The prognostic impact of diabetes and glycemic control were determined with Cox proportional hazard models, and illustrated by adjusted Kaplan Meier curves. Results Diabetic HFpEF pts were younger (76 ± 9 vs 80 ± 8 years, p = 0.002), more obese (BMI 31 ± 6 vs 27 ± 6 kg/m2, p = 0.001) and suffered more frequently from sleep apnea (18% vs 7%, p = 0.032). Atrial fibrillation, however, was more frequent in non-diabetic pts (69% vs 53%, p = 0.028). Although no echocardiographic difference could be detected, CMR analysis revealed a trend towards higher LV mass (66 ± 18 vs 71 ± 14 g/m2, p = 0.07) and higher levels of fibrosis (53% vs 36% of patients had ECV by T1 mapping > 33%, p = 0.05) in diabetic patients. Over 25 ± 12 months, 111 HFpEF pts (63%) reached the combined outcome (24 deaths and 87 HF hospitalizations). Diabetes was a significant predictor of mortality and hospitalization for heart failure (HR: 1.72 [1.1–2.6], p = 0.011, adjusted for age, BMI, NYHA class and renal function). In diabetic patients, lower levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C < 7%) were associated with worse prognosis (HR: 2.07 [1.1–4.0], p = 0.028 adjusted for age, BMI, hemoglobin and NT-proBNP levels). Conclusion Our study highlights phenotypic features characterizing diabetic patients with HFpEF. Notably, they are younger and more obese than their non-diabetic counterpart, but suffer less from atrial fibrillation. Although diabetes is a predictor of poor outcome in HFpEF, intensive glycemic control (HbA1C < 7%) in diabetic patients is associated with worse prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibille Lejeune
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cliniques Universitaires St. Luc and Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Cardiovascular Division, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate, 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Clotilde Roy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cliniques Universitaires St. Luc and Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Cardiovascular Division, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate, 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alisson Slimani
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cliniques Universitaires St. Luc and Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Cardiovascular Division, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate, 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Agnès Pasquet
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cliniques Universitaires St. Luc and Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Cardiovascular Division, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate, 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Vancraeynest
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cliniques Universitaires St. Luc and Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Cardiovascular Division, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate, 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Louis Vanoverschelde
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cliniques Universitaires St. Luc and Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Cardiovascular Division, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate, 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernhard L Gerber
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cliniques Universitaires St. Luc and Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Cardiovascular Division, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate, 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christophe Beauloye
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cliniques Universitaires St. Luc and Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Cardiovascular Division, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate, 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne-Catherine Pouleur
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cliniques Universitaires St. Luc and Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Cardiovascular Division, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate, 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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Acierno C, Caturano A, Pafundi PC, Nevola R, Adinolfi LE, Sasso FC. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes: pathophysiological mechanisms shared between the two faces of the same coin. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.37349/emed.2020.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the close relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are multiple, complex and only partially known. The purpose of this paper was to review the current knowledge of these mechanisms in a unified manner. Subjects with NAFLD and T2DM have established insulin resistance (IR), which exacerbates the two comorbidities. IR worsens NAFLD by increasing the accumulation of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the liver. This occurs due to an increase in the influx of FFAs from peripheral adipose tissue by the activation of hormone-sensitive lipase. In addition, there is de novo increased lipogenesis, a transcription factor, the sterols regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1c (SREBP-1c), which activates the expression of several genes strongly promotes lipogenesis by the liver and facilitate storage of triglycerides. Lipids accumulation in the liver induces a chronic stress in the endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocytes. Genome-wide association studies have identified genetic variants associated with NAFLD severity, but unrelated to IR. In particular, the alteration of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 contributes to the susceptibility to NAFLD. Furthermore, the lipotoxicity of ceramides and diacylglycerol, well known in T2DM, triggers a chronic inflammatory process favoring the progression from hepatic steatosis to steatohepatitis. Reactive oxygen species produced by mitochondrial dysfunction trigger both liver inflammation and beta-cells damage, promoting the progression of both NAFLD and T2DM. The close association between NAFLD and T2DM is bidirectional, as T2DM may trigger both NAFLD onset and its progression, but NAFLD itself may contribute to the development of IR and T2DM. Future studies on the mechanisms will have to deepen the knowledge of the interaction between the two pathologies and should allow the identification of new therapeutic targets for the treatment of NAFLD, currently substantially absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Acierno
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Caturano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Pia Clara Pafundi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Nevola
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Elio Adinolfi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Carlo Sasso
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, I-80138 Naples, Ital
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Brown RB. Diabetes, Diabetic Complications, and Phosphate Toxicity: A Scoping Review. Curr Diabetes Rev 2020; 16:674-689. [PMID: 31686640 DOI: 10.2174/1573399815666191104113236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a scoping review and synthesis of research findings investigating the toxic cellular accumulation of dysregulated inorganic phosphate-phosphate toxicity-as a pathophysiological determinant of diabetes and diabetic complications. Phosphorus, an essential micronutrient, is closely linked to the cellular metabolism of glucose for energy production, and serum inorganic phosphate is often transported into cells along with glucose during insulin therapy. Mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, neuronal degeneration, and pancreatic cancer are associated with dysregulated levels of phosphate in diabetes. Ectopic calcification involving deposition of calcium-phosphate crystals is prevalent throughout diabetic complications, including vascular calcification, nephropathy, retinopathy, and bone disorders. A low-glycemic, low-phosphate dietary intervention is proposed for further investigations in the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related diabetic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald B Brown
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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9
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Shepard CR. TLR9 in MAFLD and NASH: At the Intersection of Inflammation and Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:613639. [PMID: 33584545 PMCID: PMC7880160 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.613639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-Like Receptor 9 (TLR9) is an ancient receptor integral to the primordial functions of inflammation and metabolism. TLR9 functions to regulate homeostasis in a healthy system under acute stress. The literature supports that overactivation of TLR9 under the chronic stress of obesity is a critical driver of the pathogenesis of NASH and NASH-associated fibrosis. Research has focused on the core contributions of the parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells in the liver, adipose, and gut compartments. TLR9 is activated by endogenous circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Chronically elevated circulating levels of mtDNA, caused by the stress of overnutrition, are observed in obesity, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), and NASH. Clinical evidence is supportive of TLR9 overactivation as a driver of disease. The role of TLR9 in metabolism and energy regulation may have an underappreciated contribution in the pathogenesis of NASH. Antagonism of TLR9 in NASH and NASH-associated fibrosis could be an effective therapeutic strategy to target both the inflammatory and metabolic components of such a complex disease.
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10
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Mendez CE, Walker RJ, Eiler CR, Mishriky BM, Egede LE. Insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes and high insulin resistance is associated with increased risk of complications and mortality. Postgrad Med 2019; 131:376-382. [PMID: 31311382 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2019.1643635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the relationship between insulin use and clinical outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes stratified by level of insulin resistance (IR).Methods: Cross sectional analysis of the NHANES database from 2001 to 2010. Sample was comprised of 3,124 individuals with diabetes, representing a US population of 16,713,593. Insulin use was self-reported. Fasting glucose and insulin levels were used to assess IR by HOMA-IR determination. Subjects were allocated within High or Low HOMA-IR groups based on the sample median. Outcome variables were mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), and diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Logistic regression adjusting for covariates including glycemic control and comorbidities were performed.Results: In the adjusted model, insulin use was significantly associated with increased risk of mortality (OR: 2.39, 95% CI: 1.136-5.010) having a MACE (OR: 2.45, 95% CI: 1.137-4.550), and developing DKD (OR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.119-3.198) in the high HOMA-IR group. The association between insulin use and the outcome variables was not statistically significant in patients within the low HOMA-IR group.Conclusions: Insulin use was associated with increased risk of mortality, MACE, and DKD in patients within the high IR group, but the association was not significant within the low IR group. Our findings indicate that insulin therapy could be less beneficial in patients with high IR. Prospective studies are needed to identify subsets of individuals with type 2 diabetes who would benefit the most from insulin therapy, and for which patients, insulin should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Mendez
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Director Diabetes Program, Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Rebekah J Walker
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Center for Advancing Population Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Christian R Eiler
- Center for Advancing Population Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Basem M Mishriky
- Department of Internal Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Leonard E Egede
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Center for Advancing Population Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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11
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Nolan CJ, Prentki M. Insulin resistance and insulin hypersecretion in the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: Time for a conceptual framework shift. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2019; 16:118-127. [PMID: 30770030 DOI: 10.1177/1479164119827611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While few dispute the existence of the metabolic syndrome as a clustering of factors indicative of poor metabolic health, its utility above that of its individual components in the clinical care of individual patients is questioned. This is likely a consequence of the failure of clinicians and scientists to agree on a unifying mechanism to explain the metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance has most commonly been proposed for this role and is generally considered to be a root causative factor for not only metabolic syndrome but also for its associated conditions of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), obesity-related type 2 diabetes (T2D) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). An alternative view, for which evidence is mounting, is that hyper-responsiveness of islet β-cells to a hostile environment, such as westernised lifestyle, is primary and that the resulting hyperinsulinaemia drives the other components of the metabolic syndrome. Importantly, within this new conceptual framework, insulin resistance, while always a biomarker and state of poor metabolic health, is not considered to be harmful, but a protective adaptive response of critical tissues including the myocardium against insulin-induced metabolic stress. This major shift in how metabolic syndrome can be considered puts insulin hypersecretion into position as the unifying mechanism. If shown to be correct, this new conceptual framework has major implications for the future prevention and management of the metabolic syndrome, including its associated conditions of NAFLD, PCOS, obesity-related T2D and ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Nolan
- 1 Department of Endocrinology, The Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT, Australia
- 2 Australian National University Medical School and John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Marc Prentki
- 3 CRCHUM and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- 4 Department of Nutrition and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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12
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Mishriky BM, Cummings DM, Tanenberg R, Pories WJ. Re-examining insulin compared to non-insulin therapies for type 2 diabetes: when in the disease trajectory is insulin preferable? Postgrad Med 2018; 130:653-659. [DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2018.1533381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Basem M. Mishriky
- Department of Internal Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Doyle M. Cummings
- Department of Family Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Robert Tanenberg
- Division of Endocrinology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Walter J. Pories
- Department of Surgery, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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13
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Martin SD, McGee SL. Metabolic reprogramming in type 2 diabetes and the development of breast cancer. J Endocrinol 2018; 237:R35-R46. [PMID: 29487204 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A wealth of epidemiological data has found that patients with type 2 diabetes have a greater risk of developing breast cancer. The molecular mechanisms underpinning this relationship are yet to be elucidated; however, this review examines the available evidence suggesting that the metabolic abnormalities observed in type 2 diabetes can predispose to the development of breast cancer. Alterations in substrate availability and the hormonal milieu, particularly hyperinsulinemia, not only create a favorable metabolic environment for tumorigenesis, but also induce metabolic reprogramming events that are required for the transformation of breast cancer cells. In addition, the dysfunction and hypoxia of adipose tissue surrounding the breast cancer niche is another putative link that will be discussed. Finally, the mechanisms by which breast cancer cells evade checkpoints associated with nutrient overload will be examined. Experimentally validating these potential links will be important for prediction and treatment of breast cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheree D Martin
- Metabolic Reprogramming LaboratoryMetabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Sean L McGee
- Metabolic Reprogramming LaboratoryMetabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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14
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The role of mitochondrial DNA damage at skeletal muscle oxidative stress on the development of type 2 diabetes. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 449:251-255. [PMID: 29679277 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3361-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reduced cellular response to insulin in skeletal muscle is one of the major components of the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Mitochondrial dysfunction involves in the accumulation of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) that leads to insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to verify the involvement of mitochondrial DNA damage at ROS generation in skeletal muscle during development of T2D. Wistar rats were fed a diet containing 60% fat over 8 weeks and at day 14 a single injection of STZ (25 mg/kg) was administered (T2D-induced). Control rats received standard food and an injection of citrate buffer. Blood and soleus muscle were collected. Abdominal fat was quantified as well as glucose, triglyceride, LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol in plasma and mtDNA copy number, cytochrome b (cytb) mRNA, 8-hydroxyguanosine, and 8-isoprostane (a marker of ROS) in soleus muscle. T2D-induced animal presented similar characteristics to humans that develop T2D such as changes in blood glucose, abdominal fat, LDL, HDL and cholesterol total. In soleus muscle 8-isoprostane, mtDNA copy number and 8-hydroxyguanosine were increased, while cytb mRNA was decreased in T2D. Our results suggest that in the development of T2D, when risks factors of T2D are present, intracellular oxidative stress increases in skeletal muscle and is associated with a decrease in cytb transcription. To overcome this process mtDNA increased but due to the proximity of ROS generation, mtDNA remains damaged by oxidation leading to an increase in ROS in a vicious cycle accounting to the development of insulin resistance and further T2D.
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15
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Freese J, Klement RJ, Ruiz-Núñez B, Schwarz S, Lötzerich H. The sedentary (r)evolution: Have we lost our metabolic flexibility? F1000Res 2017; 6:1787. [PMID: 29225776 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12724.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the course of evolution, up until the agricultural revolution, environmental fluctuations forced the human species to develop a flexible metabolism in order to adapt its energy needs to various climate, seasonal and vegetation conditions. Metabolic flexibility safeguarded human survival independent of food availability. In modern times, humans switched their primal lifestyle towards a constant availability of energy-dense, yet often nutrient-deficient, foods, persistent psycho-emotional stressors and a lack of exercise. As a result, humans progressively gain metabolic disorders, such as the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, certain types of cancer, cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer´s disease, wherever the sedentary lifestyle spreads in the world. For more than 2.5 million years, our capability to store fat for times of food shortage was an outstanding survival advantage. Nowadays, the same survival strategy in a completely altered surrounding is responsible for a constant accumulation of body fat. In this article, we argue that the metabolic disease epidemic is largely based on a deficit in metabolic flexibility. We hypothesize that the modern energetic inflexibility, typically displayed by symptoms of neuroglycopenia, can be reversed by re-cultivating suppressed metabolic programs, which became obsolete in an affluent environment, particularly the ability to easily switch to ketone body and fat oxidation. In a simplified model, the basic metabolic programs of humans' primal hunter-gatherer lifestyle are opposed to the current sedentary lifestyle. Those metabolic programs, which are chronically neglected in modern surroundings, are identified and conclusions for the prevention of chronic metabolic diseases are drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Freese
- Institute of Outdoor Sports and Environmental Science, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, 50933, Germany
| | - Rainer Johannes Klement
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Leopoldina Hospital Schweinfurt, Schweinfurt, 97422, Germany
| | - Begoña Ruiz-Núñez
- Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713, Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Schwarz
- University College Physiotherapy Thim van der Laan,, Landquart, 7302, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Lötzerich
- Institute of Outdoor Sports and Environmental Science, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, 50933, Germany
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16
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Freese J, Klement RJ, Ruiz-Núñez B, Schwarz S, Lötzerich H. The sedentary (r)evolution: Have we lost our metabolic flexibility? F1000Res 2017; 6:1787. [PMID: 29225776 PMCID: PMC5710317 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12724.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the course of evolution, up until the agricultural revolution, environmental fluctuations forced the human species to develop a flexible metabolism in order to adapt its energy needs to various climate, seasonal and vegetation conditions. Metabolic flexibility safeguarded human survival independent of food availability. In modern times, humans switched their primal lifestyle towards a constant availability of energy-dense, yet often nutrient-deficient, foods, persistent psycho-emotional stressors and a lack of exercise. As a result, humans progressively gain metabolic disorders, such as the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, certain types of cancer, cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer´s disease, wherever the sedentary lifestyle spreads in the world. For more than 2.5 million years, our capability to store fat for times of food shortage was an outstanding survival advantage. Nowadays, the same survival strategy in a completely altered surrounding is responsible for a constant accumulation of body fat. In this article, we argue that the metabolic disease epidemic is largely based on a deficit in metabolic flexibility. We hypothesize that the modern energetic inflexibility, typically displayed by symptoms of neuroglycopenia, can be reversed by re-cultivating suppressed metabolic programs, which became obsolete in an affluent environment, particularly the ability to easily switch to ketone body and fat oxidation. In a simplified model, the basic metabolic programs of humans’ primal hunter-gatherer lifestyle are opposed to the current sedentary lifestyle. Those metabolic programs, which are chronically neglected in modern surroundings, are identified and conclusions for the prevention of chronic metabolic diseases are drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Freese
- Institute of Outdoor Sports and Environmental Science, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, 50933, Germany
| | - Rainer Johannes Klement
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Leopoldina Hospital Schweinfurt, Schweinfurt, 97422, Germany
| | - Begoña Ruiz-Núñez
- Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713, Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Schwarz
- University College Physiotherapy Thim van der Laan,, Landquart, 7302, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Lötzerich
- Institute of Outdoor Sports and Environmental Science, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, 50933, Germany
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17
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Czeczor JK, McGee SL. Emerging roles for the amyloid precursor protein and derived peptides in the regulation of cellular and systemic metabolism. J Neuroendocrinol 2017; 29. [PMID: 28349564 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a transmembrane protein that can be cleaved by proteases through two different pathways to yield a number of small peptides, each with distinct physiological properties and functions. It has been extensively studied in the context of Alzheimer's disease, with the APP-derived amyloid β (Aβ) peptide being a major constituent of the amyloid plaques observed in this disease. It has been known for some time that APP can regulate neuronal metabolism; however, the present review examines the evidence indicating that APP and its peptides can also regulate key metabolic processes such as insulin action, lipid synthesis and storage and mitochondrial function in peripheral tissues. This review presents the hypothesis that amyloidogenic processing of APP in peripheral tissues plays a key role in the response to nutrient excess and that this could contribute to the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D).
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Czeczor
- Metabolic Research Unit, Metabolic Reprogramming Laboratory, School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center of Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - S L McGee
- Metabolic Research Unit, Metabolic Reprogramming Laboratory, School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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18
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Porreca I, Ulloa-Severino L, Almeida P, Cuomo D, Nardone A, Falco G, Mallardo M, Ambrosino C. Molecular targets of developmental exposure to bisphenol A in diabesity: a focus on endoderm-derived organs. Obes Rev 2017; 18:99-108. [PMID: 27776381 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Several studies associate foetal human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) to metabolic/endocrine diseases, mainly diabesity. They describe the role of BPA in the disruption of pancreatic beta cell, adipocyte and hepatocyte functions. Indeed, the complexity of the diabesity phenotype is due to the involvement of different endoderm-derived organs, all targets of BPA. Here, we analyse this point delineating a picture of different mechanisms of BPA toxicity in endoderm-derived organs leading to diabesity. Moving from epidemiological data, we summarize the in vivo experimental data of the BPA effects on endoderm-derived organs (thyroid, pancreas, liver, gut, prostate and lung) after prenatal exposure. Mainly, we gather molecular data evidencing harmful effects at low-dose exposure, pointing to the risk to human health. Although the fragmentation of molecular data does not allow a clear conclusion to be drawn, the present work indicates that the developmental exposure to BPA represents a risk for endoderm-derived organs development as it deregulates the gene expression from the earliest developmental stages. A more systematic analysis of BPA impact on the transcriptomes of endoderm-derived organs is still missing. Here, we suggest in vitro toxicogenomics approaches as a tool for the identification of common mechanisms of BPA toxicity leading to the diabesity in organs having the same developmental origin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L Ulloa-Severino
- IRGS, Biogem, Ariano Irpino, Italy.,PhD School in Nanotechnology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - P Almeida
- STAB VIDA-Investigação e Serviços em Ciências Biológicas, Madan Parque, Caparica, Portugal
| | - D Cuomo
- IRGS, Biogem, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - A Nardone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - G Falco
- IRGS, Biogem, Ariano Irpino, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - M Mallardo
- Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - C Ambrosino
- IRGS, Biogem, Ariano Irpino, Italy.,Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
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19
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Zhao L, Feng Z, Yang X, Liu J. The regulatory roles of O-GlcNAcylation in mitochondrial homeostasis and metabolic syndrome. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:1080-1088. [PMID: 27646831 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2016.1239017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nutrients excess is one of the leading causes of metabolic syndrome globally. Protein post-translational O-GlcNAc modification has been recognized as an essential nutrient sensor of the cell. Emerging studies suggest that O-GlcNAcylation lies at the core linking nutritional stress to insulin resistance. Mitochondria are the major site for ATP production in most eukaryotes. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress have long been considered as an important mechanism underlying insulin resistance. The metabolic process is under the influence of environmental and nutritional factors, thus sensing and transducing nutritional signals sit at the pivot of metabolism control. For a long time little was known about O-GlcNAcylation within mitochondria since mitochondrial O-GlcNAcylation was regarded rare. Recent findings have demonstrated that O-GlcNAcylation is widely spread among mitochondrial proteins, and that mitochondrial function and oxidative stress both can be regulated by O-GlcNAcylation, particularly under diabetic circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- a Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education , School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
| | - Zhihui Feng
- a Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education , School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
| | - Xiaoyong Yang
- b Section of Comparative Medicine and Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Jiankang Liu
- a Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, the Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education , School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
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20
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Fuhrmeister J, Zota A, Sijmonsma TP, Seibert O, Cıngır Ş, Schmidt K, Vallon N, de Guia RM, Niopek K, Berriel Diaz M, Maida A, Blüher M, Okun JG, Herzig S, Rose AJ. Fasting-induced liver GADD45β restrains hepatic fatty acid uptake and improves metabolic health. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:654-69. [PMID: 27137487 PMCID: PMC4888855 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that repeated short‐term nutrient withdrawal (i.e. fasting) has pleiotropic actions to promote organismal health and longevity. Despite this, the molecular physiological mechanisms by which fasting is protective against metabolic disease are largely unknown. Here, we show that, metabolic control, particularly systemic and liver lipid metabolism, is aberrantly regulated in the fasted state in mouse models of metabolic dysfunction. Liver transcript assays between lean/healthy and obese/diabetic mice in fasted and fed states uncovered “growth arrest and DNA damage‐inducible” GADD45β as a dysregulated gene transcript during fasting in several models of metabolic dysfunction including ageing, obesity/pre‐diabetes and type 2 diabetes, in both mice and humans. Using whole‐body knockout mice as well as liver/hepatocyte‐specific gain‐ and loss‐of‐function strategies, we revealed a role for liver GADD45β in the coordination of liver fatty acid uptake, through cytoplasmic retention of FABP1, ultimately impacting obesity‐driven hyperglycaemia. In summary, fasting stress‐induced GADD45β represents a liver‐specific molecular event promoting adaptive metabolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Fuhrmeister
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annika Zota
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine I, Heidelberg University Hospital, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tjeerd P Sijmonsma
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oksana Seibert
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Şahika Cıngır
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmidt
- Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicola Vallon
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roldan M de Guia
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Niopek
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine I, Heidelberg University Hospital, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mauricio Berriel Diaz
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine I, Heidelberg University Hospital, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Adriano Maida
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine I, Heidelberg University Hospital, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jürgen G Okun
- Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine I, Heidelberg University Hospital, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Adam J Rose
- Joint Research Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center, Center for Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Heart Failure Considerations of Antihyperglycemic Medications for Type 2 Diabetes. Circ Res 2016; 118:1830-43. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.306924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prevalent and incident heart failure (HF) is increased in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, with risk directly associated with the severity of hyperglycemia. Furthermore, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, mortality is increased ≈10-fold in patients with versus without HF. Reducing HF with antihyperglycemic therapies, however, has been unsuccessful until recently. In fact, HF as an important outcome in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus seems to be heterogeneously modulated by antihyperglycemic medications, as evidenced by results from cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) and large observational cohort studies. Appropriately powered and executed CVOTs are necessary to truly evaluate cardiovascular safety and efficacy of new antihyperglycemic medications, as reflected by the guidance of the US Food and Drug Administration and other regulatory agencies since 2008. In light of the best available evidence at present, metformin and the sodium-glucose-co-transporter 2-inhibitor empagliflozin seem to be especially advantageous with regard to HF effects, with their use associated with reduced HF events and improved mortality. Acarbose, the dipeptidyl-peptidase 4-inhibitor sitagliptin, the glucagon-like peptide 1-receptor agonist lixisenatide based on presently available CVOT results comprise reasonable additional options, as significant harm in terms of HF has been excluded for those drugs. Additions to this list are anticipated pending results of ongoing CVOTs. Although no HF harm was seen in CVOTs for insulin or sulfonylureas, they should be used only with caution in patients with HF, given their established high risk for hypoglycemia and some uncertainties on their safety in patients with HF derived from epidemiological observations. Pioglitazone is contraindicated in patients with HF>New York Heart Association I, despite some benefits suggested by CVOT subanalyses.
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22
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Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is comprised of a cluster of closely related risk factors, including visceral adiposity, insulin resistance, hypertension, high triglyceride, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; all of which increase the risk for the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. A chronic state of inflammation appears to be a central mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of insulin resistance and MetS. In this review, we summarize recent research which has provided insight into the mechanisms by which inflammation underlies the pathophysiology of the individual components of MetS including visceral adiposity, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. On the basis of these mechanisms, we summarize therapeutic modalities to target inflammation in the MetS and its individual components. Current therapeutic modalities can modulate the individual components of MetS and have a direct anti-inflammatory effect. Lifestyle modifications including exercise, weight loss, and diets high in fruits, vegetables, fiber, whole grains, and low-fat dairy and low in saturated fat and glucose are recommended as a first line therapy. The Mediterranean and dietary approaches to stop hypertension diets are especially beneficial and have been shown to prevent development of MetS. Moreover, the Mediterranean diet has been associated with reductions in total and cardiovascular mortality. Omega-3 fatty acids and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α agonists lower high levels of triglyceride; their role in targeting inflammation is reviewed. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and aldosterone blockers comprise pharmacologic therapies for hypertension but also target other aspects of MetS including inflammation. Statin drugs target many of the underlying inflammatory pathways involved in MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine K Welty
- Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
| | - Abdulhamied Alfaddagh
- Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Tarec K Elajami
- Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
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23
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Janssens S, Jonkers RAM, Groen AK, Nicolay K, van Loon LJC, Prompers JJ. Effects of acute exercise on lipid content and dietary lipid uptake in liver and skeletal muscle of lean and diabetic rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E874-83. [PMID: 26419590 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00292.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is associated with ectopic lipid accumulation. Physical activity improves insulin sensitivity, but the impact of exercise on lipid handling in insulin-resistant tissues remains to be elucidated. The present study characterizes the effects of acute exercise on lipid content and dietary lipid partitioning in liver and skeletal muscle of lean and diabetic rats by use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). After baseline measurements, rats were randomized to exercise or no-exercise groups. A subset of animals was subjected to MRS directly after 1 h of treadmill running for measurement of total intrahepatocellular lipid (IHCL) and intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content (n=7 lean and diabetic rats). The other animals were administered 13C-labeled lipids orally after treadmill visit (with or without exercise) followed by MRS measurements after 4 and 24 h to determine the 13C enrichment of IHCL and IMCL (n=8 per group). Total IHCL and IMCL content were fivefold higher in diabetic vs. lean rats (P<0.001). Exercise did not significantly affect IHCL content but reduced IMCL by 25±7 and 33±4% in lean and diabetic rats (P<0.05), respectively. Uptake of dietary lipids in liver and muscle was 2.3-fold greater in diabetic vs. lean rats (P<0.05). Prior exercise did not significantly modulate dietary lipid uptake into muscle, but in liver of both lean and diabetic rats, lipid uptake was 44% reduced after acute exercise (P<0.05). In conclusion, IMCL but not IHCL represents a viable substrate source during exercise in both lean and diabetic rats, and exercise differentially affects dietary lipid uptake in muscle and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Janssens
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; The Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A M Jonkers
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Nicolay
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM, School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanine J Prompers
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands;
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Taegtmeyer H, Beauloye C, Harmancey R, Hue L. Comment on Nolan et al. Insulin Resistance as a Physiological Defense Against Metabolic Stress: Implications for the Management of Subsets of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes 2015;64:673-686. Diabetes 2015; 64:e37. [PMID: 26405279 PMCID: PMC7519471 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Taegtmeyer
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Christophe Beauloye
- Pôle de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Romain Harmancey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Louis Hue
- Protein Phosphorylation Unit, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Nolan CJ, Ruderman NB, Kahn SE, Pedersen O, Prentki M. Response to Comments on Nolan et al. Insulin Resistance as a Physiological Defense Against Metabolic Stress: Implications for the Management of Subsets of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes 2015;64:673-686. Diabetes 2015; 64:e38-9. [PMID: 26405280 DOI: 10.2337/dbi15-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Nolan
- Department of Endocrinology at Canberra Hospital and the Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, Australia
| | - Neil B Ruderman
- Diabetes Research Unit, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Steven E Kahn
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, and University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Prentki
- CRCHUM and Montreal Diabetes Research Center and Departments of Nutrition and Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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