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Sullivan K, Law RM, Lain E, Jiang LI, Acevedo SF, Choudhary H, Lee B, Patel K, Lynch S. Evaluation of a retinol containing topical treatment to improve signs of neck aging. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22:2755-2764. [PMID: 37461826 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neck region is an area that can be indicative of signs of skin aging. A novel topical product that combines multiple active ingredients including retinol, tripeptide and glaucine was formulated to specifically target neck aging correction and complement post-procedure as part of an integrated skincare regimen. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy of a topical neck treatment through clinical subject evaluation, in addition to ultrasound and biopsy assessment. METHODS Evaluation for the efficacy of this novel topical product on improving the aging signs of neck skin was performed in multiple clinical trials. The first trial focused on clinical efficacy and included clinical assessment, subject questionnaires, ultrasound imaging and digital photographs. The second trial focused on biomarker analysis through skin biopsy. RESULTS Data from the clinical trials showed that aging signs on the neck were significantly improved after 12 or 16 weeks of product usage. Changes were readily observed by clinical evaluators and participants. They were documented with digital photos, ultrasound images, and biomarker expression in the skin which clearly display the improvements. CONCLUSIONS This novel topical product is effective in treating the aging signs on the neck skin and has been shown to provide statistically significant improvement on a myriad of neck aging attributes including fine lines/wrinkles, crepiness, laxity, and texture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Brittany Lee
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Clark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Komal Patel
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Clark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Stephen Lynch
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Clark, New Jersey, USA
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Nissinen L, Kähäri VM. Targeting Myofibroblasts in Dermal Fibrosis: A Retinoid Connection. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:1629-1631. [PMID: 37115114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.03.1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Nissinen
- Department of Dermatology and FICANWest Cancer Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Kähäri
- Department of Dermatology and FICANWest Cancer Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
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Strokotova AV, Grigorieva EV. Glucocorticoid Effects on Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycans. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415678. [PMID: 36555315 PMCID: PMC9778983 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that play diverse roles in numerous normal and pathological processes. They are actively used to treat a wide variety of diseases, including neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases, cancers, and COVID-19, among others. However, the long-term use of glucocorticoids is associated with numerous side effects. Molecular mechanisms of these negative side effects are not completely understood. Recently, arguments have been made that one such mechanisms may be related to the influence of glucocorticoids on O-glycosylated components of the cell surface and extracellular matrix, in particular on proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans. The potential toxic effects of glucocorticoids on these glycosylated macromolecules are particularly meaningful for brain physiology because proteoglycans/glycosaminoglycans are the main extracellular components of brain tissue. Here, we aim to review the known effects of glucocorticoids on proteoglycan expression and glycosaminoglycan content in different tissues, with a specific focus on the brain.
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Kędzierski W, Kowalik S, Mojsym W, Janczarek I, Tkaczyk E. Plasma Activin A and Decorin in Exercised Purebred Arabian Horses - Preliminary Study. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 102:103638. [PMID: 34119190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Development of the musculoskeletal system occurs, in part, through an impact on regulatory proteins, such as activin A and decorin. Activin A induces atrophic effects on skeletal muscle, and decorin regulates the formation of connective tissue proteins like collagen and elastin in tendons and ligaments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different intensities of exercise on blood plasma activin A and decorin concentrations in horses. Ten young purebred Arabian horses were subjected to routine training sessions on a racetrack, and another 11 adult horses of the same breed participated in endurance rides. Race horses were examined during gallop tests over a distance of 1200 m and endurance horses at distances from 20 to 80 km. Blood samples were collected at rest and after exercise to determine plasma concentrations of activin A, decorin and cortisol. Despite differences in the intensity of exercise, the plasma decorin concentration remained unchanged, and activin A tended to decrease in endurance horses only. The exercise-induced changes in plasma activin A concentrations correlated with the covered distance (r = -0.43; P < .05), but not with the changes in cortisol values. Further studies are needed to confirm the usefulness of plasma activin A as a potential indicator of a horse's endurance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold Kędzierski
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sylwester Kowalik
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Wioleta Mojsym
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Iwona Janczarek
- Department of Horse Breeding and Use, Faculty of Animal Science and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Tkaczyk
- Department of Horse Breeding and Use, Faculty of Animal Science and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Down-Regulation of the Proteoglycan Decorin Fills in the Tumor-Promoting Phenotype of Ionizing Radiation-Induced Senescent Human Breast Stromal Fibroblasts. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081987. [PMID: 33924197 PMCID: PMC8074608 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Ionizing radiation (a typical remedy for breast cancer) results in the premature senescence of the adjacent to the neoplastic cells stromal fibroblasts. Here, we showed that these senescent fibroblasts are characterized by the down-regulation of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan decorin, a poor prognostic factor for the progression of the disease. Decorin down-regulation is mediated by secreted growth factors in an autocrine and paracrine (due to the interaction with breast cancer cells) manner, with bFGF and VEGF being the key players of this regulation in young and senescent breast stromal fibroblasts. Autophagy activation increases decorin mRNA levels, indicating that impaired autophagy is implicated in the reduction in decorin in this cell model. Decorin down-regulation acts additively to the already tumor-promoting phenotype of ionizing radiation-induced prematurely senescent human stromal fibroblasts, confirming that stromal senescence is a side-effect of radiotherapy that should be taken into account in the design of anticancer treatments. Abstract Down-regulation of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan decorin in the stroma is considered a poor prognostic factor for breast cancer progression. Ionizing radiation, an established treatment for breast cancer, provokes the premature senescence of the adjacent to the tumor stromal fibroblasts. Here, we showed that senescent human breast stromal fibroblasts are characterized by the down-regulation of decorin at the mRNA and protein level, as well as by its decreased deposition in the pericellular extracellular matrix in vitro. Senescence-associated decorin down-regulation is a long-lasting process rather than an immediate response to γ-irradiation. Growth factors were demonstrated to participate in an autocrine manner in decorin down-regulation, with bFGF and VEGF being the critical mediators of the phenomenon. Autophagy inhibition by chloroquine reduced decorin mRNA levels, while autophagy activation using the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin enhanced decorin transcription. Interestingly, the secretome from a series of both untreated and irradiated human breast cancer cell lines with different molecular profiles inhibited decorin expression in young and senescent stromal fibroblasts, which was annulled by SU5402, a bFGF and VEGF inhibitor. The novel phenotypic trait of senescent human breast stromal fibroblasts revealed here is added to their already described cancer-promoting role via the formation of a tumor-permissive environment.
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6
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Lucas A, Yasa J, Lucas M. Regeneration and repair in the healing lung. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1152. [PMID: 32665845 PMCID: PMC7338595 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lung achieves an efficient gas exchange between a complex non‐sterile atmosphere and the body via a delicate and extensive epithelial surface, with high efficiency because of elastic deformation allowing for an increase and decrease in volume during the process of breathing and because of an extensive vasculature which aids rapid gas diffusion. The lungs’ large surface area exposes the organ to a continual risk of damage from pathogens, toxins or irritants; however, lung damage can be rapidly healed via regenerative processes that restore its structure and function. In response to sustained and extensive damage, the lung is healed via a non‐regenerative process resulting in scar tissue which locally stiffens its structure, which over time leads to a serious loss of lung function and to increasing morbidities. This review discusses what is known about the factors which influence whether a lung is healed by regeneration or repair and what potential new therapeutic approaches may positively influence lung healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Lucas
- School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Western Australia (UWA) Perth WA Australia
| | - Joe Yasa
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine School of Medicine and Pharmacology The University of Western Australia (UWA) Perth WA Australia
| | - Michaela Lucas
- School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Western Australia (UWA) Perth WA Australia.,School of Medicine and Pharmacology The University of Western Australia (UWA) Perth WA Australia
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Carroll CC, Patel SH, Simmons J, Gordon BD, Olson JF, Chemelewski K, Saw S, Hale TM, Howden R, Sabbaghi A. The Impact of Genistein Supplementation on Tendon Functional Properties and Gene Expression in Estrogen-Deficient Rats. J Med Food 2020; 23:1266-1274. [PMID: 32345111 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendinopathy risk increases with menopause. The phytoestrogen genistein prevents collagen loss during estrogen deficiency (ovariectomy [OVX]). The influence of genistein on tendon function and extracellular matrix (ECM) regulation is not well known. We determined the impact of genistein on tendon function and the expression of several genes important for the regulation of tendon ECM. Eight-week-old rats (n = 42) were divided into three groups: intact, OVX, or OVX-genistein (6 mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks. Tail fascicles were assessed with a Deben tensile stage. Achilles tendon mRNA expression was determined with digital droplet polymerase chain reaction. Compared to intact, fascicle stress tended to be lower in untreated OVX rats (P = .022). Furthermore, fascicle modulus and energy density were greater in genistein-treated rats (P < .05) compared to intact. Neither OVX nor genistein altered expression of Col1a1, Col3a1, Casp3, Casp8, Mmp1a, Mmp2, or Mmp9 (P > .05). Compared to intact, Tnmd and Esr1 expression were greater and Pcna and Timp1 expression were lower in OVX rats (P < .05). Genistein treatment returned Tnmd, Pcna, and Timp1 to levels of intact-vehicle (P < .05), but did not alter Scx or Esr1 (P > .05). Several β-catenin/Wnt signaling-related molecules were not altered by OVX or genistein (P > .05). Our findings demonstrate that genistein improves tendon function in estrogen-deficient rats. The effect of genistein in vivo was predominately on genes related to cell proliferation rather than collagen remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad C Carroll
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Department of Physiology, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Shivam H Patel
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Jessica Simmons
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Ben Dh Gordon
- Laboratory of Systems Physiology, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jay F Olson
- Department of Physiology, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Kali Chemelewski
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Shannon Saw
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Taben M Hale
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Reuben Howden
- Laboratory of Systems Physiology, Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Arman Sabbaghi
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Vu TT, Marquez J, Le LT, Nguyen ATT, Kim HK, Han J. The role of decorin in cardiovascular diseases: more than just a decoration. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:1210-1219. [PMID: 30468093 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1516285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Decorin (DCN) is a proteoglycan constituent of the extracellular matrix (ECM) possessing powerful antifibrotic, anti-inflammation, antioxidant, and antiangiogenic properties. By attaching to receptors in the cell surface or to several ECM molecules, it regulates plenty of cellular functions, consequently influencing cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. These processes are dependent on cell types, biological contexts, and interfere with pathological processes such as cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we briefly discuss the potential of DCN targeting in addressing cardiovascular diseases (CVD). We dive into its interactome and discuss how its interaction with the proteins can affect disease progression, and how DCN can be a possible target for CVD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Thi Vu
- a Faculty of Biology, National Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology , VNU University of Science , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Jubert Marquez
- b National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, BK21 Plus Project Team, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center , College of Medicine, Inje University , Busan , Korea.,c National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Plus Project Team, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center , College of Medicine, Inje University , Busan , Korea
| | - Long Thanh Le
- b National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, BK21 Plus Project Team, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center , College of Medicine, Inje University , Busan , Korea.,c National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Plus Project Team, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center , College of Medicine, Inje University , Busan , Korea
| | - Anh Thi Tuyet Nguyen
- b National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, BK21 Plus Project Team, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center , College of Medicine, Inje University , Busan , Korea.,c National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Plus Project Team, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center , College of Medicine, Inje University , Busan , Korea
| | - Hyoung Kyu Kim
- b National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, BK21 Plus Project Team, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center , College of Medicine, Inje University , Busan , Korea.,c National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Plus Project Team, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center , College of Medicine, Inje University , Busan , Korea.,d Department of Integrated Biomedical Science , College of Medicine, Inje University , Busan , Korea
| | - Jin Han
- b National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, BK21 Plus Project Team, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center , College of Medicine, Inje University , Busan , Korea.,c National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Plus Project Team, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center , College of Medicine, Inje University , Busan , Korea
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A Comparison of Gene Expression of Decorin and MMP13 in Hypertrophic Scars Treated With Calcium Channel Blocker, Steroid, and Interferon: A Human-Scar-Carrying Animal Model Study. Dermatol Surg 2017; 43 Suppl 1:S37-S46. [PMID: 28009689 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000000990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The formation of hypertrophic scaring (HSc) is an abnormal wound-healing response. In a previous study, an animal model with human scar tissue implanted into nude mice (BALB/c) has been successfully established. The effects of verapamil as well as combination therapy with verapamil and kenacort have been studied and compared. OBJECTIVE To treat persistent hypertrophic scars, local injection of drugs composed of steroids, calcium channel blockers (CCBs), and interferon might be a good method. What is the best dose of the regimen and what are the mechanisms are also a worthwhile study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Scar specimens were harvested from patients with HSc or Keloid resulting from burn injury, and then implanted to BALB/c-nu nude mice for 4 weeks. Before implantation, the specimen was either injected with or without drugs such as steroids (kenacort), CCBs (verapamil), and interferons (INFα2b), respectively. After the removal of implants, quantitative gene expressions of decorin and collagenase (MMP13) were measured using a real-time polymerase chain reaction to detect their mRNAs. Two way-ANOVA and Post Hoc were used for statistical analysis using the software SPSS 15.0. RESULTS All drug-treated groups increased the expressions of decorin and MMP13 in comparison with those in noninjected group (p < .001) in a dose-dependent manner. Comparing equal amounts of individual drugs, gene expression of decorin was increased with increasing injection amount, and the best result in low amount of injection (0.02 mL of each) was shown in the group injected with INFα2b followed by kenacort and verapamil. However, the results were changed while injection amount was up to 0.04 mL and the strongest decorin gene expression was found in kenacort injection. Regarding MMP-13 expression, low-amount injection (0.02 mL) of INFα2b has strongest gene expression followed by kenacort and verapamil, but in the large-amount regimes (0.04 mL), verapamil had strongest gene expression followed by INFα2b and kenacort. CONCLUSION This study showed that the kenacort, verapamil, and INFα2b all inhibited HSc in a dose-dependent manner through the evidence of gene expression of decorin and MMP13. In comparison with the injections between small amounts of drugs, INFα2b potentiated the strongest decorin and MMP13 expression. On the contrary, among the large-amount injection regimes, kenacrot was more effective on decorin expression as verapamil to MMP13 expression. To decrease side effects from the drugs and produce promising results for the clinical practice, it is suggested to maintain the dose of INFα2b along with an increased dose of verapamil for HSc improvement.
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Thu VT, Kim HK, Long LT, Thuy TT, Huy NQ, Kim SH, Kim N, Ko KS, Rhee BD, Han J. NecroX-5 exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects via modulation of the TNFα/Dcn/TGFβ1/Smad2 pathway in hypoxia/reoxygenation-treated rat hearts. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 20:305-14. [PMID: 27162485 PMCID: PMC4860373 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2016.20.3.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory and fibrotic responses are accelerated during the reperfusion period, and excessive fibrosis and inflammation contribute to cardiac malfunction. NecroX compounds have been shown to protect the liver and heart from ischemia-reperfusion injury. The aim of this study was to further define the role and mechanism of action of NecroX-5 in regulating infl ammation and fi brosis responses in a model of hypoxia/reoxygenation (HR). We utilized HR-treated rat hearts and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated H9C2 culture cells in the presence or absence of NecroX-5 (10 µmol/L) treatment as experimental models. Addition of NecroX-5 signifi cantly increased decorin (Dcn) expression levels in HR-treated hearts. In contrast, expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) and Smad2 phosphorylation (pSmad2) was strongly attenuated in NecroX-5-treated hearts. In addition, signifi cantly increased production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), TGFβ1, and pSmad2, and markedly decreased Dcn expression levels, were observed in LPS-stimulated H9C2 cells. Interestingly, NecroX-5 supplementation effectively attenuated the increased expression levels of TNFα, TGFβ1, and pSmad2, as well as the decreased expression of Dcn. Thus, our data demonstrate potential antiinflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects of NecroX-5 against cardiac HR injuries via modulation of the TNFα/Dcn/TGFβ1/Smad2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Thi Thu
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea.; VNU University of Science, Hanoi 120036, Vietnam
| | - Hyoung Kyu Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea.; Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Le Thanh Long
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | | | | | - Soon Ha Kim
- Product Strategy and Development, LG Life Sciences Ltd., Seoul 03184, Korea
| | - Nari Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Ko
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Byoung Doo Rhee
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Jin Han
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
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Gubbiotti MA, Neill T, Frey H, Schaefer L, Iozzo RV. Decorin is an autophagy-inducible proteoglycan and is required for proper in vivo autophagy. Matrix Biol 2015; 48:14-25. [PMID: 26344480 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have recently discovered that soluble extracellular matrix constituents regulate autophagy via an outside-in signaling pathway. Decorin, a secreted proteoglycan, evokes autophagy in endothelial cells and mitophagy in breast carcinoma cells. However, it is not known whether decorin expression can be regulated by autophagic stimuli such as mTOR inhibition or nutrient deprivation. Thus, we tested whether pro-autophagic stimuli could affect decorin expression in mouse cardiac tissue and whether the absence of decorin could disrupt the in vivo autophagic response. We found that nutrient deprivation induced decorin at the mRNA and protein level in vivo and in vitro, a process regulated at the transcriptional level by inhibiting the canonical mTOR pathway. Moreover, Dcn-/- mice displayed an aberrant response to fasting compared to wild-type mice. Our study establishes a new role for an extracellular matrix proteoglycan and provides a mechanistic role for soluble decorin in regulating a fundamental intracellular catabolic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Gubbiotti
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Helena Frey
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Lee WJ, Ahn HM, Roh H, Na Y, Choi IK, Lee JH, Kim YO, Lew DH, Yun CO. Decorin-expressing adenovirus decreases collagen synthesis and upregulates MMP expression in keloid fibroblasts and keloid spheroids. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:591-7. [PMID: 25865370 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Decorin is a natural transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) antagonist. Reduced decorin synthesis is associated with dermal scarring, and increased decorin expression appears to reduce scar tissue formation. To investigate the therapeutic potential of decorin for keloids, human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and keloid-derived fibroblasts (KFs) were transduced with decorin-expressing adenovirus (dE1-RGD/GFP/DCN), and we examined the therapeutic potential of decorin-expressing Ad for treating pathologic skin fibrosis. Decorin expression was examined by immunofluorescence assay on keloid tissues. HDFs and KFs were transduced with dE1-RGD/GFP/DCN or control virus, and protein levels of decorin, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and secreted TGF-β1 were assessed by Western blotting and ELISA. And type I and III collagen, and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) mRNA levels were measured by real-time RT-PCR. Additionally, we immunohistochemically investigated the expression levels of the major extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in keloid spheroids transduced with dE1-RGD/GFP/DCN. Lower decorin expression was observed in the keloid region compared to adjacent normal tissues. After treatment with dE1-RGD/GFP/DCN, secreted TGF-β1 and EGFR protein expressions were decreased in TGF-β1-treated HDFs and KFs. Also, type I and III collagen mRNA levels were decreased, and the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3 mRNA was strongly upregulated. In addition, the expression of type I and III collagen, fibronectin and elastin was significantly reduced in dE1-RGD/GFP/DCN-transduced keloid spheroids. These results support the utility of decorin-expressing adenovirus to reduce collagen synthesis in KFs and keloid spheroid, which may be highly beneficial in treating keloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Jai Lee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Institute for Human Tissue Restoration, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Min Ahn
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Roh
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Institute for Human Tissue Restoration, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youjin Na
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il-Kyu Choi
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Hee Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Oock Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Institute for Human Tissue Restoration, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Hyun Lew
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Institute for Human Tissue Restoration, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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Verkerk MM, Bhatia D, Rimmer J, Earls P, Sacks R, Harvey RJ. Intranasal Steroids and the Myth of Mucosal Atrophy: A Systematic Review of Original Histological Assessments. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2015; 29:3-18. [DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2015.29.4111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Intranasal corticosteroids (INCSs) are well established in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, and nasal polyposis. Although reversible atrophy of keratinized skin is seen with corticosteroids, the respiratory mucosa is histologically very different and but concerns remain among patients and some health-care professionals over local side effects on nasal respiratory mucosa. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed of the available evidence for nasal mucosal atrophy as an adverse effect of INCSs in patients with sinonasal disease. Methods A systematic search of Embase (1974-) and Medline (1946-) databases to September 27, 2013 was performed. Inclusion criteria selected any study where the histopathology of nasal mucosa was assessed in patients with sinonasal disease using intranasally administered corticosteroids with or without a control group. Results Twenty-three hundred sixty-four publications were retrieved with a subsequent full text review of 149 publications for 34 articles that met the selection criteria. These articles included 11 randomized controlled trials, 5 cohorts, and 20 case series. Duration of treatment varied from 5 days to 5.5 years. “Mucosal atrophy” as an outcome was reported in 17 studies. The definition of “mucosal atrophy” was highly variable with a definition given in only 10 studies. One hundred thirty-six patients were represented in controlled studies of atrophy with only one study reporting the event in both groups with an odds ratio of “mucosal atrophy” at 0.51 (95% CI, 0.09-3.11; p = 0.47). Conclusion The concept of nasal mucosal atrophy is poorly defined and there is no histological evidence for deleterious effects from INCS use on human nasal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misha M. Verkerk
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, and Freeman Hospital, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Daman Bhatia
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hornsby Ku-ring-gai Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Janet Rimmer
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Earls
- Department of Pathology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Raymond Sacks
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Concord General Hospital, University of Sydney, and Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard J. Harvey
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales, and Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Tugwood JD, Kelsall J, Coverley LC, Westwood FR, Haque K, Huby RDJ. Fibrodysplasia Induced in Dog Skin by a Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) Inhibitor—A Mechanistic Analysis. Toxicol Sci 2012; 127:236-45. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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15
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Todorova L, Bjermer L, Westergren-Thorsson G, Miller-Larsson A. TGFβ-induced matrix production by bronchial fibroblasts in asthma: budesonide and formoterol effects. Respir Med 2011; 105:1296-307. [PMID: 21514131 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2011.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the mechanisms of enhanced airway deposition of subepithelial collagen in asthma and its sensitivity to drug therapy with combination of an inhaled glucocorticosteroid (GC) and a long-acting β(2)-agonist (LABA), a cell model system involving bronchial fibroblasts derived from biopsies from patients with stable mild-to-moderate asthma has been used. To mimic unstable conditions and severe asthma, fibroblasts were stimulated ex vivo with TGFβ1. Primary fibroblasts established from central bronchial biopsies from 8 asthmatic patients were incubated for 24 h with 0.4% serum or TGFβ1 (10 ng/ml) with/without the GC budesonide (BUD; 10 nM) and/or the LABA formoterol (FORM; 0.1 nM). Procollagen peptide I (PICP), metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and tissue inhibitor of MMPs (TIMP-1) were determined in culture media using ELISA while the activity of MMP-2, -3, -9 by zymography. Metabolically labeled proteoglycans, biglycan and decorin, associated with collagen fibrillation/deposition, were separated using chromatography and SDS-PAGE. The levels of PICP and biglycan were increased 2-fold by TGFβ1 (p < 0.05). The BUD and FORM combination reduced the PICP increase by 58% (p < 0.01) and the biglycan by 36% (p < 0.05) while each drug alone had no effect. Decorin levels were reduced by TGFβ1 in fibroblasts of most patients; BUD alone and BUD and FORM completely counteracted this decrease. MMPs and TIMP-1 were not affected by TGFβ1 or the drugs. These results suggest that BUD and FORM combination therapy, without affecting metalloproteolytic balance, has a potential to counteract enhanced collagen production by bronchial fibroblasts in asthma and to normalize the production of small proteoglycans which may affect collagen fibrillation and deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizbet Todorova
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Division of Lung Biology, Lund University, BMC D12, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
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16
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Syndecan-2 and Decorin: Proteoglycans With a Difference—Implications in Keloid Pathogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 68:999-1008. [DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e3181c4070d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Järveläinen H, Sainio A, Koulu M, Wight TN, Penttinen R. Extracellular matrix molecules: potential targets in pharmacotherapy. Pharmacol Rev 2010; 61:198-223. [PMID: 19549927 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) consists of numerous macromolecules classified traditionally into collagens, elastin, and microfibrillar proteins, proteoglycans including hyaluronan, and noncollagenous glycoproteins. In addition to being necessary structural components, ECM molecules exhibit important functional roles in the control of key cellular events such as adhesion, migration, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Any structural inherited or acquired defect and/or metabolic disturbance in the ECM may cause cellular and tissue alterations that can lead to the development or progression of disease. Consequently, ECM molecules are important targets for pharmacotherapy. Specific agents that prevent the excess accumulation of ECM molecules in the vascular system, liver, kidney, skin, and lung; alternatively, agents that inhibit the degradation of the ECM in degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis would be clinically beneficial. Unfortunately, until recently, the ECM in drug discovery has been largely ignored. However, several of today's drugs that act on various primary targets affect the ECM as a byproduct of the drugs' actions, and this activity may in part be beneficial to the drugs' disease-modifying properties. In the future, agents and compounds targeting directly the ECM will significantly advance the treatment of various human diseases, even those for which efficient therapies are not yet available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannu Järveläinen
- Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
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18
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Noordhoek JA, Postma DS, Chong LL, Menkema L, Kauffman HF, Timens W, van Straaten JFM, van der Geld YM. Different Modulation of Decorin Production by Lung Fibroblasts from Patients with Mild and Severe Emphysema. COPD 2009; 2:17-25. [PMID: 17136957 DOI: 10.1081/copd-200050678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported diminished immunohistochemical staining of decorin in lung tissue from patients with severe emphysema. The aim of this study is to investigate whether this diminished staining is due to a quantitative abnormal production of decorin by pulmonary fibroblasts in vitro. Therefore, we measured decorin (Western blot), collagen type I (ELISA), and fibronectin (ELISA) production by fibroblasts obtained from lung tissue of patients with severe and mild emphysema at basal culture conditions and after modulation with transforming growth factor-beta1, basic fibroblast growth factor, and interferon-gamma. Decorin production at basal culture conditions was significantly higher in fibroblast cultures from patients with severe emphysema compared to fibroblasts from mild emphysema. After stimulation with transforming growth factor-beta1 and basic fibroblast growth factor, decorin production was significantly more reduced in fibroblast cultures from patients with severe emphysema whereas collagen type I and fibronectin production were not affected. We conclude that decorin production by lung fibroblasts of patients with severe emphysema is dysregulated after modulation with cytokines known to be important in smoking associated inflammation. This dysregulation of decorin production may contribute to the impaired lung tissue repair, present in patients with emphysema, since these alterations in the extracellular matrix may cause diminished cytokine binding and neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobien A Noordhoek
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Järveläinen H, Sainio A, Koulu M, Wight TN, Penttinen R. Extracellular Matrix Molecules: Potential Targets in Pharmacotherapy. Pharmacol Rev 2009. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001289 doi:dx.doi.org] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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20
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Colston JT, de la Rosa SD, Koehler M, Gonzales K, Mestril R, Freeman GL, Bailey SR, Chandrasekar B. Wnt-induced secreted protein-1 is a prohypertrophic and profibrotic growth factor. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H1839-46. [PMID: 17616748 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00428.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Wnt1-induced secreted protein-1 (WISP-1) is a member of the cysteine-rich 61, connective tissue growth factor, and nephroblastoma overexpressed (CCN) family of growth factors and is expressed in the heart at low basal levels. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether WISP-1 is upregulated in postinfarct myocardium and whether WISP-1 exerts prohypertrophic and mitogenic effects stimulating myocyte hypertrophy, cardiac fibroblast (CF) proliferation, and collagen expression. Male C57Bl/6 (25 g) mice underwent permanent occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. mRNA and protein levels were analyzed by Northern and Western blot analyses. Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy was quantified by protein and DNA synthesis. CF proliferation was quantified by CyQuant assay, and soluble collagen release by Sircol assay. A time-dependent increase in WISP-1 expression was detected in vivo in the noninfarct zone of the left ventricle, which peaked at 24 h (3.1-fold, P < 0.01). Similarly, biglycan expression was increased by 3.71-fold (P < 0.01). IL-1beta and TNF-alpha expression preceded WISP-1 expression in vivo and stimulated WISP-1 expression in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes in vitro. WISP-1-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy was evidenced by increased protein (2.78-fold), but not DNA synthesis, and enhanced Akt phosphorylation and activity. Treatment of primary CF with WISP-1 significantly stimulated proliferation at 48 h (6,966 +/- 264 vs. 5,476 +/- 307 cells/well, P < 0.01) and enhanced collagen release by 72 h (18.4 +/- 3.1 vs. 8.4 +/- 1.0 ng/cell, P < 0.01). Our results demonstrate for the first time that WISP-1 and biglycan are upregulated in the noninfarcted myocardium in vivo, suggesting a positive amplification of WISP-1 signaling. WISP-1 stimulates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, fibroblast proliferation, and ECM expression in vitro. These results suggest that WISP-1 may play a critical role in post-myocardial infarction remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Colston
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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21
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Troilo D, Nickla DL, Mertz JR, Summers Rada JA. Change in the synthesis rates of ocular retinoic acid and scleral glycosaminoglycan during experimentally altered eye growth in marmosets. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47:1768-77. [PMID: 16638980 PMCID: PMC1892188 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.05-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the possibility that all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) in the eye is a signal related to changes in scleral extracellular matrix in a primate model of postnatal eye growth. METHODS Juvenile marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were divided into two experimental groups based on their response to monocular deprivation with diffusers: group 1, treated eyes becoming longer than fellow control eyes (n = 8), and group 2, treated eyes becoming shorter than control eyes (n = 7). Eyes were enucleated, dissected, and assayed for changes in the rates of scleral glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis and ocular RA synthesis. The rate of incorporation of (35)SO4 into CPC-precipitable GAG in scleras was taken as a measure of the rate of synthesis of proteoglycans. In the same eyes the rate of RA synthesis in vivo was measured separately in the retina and the choroid/RPE (choroid with RPE attached) by HPLC. The effect of RA on the rate of scleral GAG synthesis was also examined in tissue-cultured pieces of sclera from additional marmosets. RESULTS Induced changes in vitreous chamber length in diffuser-treated eyes correlated inversely with the rate of scleral GAG synthesis (P < 0.05) and directly correlated with the rate of RA synthesis measured separately in the retina (P < 0.05) and the choroid/RPE (P < 0.05). In group 1, the rate of scleral GAG synthesis was significantly lower (P < 0.01) in the treated eyes relative to control eyes, and the rate of RA synthesis in both the retina and the choroid/RPE was significantly higher (P < 0.01). In group 2, the rates of scleral GAG synthesis and RA synthesis in either the retina or choroid/RPE were not found to change significantly in the treated eyes compared with the control eyes. RA partially reduces the rate of scleral GAG synthesis in tissue-cultured primate sclera in a dose-dependent manner after several days. CONCLUSIONS RA may play a role in the visual control of postnatal eye growth in primates, possibly by inducing changes in scleral extracellular matrix associated with increasing eye size. Decreasing growth rate below control levels may involve other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Troilo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Disease, The New England College of Optometry, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are highly effective for the topical treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. Their long-term use, however, is often accompanied by severe and partially irreversible adverse effects, with atrophy being the most prominent limitation. Progress in the understanding of GC-mediated molecular action as well as some advances in technologies to determine the atrophogenic potential of compounds has been made recently. It is likely that the detailed mechanisms of GC-induced skin atrophy will be discovered and in vitro models for the reliable prediction of atrophy will be established in the foreseeable future. This knowledge will not only facilitate safety profiling of established drugs but will also foster further drug discovery by improving compound characterization processes. New insights into GC modes of action will guide optimization strategies aiming at novel GC receptor ligands with improved effect/side effect profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schoepe
- Corporate Research Business Area Inflammation, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany
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23
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Todorova L, Gürcan E, Miller-Larsson A, Westergren-Thorsson G. Lung fibroblast proteoglycan production induced by serum is inhibited by budesonide and formoterol. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005; 34:92-100. [PMID: 16166747 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0048oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans contribute to extracellular matrix remodeling in asthmatic airways. We investigated the effects of budesonide, a glucocorticoid, and formoterol, a long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist, on serum-induced proteoglycan production by human lung fibroblasts. In 10% serum, total proteoglycan production was increased 1.5-fold (P < 0.01) compared with basal production in 0.4% serum. Budesonide (10(-8) M) reduced this increase by 44% (P < 0.01) and, whereas formoterol (10(-10)-10(-8) M) had no inhibitory effects, the drug combination abolished the increase (P < 0.01) without affecting fibroblast proliferation. This synergistic effect required functional glucocorticoid and beta-adrenergic receptors. The production of the proteoglycans decorin, biglycan, perlecan, and versican was increased 2.5- to 5-fold (P < 0.01) in 10% serum. Combination treatment with budesonide (10(-8) M) and formoterol (10(-10) M) abolished this increase to a significantly greater extent than either drug alone. In 10% serum, only versican mRNA was increased 1.4-fold (P < 0.05), whereas decorin mRNA was reduced to 39% (P < 0.01) of basal expression. These serum effects were counteracted by the drug combination, but there were no significant differences between the combination and either drug alone. Thus, the budesonide and formoterol combination seems to synergistically control serum-induced proteoglycan production, primarily at the post-transcriptional level. In conclusion, the proteoglycan upregulation characteristic of asthmatic airways may be limited by combination therapy with budesonide and formoterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizbet Todorova
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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24
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Dik WA, McAnulty RJ, Versnel MA, Naber BAE, Zimmermann LJI, Laurent GJ, Mutsaers SE. Short course dexamethasone treatment following injury inhibits bleomycin induced fibrosis in rats. Thorax 2003; 58:765-71. [PMID: 12947134 PMCID: PMC1746812 DOI: 10.1136/thorax.58.9.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corticosteroids are routinely used in patients with pulmonary fibrosis. The timing for initiation of treatment is likely to be crucial for corticosteroids to exert an antifibrotic effect. Experimental studies in animals have examined the effect of corticosteroid treatment starting before or at the time of lung injury. However, this is not representative of the human condition as treatment only begins after disease has been established. We examined the effect of a short course corticosteroid treatment starting 3 days after bleomycin induced lung injury on the development of pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS Bleomycin (1.5 mg/kg) was instilled intratracheally into rats to induce pulmonary fibrosis. The effect of a 3-day course of dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg) initiated 3 days after bleomycin induced lung injury on cell proliferation and collagen deposition was examined by analysing bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and lung tissue. RESULTS Treating bleomycin exposed animals after injury with dexamethasone for 3 days inhibited lung collagen deposition compared with animals exposed to bleomycin without dexamethasone treatment (15.2 (2.2) mg collagen/lung v 22.5 (2.1) mg/lung; p<0.05). Dexamethasone treatment reduced pulmonary parenchymal cell proliferation in bleomycin exposed rats but did not influence BAL fluid mitogenic activity for lung fibroblasts or alter the BAL fluid levels of the fibrogenic mediators transforming growth factor-beta(1), platelet derived growth factor-AB, and thrombin. CONCLUSIONS A 3 day course of dexamethasone treatment initiated 3 days after bleomycin induced lung injury reduces lung cell proliferation and collagen deposition by mechanisms other than through reduction of transforming growth factor-beta(1), platelet derived growth factor-AB, and thrombin levels in BAL fluid. We propose that an early short course treatment with dexamethasone may be useful in inhibiting pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Dik
- Department of Immunology, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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25
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Santra M, Eichstetter I, Iozzo RV. An anti-oncogenic role for decorin. Down-regulation of ErbB2 leads to growth suppression and cytodifferentiation of mammary carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:35153-61. [PMID: 10942781 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m006821200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The leucine-rich proteoglycan decorin interacts with the epidermal growth factor receptor and triggers a signaling pathway that leads to growth suppression. We find that decorin causes a functional inactivation of the oncogenic ErbB2 protein in breast carcinoma cells. Upon de novo expression of decorin, the ErbB2 protein is reduced by approximately 40%, whereas its degree of tyrosyl phosphorylation is almost completely abrogated. Both co-culture experiments or experiments with recombinant decorin demonstrate an initial induction of ErbB2 tyrosine kinase, followed by a profound and long-lasting down-regulation of its activity. This leads to growth inhibition and cytodifferentiation of mammary tumor cells and a concurrent suppression of their tumorigenic potential in vivo. These decorin-mediated effects appear to involve the activation of ErbB4, which in turn would block the phosphorylation of heterodimers containing either ErbB2 or ErbB3. These results provide an explanation for the heightened decorin levels around invasive carcinomas and suggest that decorin may function as a natural antagonist of neoplastic cells enriched in ErbB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Santra
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Cellular Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107, USA
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26
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Laine P, Reunanen N, Ravanti L, Foschi M, Santra M, Iozzo RV, Kähäri VM. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase1,2 results in down-regulation of decorin expression in fibroblasts. Biochem J 2000; 349:19-25. [PMID: 10861206 PMCID: PMC1221115 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3490019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Decorin is a small leucine-rich extracellular matrix proteoglycan, the expression of which is down-regulated in proliferating and malignantly transformed cells. In the present study we show that the expression of decorin in fibroblasts is suppressed by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and PMA, and that the effect of both is potently inhibited by blocking the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)1,2 signalling pathway (Raf/MEK1,2/ERK1,2) with the specific MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK)1,2 inhibitor, PD98059. In addition, specific activation of ERK1,2 by adenovirus-mediated expression of constitutively active MEK1 in dermal fibroblasts results in marked reduction in decorin mRNA abundance and production. Co-transfection of NIH-3T3 fibroblasts with human decorin promoter/chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) construct (pDEC--879/CAT) in combination with the expression vectors for constitutively active Raf-1 and MEK1 markedly suppressed decorin promoter activity. Co-transfections of human decorin promoter 5'-deletion constructs with constitutively active MEK1 expression vector identified the region -278 to -188 as essential for ERK1,2 mediated down-regulation of decorin promoter activity. These results show that activation of the ERK1,2 signalling pathway by a mitogenic growth factor, a tumour promoter or transformation suppresses decorin gene expression in fibroblasts, which in turn may promote proliferation and migration of normal and malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Laine
- MediCity Research Laboratory and Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
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De Panfilis G, Ghidini A, Graifemberghi S, Barlati S, Zoppi N, Colombi M. Dexamethasone-induced healing of chronic leg ulcers in a patient with defective organization of the extracellular matrix of fibronectin. Br J Dermatol 2000; 142:166-70. [PMID: 10651716 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous investigations have shown that skin fibroblasts derived from patients affected by Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) lack an organized extracellular matrix (ECM) of fibronectin (FN). As retarded wound healing is a sign of EDS, we hypothesized that a young healthy man suffering from chronic recalcitrant leg ulcers might be affected by a defect of FN-ECM organization similar to that observed in EDS. Immunofluorescence of cultured skin fibroblasts obtained from skin biopsies from the patient and a control demonstrated that the patient's fibroblasts lacked FN-ECM organization, in contrast with those of the control; this was restored by 10-7 mol/L dexamethasone (DEX) in vitro. DEX treatment of the patient was associated with healing of his leg ulcers. In conclusion, DEX may be effective in reversing impaired wound healing associated with a lack of FN-ECM organization
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Affiliation(s)
- G De Panfilis
- Department of Dermatology, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Azienda Spedali Civili, p.le Spedali Civili, 1 I-25125 Brescia, Italy
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Petri JB, Rott O, Wetzig T, Herrmann K, Haustein UF. The small proteoglycan fibromodulin is expressed in mitotic, but not in postmitotic fibroblasts. MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS : MCBRC 1999; 1:59-65. [PMID: 10329479 DOI: 10.1006/mcbr.1999.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The small proteoglycan fibromodulin is involved in a variety of adhesion processes of connective tissue, binds to collagen and seems to influence fibrillogenesis by regulating collagen fibril spacing and thickness. Using subtractive hybridisation and Northern blotting, we found expression of the fibromodulin gene only in mitotic but not in mitomycinC-induced postmitotic fibroblasts. Furthermore, we could show that in skin only fibroblasts but not endothelial cells and keratinocytes express fibromodulin. With age the thickness of collagen fibrils increases as well as the occurrence of postmitotic fibroblasts. We could show with different chemotaxis and similar collagen gel contraction experiments further physiological differences between mitotic and postmitotic fibroblasts. This is the first report showing the switch of mitotic to postmitotic fibroblasts at the molecular level. Therefore, fibromodulin provides a specific marker for mitotic versus postmitotic fibroblasts and could indicate cell ageing. Mitomycin C is therapeutically used in bladder carcinoma and could thus induce premature ageing of fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Petri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Leipzig, Germany.
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Iozzo RV, Danielson KG. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of proteoglycan gene expression. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1999; 62:19-53. [PMID: 9932451 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans are among the most complex and sophisticated molecules of mammalian systems in terms of their protein and carbohydrate moieties. These macromolecules are in a continuous interplay with each other and the cell surface signal-transducing pathways, some of which are beginning to be elucidated. Because of their domain structure, catalytic potential, and diversity, these molecules appear to be designed for integrating numerous signaling events. For example, some proteoglycans interact with hyaluronan and lectins, thereby linking cell surfaces and distant matrix molecules. Some interact with collagen during the complex process of fibrillogenesis and regulate this biological process fundamental to animal life. Others interact with growth factors and serve as depot available during growth or tissue remodeling. In this review, we center on the most recent developments of proteoglycan biology, focusing primarily on genomic organization and transcriptional and posttranscriptional control. We discuss only those proteoglycans whose gene and promoter elements have been characterized and proved to be functional. When possible, we correlate the effects of growth factors and cytokines on proteoglycan gene expression with the topology of cis-acting elements in their genomic control regions. The analysis leads to a comprehensive critical appraisal of the principles that underlie the regulation of proteoglycan gene expression and to the delineation of common regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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Mogyorosi A, Ziyadeh FN. Increased decorin mRNA in diabetic mouse kidney and in mesangial and tubular cells cultured in high glucose. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 275:F827-32. [PMID: 9815141 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.1998.275.5.f827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The core protein of the proteoglycan decorin binds and neutralizes transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). Activation of TGF-beta is crucial to tissue injury in diabetic nephropathy, but it is not currently known whether decorin plays a role in this disease. Mouse kidney cortex demonstrates more than a twofold increase in decorin mRNA after 1, 2, 3, and 6 wk of streptozotocin diabetes. Various mouse and rat renal cell types are studied in culture under normal or high-glucose conditions. Mouse glomerular mesangial and proximal tubular epithelial cells constitutively express decorin, and high glucose (450 mg/dl) increases decorin mRNA fourfold compared with 100 mg/dl glucose. Unlike rat mesangial cells, rat glomerular epithelial and endothelial cells do not constitutively express decorin, and no induction is observed in high glucose. When mouse mesangial and proximal tubular cells are exposed to TGF-beta1 (1 ng/ml), decorin mRNA is significantly decreased. Our findings suggest that the increased decorin expression in the diabetic kidney may counteract the hypertrophic and prosclerotic effects of increased TGF-beta levels and that a negative feedback loop may exist between decorin and TGF-beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mogyorosi
- Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, and the Penn Center for the Molecular Studies of Kidney Diseases, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6144, USA
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Abstract
The proteoglycan superfamily now contains more than 30 full-time molecules that fulfill a variety of biological functions. Proteoglycans act as tissue organizers, influence cell growth and the maturation of specialized tissues, play a role as biological filters and modulate growth-factor activities, regulate collagen fibrillogenesis and skin tensile strength, affect tumor cell growth and invasion, and influence corneal transparency and neurite outgrowth. Additional roles, derived from studies of mutant animals, indicate that certain proteoglycans are essential to life whereas others might be redundant. The review focuses on the most recent genetic and molecular biological studies of the matrix proteoglycans, broadly defined as proteoglycans secreted into the pericellular matrix. Special emphasis is placed on the molecular organization of the protein core, the utilization of protein modules, the gene structure and transcriptional control, and the functional roles of the various proteoglycans. When possible, proteoglycans have been grouped into distinct gene families and subfamilies offering a simplified nomenclature based on their protein core design. The structure-function relationship of some paradigmatic proteoglycans is discussed in depth and novel aspects of their biology are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107-6799, USA.
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix plays an integral role in the pivotal processes of development, tissue repair, and metastasis by regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, and migration. This review is focused on a family of related glycoproteins represented by at least one member in all specialized extracellular matrices. This family currently comprises nine members grouped together on the basis of their presence in the extracellular matrix and by virtue of a leucine-rich repeat motif that dominates the structure of the core protein. It is likely that most, if not all the members of this group exist as proteoglycans in some tissues, and thus have been termed the Small Leucine-Rich Proteoglycan family, or SLRPs. The leucine-rich repeat (LRR) is usually present in tandem array and has been described in an increasing number of proteins, giving rise to a LRR-superfamily. The LRR domain of the SLRP family is unique within the superfamily in that it is flanked by cysteine clusters, and the 24 amino acid consensus for SLRP members is x-x-I/V/L-x-x-x-x-F/P/L-x-x-L/P-x-x-L-x-x-L/I-x-L-x-x-N-x-I/L, where x is any amino acid. Enormous progress has been made in describing the membership, structure and localization of this family, and recently new insight has emerged into the putative function of these molecules not just as modulators of matrix assembly but also on their intriguing role in regulating cell growth, adhesion, and migration. Determination of membership, structure and putative function of this fascinating class of molecules is summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Hocking
- Center for Extracellular Matrix Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston 77030-3303, USA
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Haralson MA. Transforming growth factor-beta, other growth factors, and the extracellular matrix. THE JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE 1997; 130:455-8. [PMID: 9390631 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2143(97)90120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Veness-Meehan KA, Moats-Staats BM, Maniscalco WM, Watkins RH, Stiles AD. Changes in decorin expression with hyperoxic injury to developing rat lung. Pediatr Res 1997; 41:464-72. [PMID: 9098846 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199704000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans are extracellular matrix components that appear to play important roles in lung development and in the response to injury. Decorin, a small extracellular matrix-associated proteoglycan, is known to be involved in collagen fibrillogenesis and is a likely participant in the pathogenesis of lung injury. We hypothesized that chronic exposure of the developing lung to hyperoxia would result in temporal and spatial changes in decorin expression. To determine the expression of decorin in normal and oxygen-injured lung, newborn rats were exposed to hyperoxia for 6 wk. Decorin mRNA abundance was determined using Northern hybridization analyses, and decorin expression was localized by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Decorin mRNA expression in type II pneumocytes was studied using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Oxygen exposure is associated with a 77% reduction in decorin mRNA in whole lung and a decrease in decorin immunoreactivity in connective tissues surrounding large airways and blood vessels, but an increase in decorin mRNA and protein expression at the tips of alveolar septa. Studies using isolated cells indicate that macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils contain decorin core protein but not decorin mRNA. Type II pneumocytes do not contain either decorin mRNA or core protein. These findings demonstrate that hyperoxic lung injury is associated with localized changes in decorin expression, changes that are not reflected in whole lung RNA studies. It is likely that regional changes in lung decorin expression are influenced by factors produced and acting locally, and that such changes may contribute to the morphologic alterations characteristic of oxygen-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Veness-Meehan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599-7596, USA
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Iozzo RV. The family of the small leucine-rich proteoglycans: key regulators of matrix assembly and cellular growth. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 1997; 32:141-74. [PMID: 9145286 DOI: 10.3109/10409239709108551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The focus of this review is on conceptual and functional advances in our understanding of the small leucine-rich proteoglycans. These molecules belong to an expanding gene class whose distinctive feature is a structural motif, called the leucine-rich repeat, found in an increasing number of intracellular and extracellular proteins with diverse biological attributes. Three-dimensional modeling of their prototype protein core proposes a flexible, arch-shaped binding surface suitable for strong and distinctive interactions with ligand proteins. Changes in the properties of individual proteoglycans derive from amino acid substitutions in the less conserved surface residues, changes in the number and length of the leucine-rich repeats, and/or variation in glycosylation. These proteoglycans are tissue organizers, orienting and ordering collagen fibrils during ontogeny and in pathological processes such as wound healing, tissue repair, and tumor stroma formation. These properties are rooted in their bifunctional character: the protein moiety binding collagen fibrils at strategic loci, the microscopic gaps between staggered fibrils, and the highly charged glycosaminoglycans extending out to regulate interfibrillar distances and thereby establishing the exact topology of fibrillar collagens in tissues. These proteoglycans also interact with soluble growth factors, modulate their functional activity, and bind to cell surface receptors. The latter interaction affects cell cycle progression in a variety of cellular systems and could explain the purported changes in the expression of these gene products around the invasive neoplastic cells and in regenerating tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Abstract
The small leucine-rich proteoglycan biglycan is involved in several physiological and pathophysiological processes through the ability of its core protein to interact with other extracellular matrix molecules and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). To learn more about the regulation of biglycan core protein expression, we have cloned and sequenced 1218 base pairs from the 5'-flanking region of the human biglycan gene, demonstrated functional promoter activity, and investigated the molecular mechanisms through which various agents modulate its transcriptional activity. Sequencing revealed the presence of several cis-acting elements including multiple AP-2 sites and interleukin-6 response elements, a NF-kappaB site, a TGF-beta negative element, and an E-box. The TATA and CAAT box-lacking promoter possesses many features of a growth-related gene, e.g. a GC-rich immediate 5' region, many Sp1 sites, and the use of multiple transcriptional start sites. Transient transfections of the tumor cell lines MG-63, SK-UT-1, and T47D with various biglycan 5'-flanking region-luciferase reporter gene constructs showed that the proximal 78 base pairs are sufficient for full promoter activity. Several agents among them interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. were capable of altering biglycan promoter activity. However, in MG-63 cells, TGF-beta1 failed to increase either activity of the biglycan promoter constructs or specific transcription from the endogenous biglycan gene. Since TGF-beta1 also did not alter the stability of cytoplasmic biglycan mRNA as determined from Northern analysis after inhibition of transcription with 5,6-dichloro-1beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole, an as yet unidentified nuclear post-transcriptional mechanism was considered responsible for the TGF-beta effect in this cell type. These results might help to elucidate the molecular pathways leading to pathological alterations of biglycan expression observed in atherosclerosis, glomerulonephritis, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ungefroren
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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