1
|
Lin H, Han R, Wu W. Glucans and applications in drug delivery. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 332:121904. [PMID: 38431411 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Glucan is a natural polysaccharide widely distributed in cereals and microorganisms that has various biological activities, including immunomodulatory, anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities. In addition to wide applications in the broad fields of food, healthcare, and biomedicines, glucans hold promising potential as drug delivery carrier materials or ligands. Specifically, glucan microparticles or yeast cell wall particles are naturally enclosed vehicles with an interior cavity that can be exploited to carry and deliver drug payloads. The biological activities and targeting capacities of glucans depend largely on the recognition of glucan moieties by receptors such as dectin-1 and complement receptor 3, which are widely expressed on the cell membranes of mononuclear phagocytes, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and some lymphocytes. This review summarizes the chemical structures, sources, fundamental properties, extraction methods, and applications of these materials, with an emphasis on drug delivery. Glucans are utilized mainly as vaccine adjuvants, targeting ligands and as carrier materials for various drug entities. It is believed that glucans and glucan microparticles may be useful for the delivery of both small-molecule and macromolecular drugs, especially for potential treatment of immune-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hewei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Rongze Han
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China; Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China; Fudan Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li D, Chen M, Meng X, Sun Y, Liu R, Sun T. Extraction, purification, structural characteristics, bioactivity and potential applications of polysaccharides from Avena sativa L.: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130891. [PMID: 38493821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Avena sativa L. (A. sativa L.), commonly known as oat, is a significant cereal grain crop with excellent edible and medicinal value. Oat polysaccharides (OPs), the major bioactive components of A. sativa L., have received considerable attention due to their beneficial bioactivities. However, the isolation and purification methods of OPs lack innovation, and the structure-activity relationship remains unexplored. This review emphatically summarized recent progress in the extraction and purification methods, structural characteristics, biological activities, structure-to-function associations and the potential application status of OPs. Different materials and isolation methods can result in the differences in the structure and bioactivity of OPs. OPs are mainly composed of various monosaccharide constituents, including glucose, arabinose and mannose, along with galactose, xylose and rhamnose in different molar ratios and types of glycosidic bonds. OPs exhibited a broad molecular weight distribution, ranging from 1.34 × 105 Da to 4.1 × 106 Da. Moreover, structure-activity relationships demonstrated that the monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, linkage types, and chemical modifications are closely related to their multiple bioactivities, including immunomodulatory activity, antioxidant effect, anti-inflammatory activity, antitumor effects etc. This work can provide comprehensive knowledge, update information and promising directions for future exploitation and application of OPs as therapeutic agents and multifunctional food additives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology; Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Mengjie Chen
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology; Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Xianwei Meng
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology; Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology; Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China.
| | - Rui Liu
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology; Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China.
| | - Tiedong Sun
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xu Y, Liu X, Ma M, Wang M, Hua W, Yao T, Sui Z. Structural and rheological characterization of water-soluble and alkaline-soluble fibers from hulless barley. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:2897-2906. [PMID: 38018273 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highland hulless barley has garnered attention as a promising economic product and a potential healthy food ingredient. The present study aimed to comprehensively investigate the molecular structure of extractable fibers obtained from a specific highland hulless barley. Water-soluble fiber (WSF) and alkaline-soluble fiber (ASF) were extracted using enzymatic digestion and an alkaline method, respectively. The purified fibers underwent a thorough investigation for their structural characterization. RESULTS The monosaccharide composition revealed that WSF primarily consisted of glucose (91.7%), whereas ASF was composed of arabinose (54.5%) and xylose (45.5%), indicating the presence of an arabinoxylan molecule with an A/X ratio of 1.2. The refined structural information was further confirmed through methylation, 1 H NMR and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analyses. WSF fiber exclusively exhibited α-anomeric patterns, suggesting it was an α-glucan. It has a low molecular weight of 5 kDa, as determined by gel permeation chromatography. Conversely, ASF was identified as a heavily branched arabinoxylan with 41.55% of '→2,3,4)-Xylp-(1→' linkages. ASF and WSF exhibited notable differences in their morphology, water absorption capabilities and rheological properties. CONCLUSION Based on these findings, molecular models of WSF and ASF were proposed. The deep characterization of these fiber structures provides valuable insights into their physicochemical and functional properties, thereby unlocking their potential applications in the food industry. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Xu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoning Liu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengting Ma
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingming Wang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifeng Hua
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianming Yao
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Zhongquan Sui
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Paesani C, Lammers TCGL, Sciarini LS, Moiraghi M, Pérez GT, Fabi JP. Effect of chemical, thermal, and enzymatic processing of wheat bran on the solubilization, technological and biological properties of non-starch polysaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 328:121747. [PMID: 38220355 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Wheat bran is a low-cost by-product with significant nutritional value, but it is primarily utilized in animal feed applications. This study sought to investigate chemical methodologies for modifying the wheat bran's structure, enhancing non-starch polysaccharides solubility in water, and assessing alterations in functional and biological attributes. Chemical modifications were conducted under aqueous, alkaline, acid, and oxidizing conditions. Parameters such as yield, monosaccharides, arabinoxylans, β-glucan and phenolic content, molecular weight, functional properties, and prebiotic in vitro capacity were examined. The samples exhibited higher yields than the control, particularly in alkaline and acidic extractions. Notably, all soluble polysaccharide fractions (SPF) displayed a reduced molecular weight (<25KDa). β-glucan contents were raised in alkaline and acid extractions compared to the control, despite only in alkaline extraction were observed increase in arabinoxylans, confirmed by enzymatic-driven linkage analyses. Phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activities were low across all SPF. The samples showed heightened solubility, minimal foaming, and reduced water absorption properties. An alkaline extraction demonstrated a potential high prebiotic effect. Most samples showed positive relative growth and prebiotic activity for Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. This study suggests that an alkaline extraction of wheat by-product could enhance its value by increasing β-glucan content, arabinoxylans release, and prebiotic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candela Paesani
- University of São Paulo, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; ICYTA (Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los alimentos Córdoba), UNC-CONICET, Av. Filloy s/n, Cuidad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Tamy C G L Lammers
- University of São Paulo, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lorena S Sciarini
- ICYTA (Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los alimentos Córdoba), UNC-CONICET, Av. Filloy s/n, Cuidad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Malena Moiraghi
- ICYTA (Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los alimentos Córdoba), UNC-CONICET, Av. Filloy s/n, Cuidad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Gabriela T Pérez
- ICYTA (Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los alimentos Córdoba), UNC-CONICET, Av. Filloy s/n, Cuidad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - João Paulo Fabi
- University of São Paulo, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Food Research Center (FoRC), CEPID-FAPESP, Research Innovation and Dissemination Centers, São Paulo Research Foundation, Rua do Lago, 250, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Food and Nutrition Research Center (NAPAN), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dong QQ, Wu Q, Lu Y, Shi Y, Yang KD, Xu XL, Chen W. Exploring β-glucan as a micro-nano system for oral delivery targeted the colon. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127360. [PMID: 37827417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The critical role of oral colon-specific delivery systems (OCDDS) is important for delivering active agents to the colon and rectum specifically via the oral route. The use of micro/nanostructured OCDDS further improves drug stability, bioavailability, and retention time, leading to enhanced therapeutic effects. However, designing micro/nanoscale OCDDSs is challenging due to pH changes, enzymatic degradation, and systemic absorption and metabolism. Biodegradable natural polysaccharides are a promising solution to these problems, and β-glucan is one of the most promising natural polysaccharides due to its unique structural features, conformational flexibility, and specific processing properties. This review covers the diverse chemical structures of β-glucan, its benefits (biocompatibility, easy modification, and colon-specific degradation), and various β-glucan-based micro/nanosized OCDDSs, as well as their drawbacks. The potential of β-glucan offers exciting new opportunities for colon-specific drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Dong
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, PR China
| | - Qian Wu
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Yi Lu
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Yi Shi
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Ke-Da Yang
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ling Xu
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, PR China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Timm TG, Costa TM, Alberton MD, Helm CV, Tavares LBB. Mushroom β-glucans: application and innovation for food industry and immunotherapy. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12656-4. [PMID: 37410138 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12656-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Among the most important sources of β-glucans are edible and medicinal mushrooms. These molecules are components of the cellular wall of basidiomycete fungi (mushrooms) and can be extracted even from the basidiocarp as the mycelium and its cultivation extracts or biomasses. Mushroom β-glucans are recognized by their potential effects as immunostimulants and immunosuppressants. They are highlighted as anticholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, adjuvant in diabetes mellitus, mycotherapy for cancer treatment, as well as adjuvants for COVID-19 vaccines. Due to their relevance, several techniques of β-glucans extraction, purification, and analysis have already been described. Despite the previous knowledge of β-glucans' benefits for human nutrition and health, the main information about this topic refers to the molecular identification, properties, and benefits, as well as their synthesis and action on cells. Studies on biotechnology industry applications (product development) and the registered products of β-glucans from mushrooms are still limited and more common for feed and healthcare. In this context, this paper reviews the biotechnological production of food products containing β-glucans from basidiomycete fungi, focusing on food enrichment, and presents a new perspective on fungi β-glucans' use as potential immunotherapy agents. KEY POINTS: • Mushrooms' β-glucans for product development in the biotechnology industry • Biotechnological production of food products containing mushrooms' β-glucans • Basidiomycete fungi β-glucans are used as potential immunotherapy agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thaynã Gonçalves Timm
- Environmental Engineering Graduate Program, Regional University of Blumenau, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | | | - Michele Debiasi Alberton
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Regional University of Blumenau, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Vieira Helm
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Research Center of Forestry - Embrapa Florestas, Colombo, Paraná, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li Y, Li C, Muhammad Aqeel S, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Ma J, Zhou J, Li J, Du G, Liu S. Enhanced expression of xylanase in Aspergillus niger enabling a two-step enzymatic pathway for extracting β-glucan from oat bran. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 377:128962. [PMID: 36966944 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The high cost and process complexity limit the enzymatic extraction of β-glucan. In this study, β-glucan was extracted from oat bran in a two-step enzymatic pathway using a recombinant strain of Aspergillus niger AG11 overexpressing the endogenous xylanase (xynA) and amylolytic enzyme. First, co-optimization of promoter and signal peptide and a fusion of glucoamylase (glaA) fragment were integrated into the β-glucosidase (bgl) locus to improve xynA expression. Then, the optimized expression cassette was simultaneously integrated into bgl, α-amylase amyA, and acid α-amylase ammA loci, yielding the Rbya with 3,650-fold and 31.2% increase in xynA and amylolytic enzyme activity than the wild-type strain, respectively. Finally, Rbya's supernatants at 72 h (rich in xynA and amylolytic enzyme) and 10 d (rich in proteases) were used to decompose xylan/starch and proteins in oat bran, respectively, to obtain 85.1% pure β-glucan. Rbya could be a robust candidate for the cost-effective extraction of β-glucan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Cen Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Sahibzada Muhammad Aqeel
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yachan Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Dalian Research Institute of Petrolem and Petrochemicals, SINOPEC, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Jianing Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Song Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Prasad S, Purohit SR. Microbial exopolysaccharide: Sources, stress conditions, properties and application in food and environment: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:124925. [PMID: 37236568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Microbial glucan or exopolysaccharides (EPS) have caught an eye of researchers from decades. The unique characteristics of EPS make it suitable for various food and environmental applications. This review overviews the different types of exopolysaccharides, sources, stress conditions, properties, characterization techniques and applications in food and environment. The yield and production condition of EPS is a major factor affecting the cost and its applications. Stress conditions are very important as it stimulates the microorganism for enhanced EPS production and affects its properties. As far as application is concerned specific properties of EPS such as, hydrophilicity, less oil uptake behavior, film forming ability, adsorption potential have applications in both food and environment sector. Novel and improved method of production, feed stock and right choice of microorganisms with stress conditions are critical for desired functionality and yield of the EPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanstuti Prasad
- Food and Bioprocessing Lab, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Tezpur University, Assam, India
| | - Soumya Ranjan Purohit
- Food and Bioprocessing Lab, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Tezpur University, Assam, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Di Michele A, Gutiérrez CLP, Pagano C, Beccari T, Ceccarini MR, Luzi F, Puglia D, Tensi L, D'Agosto E, Iborra CAV, Ricci M, Perioli L. Formulation and characterization of sustainable bioadhesive films for wound treatment based on barley β-glucan extract obtained using the high power ultrasonic technique. Int J Pharm 2023; 638:122925. [PMID: 37028573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
β-glucan is a well-known functional and bioactive food ingredient. Recently, some studies highlighted several interesting pharmacological activities, such as hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory, antitumor, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. The aim of this study is to evaluate a novel application of β-glucan, obtained from barley, for the development of formulations for skin use. Several water suspensions were obtained from barley flour of different particle sizes treated by high power ultrasonic (HPU) technique. Barley flour fraction in the range of 400-500 μm allowed to obtain a stable suspension, represented both by a water soluble and water insoluble fraction of β-glucans, that showed excellent film forming ability. The plasticizer sorbitol as well as the bioadhesive biopolymer acacia gum were added to this suspension in order to obtain a gel suitable to prepare films by casting. The obtained films demonstrated suitable mechanical properties and ability to stimulate in vitro keratinocytes growth suggesting its possible application in dermatological field as for wound treatment. This study demonstrated the dual use of barley suspension: as excipient and as active ingredient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Laura Pérez Gutiérrez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Cinzia Pagano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Beccari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Luzi
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning (SIMAU), 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Debora Puglia
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Perugia, UdR INSTM, 05100 Terni, Italy
| | - Leonardo Tensi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Elena D'Agosto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - César Antonio Viseras Iborra
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Maurizio Ricci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luana Perioli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gou Z, Peng Z, Wang S, Chen L, Ma Z, Kang Y, Sun L, Wang R, Xu H, Gu Y, Sun D, Lei P. Efficient production and skincare activity evaluation of schizophyllan, a β-glucan derived from Schizophyllum commune NTU-1. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124504. [PMID: 37080406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Schizophyllan (SPG), a β-glucan produced by the fungus Schizophyllum commune, possesses a β-(1 → 3)-linked backbone with single β-(1 → 6)-linked glucose side chains at approximately every third residue. In this study, we screened SPG-producing strains of S. commune from different provinces in China. A candidate strain (NTU-1) with a high SPG yield was chosen, and the fermentation conditions were optimized. The optimal carbon and nitrogen sources were sucrose (40 g/L) and yeast extract (20 g/L), respectively. The optimal conditions for pH and temperature were 5.0 and 28 °C, respectively. Inclusion of 0.2 mg/L of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the medium further increased the SPG concentration. In a 5-L bioreactor, the fermentation cycle was reduced from the initial seven days to five days, and the concentration of SPG obtained was 21.3 g/L, which is the highest reported to date. In addition, we evaluated the bioactivity of the SPG prepared using strain NTU-1. The results showed that SPG had certain characteristics of anti-oxidation, anti-photoaging, and inhibition of melanin production, making it a promising reagent for skin care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zekai Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zhibo Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Liuyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zhicong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yifan Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Liang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Hong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yian Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Dafeng Sun
- Kunming Edible Fungi Institute of All China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives, Kunming 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Peng Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Morales D. Food By-Products and Agro-Industrial Wastes as a Source of β-Glucans for the Formulation of Novel Nutraceuticals. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030460. [PMID: 36986559 PMCID: PMC10051131 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Food and agro-industrial by-products provoke a great environmental and economic impact that must be minimized by adding value to these wastes within the framework of circular economy. The relevance of β-glucans obtained from natural sources (cereals, mushrooms, yeasts, algae, etc.), in terms of their interesting biological activities (hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, immune-modulatory, antioxidant, etc.), has been validated by many scientific publications. Since most of these by-products contain high levels of these polysaccharides or can serve as a substrate of β-glucan-producing species, this work reviewed the scientific literature, searching for studies that utilized food and agro-industrial wastes to obtain β-glucan fractions, attending to the applied procedures for extraction and/or purification, the characterization of the glucans and the tested biological activities. Although the results related to β-glucan production or extraction using wastes are promising, it can be concluded that further research on the glucans’ characterization, and particularly on the biological activities in vitro and in vivo (apart from antioxidant capacity), is required to reach the final goal of formulating novel nutraceuticals based on these molecules and these raw materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Morales
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; or
- Departmental Section of Galenic Pharmacy and Food Technology, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sushytskyi L, Synytsya A, Čopíková J, Lukáč P, Rajsiglová L, Tenti P, Vannucci LE. Perspectives in the Application of High, Medium, and Low Molecular Weight Oat β-d-Glucans in Dietary Nutrition and Food Technology-A Short Overview. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061121. [PMID: 36981048 PMCID: PMC10048208 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
For centuries human civilization has cultivated oats, and now they are consumed in various forms of food, from instant breakfasts to beverages. They are a nutrient-rich food containing linear mixed-linkage (1 → 3) (1 → 4)-β-d-glucans, which are relatively well soluble in water and responsible for various biological effects: the regulation of the blood cholesterol level, as well as being anti-inflammatory, prebiotic, antioxidant, and tumor-preventing. Numerous studies, especially in the last two decades, highlight the differences in the biological properties of the oat β-d-glucan fractions of low, medium, and high molecular weight. These fractions differ in their features due to variations in bioavailability related to the rheological properties of these polysaccharides, and their association with food matrices, purity, and mode of preparation or modification. There is strong evidence that, under different conditions, the molecular weight may determine the potency of oat-extracted β-d-glucans. In this review, we intend to give a concise overview of the properties and studies of the biological activities of oat β-d-glucan preparations depending on their molecular weight and how they represent a prospective ingredient of functional food with the potential to prevent or modulate various pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Sushytskyi
- Department of Carbohydrates and Cereals, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andriy Synytsya
- Department of Carbohydrates and Cereals, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Čopíková
- Department of Carbohydrates and Cereals, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavol Lukáč
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Rajsiglová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Paolo Tenti
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Luca E Vannucci
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shen K, Bao L, Liu M, Lei W, Zhou Q, Ding J, Fang P, Hu B, Wen C, Kumar V, Peng M, Yang G. Dietary supplementation of β-1, 3-glucan improves the intestinal health of white shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei) by modulating intestinal microbiota and inhibiting inflammatory response. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1119902. [PMID: 36793729 PMCID: PMC9922984 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1119902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of intestinal dysfunction is widely observed in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture, and β-1,3-glucan has been confirmed to be beneficial in intestinal health with a lack understanding of its underlying mechanism. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria served as the predominant phyla inhabiting the intestine of white shrimp, whilst a significant variation in their proportion was recorded in shrimp fed with basal and β-1,3-glucan supplementation diets in this study. Dietary supplementation of β-1,3-glucan could dramatically increase the microbial diversity and affect microbial composition, concurrent with a notable reduction in the ratio of opportunistic pathogen Aeromonas, gram-negative microbes, from Gammaproteobacteria compared to the basal diet group. The benefits for microbial diversity and composition by β-1,3-glucan improved the homeostasis of intestinal microbiota through the increase of specialists' number and inhibition of microbial competition caused by Aeromonas in ecological networks; afterward, the inhibition of Aeromonas by β-1,3-glucan diet dramatically suppressed microbial metabolism related to lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, followed by a conspicuous decrease in the intestinal inflammatory response. The improvement of intestinal health referred to the elevation in intestinal immune and antioxidant capacity, ultimately contributing to the growth of shrimp fed β-1,3-glucan. These results suggested that β-1,3-glucan supplementation improved the intestinal health of white shrimp through the modulation of intestinal microbiota homeostasis, the suppression of intestinal inflammatory response, and the elevation of immune and antioxidant capacity, and subsequently promoted the growth of white shrimp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaikai Shen
- Department of Fisheries Science, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lixin Bao
- Department of Fisheries Science, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Muxin Liu
- Department of Fisheries Science, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wen Lei
- Department of Fisheries Science, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Fisheries Science, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiali Ding
- Department of Fisheries Science, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Peng Fang
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Baoqing Hu
- Department of Fisheries Science, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chungen Wen
- Department of Fisheries Science, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Mo Peng
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China,*Correspondence: Gang Yang, ; Mo Peng,
| | - Gang Yang
- Department of Fisheries Science, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China,*Correspondence: Gang Yang, ; Mo Peng,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Amer SA, Attia GA, Aljahmany AA, Mohamed AK, Ali AA, Gouda A, Alagmy GN, Megahed HM, Saber T, Farahat M. Effect of 1,3-Beta Glucans Dietary Addition on the Growth, Intestinal Histology, Blood Biochemical Parameters, Immune Response, and Immune Expression of CD3 and CD20 in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223197. [PMID: 36428424 PMCID: PMC9687024 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment evaluated the impact of the dietary addition of 1,3-β-glucans (GLU) on broiler chickens’ growth, intestinal histology, blood biochemical parameters, and immunity. Two hundred three-day-old male broilers (Ross 308) (97.93 ± 0.19 g/chick) were randomly assigned into four treatments with five replicates, each containing ten birds, in a complete randomized design. The four treatments were formulated with 0, 50, 100, and 150 mg 1,3-β-glucans kg−1 in broiler chicken diets. During the study, no significant impacts (p > 0.05) were observed in weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) between treatment groups. Based on the results of total body weight gain and FCR, the optimal level of 1,3-β-glucan is 120 mg Kg−1. The intestinal histomorphology was improved by GLU supplementation, as indicated by increased villi height and villi height to crypt depth ratio (p < 0.01). All levels of supplemental β-1,3 glucan decreased the serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride levels, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (p < 0.05). The serum levels of growth hormones (GH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) were increased in GLU-supplemented groups (p < 0.05). The serum immune indices (lysozyme activity, interleukin 10 (IL10), complement 3 (C3), and total protein levels) were increased in the GLU-supplemented groups (p < 0.05). Dietary GLU up-regulated the immunoexpression of CD3 (T-cell marker) and CD20 (B-cell marker) in the spleen of birds (p < 0.01). It can be concluded that 1,3-β-glucan can be added to broiler chicken diets for improving the development and integrity of the intestine and enhancing the bird’s immune status. The optimal level for 1,3-β-glucan dietary supplementation was 120 mg Kg−1. Dietary 1,3-β-glucan has a hypolipidemic effect and improves the hormonal profile of birds without affecting their growth rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa A. Amer
- Department of Nutrition & Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Ghadeer A. Attia
- Department of Nutrition & Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Abed Alsalam Aljahmany
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, 255, Al Nakhil, Bisha 67714, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aya K. Mohamed
- Department of Nutrition & Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Amer Al Ali
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, 255, Al Nakhil, Bisha 67714, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Gouda
- Animal Production Department, Agricultural & Biological Research Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo 11865, Egypt
| | - Gehan N. Alagmy
- Department of Pathology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Hend M. Megahed
- Department of Biochemistry, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center ARC, Zagazig Branch, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Taisir Saber
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Farahat
- Department of Nutrition & Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mushroom β-Glucan Recovered from Antler-Type Fruiting Body of Ganoderma lucidum by Enzymatic Process and Its Potential Biological Activities for Cosmeceutical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194202. [PMID: 36236150 PMCID: PMC9573635 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms are incredibly valuable macro fungi that are an important and integral part of the ecosystem. In addition to being used as cuisine, mushrooms have been used for medicinal purposes for many centuries. This research applied a process for recovering β-glucan (BG) from the antler-type fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum as well as tested the biological activities related to cosmeceutical applications. The characterization of complex structure was performed by fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (MNR) spectroscopies. The obtained extract contained 40.57% BG and 7.47% protein, with the detectable bioactivities of anti-tyrosinase and antioxidation. Consequently, it showed the activity that can be used to whiten the skin by reducing or inhibiting the process of skin pigmentation. The BG also showed moderate activities of anti-collagenase, anti-elastase, and anti-hyaluronidase. The test by the HET-CAM confirmed no skin irritation of the complex extract. Based on human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) test, the BG had no significant inhibiting effect on cell viability. In addition, the obtained BG had functional properties higher than commercially available BG, especially oil-binding capacity. These findings provided new insights into the potential application of G. lucidum BG as a polymeric material in the cosmeceutical industries.
Collapse
|
16
|
ÖZKAN A, KÜPELİ S, ÇİL M, SEZGİN G, BAYRAM İ. Pediatrik sarkom hastalarında profilaktik beta-glukan kullanımının nötropenik ateş sıklığı ve sağkalım üzerine etkisi. CUKUROVA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.17826/cumj.1039267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Some patients with cancer use herbal therapy as an adjunct while receiving conventional cancer treatments. Beta-glucans have direct cytotoxic effects on cancer cells as well as stimulatory effects on the immune system. In this study, a nutritional supplement containing 1,3-1,6 beta-glucan obtained from baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was used by patients diagnosed with sarcoma, and this study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the effect of beta-glucan use on the incidence of neutropenic fever (NF) and survival rates.
Materials and Methods: Among the patients diagnosed with sarcoma between 2014 and 2017, 27 patients who used beta-glucan were included in the beta-glucan group, and 31 patients who did not use beta-glucan were included in the control group. The clinical records of patients were retrospectively analyzed.
Results: The number of patients who had NF and the mean length of hospital stay due to NF were higher in the beta-glucan group than those in the control group, but the results were not statistically significant. The overall survival rates at 5 years were 83.3% and 52.9% and event-free survival rates at 5 years were 48.1% and 71% in the beta-glucan and control groups, respectively.
Conclusion: The effect of prophylactic beta-glucan use on the incidence of NF and survival rates in pediatric patients with sarcoma should be evaluated more reliably in further prospective studies on a large patient group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe ÖZKAN
- Pediatrik Onkoloji Bilim Dalı ve Pediatrik Kemik İliği Transplantasyon Ünitesi
| | | | - Metin ÇİL
- ÇUKUROVA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, TIP FAKÜLTESİ
| | - Gülay SEZGİN
- ÇUKUROVA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, TIP FAKÜLTESİ, DAHİLİ TIP BİLİMLERİ BÖLÜMÜ
| | - İbrahim BAYRAM
- ÇUKUROVA ÜNİVERSİTESİ, TIP FAKÜLTESİ, DAHİLİ TIP BİLİMLERİ BÖLÜMÜ
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ebrahimi Monfared K, Gharachorloo M, Jafarpour A, Varvani J. Effect of storage and packaging conditions on physicochemical and bioactivity of matcha‐enriched muesli containing probiotic bacteria. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiamehr Ebrahimi Monfared
- Ph D Student of the Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Maryam Gharachorloo
- Associate Professor of the Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Afshin Jafarpour
- Assistant Professor of the Department of Food Science and Technology, Garmsar Branch Islamic Azad University Garmsar Iran
| | - Javad Varvani
- Associate Professor of the Department of Environment, Arak Branch Islamic Azad University Arak Iran
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nutrient Deprivation Coupled with High Light Exposure for Bioactive Chrysolaminarin Production in the Marine Microalga Isochrysis zhangjiangensis. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060351. [PMID: 35736154 PMCID: PMC9225646 DOI: 10.3390/md20060351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chrysolaminarin, a kind of water-soluble bioactive β-glucan produced by certain microalgae, is a potential candidate for food/pharmaceutical applications. This study identified a marine microalga Isochrysis zhangjiangensis, in which chrysolaminarin production was investigated via nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur) deprivations (-N, -P, or -S conditions) along with an increase in light intensity. A characterization of the antioxidant activities of the chrysolaminarin produced under each condition was also conducted. The results showed that nutrient deprivation caused a significant increase in chrysolaminarin accumulation, though this was accompanied by diminished biomass production and photosynthetic activity. -S was the best strategy to induce chrysolaminarin accumulation. An increase in light intensity from 80 (LL) to 150 (HL) µE·m−2·s−1 further enhanced chrysolaminarin production. Compared with -N, -S caused more suitable stress and reduced carbon allocation toward neutral lipid production, which enabled a higher chrysolaminarin accumulation capacity. The highest chrysolaminarin content and concentration reached 41.7% of dry weight (%DW) and 632.2 mg/L, respectively, under HL-S, with a corresponding productivity of 155.1 mg/L/day achieved, which exceeds most of the photoautotrophic microalgae previously reported. The chrysolaminarin produced under HL-N (Iz-N) had a relatively competitive hydroxyl radical scavenging activity at low concentrations, while the chrysolaminarin produced under HL-S (Iz-S) exhibited an overall better activity, comparable to the commercial yeast β-glucan, demonstrating I. zhangjiangensis as a promising bioactive chrysolaminarin producer from CO2.
Collapse
|
19
|
Hu M, Zhang P, Wang R, Zhou M, Pang N, Cui X, Ge X, Liu X, Huang XF, Yu Y. Three Different Types of β-Glucans Enhance Cognition: The Role of the Gut-Brain Axis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:848930. [PMID: 35308288 PMCID: PMC8927932 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.848930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary fiber is fermented in the lower gastrointestinal tract, potentially impacting the microbial ecosystem and thus may improve elements of cognition and brain function via the gut-brain axis. β-glucans, soluble dietary fiber, have different macrostructures and may exhibit different effects on the gut-brain axis. This study aimed to compare the effects of β-glucans from mushroom, curdlan and oats bran, representing β-(1,3)/(1,6)-glucan, β-(1,3)-glucan or β-(1,3)/(1,4)-glucan, on cognition and the gut-brain axis. Methods C57BL/6J mice were fed with either control diet or diets supplemented with β-glucans from mushroom, curdlan and oats bran for 15 weeks. The cognitive functions were evaluated by using the temporal order memory and Y-maze tests. The parameters of the gut-brain axis were examined, including the synaptic proteins and ultrastructure and microglia status in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC), as well as colonic immune response and mucus thickness and gut microbiota profiles. Results All three supplementations with β-glucans enhanced the temporal order recognition memory. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the post-synaptic protein 95 (PSD95) increased in the PFC. Furthermore, mushroom β-glucan significantly increased the post-synaptic thickness of synaptic ultrastructure in the PFC whilst the other two β-glucans had no significant effect. Three β-glucan supplementations decreased the microglia number in the PFC and hippocampus, and affected complement C3 and cytokines expression differentially. In the colon, every β-glucan supplementation increased the number of CD206 positive cells and promoted the expression of IL-10 and reduced IL-6 and TNF-α expression. The correlation analysis highlights that degree of cognitive behavior improved by β-glucan supplementations was significantly associated with microglia status in the hippocampus and PFC and the number of colonic M2 macrophages. In addition, only β-glucan from oat bran altered gut microbiota and enhanced intestinal mucus. Conclusions We firstly demonstrated long-term supplementation of β-glucans enhanced recognition memory. Comparing the effects of β-glucans on the gut-brain axis, we found that β-glucans with different molecular structures exhibit differentia actions on synapses, inflammation in the brain and gut, and gut microbiota. This study may shed light on how to select appropriate β-glucans as supplementation for the prevention of cognitive deficit or improving immune function clinically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Menglu Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ning Pang
- Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoying Cui
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Xing Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI) and School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Yinghua Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yinghua Yu ;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
geng L, Li M, Zhang G, Ye L. Barley: a potential cereal for producing healthy and functional foods. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Barley is the fourth largest cereal crop in the world. It is mainly used for feeding, beer production and food. Barley is receiving more attention from both agricultural and food scientists because of its special chemical composition and health benefits. In comparison with other cereal crops, including wheat, rice and maize, barley grains are rich in dietary fiber (such as β-glucan) and tocols, which are beneficial to human health. It is well proved that diets rich in those chemicals can provide protection against hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Barley has been widely recognized to be great potential as a healthy or functional food. In this review, we present the information about the studies on physical structure of barley grain and the distribution of main chemical components, nutrient and functional composition of barley grain and their health benefits, and the approaches of improving and utilizing the nutrient and functional chemicals in barley grain. With the development of processing technologies, functional components in barley grains, especially β-glucan, can be efficiently extracted and concentrated. Moreover, nutrient and functional components in barley grains can be efficiently improved by precise breeding and agronomic approaches. The review highlights the great potential of barley used as healthy and functional foods, and may be instructive for better utilization of barley in food processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- La geng
- Agronomy Department, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengdi Li
- Agronomy Department, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Agronomy Department, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lingzhen Ye
- Agronomy Department, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang University Zhongyuan Institute, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sheng Z, Wen L, Yang B. Structure identification of a polysaccharide in mushroom Lingzhi spore and its immunomodulatory activity. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 278:118939. [PMID: 34973757 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum spore serves as a well-known immunomodulatory functional food in Asia. The polysaccharides in G. lucidum spore are responsible for the claimed immunomodulatory activity. However, the structural information of polysaccharides remains unclear. In this work, the leading water-soluble polysaccharide in G. lucidum spore (GLSP-I) with a molecular weight of 128.0 kDa was isolated and purified. The monosaccharide composition analysed by gas chromatography indicated that GLSP-I was a glucan. Three side chains, including Glc-(1 → 3)-Glc-(1 → 3)-Glc-(1 → 6)-Glc, Glc-(1 → 6)-Glc-(1 → 6)-Glc-(1 → 6)-Glc and Glc-(1 → 3)-Glc-(1 → 3)-Glc-(1 → 3)-Glc-(1 → 3)-Glc, were identified by UPLC-MS/MS. The structural characteristics were further identified by NMR spectra. The results indicated that the backbone of GLSP-I was (1 → 3)-β-D-glucan, with side chains linking at O-6. The proposed structure was drawn as below. The immunomodulatory activity assay indicated that GLSP-I could activate macrophages in a dose-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Sheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Core Botanical Gardens, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Lingrong Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Core Botanical Gardens, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Bao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Core Botanical Gardens, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
The Extraction, Functionalities and Applications of Plant Polysaccharides in Fermented Foods: A Review. Foods 2021; 10:foods10123004. [PMID: 34945554 PMCID: PMC8701727 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant polysaccharides, as prebiotics, fat substitutes, stabilizers, thickeners, gelling agents, thickeners and emulsifiers, have been immensely studied for improving the texture, taste and stability of fermented foods. However, their biological activities in fermented foods are not yet properly addressed in the literature. This review summarizes the classification, chemical structure, extraction and purification methods of plant polysaccharides, investigates their functionalities in fermented foods, especially the biological activities and health benefits. This review may provide references for the development of innovative fermented foods containing plant polysaccharides that are beneficial to health.
Collapse
|
23
|
Li Y, You M, Liu H, Liu X. Comparison of distribution and physicochemical properties of β-glucan extracted from different fractions of highland barley grains. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 189:91-99. [PMID: 34418418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Highland barley grains were roller-milled to produce five different fractions (B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, and B-5). The distribution and physicochemical properties of β-glucans from five roller-milled fractions were investigated. The B-4 fraction contained the highest concentration of β-glucan (4.40%), and the outermost bran (B-1) had the lowest β-glucan content (1.01%). Besides, β-glucans from inner core B-5 (BG-5) had higher Mw (6.482 × 105 g/mol), whereas β-glucans from outer bran B-1 (BG-1) showed lower Mw (5.859 × 104 g/mol) than those from other fractions. Accordingly, the viscosity of BG-5 was highest (0.038-0.365 Pa·s), and the water solubility index of BG-1 was highest (50.43-90.71%). BG-5 showed stronger foam stability and emulsifying properties but weaker foaming capability, while BG-1 exhibited stronger foaming capability. The foaming capability and emulsifying properties of β-glucan samples were better under the neutral condition (pH = 7). The foam capabilities of all β-glucan samples displayed higher values at 65 °C, and emulsifying properties exhibited higher values at 45 °C. This study is expected to promote the application of highland barley β-glucans in food industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Maolan You
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Haibo Liu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; College of Food, XinYang Agriculture and Forestry University, XinYang 464000, China
| | - Xiong Liu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Biotechnological Addition of β-Glucans from Cereals, Mushrooms and Yeasts in Foods and Animal Feed. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9111889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Varied cereal plants including, mushrooms, yeast, bacteria and algae are important sources of β-glucans, and many extraction procedures have been used in order to recover these valuable naturally occurring polysaccharides. The rheological and molecular properties of β-glucans can be utilized to be incorporated into various foods and to offer properties extremely beneficial to human health. Their functional effects are mainly determined by their molecular and structural characteristics. Consumption of foods fortified and enriched with β-glucans can contribute to the treatment of certain chronic diseases. Reduced cholesterol, cardiovascular and diabetic risk and moderate glycemic response of foods have been recorded with the consumption of these biologically active compounds. In addition, β-glucans are characterized by anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities. As β-glucans interact with the foods in which they are incorporated, this review aims to discuss recent applications with quality and nutritional results of β-glucans incorporation with foods such as beverages, dairy, bakery, meat and pasta products, as well as their addition in animal feeds and their uses in other fields such as medicine.
Collapse
|
25
|
Chen J, Yang J, Du H, Aslam M, Wang W, Chen W, Li T, Liu Z, Liu X. Laminarin, a Major Polysaccharide in Stramenopiles. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:576. [PMID: 34677475 PMCID: PMC8541152 DOI: 10.3390/md19100576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
During the processes of primary and secondary endosymbiosis, different microalgae evolved to synthesis different storage polysaccharides. In stramenopiles, the main storage polysaccharides are β-1,3-glucan, or laminarin, in vacuoles. Currently, laminarin is gaining considerable attention due to its application in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceuticals industries, and also its importance in global biogeochemical cycles (especially in the ocean carbon cycle). In this review, the structures, composition, contents, and bioactivity of laminarin were summarized in different algae. It was shown that the general features of laminarin are species-dependence. Furthermore, the proposed biosynthesis and catabolism pathways of laminarin, functions of key genes, and diel regulation of laminarin were also depicted and comprehensively discussed for the first time. However, the complete pathways, functions of genes, and diel regulatory mechanisms of laminarin require more biomolecular studies. This review provides more useful information and identifies the knowledge gap regarding the future studies of laminarin and its applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jichen Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (J.C.); (H.D.); (M.A.); (W.W.); (W.C.); (T.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Jianchao Yang
- Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yantai 265500, China;
| | - Hong Du
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (J.C.); (H.D.); (M.A.); (W.W.); (W.C.); (T.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Muhmmad Aslam
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (J.C.); (H.D.); (M.A.); (W.W.); (W.C.); (T.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Wanna Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (J.C.); (H.D.); (M.A.); (W.W.); (W.C.); (T.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Weizhou Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (J.C.); (H.D.); (M.A.); (W.W.); (W.C.); (T.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Tangcheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (J.C.); (H.D.); (M.A.); (W.W.); (W.C.); (T.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Zhengyi Liu
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China;
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, STU-UNIVPM Joint Algal Research Center, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (J.C.); (H.D.); (M.A.); (W.W.); (W.C.); (T.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510000, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ma M, Li Y, Chen J, Wang F, Yuan L, Li Y, Zhang B, Ye D, Han D, Jin H, Hu Q. High-cell-density cultivation of the flagellate alga Poterioochromonas malhamensis for biomanufacturing the water-soluble β-1,3-glucan with multiple biological activities. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 337:125447. [PMID: 34186327 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The microalga Poterioochromonas malhamensis was found to be capable of accumulating the storage β-1,3-glucan in soluble form under heterotrophic conditions. In this study, the highest biomass yield of 32.8 g L-1 was achieved by combining the utilization of ammonium chloride as the nitrogen source, simultaneous addition of vitamins B1 and B12 and maintenance of pH at 6.0. Sugar profiling and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis indicated that the P. malhamensis β-1,3-glucan was composed of glucose with the β-(1 → 3) main chain and the β-(1 → 6) side chain. Under the optimal cultivation conditions, the cellular β-1,3-glucan content was up to 55% of the cell dry weight. Moreover, the P. malhamensis β-1,3-glucan could significantly promote the fin regeneration and improve the in vivo antioxidative activity of zebrafish. This study underpins the feasibility of culturing P. malhamensis under heterotrophic conditions for producing the highly water-soluble bioactive β-1,3-glucans for food and pharmaceutical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Ma
- Center for Microalgal Biotechnology and Biofuels, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Yanhua Li
- Center for Microalgal Biotechnology and Biofuels, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Center for Microalgal Biotechnology and Biofuels, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Fuchen Wang
- Center for Microalgal Biotechnology and Biofuels, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Li Yuan
- Center for Microalgal Biotechnology and Biofuels, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Baocai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, PR China
| | - Ding Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Danxiang Han
- Center for Microalgal Biotechnology and Biofuels, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; Key Laboratory for Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, PR China
| | - Hu Jin
- Center for Microalgal Biotechnology and Biofuels, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| | - Qiang Hu
- Center for Microalgal Biotechnology and Biofuels, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; Key Laboratory for Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Watanabe K, Yamano M, Masujima Y, Ohue-Kitano R, Kimura I. Curdlan intake changes gut microbial composition, short-chain fatty acid production, and bile acid transformation in mice. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 27:101095. [PMID: 34401531 PMCID: PMC8358642 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Indigestible polysaccharides, such as dietary fibers, benefit the host by improving the intestinal environment. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbial fermentation from dietary fibers exert various physiological effects. The bacterial polysaccharide curdlan benefits the host intestinal environment, although its effect on energy metabolism and SCFA production remains unclear. Hence, this study aimed to elucidate the effect of curdlan intake on gut microbial profiles, SCFA production, and energy metabolism in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model. Gut microbial composition of fecal samples from curdlan-supplemented HFD-fed mice indicated an elevated abundance of Bacteroidetes, whereas a reduced abundance of Firmicutes was noted at the phylum level compared with that in cellulose-supplemented HFD-fed mice. Moreover, curdlan supplementation resulted in an abundance of the family Bacteroidales S24-7 and Erysipelotrichaceae, and a reduction in Deferribacteres in the feces. Furthermore, curdlan supplementation elevated fecal SCFA levels, particularly butyrate. Although body weight and fat mass were not affected by curdlan supplementation in HFD-induced obese mice, HFD-induced hyperglycemia was significantly suppressed with an increase in plasma insulin and incretin GLP-1 levels. Curdlan supplementation elevated fecal bile acid and SCFA production, improved host metabolic functions by altering the gut microbial composition in mice. Curdlan improves gut microbial composition in high-fat diet-fed (HFD) mice. The effects of HFD-induced hyperglycemia are mitigated by curdlan supplementation. Curdlan supplementation increases plasma insulin and GLP-1 levels. Curdlan increases fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and secondary bile acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keita Watanabe
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mayu Yamano
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Masujima
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ohue-Kitano
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Conway E, Sweeney T, Dowley A, Maher S, Rajauria G, Yadav S, Wilson J, Gabrielli W, O'Doherty JV. The effects of mushroom powder and vitamin D 2 -enriched mushroom powder supplementation on the growth performance and health of newly weaned pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 106:517-527. [PMID: 34302391 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A complete randomised block design experiment was conducted to examine the effects of mushroom powder (MP) and vitamin D2 -enriched mushroom powder (MPD2 ) on growth performance, faecal scores, coefficient of apparent total tract digestibility (CATTD) of nutrients and selected microflora in weaned pigs up to day 35 post-weaning. One hundred and ninety-two weaned pigs (7.8kg [SD 1.08kg]) were blocked according to live weight, sex and litter of origin and randomly assigned to the following: (T1) control diet; (T2) control diet +MP; (T3) control diet + MPD2 ; and (T4) control diet +zinc oxide (ZnO) (n = 12 replicates/treatment). Mushroom powders were included at 2 g/kg of feed achieving a β-glucan content of 200ppm. ZnO was included at 3100 mg/kg feed and halved to 1550 mg/kg after 21 days. Vitamin D content was enhanced in MPD2 using synthetic UVB exposure to obtain a vitamin D2 level of 100 µg/kg of feed. Faecal samples were collected on day 14 for microbial and nutrient digestibility analysis. There was no difference (p > 0.05) in ADG, G:F, faecal scores, microbial populations and CATTD of nutrients in pigs supplemented with MP or MPD2 compared with the control diet. The supplementation of MP and MPD2 caused a reduction (p < 0.05) in feed intake compared with the control and ZnO diet throughout the 35-day experimental period. ZnO supplementation increased ADG and ADFI (p < 0.05) during the first period (D0-21) compared with pigs offered MP and MPD2 . In conclusion, MP and MPD2 supplementation resulted in similar ADG, G:F, faecal scores compared with the control but were not comparable to ZnO, mainly due to a reduction in feed intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eadaoin Conway
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Torres Sweeney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Alison Dowley
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Shane Maher
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Gaurav Rajauria
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Supriya Yadav
- Mbio, Monaghan Mushroom Group, Tyholland, Co., Monaghan, Ireland
| | - Jude Wilson
- Mbio, Monaghan Mushroom Group, Tyholland, Co., Monaghan, Ireland
| | | | - John V O'Doherty
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Comparative Highly Efficient Production of β-glucan by Lasiodiplodia theobromae CCT 3966 and Its Multiscale Characterization. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation7030108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lasiodiplodan, a (1→6)-β-d-glucan, is an exopolysaccharide with high commercial value and many applications in food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Current industrial production of β-glucans from crops is mostly by chemical routes generating hazardous and toxic waste. Therefore, alternative sustainable and eco-friendly pathways are highly desirable. Here, we have studied the lasiodiplodan production from sugarcane bagasse (SCB), a major lignocellulosic agricultural residue, by Lasiodiplodia theobromae CCT 3966. Lasiodiplodan accumulated on SCB hydrolysate (carbon source) supplemented with soybean bran or rice bran (nitrogen source) was 16.2 [6.8 × 103 Da] and 22.0 [7.6 × 103 Da] g/L, respectively. Lasiodiplodan showed high purity, low solubility, pseudoplastic behavior and was composed of glucose units. Moreover, the exopolysaccharides were substantially amorphous with moderate thermal stability and similar degradation temperatures. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the highest production of SCB-based lasiodiplodan to date. L. theobromae, as a microbial cell factory, demonstrated the commercial potential for the sustainable production of lasiodiplodan from renewable biomass feedstock.
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu H, Li Y, You M, Liu X. Comparison of physicochemical properties of β-glucans extracted from hull-less barley bran by different methods. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:1192-1199. [PMID: 33989685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, four extraction methods, including ultrasonic extraction (UE), hot water extraction (HWE), microwave extraction (ME), and microwave-assisted ultrasonic extraction (MUE) were utilized to extract β-glucan from hull-less barley bran. Extraction yields and physicochemical properties of β-glucans extracted by different methods were investigated. The MUE displayed a highest extraction yield (2.16%) within shorter extraction time. Besides, β-glucans extracted by MUE (MUE-G) had higher number-average molecular weight (Mn) (3.415 × 105), whereas β-glucans extracted by UE (UE-G) showed lower Mn (2.257 × 105) as compared to other methods. Accordingly, apparent viscosity of MUE-G was highest, while water solubility index of UE-G was highest (34.18-88.81%) at tested temperature ranges (25-95 °C). The MUE-G shower stronger foam stability and emulsifying properties and weaker foaming capability, while UE-G exhibited stronger foaming capability. The foaming capability and emulsifying properties of β-glucan products were better in neutral solutions (pH = 7) than in the acidic (pH = 4) and alkaline (pH = 9).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Liu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; College of Food, XinYang Agriculture and Forestry University, XinYang 464000, China
| | - Yao Li
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Maolan You
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiong Liu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Muthuramalingam K, Kim Y, Cho M. β-glucan, "the knight of health sector": critical insights on physiochemical heterogeneities, action mechanisms and health implications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:6908-6931. [PMID: 33819119 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1908221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
β-glucans, the class of biological response modifier has unceasing attention, not only for its immune stimulating but also for its role as prebiotics, modulator of physiological events etc. and is widely used in the treatment of cancer, diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, cardiovascular diseases etc. However, β-glucan with different physiochemical properties is found to have discrete clinical functions and thus careful selection of the types of β-glucan plays pivotal role in providing significant and expected clinical outcome. Herein this review, we presented the factors responsible for diverse functional properties of β-glucan, their distinct mode of actions in regulating human health etc. Further, clinical aspects of different β-glucans toward the management of wound care, metabolic dysbiosis, fatty liver disorders and endurance training associated energy metabolism were compiled and exhibited in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karthika Muthuramalingam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmee Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonjae Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Medical Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Preparation and Characterization of Fish Skin Collagen Material Modified with β-Glucan as Potential Wound Dressing. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14061322. [PMID: 33801809 PMCID: PMC8000014 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Collagen possesses unique properties, e.g., biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxicity. However, collagen material degrades too quickly and has low mechanical properties. One of the methods of polymers' modification is mixing them to obtain blends. In this study, the influence of β-glucan for collagen material was analyzed. The interaction between the functional groups of the polymer was analyzed by ATR-FTIR (attenuated total reflection-fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy. The influence of β-glucan on mechanical properties was evaluated. The surface properties of materials were assessed using contact angle measurements and the topography of materials was evaluated by AFM (atomic force microscope). The structure of materials was analyzed according to SEM (scanning electron microscopy) pictures. Moreover, the DPPH-free radicals' scavenging ability and biocompatibility against erythrocytes and HaCaT cells were evaluated. Collagen and β-glucan were bound together by a hydrogen bond. β-glucan addition increased the roughness of the surface of the film and resulted in a more rigid character of the materials. A small addition of β-glucan to collagen provided a more hydrophilic character. All the materials could swell in in vitro conditions and showed antioxidant activity. Materials do not cause erythrocyte hemolysis. Finely, our cytotoxicity studies indicated that β-glucan can be safely added at small (10% or less) quantity to collagen matrix, they sufficiently support cell growth, and the degradation products of such matrices may actually provide some beneficial effects to the surrounding cells/tissues.
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Cereal β-glucan is a type of valuable dietary fiber that mainly exists in the aleurone, subaleurone, and endosperm of some cereal grains. β-Glucan is acknowledged as a functional food ingredient owing to its multiple health benefits, including the prevention of diabetes, reduction in the incidence of cardiovascular disease, antitumor effects, antioxidant activities, and immunostimulation. It is well documented that cellulose synthase-like CslF/H/J genes encode synthases responsible for β-glucan biosynthesis in cereal grains. Recently, β-glucan has been widely applied as an emulsion stabilizer, thickening agent, fat substitute, and bioactive ingredient in the food industry due to its water solubility, viscosity, gelation property, and health benefits. Therefore, the present paper aims to review the molecular characteristics, synthase gene family, and food application of cereal β-glucan in recent years.
Collapse
|
34
|
Schmidt M. Cereal beta-glucans: an underutilized health endorsing food ingredient. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:3281-3300. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1864619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Schmidt
- Department of Safety and Quality of Cereals, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Detmold, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Xia WH, Wang L, Niu XD, Wang JH, Wang YM, Li QL, Wang ZY. Supplementation with beta-1,3-glucan improves productivity, immunity and antioxidative status in transition Holstein cows. Res Vet Sci 2020; 134:120-126. [PMID: 33360572 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cows undergo dramatic physiological changes during the transition from late pregnancy to early lactation, which make them vulnerable to metabolic stress and immune dysfunction. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a commercial beta-1,3-glucan product (Aleta™, containing 50% beta-1,3-glucan) on productivity, immunity and antioxidative status in transition cows. Fifty-four multiparous Holstein cows received a control diet or a diet supplemented with 5 or 10 g of beta-1,3-glucan per cow per day from 21 days before expected calving to 21 days after parturition. Blood samples were collected at day -21, 1, and 21 relative to calving. Colostrum and milk were collected at day 1 and 21 after calving, respectively. Data showed that supplementation with beta-1,3-glucan had no effect on milk composition, but increased milk production. Beta-1,3-glucan treatment also improved the milk quality, as shown by reduced milk somatic cell count and increased immunoglobulin levels in colostrum. Notably, beta-1,3-glucan markedly reduced serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein, while elevated serum immunoglobulin levels, indicating its immunity enhancement in transition cows. Moreover, beta-1,3-glucan addition reduced the serum malondialdehyde level and enhanced the activities of serum superoxide dismutase and catalase, which enhanced the antioxidative capacity in transition cows. In summary, supplementation with beta-1,3-glucan improves productivity, immunity and antioxidative status in transition dairy cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hao Xia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, China
| | - Xu-Dong Niu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, China
| | - Jun-Hong Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan-Ming Wang
- Kemin (China) Technologies Animal Nutrition and Health, Zhuhai 519040, China
| | - Qing-Lei Li
- Shandong Hi-speed Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Jinan 251400, China
| | - Zhen-Yong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Application of extracted β-glucan from oat for β-carotene encapsulation. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2020; 58:2641-2650. [PMID: 34194099 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04770-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The cell walls of cereals are rich sources of polysaccharide β-glucan. In this study, the β-glucan was extracted from oat bran using the hot-water extraction method and dried in a pure powder form. The concentration of the β-glucan in the extract was determined using the l-cysteine sulfuric acid method. The results showed that the yield of β-glucan using the hot-water extraction method is the highest compared to its yield achieved by enzymatic, acid, and alkaline methods. In this paper, the usage of the β-glucan as a coating material for a water-insoluble carotenoid is considered. This study demonstrates for the first time the encapsulation of β-carotene with modified octanoic acid β-glucan. It implements to obtain a stable encapsulated polysaccharide-carotenoid system, which has been studied by a set of physicochemical methods and a cytotoxic analysis was performed on the HCT-116 cell line. The SEM image of the resulting encapsulated system is perfectly correlated with the DLS data, which has determined the size of MG capsules at 200 nm. The cytotoxic analysis demonstrates that the cell viability was more than 70%, which indicates its potential using in the food industry. Graphic abstract
Collapse
|
37
|
Song J, Chen H, Wei Y, Liu J. Synthesis of carboxymethylated β-glucan from naked barley bran and its antibacterial activity and mechanism against Staphylococcus aureus. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 242:116418. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
38
|
Effects of beta-1,3-glucan supplementation on concentrations of serum metabolites in transition Holstein cows. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:250-256. [PMID: 32659488 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objectives of this study were to evaluate the alleviating effects of a commercial beta-1,3-glucan product (Aleta, containing 50% beta-1,3-glucan, Kemin Industries) on metabolic stress in transition Holstein cows as reflected by circulating metabolites and enzymes. Fifty-four multiparous Holstein cows were randomly allocated to three groups with 18 cows each. Cows in each group received a commercial basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with Aleta calculated to supply 5 or 10 g of Aleta per cow per day. Blood samples were collected at day -21, 1, and 21 relative to calving for determination of serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), glucose, insulin, β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA). Supplementation with Aleta markedly elevated serum concentrations of TG, TC, HDLC, LDL-C and VLDL, implying its positive effect on lipid metabolism in transition dairy cows. Aleta treatment significantly decreased the serum concentrations of NEFA and BHBA, but markedly elevated the serum concentrations of glucose and insulin. Also, Aleta treatment significantly elevated the dry matter intake and milk production in postpartum cows, indicating the alleviating effect of Aleta on negative energy balance in transition cows. Moreover, Aleta treatment significantly reduced the serum activities of AST, ALT and GGT, indicating its hepatoprotective effect on transition cows. These results suggest that Aleta supplementation may help to improve fat metabolism disorder initiated by negative energy balance in transition dairy cows.
Collapse
|
39
|
Purification, Preliminary Structural Characterization, and In Vitro Inhibitory Effect on Digestive Enzymes by β-Glucan from Qingke (Tibetan Hulless Barley). ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/2709536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective. Qingke (Tibetan hulless barley, Hordeum vulgare L.) contains a high content of β-glucan among all the cereal varieties. Although β-glucan has multiple physiological functions, the physiological function of qingke β-glucan was few studied. In this study, the β-glucan was isolated, purified, determined the structural characterization, and measured the inhibitory activity to enzymes correlating blood sugar and lipid. Methods. β-Glucan was isolated from enzymatic aqueous extract of qingke by using deproteinization, decolorization, DEAE-52 column chromatography, and sepharose CL-4B agarose gel column chromatography. The structure of the β-glucan was determined using FT-IR and 13C-NMR spectra analysis, and molecular mass by use of HPSEC-dRI-LS. The kinematic viscosity was measured. The inhibitory effects of this β-glucan on four enzymes were investigated. Results. This β-glucan had a uniform molecular weight of 201,000 Da with β-(1⟶4) as the main chain and β-(1⟶3) as a side chain. The β-glucan presented a relatively strong inhibitory activity on α-glucosidase, moderate inhibition on invertase, and a weak inhibition on α-amylase, whereas it did not inhibit lipase. Conclusion. The study indicates that the enzymatic β-glucan from qingke has the potential as natural auxiliary hypoglycemic additives in functional medicine or foods.
Collapse
|
40
|
Different aggregation states of barley β-glucan molecules affects their solution behavior: A comparative analysis. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
41
|
Guo H, Feng KL, Zhou J, Liu L, Wei SY, Zhao L, Qin W, Gan RY, Wu DT. Carboxymethylation of Qingke β-glucans and their physicochemical properties and biological activities. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 147:200-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
42
|
Guo H, Li HY, Liu L, Wu CY, Liu H, Zhao L, Zhang Q, Liu YT, Li SQ, Qin W, Wu DT. Effects of sulfated modification on the physicochemical properties and biological activities of β-glucans from Qingke (Tibetan hulless barley). Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 141:41-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
43
|
APPLICATION OF CO-BIOPROCESSING TECHNIQUES (ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS AND FERMANTATION) FOR IMPROVING THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF WHEAT BRAN AS FOOD FUNCTIONAL INGREDIENS. EUREKA: LIFE SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.21303/2504-5695.2019.00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Last time the food industry pays the great attention to questions, connected with changing existing technologies for raising the efficacy of the raw materials complex processing and increasing the output of high-quality products and food ingredients with a minimal amount of waste. Cereal crops are the most reach source of functional ingredients and main component in the human food ration. The technological process of cereal crops processing at enterprises is closely connected with creating a great number of secondary raw material resources and its further utilization.
For confirming the efficacy of using secondary products of grain processing as cheap raw material resources of dietary fiber and physiologically functional ingredients, there is characterized the accessibility of their biotransformation that gives a possibility to get biologically active substances of different chemical nature with a wide spectrum of physiological effects.
Secondary products of cereal crops processing (bran) are multi-component substrates, formed of different histological layers of wheat grains after comminution, consisted of (external pericarp, internal pericarp, grain coat, hyaline and aleurone layer of a grain coat).
Wheat bran is rich in dietary fiber, nutritive and phytochemical substances, that is why, it is most often used for feeding animals. But for today there are important proofs of using it in the food industry.
The development of new innovative technologies, modern achievements in microbiology and biotechnology have an important value for secondary products of grain processing, because they allow to conduct directed technological processes at the qualitatively new level that provides using soft regimes of vegetable raw materials processing, allowing to preserve natural biologically active substances and nutrients.
The modeling of the combined complex processing that includes enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation by microorganisms improves technological, sensor and also nutritive and physiologically functional properties of wheat bran at the expanse of: bioavailability increase of phenol compounds, vitamins and minerals, assimilability of proteins and decrease of the content of anti-nutritive compounds.
Enzymatic preparations allow to use vegetable raw materials rationally, to intensify technological processes, in such a way increasing the output of biologically active substances and to widen the assortment of created products. The process of wheat bran formation results in increasing the nutritional value, enriching the biopolymeric complex with probiotic microorganisms and prebiotic substances.
Based on the structural peculiarities and multicomponent composition of wheat bran, presented and studied in the article, it has been established, that the use of the directed modification allows to get functional ingredients and products with set properties that influence the human health favorably. So, wheat bran must be used not only in agriculture as a cattle fodder, but also in the food industry.
Collapse
|
44
|
Ullah S, Khalil AA, Shaukat F, Song Y. Sources, Extraction and Biomedical Properties of Polysaccharides. Foods 2019; 8:E304. [PMID: 31374889 PMCID: PMC6723881 DOI: 10.3390/foods8080304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent era, bioactive compounds from plants have received great attention because of their vital health-related activities, such as antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, anticoagulant activity, anti-diabetic activity, UV protection, antiviral activity, hypoglycemia, etc. Previous studies have already shown that polysaccharides found in plants are not likely to be toxic. Based on these inspirational comments, most research focused on the isolation, identification, and bioactivities of polysaccharides. A large number of biologically active polysaccharides have been isolated with varying structural and biological activities. In this review, a comprehensive summary is provided of the recent developments in the physical and chemical properties as well as biological activities of polysaccharides from a number of important natural sources, such as wheat bran, orange peel, barely, fungi, algae, lichen, etc. This review also focused on biomedical applications of polysaccharides. The contents presented in this review will be useful as a reference for future research as well as for the extraction and application of these bioactive polysaccharides as a therapeutic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samee Ullah
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, Center for Functional Foods and Health, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Anees Ahmed Khalil
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Faryal Shaukat
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, Center for Functional Foods and Health, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, Center for Functional Foods and Health, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Geller A, Shrestha R, Yan J. Yeast-Derived β-Glucan in Cancer: Novel Uses of a Traditional Therapeutic. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3618. [PMID: 31344853 PMCID: PMC6695648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An increased understanding of the complex mechanisms at play within the tumor microenvironment (TME) has emphasized the need for the development of strategies that target immune cells within the TME. Therapeutics that render the TME immune-reactive have a vast potential for establishing effective cancer interventions. One such intervention is β-glucan, a natural compound with immune-stimulatory and immunomodulatory potential that has long been considered an important anti-cancer therapeutic. β-glucan has the ability to modulate the TME both by bridging the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system and by modulating the phenotype of immune-suppressive cells to be immune-stimulatory. New roles for β-glucan in cancer therapy are also emerging through an evolving understanding that β-glucan is involved in a concept called trained immunity, where innate cells take on memory phenotypes. Additionally, the hollow structure of particulate β-glucan has recently been harnessed to utilize particulate β-glucan as a delivery vesicle. These new concepts, along with the emerging success of combinatorial approaches to cancer treatment involving β-glucan, suggest that β-glucan may play an essential role in future strategies to prevent and inhibit tumor growth. This review emphasizes the various characteristics of β-glucan, with an emphasis on fungal β-glucan, and highlights novel approaches of β-glucan in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Geller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Rejeena Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jun Yan
- Immuno-Oncology Program, Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, The James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
β-Glucan, a dietary fiber in effective prevention of lifestyle diseases – An insight. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2019.100187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
47
|
Harasym J, Żyła E, Dziendzikowska K, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J. Proteinaceous Residue Removal from Oat β-Glucan Extracts Obtained by Alkaline Water Extraction. Molecules 2019; 24:E1729. [PMID: 31058866 PMCID: PMC6539924 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Wet methods of 1-3, 1-4 -β-D-glucan isolation from cereals differ mainly in the type of grain fraction used as raw material, the solid-liquid ratio of β-glucan in raw material vs. solvent used, and the type of aqueous solvent modification (alkali, neutral or acidic). All these factors impact the characterization of the residues finally found in extracts. Oat bran is a rich source of globulin fraction which can be transferred into the extracts, especially when a high pH is employed. Methods: A multi-stage (enzymatic and acidic) purification procedure was performed to remove the residues, especially starch and protein, from β-glucan isolates from oat of different molar mass. Pancreatin, thermostable α-amylase, amyloglucosidase, and papain were used for consecutive residue removal. Three levels of low pH = 4.5, 3.5 and 3.0 were also tested for effective protein precipitation. Results: The starch hydrolysis and liquefaction significantly facilitate the proteinaceous matter removal although papain usage showed an intensive unfavorable impact on β-glucan molar mass. Soluble protein content was significantly decreased after pancreatin and α-amylase treatment, while the significant reduction of amine nitrogen was noted after complete starch hydrolysis and a second acidification step. Conclusions: A complex procedure employing different enzymes is needed to successfully reduce the possibly bioactive residues in isolated oat β-glucan fractions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Harasym
- Adaptive Food Systems Accelerator⁻Research Centre, Wrocław University of Economics, Komandorska 118/120, 53-345 Wrocław, Poland.
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Analysis, Wrocław University of Economics, Komandorska 118/120, 53-345 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Ewa Żyła
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Dziendzikowska
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Gromadzka-Ostrowska
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Effect of different enzymatic extractions on molecular weight distribution, rheological and microstructural properties of barley bran β-glucan. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 126:298-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
49
|
Ciudad-Mulero M, Fernández-Ruiz V, Matallana-González MC, Morales P. Dietary fiber sources and human benefits: The case study of cereal and pseudocereals. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2019; 90:83-134. [PMID: 31445601 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fiber (DF) includes the remnants of the edible part of plants and analogous carbohydrates that are resistant to digestion and absorption in the human small intestine with complete or partial fermentation in the human large intestine. DF can be classified into two main groups according to its solubility, namely insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) that mainly consists on cell wall components, including cellulose, some hemicelluloses, lignin and resistant starch, and soluble dietary fiber (SDF) that consists of non-cellulosic polysaccharides as non-digestible oligosaccharides, arabinoxylans (AX), β-glucans, some hemicelluloses, pectins, gums, mucilages and inulin. The intake of DF is associated with health benefits. IDF can contribute to the normal function of the intestinal tract and it has an important role in the prevention of colonic diverticulosis and constipation. SDF is extensively fermented by gut microbiota and it is associated with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, with important health benefits due to its hypocholesterolemic properties. Due to these nutritional and health properties, DF is widely used as functional ingredients in food industry, being whole grain cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables the main sources of DF. Also some synthetic sources are employed, namely polydextrose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose or cyclodextrins. The DF content of cereals varies depending on cultivars, their botanical components (pericarp, emdosperm and germ) and the processing conditions they have undergone (baking, extrusion, etc.). In cereal grains, AX are the predominant non-cellulose DF polysaccharides followed by cellulose and β-glucans, while in pseudocereals, pectins are quantitatively predominant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Ciudad-Mulero
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Fernández-Ruiz
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª Cruz Matallana-González
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Morales
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Combest S, Warren C. Perceptions of college students in consuming whole grain foods made with Brewers' Spent Grain. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:225-237. [PMID: 30680176 PMCID: PMC6341135 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One-third of all food produced for human consumption is wasted producing landfill accumulation and greenhouse gas emissions. Brewers' Spent Grains (BSGs) are the leftover grains from beer production, and each year approximately 30 million tons of BSG is generated globally by the brewing industry. Reclaiming BSG as a potential human food source is an opportunity for reducing food waste in the food supply chain. Six focus groups were conducted using 37 college students to determine their consumption of whole grains, perceptions of whole grains versus refined grains, and interest in or barriers related to consuming and purchasing foods made with BSG. Focus groups were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using constant comparative analysis to identify themes and discover relationships among the study aims. Thirteen themes emerged from focus group discussions with Concept of Health, Sensory, and Experience with BSG representing the top three discussed. Participants believed whole grains are healthier and contain more nutrients than refined grains. Most participants enjoyed the BSG foods provided; however, some noted a darker appearance and lingering fiber particles or aftertaste. Findings indicate participants who are hereditary whole grain consumers are acculturated to whole grain sensory attributes and nutritional benefits and would be more receptive to consuming BSG foods in future studies. We concluded most focus group participants were open to tasting BSG foods, but hereditary whole grain consumers should be the target consumer audience, and educating consumers on sensory attributes, potential health benefits, and environmental benefits is necessary to overcome the barriers associated with BSG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Combest
- Department of Nutrition and Food SciencesTexas Woman's UniversityDentonTexas
| | - Cynthia Warren
- Department of Nutrition and Food SciencesTexas Woman's UniversityDentonTexas
| |
Collapse
|