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Man AWC, Zhou Y, Xia N, Li H. Perivascular Adipose Tissue Oxidative Stress in Obesity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1595. [PMID: 37627590 PMCID: PMC10451984 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) adheres to most systemic blood vessels in the body. Healthy PVAT exerts anticontractile effects on blood vessels and further protects against cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Healthy PVAT regulates vascular homeostasis via secreting an array of adipokine, hormones, and growth factors. Normally, homeostatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) in PVAT act as secondary messengers in various signalling pathways and contribute to vascular tone regulation. Excessive ROS are eliminated by the antioxidant defence system in PVAT. Oxidative stress occurs when the production of ROS exceeds the endogenous antioxidant defence, leading to a redox imbalance. Oxidative stress is a pivotal pathophysiological process in cardiovascular and metabolic complications. In obesity, PVAT becomes dysfunctional and exerts detrimental effects on the blood vessels. Therefore, redox balance in PVAT emerges as a potential pathophysiological mechanism underlying obesity-induced cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we summarise new findings describing different ROS, the major sources of ROS and antioxidant defence in PVAT, as well as potential pharmacological intervention of PVAT oxidative stress in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Huige Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (A.W.C.M.); (Y.Z.); (N.X.)
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2
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Onursal C, Reel B, Bintepe C, Guzeloglu M, Ersoy N, Bagriyanik A. Pioglitazone inhibits oxidative stress, MMP-mediated inflammation and vascular dysfunction in high glucose-induced human saphenous vein grafts. J Diabetes Complications 2023; 37:108421. [PMID: 36905721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pioglitazone on reactive oxygen species (ROS), expressions/activities of MMPs and TIMP-2, and VSMC proliferation and vascular reactivity in high glucose (HG)-induced human saphenous vein (HSV) grafts. METHODS HSV grafts (n = 10) obtained from patients undergoing CABG were incubated with 30 mM glucose and/or 10 μM pioglitazone or 0.1 % DMSO for 24 h after endothelium removal. ROS levels were examined by chemiluminescence assay, MMP-2,-9,-14, TIMP-2, and α-SMA expression/activity was determined by gelatine zymography/immunohistochemistry. Vascular reactivity to potassium chloride, noradrenaline, serotonin, prostaglandin F2α and papaverine was assessed in HSVs. RESULTS HG induced superoxide anion (SA) (123 %) and other ROS levels (159 %), up-regulated MMP-2 expression (180 %)/activity (79 %), MMP-14 expression (24 %) and MMP-9 activity while down-regulating TIMP-2 expression (27 %). HG elevated total MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio (483 %) and MMP-14/TIMP-2 ratio (78 %). However, HG plus pioglitazone inhibited SA (30 %) and other ROS levels (29 %), down-regulated MMP-2 expression (76 %)/activity (83 %), MMP-14 expression (38 %) and MMP-9 activity, while reversing TIMP-2 expression (44 %). HG plus pioglitazone decreased total MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio (91 %) and MMP-14/TIMP-2 ratio (59 %). HG impaired contractions to all agents but pioglitazone improved them. CONCLUSIONS Pioglitazone may contribute to the prevention of restenosis and maintaining vascular function in HSV grafts of DM patients undergoing CABG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceylan Onursal
- Ege University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, 35100 Bornova-Izmir, Turkey
| | - Buket Reel
- Ege University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, 35100 Bornova-Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Caglar Bintepe
- Ege University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, 35100 Bornova-Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Guzeloglu
- Izmir Medical Park Hospital, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, 35575 Karsıyaka-Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nevin Ersoy
- Dokuz Eylul University, School of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, 35340 Inciralti-Izmir, Turkey
| | - Alper Bagriyanik
- Dokuz Eylul University, School of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, 35340 Inciralti-Izmir, Turkey; İzmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, 35340 Inciralti-Izmir, Turkey
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3
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Cheng CK, Ding H, Jiang M, Yin H, Gollasch M, Huang Y. Perivascular adipose tissue: Fine-tuner of vascular redox status and inflammation. Redox Biol 2023; 62:102683. [PMID: 36958248 PMCID: PMC10038789 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) refers to the aggregate of adipose tissue surrounding the vasculature, exhibiting the phenotypes of white, beige and brown adipocytes. PVAT has emerged as an active modulator of vascular homeostasis and pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases in addition to its structural role to provide mechanical support to blood vessels. More specifically, PVAT is closely involved in the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and inflammation along the vascular tree, through the tight interaction between PVAT and cellular components of the vascular wall. Furthermore, the phenotype-genotype of PVAT at different regions of vasculature varies corresponding to different cardiovascular risks. During ageing and obesity, the cellular proportions and signaling pathways of PVAT vary in favor of cardiovascular pathogenesis by promoting ROS generation and inflammation. Physiological means and drugs that alter PVAT mass, components and signaling may provide new therapeutic insights in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we aim to provide an updated understanding towards PVAT in the context of redox regulation, and to highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting PVAT against cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chak Kwong Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Huanyu Ding
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Minchun Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huiyong Yin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Maik Gollasch
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University Medicine Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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4
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Ali S, Alam R, Ahsan H, Khan S. Role of adipokines (omentin and visfatin) in coronary artery disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 33:483-493. [PMID: 36653284 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Adipose tissue is considered as an endocrine organ that releases bioactive factors known as adipokines which contribute to the pathogenesis of rotundity-linked metabolic and cardiovascular complications. Rotundity is a major predisposer for the development and progression of coronary artery disease (CAD). DATA SYNTHESIS The literature survey from various databases such as Pubmed/Medline, DOAJ, Scopus, Clarivate analytics/Web of Science and Google Scholar were used to prepare this article. The epidemic of rotundity has gained significant attention to understand the biology of adipocytes and the metabolism of adipose tissue in obese individuals. In CAD, visfatin/NAMPT was primarily indicated as a clinical marker of atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction and vascular injury having a prognostic significance. Visfatin/NAMPT is a factor that promotes vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Omentin is an anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic adipokine regulating cardiovascular functions. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights and summarizes the scientific information pertaining to the role of the adipokines - omentin and visfatin in CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Integral Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Roshan Alam
- Department of Biochemistry, Integral Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Haseeb Ahsan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Saba Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Integral Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Integral University, Lucknow, India.
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5
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Torres Palazzolo C, Martín Giménez VM, Mazzei L, De Paola M, Quesada I, Cuello Carrión FD, Fornés MW, Camargo AB, Castro C, Manucha W. Consumption of oil macerated with garlic produces renovascular protective effects in adult apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Food Funct 2022; 13:8131-8142. [PMID: 35797719 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01509a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and chronic inflammatory conditions contribute as key determinants in the development of vascular and renal diseases. Organosulfur compounds (OSCs) of oil macerated with garlic (OMG) are promising phytochemicals which could protect us from hyper-inflammation and oxidative stress-induced organ damage. The present work evaluated the effect of OMG intake in apolipoprotein E-knockout (ApoE-KO) mice. Adult female ApoE-KO mice were randomly divided into three groups and fed with control chow, oil-supplemented diet and OMG-supplemented diet. After 8 weeks, the animals were euthanized and blood, aorta, kidneys, liver and abdominal adipose tissues were obtained for further analysis. Biochemical parameters were measured in plasma, lipid peroxidation as malondialdehyde (MDA) levels was determined in the adipose tissue, oil red O was used to stain atherosclerotic lesions, and histological and ultrastructural analyses of the kidneys were performed. Renal expression levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Wilms' Tumor Protein (WT-1) were determined by western blotting and the co-immunoprecipitation assay (p53/WT-1). Also, transmission electron microscopy for studying the expression of mitofusin 2 (Mfn-2) was used to assess mitochondrial damage. The results showed that long-term moderate intake of OMG improved serum triglyceride levels, diminished the atheroma plaque area, and reduced lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, we found a decrease in oxidative and inflammatory markers, less apoptosis and reduced WT-1 expression in the kidneys. Also, OMG increased p53/WT-1 protein interactions and reduced mitochondrial damage. Our findings suggest that OMG intake would produce anti-atherosclerotic, antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects in adult ApoE-KO mice, conferring significant renovascular protective actions in a mechanism mediated, at least in part, by WT-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Torres Palazzolo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, IBAM, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Virna Margarita Martín Giménez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Cs. Químicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad Católica de Cuyo, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Luciana Mazzei
- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Mendoza, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Matilde De Paola
- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Mendoza, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Isabel Quesada
- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Mendoza, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Fernando Darío Cuello Carrión
- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Miguel Walter Fornés
- Andrologic Research Laboratory of Mendoza (LIAM), Histology and Embryology Institute of Mendoza (IHEM), CONICET (National Council of Scientific and Technical Research of Argentina), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Beatríz Camargo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, IBAM, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Claudia Castro
- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Mendoza, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Walter Manucha
- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Mendoza, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Mendoza, Argentina
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Mamopoulos AT, Freyhardt P, Touloumtzidis A, Zapenko A, Katoh M, Gäbel G. Quantification of periaortic adipose tissue in contrast-enhanced CT angiography: technical feasibility and methodological considerations. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2022; 38:1621-1633. [PMID: 35218465 PMCID: PMC11142945 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-022-02561-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To examine the feasibility of the quantification of abdominal periaortic fat tissue (PaFT) (tissue within - 45 to - 195 HU) in enhanced CT-angiographies compared to unenhanced CT-scans and identify methodological issues affecting its clinical implementation. Using OsirixMD, PaFT volume and mean HU value were retrospectively measured within a 5 mm periaortic ring in paired unenhanced and enhanced abdominal aortic CT-scans. The correlation between PaFT values was examined in a derivation cohort (n = 101) and linear regression analysis produced correction factors to convert values from enhanced into values from unenhanced CTs. The conversion factors were then applied to enhanced CTs in a different validation cohort (n = 47) and agreement of corrected enhanced values with values from unenhanced scans was evaluated. Correlation between PaFT Volume und Mean HU from enhanced and unenhanced scans was very high (r > 0.99 and r = 0.95, respectively, p < 0.0001 for both). The correction factors for PaFT Volume and Mean HU were 1.1057 and 1.0011. Potential confounding factors (CT-kilovoltage, slice thickness, mean intraluminal contrast density, aortic wall calcification, longitudinal variation of intraluminal contrast density, aortic diameter) showed no significant effect in a multivariate regression analysis (p > 0.05). Bland-Altman analysis of corrected enhanced and unenhanced values showed excellent agreement and Passing-Bablok regression confirmed minimal/no residual bias. PaFT can be quantified in enhanced CT-angiographies very reliably. PaFT Volume scores are very consistently slightly underestimated in enhanced scans by about 10%, while the PaFT Mean HU value remains practically constant and offers distinct methodological advantages. However, a number of methodological issues remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos T Mamopoulos
- Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University, Kirrbergerstrasse 100, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
- Department of Vascular Surgery, HELIOS Klinikum Krefeld, Lutherplatz 40, 47805, Krefeld, Germany.
| | - Patrick Freyhardt
- Institute for diagnostic and interventional Radiology, HELIOS Klinikum Krefeld, Lutherplatz 40, 47805, Krefeld, Germany
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University Witten/Herdecke, Alfred-Herrhausen-Straße 50, 58455, Witten, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Zapenko
- Department of Vascular Surgery, HELIOS Klinikum Krefeld, Lutherplatz 40, 47805, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Marcus Katoh
- Faculty of Medicine, Saarland University, Kirrbergerstrasse 100, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
- Institute for diagnostic and interventional Radiology, HELIOS Klinikum Krefeld, Lutherplatz 40, 47805, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Gabor Gäbel
- Department of Vascular Surgery, HELIOS Klinikum Krefeld, Lutherplatz 40, 47805, Krefeld, Germany
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7
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Xiang Q, Tian F, Xu J, Du X, Zhang S, Liu L. New insight into dyslipidemia‐induced cellular senescence in atherosclerosis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1844-1867. [PMID: 35569818 PMCID: PMC9541442 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, characterized by lipid‐rich plaques in the arterial wall, is an age‐related disorder and a leading cause of mortality worldwide. However, the specific mechanisms remain complex. Recently, emerging evidence has demonstrated that senescence of various types of cells, such as endothelial cells (ECs), vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), macrophages, endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), and adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) contributes to atherosclerosis. Cellular senescence and atherosclerosis share various causative stimuli, in which dyslipidemia has attracted much attention. Dyslipidemia, mainly referred to elevated plasma levels of atherogenic lipids or lipoproteins, or functional impairment of anti‐atherogenic lipids or lipoproteins, plays a pivotal role both in cellular senescence and atherosclerosis. In this review, we summarize the current evidence for dyslipidemia‐induced cellular senescence during atherosclerosis, with a focus on low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) and its modifications, hydrolysate of triglyceride‐rich lipoproteins (TRLs), and high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), respectively. Furthermore, we describe the underlying mechanisms linking dyslipidemia‐induced cellular senescence and atherosclerosis. Finally, we discuss the senescence‐related therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis, with special attention given to the anti‐atherosclerotic effects of promising geroprotectors as well as anti‐senescence effects of current lipid‐lowering drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunyan Xiang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan 410011 PR China
- Institute of Aging and Age‐related Disease Research Central South University Changsha Hunan 410011 PR China
| | - Feng Tian
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450000 PR China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan 410011 PR China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis Central South University Changsha Hunan 410011 PR China
- Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province Changsha Hunan 410011 PR China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province Changsha Hunan 410011 PR China
| | - Xiao Du
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan 410011 PR China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis Central South University Changsha Hunan 410011 PR China
- Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province Changsha Hunan 410011 PR China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province Changsha Hunan 410011 PR China
| | - Shilan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan 410011 PR China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University Changsha Hunan 410011 PR China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis Central South University Changsha Hunan 410011 PR China
- Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province Changsha Hunan 410011 PR China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province Changsha Hunan 410011 PR China
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8
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Dang Y, Chen X, Ma S, Ma Y, Ma Q, Zhou K, Liu T, Wang K, Hou Y. Association of Pericoronary Adipose Tissue Quality Determined by Dual-Layer Spectral Detector CT With Severity of Coronary Artery Disease: A Preliminary Study. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:720127. [PMID: 34660721 PMCID: PMC8514719 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.720127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pericoronary adipose tissue (PCAT) is considered as a source of inflammatory mediators, leading to the development of coronary atherosclerosis. The study aimed to investigate the correlation between PCAT quality derived from dual-layer spectral detector CT (SDCT) and the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD), and whether PCAT parameters were independently associated with the presence of CAD. Materials and Methods: A total of 403 patients with symptoms of chest pain who underwent SDCT were included. PCAT quality including fat attenuation index (FAI) measured from conventional polychromatic CT images (FAI120kvp) and spectral virtual mono-energetic images at 40 keV (FAI40keV), slope of spectral HU curve (λHU), and effective atomic number (Eff-Z) were measured around the lesions representing the maximal degree of vascular stenosis in each patient. Meanwhile, overall epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) attenuation was acquired in the conventional polychromatic energy imaging. Results: FAI40keV, λHU, Eff-Z, and FAI120kvp increased along with the degree of CAD in general and were superior to the overall EAT attenuation for detecting the presence of CAD. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that FAI40keV was the most powerful independent indicator (odds ratio 1.058, 95% CI 1.044–1.073; p < 0.001) of CAD among these parameters. Using an optimal cut-off (−131.8 HU), FAI40keV showed higher diagnostic accuracy of 80.6% compared with the other parameters. Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest that FAI40keV on SDCT may be an appealing surrogate maker to allow monitoring of PCAT changes in the development of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxue Dang
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xujiao Chen
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shaowei Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Quanmei Ma
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ke Zhou
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kunhua Wang
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Hou
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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9
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Quesada I, de Paola M, Alvarez MS, Hapon MB, Gamarra-Luques C, Castro C. Antioxidant and Anti-atherogenic Properties of Prosopis strombulifera and Tessaria absinthioides Aqueous Extracts: Modulation of NADPH Oxidase-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species. Front Physiol 2021; 12:662833. [PMID: 34335290 PMCID: PMC8322988 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.662833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite popular usage of medicinal plants, their effects as cardiovascular protective agents have not been totally elucidated. We hypothesized that treatment with aqueous extract from Prosopis strombulifera (AEPs) and Tessaria absinthioides (AETa), Argentinian native plants, produces antioxidant effects on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and attenuates atherogenesis on apolipoprotein E-knockout (ApoE-KO) mice. In VSMCs, both extracts (5–40 μg/ml) inhibited 10% fetal calf serum-induced cell proliferation, arrested cell in G2/M phase, reduced angiotensin II-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and decreased NADPH oxidase subunit expression. In ApoE-KO mice, extracts significantly reduced triglycerides and lipid peroxidation [plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)], increased plasma total antioxidant status (TAS), and improved glutathione peroxidase activity in the liver. Under high-fat diet (HFD), both extracts were able to inhibit O2– generation in the aortic tissue and caused a significant regression of atheroma plaques (21.4 ± 1.6% HFD group vs. 10.2 ± 1.2%∗ AEPs group and 14.3 ± 1.0%∗ AETa group; ∗p < 0.01). Consumption of AEPs and AETa produces antioxidant/antimitogenic/anti-atherosclerotic effects, and their use may be beneficial as a complementary strategy regarding cardiovascular disease therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Quesada
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Mendoza, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Matilde de Paola
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Mendoza, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María Soledad Alvarez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María Belén Hapon
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Mendoza, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Carlos Gamarra-Luques
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Mendoza, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Claudia Castro
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), Mendoza, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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10
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Pati P, Valcin JA, Zhang D, Neder TH, Millender-Swain T, Allan JM, Sedaka R, Jin C, Becker BK, Pollock DM, Bailey SM, Pollock JS. Liver circadian clock disruption alters perivascular adipose tissue gene expression and aortic function in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R960-R971. [PMID: 33881363 PMCID: PMC8285618 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00128.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The liver plays a central role that influences cardiovascular disease outcomes through regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. It is recognized that the local liver molecular clock regulates some liver-derived metabolites. However, it is unknown whether the liver clock may impact cardiovascular function. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is a specialized type of adipose tissue surrounding blood vessels. Importantly, cross talk between the endothelium and PVAT via vasoactive factors is critical for vascular function. Therefore, we designed studies to test the hypothesis that cardiovascular function, including PVAT function, is impaired in mice with liver-specific circadian clock disruption. Bmal1 is a core circadian clock gene, thus studies were undertaken in male hepatocyte-specific Bmal1 knockout (HBK) mice and littermate controls (i.e., flox mice). HBK mice showed significantly elevated plasma levels of β-hydroxybutyrate, nonesterified fatty acids/free fatty acids, triglycerides, and insulin-like growth factor 1 compared with flox mice. Thoracic aorta PVAT in HBK mice had increased mRNA expression of several key regulatory and metabolic genes, Ppargc1a, Pparg, Adipoq, Lpl, and Ucp1, suggesting altered PVAT energy metabolism and thermogenesis. Sensitivity to acetylcholine-induced vasorelaxation was significantly decreased in the aortae of HBK mice with PVAT attached compared with aortae of HBK mice with PVAT removed, however, aortic vasorelaxation in flox mice showed no differences with or without attached PVAT. HBK mice had a significantly lower systolic blood pressure during the inactive period of the day. These new findings establish a novel role of the liver circadian clock in regulating PVAT metabolic gene expression and PVAT-mediated aortic vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Pati
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jennifer A Valcin
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Dingguo Zhang
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Thomas H Neder
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Telisha Millender-Swain
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - John Miller Allan
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Randee Sedaka
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Chunhua Jin
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Bryan K Becker
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - David M Pollock
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Shannon M Bailey
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jennifer S Pollock
- Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Pandzic Jaksic V, Grizelj D, Livun A, Ajduk M, Boscic D, Vlasic A, Marusic M, Gizdic B, Kusec R, Jaksic O. Inflammatory Gene Expression in Neck Perivascular and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Men With Carotid Stenosis. Angiology 2021; 73:234-243. [PMID: 33906471 DOI: 10.1177/00033197211012539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory phenotype of neck adipose tissue (NAT) might reflect its involvement in the pathogenesis of carotid atherosclerosis. We investigated inflammatory gene expression in the subcutaneous and the perivascular (pericarotid) adipose tissue from patients with carotid stenosis (CS) undergoing endarterectomy and a control group of patients without significant carotid atherosclerosis undergoing thyroid surgery. Only male patients were included (n = 13 in each study group). Clinical and biochemical data along with serum leptin, adiponectin, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) were collected. Adipose tissue samples were obtained from both the subcutaneous and pericarotid compartments. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to measure gene expression of macrophage markers and adipokines. The CS group had higher subcutaneous and pericarotid visfatin gene expression and higher pericarotid expression of MCP-1 and CD68 genes. The ratio between pericarotid CD206 and CD68 gene expression was similar between study groups. Adiponectin gene expression in both NAT compartments did not differ between groups, but it was negatively associated with body weight. These observations suggest that NAT, and especially the pericarotid compartment, express enhanced inflammatory properties in patients with CS, but the proportion of anti-inflammatory macrophages in advanced atherosclerosis seems to be maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlatka Pandzic Jaksic
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Pharmacology, Dubrava Clinical Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Danijela Grizelj
- Department of Cardiology, Dubrava Clinical Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Livun
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Dubrava Clinical Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Ajduk
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Dubrava Clinical Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Drago Boscic
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dubrava Clinical Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Vlasic
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Dubrava Clinical Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maruska Marusic
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Dubrava Clinical Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Branimir Gizdic
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Dubrava Clinical Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rajko Kusec
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Dubrava Clinical Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Hematology, Dubrava Clinical Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ozren Jaksic
- Department of Hematology, Dubrava Clinical Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
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12
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Meekel JP, Dias-Neto M, Bogunovic N, Conceição G, Sousa-Mendes C, Stoll GR, Leite-Moreira A, Huynh J, Micha D, Eringa EC, Balm R, Blankensteijn JD, Yeung KK. Inflammatory Gene Expression of Human Perivascular Adipose Tissue in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2021; 61:1008-1016. [PMID: 33858751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2021.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) contributes to vascular homeostasis and is increasingly linked to vascular pathology. PVAT density and volume were associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) presence and dimensions on imaging. However, mechanisms underlying the role of PVAT in AAA have not been clarified. This study aimed to explore differences in PVAT from AAA using gene expression and functional tests. METHODS Human aortic PVAT and control subcutaneous adipose tissue were collected during open AAA surgery. Gene analyses and functional tests were performed. The control group consisted of healthy aorta from non-living renal transplant donors. Gene expression tests were performed to study genes potentially involved in various inflammatory processes and AAA related genes. Live PVAT and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) from AAA were used for ex vivo co-culture with smooth muscle cells (SMCs) retrieved from non-pathological aortas. RESULTS Adipose tissue was harvested from 27 AAA patients (n [gene expression] = 22, n [functional tests] = 5) and five control patients. An increased inflammatory gene expression of PTPRC (p = .008), CXCL8 (p = .033), LCK (p = .003), CCL5 (p = .004) and an increase in extracellular matrix breakdown marker MMP9 (p = .016) were found in AAA compared with controls. Also, there was a decreased anti-inflammatory gene expression of PPARG in AAA compared with controls (p = .040). SMC co-cultures from non-pathological aortas with PVAT from AAA showed increased MMP9 (p = .033) and SMTN (p = .008) expression and SAT increased SMTN expression in these SMC. CONCLUSION The data revealed that PVAT from AAA shows an increased pro-inflammatory and matrix metallopeptidase gene expression and decreased anti-inflammatory gene expression. Furthermore, increased expression of genes involved in aneurysm formation was found in healthy SMC co-culture with PVAT of AAA patients. Therefore, PVAT from AAA might contribute to inflammation of the adjacent aortic wall and thereby plays a possible role in AAA pathophysiology. These proposed pathways of inflammatory induction could reveal new therapeutic targets in AAA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorn P Meekel
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, location VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Zaans Medisch Centrum, Zaandam, the Netherlands
| | - Marina Dias-Neto
- Department of Angiology and Vascular Surgery, São João University Hospital Centre, Porto, Portugal; Department of Surgery and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Natalija Bogunovic
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, location VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gloria Conceição
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Claudia Sousa-Mendes
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Gawin R Stoll
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Adelino Leite-Moreira
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Jennifer Huynh
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, location VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dimitra Micha
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, location VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Etto C Eringa
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron Balm
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan D Blankensteijn
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, location VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kak K Yeung
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, location VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Vascular Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, location AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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13
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Chen JY, Wu YP, Li CY, Jheng HF, Kao LZ, Yang CC, Leu SY, Lien IC, Weng WT, Tai HC, Chiou YW, Tang MJ, Tsai PJ, Tsai YS. PPARγ activation improves the microenvironment of perivascular adipose tissue and attenuates aortic stiffening in obesity. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:22. [PMID: 33781257 PMCID: PMC8008548 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00720-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity-related cardiovascular risk, end points, and mortality are strongly related to arterial stiffening. Current therapeutic approaches for arterial stiffening are not focused on direct targeting within the vessel. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) surrounding the artery has been shown to modulate vascular function and inflammation. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activation significantly decreases arterial stiffness and inflammation in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease. Thus, we hypothesized that PPARγ activation alters the PVAT microenvironment, thereby creating a favorable environment for the attenuation of arterial stiffening in obesity. Methods Obese ob/ob mice were used to investigate the effect of PPARγ activation on the attenuation of arterial stiffening. Various cell types, including macrophages, fibroblasts, adipocytes, and vascular smooth muscle cells, were used to test the inhibitory effect of pioglitazone, a PPARγ agonist, on the expression of elastolytic enzymes. Results PPARγ activation by pioglitazone effectively attenuated arterial stiffening in ob/ob mice. This beneficial effect was not associated with the repartitioning of fat from or changes in the browning of the PVAT depot but was strongly related to improvement of the PVAT microenvironment, as evidenced by reduction in the expression of pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative factors. Pioglitazone treatment attenuated obesity-induced elastin fiber fragmentation and elastolytic activity and ameliorated the obesity-induced upregulation of cathepsin S and metalloproteinase 12, predominantly in the PVAT. In vitro, pioglitazone downregulated Ctss and Mmp12 in macrophages, fibroblasts, and adipocytes—cell types residing within the adventitia and PVAT. Ultimately, several PPARγ binding sites were found in Ctss and Mmp12 in Raw 264.7 and 3T3-L1 cells, suggesting a direct regulatory mechanism by which PPARγ activation repressed the expression of Ctss and Mmp-12 in macrophages and fibroblasts. Conclusions PPARγ activation attenuated obesity-induced arterial stiffening and reduced the inflammatory and oxidative status of PVAT. The improvement of the PVAT microenvironment further contributed to the amelioration of elastin fiber fragmentation, elastolytic activity, and upregulated expression of Ctss and Mmp12. Our data highlight the PVAT microenvironment as an important target against arterial stiffening in obesity and provide a novel strategy for the potential clinical use of PPARγ agonists as a therapeutic against arterial stiffness through modulation of PVAT function. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12929-021-00720-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yi Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Pin Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Yi Li
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Huei-Fen Jheng
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,Research and Development Division, National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ling-Zhen Kao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Chun Yang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sy-Ying Leu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - I-Chia Lien
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Tsan Weng
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Haw-Chih Tai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Wei Chiou
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Jer Tang
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.,International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Jane Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yau-Sheng Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC. .,Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC. .,International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC. .,Center of Clinical Medicine Research, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.
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14
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Hu H, Garcia-Barrio M, Jiang ZS, Chen YE, Chang L. Roles of Perivascular Adipose Tissue in Hypertension and Atherosclerosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:736-749. [PMID: 32390459 PMCID: PMC7910418 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), which is present surrounding most blood vessels, from the aorta to the microvasculature of the dermis, is mainly composed of fat cells, fibroblasts, stem cells, mast cells, and nerve cells. Although the PVAT is objectively present, its physiological and pathological significance has long been ignored. Recent Advances: PVAT was considered as a supporting component of blood vessels and a protective cushion to the vessel wall from the neighboring tissues during relaxation and contraction. Nonetheless, further extensive research found that PVAT actively regulates blood vessel tone through PVAT-derived vasoactive factors, including both relaxing and contracting factors. In addition, PVAT contributes to atherosclerosis through paracrine secretion of a large number of bioactive factors such as adipokines and cytokines. Thereby, PVAT regulates the functions of blood vessels through various mechanisms operating directly on PVAT or on the underlying vessel layers, including vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs). Critical Issues: PVAT is a unique adipose tissue that plays an essential role in maintaining the vascular structure and regulating vascular function and homeostasis. This review focuses on recent updates on the various PVAT roles in hypertension and atherosclerosis. Future Directions: Future studies should further investigate the actual contribution of alterations in PVAT metabolism to the overall systemic outcomes of cardiovascular disease, which remains largely unknown. In addition, the messengers and underlying mechanisms responsible for the crosstalk between PVAT and ECs and VSMCs in the vascular wall should be systematically addressed, as well as the contributions of PVAT aging to vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengjing Hu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Minerva Garcia-Barrio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yuqing Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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15
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Barp CG, Bonaventura D, Assreuy J. NO, ROS, RAS, and PVAT: More Than a Soup of Letters. Front Physiol 2021; 12:640021. [PMID: 33643076 PMCID: PMC7902489 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.640021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) has recently entered in the realm of cardiovascular diseases as a putative target for intervention. Notwithstanding its relevance, there is still a long way before the role of PVAT in physiology and pathology is fully understood. The general idea that PVAT anti-contractile effect is beneficial and its pro-contractile effect is harmful is being questioned by several reports. The role of some PVAT important products or systems such as nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and RAS may vary depending on the context, disease, place of production, etc., which adds doubts on how mediators of PVAT anti- and pro-contractile effects are called to action and their final result. This short review will address some points regarding NO, ROS, and RAS in the beneficial and harmful roles of PVAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Germano Barp
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Daniella Bonaventura
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jamil Assreuy
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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16
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Liu Y, Sun Y, Hu C, Liu J, Gao A, Han H, Chai M, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Zhao Y. Perivascular Adipose Tissue as an Indication, Contributor to, and Therapeutic Target for Atherosclerosis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:615503. [PMID: 33391033 PMCID: PMC7775482 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.615503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) has been identified to have significant endocrine and paracrine functions, such as releasing bioactive adipokines, cytokines, and chemokines, rather than a non-physiological structural tissue. Considering the contiguity with the vascular wall, PVAT could play a crucial role in the pathogenic microenvironment of atherosclerosis. Growing clinical evidence has shown an association between PVAT and atherosclerosis. Moreover, based on computed tomography, the fat attenuation index of PVAT was verified as an indication of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. Under pathological conditions, such as obesity and diabetes, PVAT shows a proatherogenic phenotype by increasing the release of factors that induce endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory cell infiltration, thus contributing to atherosclerosis. Growing animal and human studies have investigated the mechanism of the above process, which has yet to be fully elucidated. Furthermore, traditional treatments for atherosclerosis have been proven to act on PVAT, and we found several studies focused on novel drugs that target PVAT for the prevention of atherosclerosis. Emerging as an indication, contributor to, and therapeutic target for atherosclerosis, PVAT warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Chengping Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Ang Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Hongya Han
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Chai
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing, China
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Adipokines and Inflammation: Focus on Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207711. [PMID: 33081064 PMCID: PMC7589803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that adipose tissue, apart from its energy storage function, acts as an endocrine organ that produces and secretes a number of bioactive substances, including hormones commonly known as adipokines. Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases, mainly due to a low grade of inflammation and the excessive fat accumulation produced in this state. The adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity leads to an aberrant release of adipokines, some of them with direct cardiovascular and inflammatory regulatory functions. Inflammation is a common link between obesity and cardiovascular diseases, so this review will summarise the role of the main adipokines implicated in the regulation of the inflammatory processes occurring under the scenario of cardiovascular diseases.
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18
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Perivascular adipose tissue phenotype and sepsis vascular dysfunction: Differential contribution of NO, ROS and beta 3-adrenergic receptor. Life Sci 2020; 254:117819. [PMID: 32442451 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Vascular dysfunction plays a key role in sepsis but the role of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) in this condition is relatively unknown. MAIN METHODS Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The responses of the aorta and superior mesenteric artery to norepinephrine in the presence or absence of PVAT were evaluated. Fluorescent probes measured the production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). NO synthases (NOS) and β3-adrenoceptor expression were detected by immunofluorescence and S-nitrosylation by the biotin switch assay. KEY FINDINGS Aorta and superior mesenteric arteries from septic animals with intact PVAT showed a worsened response to the vasoconstrictor compared to vessels without PVAT. PVAT from the aorta (APVAT) produced NO and ROS whereas PVAT from the superior mesenteric artery (MPVAT) produced only ROS. Septic APVAT exhibited a higher density of NOS-1 and NOS-3. S-nitrosylation was found in APVAT. Donor (PVAT obtained from normal or septic rats):Host (normal vessel without PVAT) experiments showed that L-NAME, ODQ and β3-adrenergic receptor antagonist blocked the septic APVAT anti-contractile effect. None of these compounds affected MPVAT; tempol, but not apocynin, blocked its anti-contractile effect. SIGNIFICANCE PVAT contributes to the anti-contractile effect in the aorta and mesenteric artery of septic rats through different pathways. β3-Adrenergic receptor and NO appear to be key mediators of this effect in APVAT, but not in MPVAT where ROS seem to be a relevant mediator. Therefore, PVAT is a relevant player of sepsis vascular dysfunction.
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19
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Perivascular adipose tissue in age-related vascular disease. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 59:101040. [PMID: 32112889 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), a crucial regulator of vascular homeostasis, is actively involved in vascular dysfunction during aging. PVAT releases various adipocytokines, chemokines and growth factors. In an endocrine and paracrine manner PVAT-derived factors regulate vascular signalling and inflammation modulating functions of adjacent layers of the vasculature. Pathophysiological conditions such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, vascular injury and aging can cause PVAT dysfunction, leading to vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cell dysfunctions. We and others have suggested that PVAT is involved in the inflammatory response of the vascular wall in diet induced obesity animal models leading to vascular dysfunction due to disappearance of the physiological anticontractile effect. Previous studies confirm a crucial role for pinpointed PVAT inflammation in promoting vascular oxidative stress and inflammation in aging, enhancing the risk for development of cardiovascular disease. In this review, we discuss several studies and mechanisms linking PVAT to age-related vascular diseases. An overview of the suggested roles played by PVAT in different disorders associated with the vasculature such as endothelial dysfunction, neointimal formation, aneurysm, vascular contractility and stiffness will be performed. PVAT may be considered a potential target for therapeutic intervention in age-related vascular disease.
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20
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Abstract
Accumulating knowledge on the biology and function of the adipose tissue has led to a major shift in our understanding of its role in health and disease. The adipose tissue is now recognized as a crucial regulator of cardiovascular health, mediated by the secretion of several bioactive products, including adipocytokines, microvesicles and gaseous messengers, with a wide range of endocrine and paracrine effects on the cardiovascular system. The adipose tissue function and secretome are tightly controlled by complex homeostatic mechanisms and local cell-cell interactions, which can become dysregulated in obesity. Systemic or local inflammation and insulin resistance lead to a shift in the adipose tissue secretome from anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic towards a pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic profile. Moreover, the interplay between the adipose tissue and the cardiovascular system is bidirectional, with vascular-derived and heart-derived signals directly affecting adipose tissue biology. In this Review, we summarize the current knowledge of the biology and regional variability of adipose tissue in humans, deciphering the complex molecular mechanisms controlling the crosstalk between the adipose tissue and the cardiovascular system, and their possible clinical translation. In addition, we highlight the latest developments in adipose tissue imaging for cardiovascular risk stratification and discuss how therapeutic targeting of the adipose tissue can improve prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Saxton SN, Clark BJ, Withers SB, Eringa EC, Heagerty AM. Mechanistic Links Between Obesity, Diabetes, and Blood Pressure: Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1701-1763. [PMID: 31339053 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is increasingly prevalent and is associated with substantial cardiovascular risk. Adipose tissue distribution and morphology play a key role in determining the degree of adverse effects, and a key factor in the disease process appears to be the inflammatory cell population in adipose tissue. Healthy adipose tissue secretes a number of vasoactive adipokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and changes to this secretory profile will contribute to pathogenesis in obesity. In this review, we discuss the links between adipokine dysregulation and the development of hypertension and diabetes and explore the potential for manipulating adipose tissue morphology and its immune cell population to improve cardiovascular health in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie N Saxton
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ben J Clark
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarah B Withers
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Etto C Eringa
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anthony M Heagerty
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Nava E, Llorens S. The Local Regulation of Vascular Function: From an Inside-Outside to an Outside-Inside Model. Front Physiol 2019; 10:729. [PMID: 31244683 PMCID: PMC6581701 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the regulation of vascular function, specifically that of vasomotion, has evolved dramatically over the past few decades. The classic conception of a vascular system solely regulated by circulating hormones and sympathetic innervation gave way to a vision of a local regulation. Initially by the so-called, autacoids like prostacyclin, which represented the first endothelium-derived paracrine regulator of smooth muscle. This was the prelude of the EDRF-nitric oxide age that has occupied vascular scientists for nearly 30 years. Endothelial cells revealed to have the ability to generate numerous mediators besides prostacyclin and nitric oxide (NO). The need to classify these substances led to the coining of the terms: endothelium-derived relaxing, hyperpolarizing and contracting factors, which included various prostaglandins, thromboxane A2, endothelin, as well numerous candidates for the hyperpolarizing factor. The opposite layer of the vascular wall, the adventitia, eventually and for a quite short period of time, enjoyed the attention of some vascular physiologists. Adventitial fibroblasts were recognized as paracrine cells to the smooth muscle because of their ability to produce some substances such as superoxide. Remarkably, this took place before our awareness of the functional potential of another adventitial cell, the adipocyte. Possibly, because the perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) was systematically removed during the experiments as considered a non-vascular artifact tissue, it took quite long to be considered a major source of paracrine substances. These are now being integrated in the vast pool of mediators synthesized by adipocytes, known as adipokines. They include hormones involved in metabolic regulation, like leptin or adiponectin; classic vascular mediators like NO, angiotensin II or catecholamines; and inflammatory mediators or adipocytokines. The first substance studied was an anti-contractile factor named adipose-derived relaxing factor of uncertain chemical nature but possibly, some of the relaxing mediators mentioned above are behind this factor. This manuscript intends to review the vascular regulation from the point of view of the paracrine control exerted by the cells present in the vascular environment, namely, endothelial, adventitial, adipocyte and vascular stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Nava
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of Albacete, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Silvia Llorens
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine of Albacete, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
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Si-Miao-Yong-An on promoting the maturation of Vasa Vasorum and stabilizing atherosclerotic plaque in ApoE-/- mice: An experimental study. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 114:108785. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Qi XY, Qu SL, Xiong WH, Rom O, Chang L, Jiang ZS. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) in atherosclerosis: a double-edged sword. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:134. [PMID: 30305178 PMCID: PMC6180425 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0777-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), the adipose tissue that surrounds most of the vasculature, has emerged as an active component of the blood vessel wall regulating vascular homeostasis and affecting the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Although PVAT characteristics resemble both brown and white adipose tissues, recent evidence suggests that PVAT develops from its own distinct precursors implying a closer link between PVAT and vascular system. Under physiological conditions, PVAT has potent anti-atherogenic properties mediated by its ability to secrete various biologically active factors that induce non-shivering thermogenesis and metabolize fatty acids. In contrast, under pathological conditions (mainly obesity), PVAT becomes dysfunctional, loses its thermogenic capacity and secretes pro-inflammatory adipokines that induce endothelial dysfunction and infiltration of inflammatory cells, promoting atherosclerosis development. Since PVAT plays crucial roles in regulating key steps of atherosclerosis development, it may constitute a novel therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. Here, we review the current literature regarding the roles of PVAT in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Qi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Shun-Lin Qu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Wen-Hao Xiong
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Oren Rom
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
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Dias-Neto M, Meekel JP, van Schaik TG, Hoozemans J, Sousa-Nunes F, Henriques-Coelho T, Lely RJ, Wisselink W, Blankensteijn JD, Yeung KK. High Density of Periaortic Adipose Tissue in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2018; 56:663-671. [PMID: 30115505 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is currently seen as a paracrine organ that produces vasoactive substances, including inflammatory agents, which may have an impact on the vasculature. In this study PVAT density was quantified in patients with an aortic aneurysm and compared with those with a non-dilated aorta. Since chronic inflammation, as the pathway to medial thinning, is a hallmark of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), it was hypothesised that PVAT density is higher in AAA patients. METHODS In this multicentre retrospective case control study, three groups of patients were included: non-treated asymptomatic AAA (n = 140), aortoiliac occlusive disease (AIOD) (n = 104), and individuals without aortic pathology (n = 97). A Hounsfield units based analysis was performed by computed tomography (CT). As a proxy for PVAT, the density of adipose tissue 10 mm circumferential to the infrarenal aorta was analysed in each consecutive CT slice. Intra-individual PVAT differences were reported as the difference in PVAT density between the region of the maximum AAA diameter (or the mid-aortic region in patients with AIOD or controls) and the two uppermost slices of infrarenal non-dilated aorta just below the renal arteries. Furthermore, subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissue measurements were performed. Linear models were fitted to assess the association between the study groups, different adipose tissue compartments, and between adipose tissue compartments and aortic dimensions. RESULTS AAA patients presented higher intra-individual PVAT differences, with higher PVAT density around the aneurysm sac than the healthy neck. This association persisted after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors and diseases and other fat compartments (β = 13.175, SE 4.732, p = .006). Furthermore, intra-individual PVAT differences presented the highest correlation with aortic volume that persisted after adjustment for other fat compartments, body mass index, sex, and age (β = 0.566, 0.200, p = .005). CONCLUSION The results suggest a relation between the deposition of PVAT and AAA pathophysiology. Further research should explore the exact underlying processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Dias-Neto
- Department of Angiology and Vascular Surgery, São João Hospital Centre, Porto, Portugal; Cardiovascular Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorn P Meekel
- Department of Vascular Surgery, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Physiology (Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences) VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theodorus G van Schaik
- Department of Vascular Surgery, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Physiology (Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences) VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Hoozemans
- Department of Physiology (Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences) VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fábio Sousa-Nunes
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Rutger J Lely
- Department of Interventional Radiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Wisselink
- Department of Vascular Surgery, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan D Blankensteijn
- Department of Vascular Surgery, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kak K Yeung
- Department of Vascular Surgery, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Physiology (Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences) VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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