Lycopene attenuates chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation via the interaction of NF-κB, MAPKs, and Nrf2 signaling pathways in rats

Ferulic acid via attenuation of oxidative stress and neuro-immune response utilizes antinociceptive effect in mouse model of formalin test

Introduction

Plenty evidences suggests that neuroinflammation and oxidative stress augmented the neural sensitivity specifying that neuro-immune response is involved in the pathophysiology of pain. Ferulic acid (FA), a natural antioxidant found in various fruits, has various pharmacological properties. The purpose of the current study was to assess the antinociceptive effect of FA in a mouse model of formalin test with focus on its anti-neuroinflammatory and antioxidative stress effects.

Methods

The injection of FA (40 mg/kg), piroxicam (2 mg/kg), and saline (0.9% NaCl) (1 ml/kg) was done intraperitoneally and after one hour, formalin injected into the plantar surface of the hind paw of mice. Then pain behavior was documented during 60 min. Then mice were euthanized and prefrontal cortex (PFC) samples were taken. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level, antioxidant capacity and expression of inflammatory genes, counting tumor necrosis factor (TNF-) and interleukine 1 (IL-1) evaluated in the PFC.

Results

exhibited that FA declined the pain behavior following injection of formalin. Besides, FA significantly diminished the MDA level and increased the antioxidant capacity in the PFC. We revealed that FA diminished the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β genes in the PFC.

Conclusion

We conclude that FA exerted antinociceptive effects in the formalin test in mice, at least partially, by reducing oxidative stress and neuroimmune response in the PFC.

Lycopene Protects against Atrazine-Induced Kidney STING-Dependent PANoptosis through Stabilizing mtDNA via Interaction with Sam50/PHB1

Atrazine (ATR) is a widely used herbicide worldwide that can cause kidney damage in humans and animals by accumulation in water and soil. Lycopene (LYC), a carotenoid with numerous biological activities, plays an important role in kidney protection due to its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The current study sought to investigate the role of interactions between mtDNA and the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in LYC mitigating PANoptosis and inflammation in kidneys induced by ATR exposure. In our research, 350 mice were orally administered LYC (5 mg/kg BW/day) and ATR (50 or 200 mg/kg BW/day) for 21 days. Our results reveal that ATR exposure induces a decrease in mtDNA stability, resulting in the release of mtDNA into the cytoplasm through the mPTP pore and the BAX pore and the mobilization of the cGAS-STING pathway, thereby inducing renal PANoptosis and inflammation. LYC can inhibit the above changes caused by ATR. In conclusion, LYC inhibited ATR exposure-induced histopathological changes, renal PANoptosis, and inflammation by inhibiting the cGAS-STING pathway. Our results demonstrate the positive role of LYC in ATR-induced renal injury and provide a new therapeutic target for treating renal diseases in the clinic.

Lycopene in Combination with Insulin Triggers Antioxidant Defenses and Increases the Expression of Components That Detoxify Advanced Glycation Products in Kidneys of Diabetic Rats

BACKGROUND

Biochemical events provoked by oxidative stress and advanced glycation may be inhibited by combining natural bioactives with classic therapeutic agents, which arise as strategies to mitigate diabetic complications. The aim of this study was to investigate whether lycopene combined with a reduced insulin dose is able to control glycemia and to oppose glycoxidative stress in kidneys of diabetic rats.

METHODS

Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were treated with 45 mg/kg lycopene + 1 U/day insulin for 30 days. The study assessed glycemia, insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and paraoxonase 1 (PON-1) activity in plasma. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and the protein levels of advanced glycation end-product receptor 1 (AGE-R1) and glyoxalase-1 (GLO-1) in the kidneys were also investigated.

RESULTS

An effective glycemic control was achieved with lycopene plus insulin, which may be attributed to improvements in insulin sensitivity. The combined therapy decreased the dyslipidemia and increased the PON-1 activity. In the kidneys, lycopene plus insulin increased the activities of SOD and CAT and the levels of AGE-R1 and GLO-1, which may be contributing to the antialbuminuric effect.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings demonstrate that lycopene may aggregate favorable effects to insulin against diabetic complications resulting from glycoxidative stress.

Hedyotis diffusa Willd inhibits inflammation and oxidative stress to protect against chronic prostatitis via the NRF2/ARE signaling pathway

Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a common and serious disease with unclear pathogenesis and recurrent symptoms. Hedyotis diffusa Willd (HDW) has been recognized for its potential in managing various chronic inflammatory diseases. This research aimed to interrogate the mechanism of HDW in treating CP/CPPS. Complete Freund Adjuvant (CFA) and LPS were utilized to establish the rat and cell models of CP/CPPS. Results showed that HDW decreased levels of inflammation-related factors in CP rat prostate tissue and LPS-elicited RWPE-1 cell injury model. Moreover, HDW administration impaired oxidative stress in the prostate and RWPE-1 cells. In addition, HDW treatment activated the NRF2/ARE signaling in rat prostate tissue and cell models. Interestingly, NRF2/ARE pathway inhibitor ML385 reversed the inhibition effects of cell apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress triggered by HDW. In summary, HDW alleviated inflammation and oxidative stress by activating NRF2/ARE signaling in CP/CPPS rat model and human prostate epithelial cell injury model.

Toxicity, biodegradation, and nutritional intervention mechanism of zearalenone

Zearalenone (ZEA), a global mycotoxin commonly found in a variety of grain products and animal feed, causes damage to the gastrointestinal tract, immune organs, liver and reproductive system. Many treatments, including physical, chemical and biological methods, have been reported for the degradation of ZEA. Each degradation method has different degradation efficacies and distinct mechanisms. In this article, the global pollution status, hazard and toxicity of ZEA are summarized. We also review the biological detoxification methods and nutritional regulation strategies for alleviating the toxicity of ZEA. Moreover, we discuss the molecular detoxification mechanism of ZEA to help explore more efficient detoxification methods to better reduce the global pollution and hazard of ZEA.

Extraction optimization and constituent analysis of total flavonoid from Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Aschers flowers and its ameliorative effect on chronic prostatitis via inhibition of multiple inflammatory pathways in rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Aschers flowers (HPF) are well-known for their high flavonoid content, which contribute to their widely as traditional Chinese medicine for alleviating inflammation. Despite their recognized potential, information regarding the total flavonoid (TF) of HPF and its therapeutic application in treating chronic prostatitis (CP) remains unknown.

AIM OF THE STUDY

We aimed to investigate the extraction optimization, constituent analysis, and alleviating effect of TF on CP as well as its potential mechanism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The optimized extraction of TF from HPF was explored using response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken design model. The major flavonoids in TF were identified based on UHPLC-MS approach. Efficacy of TF (25 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) on CP was evaluated in prostate antigen emulsion-induced autoimmune CP rat model by measuring prostatic index, the levels of leukocytes and lecithin bodies, as well as histopathological examination. The protein expression contents were detected by western blotting. Additionally, the antioxidant (DPPH and ABTS) and anti-inflammatory (cyclooxygenase 2, COX-2 inhibitory) effects of TF were also evaluated in vitro.

RESULTS

The optimized conditions for TF extraction were determined as 60% ethanol concentration, 30 mL/g liquid-to-solid ratio, 30 min extraction time, and 90 °C extraction temperature, and the extraction ratio is 65.98 ± 2.14%. A total of 15 major flavonoids in TF were characterized by comparison with reference standards. TF ameliorated the efficacy of CP in rats in a dose-independent manner, including reduced prostatic index and leukocytes levels, elevated lecithin body levels, ameliorated histopathological damage to prostate, and suppressed phosphorylated protein expressions of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) p65, inhibitor of NF-κB alpha (IκBα), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk), just another kinase 1 (JAK1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (Akt). Simultaneously, the IC50 of TF to DPPH, ABTS radicals, and COX-2 were 2.02, 1.79, and 0.0838 mg/mL, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

We first demonstrated that TF from HPF represents a promising candidate to alleviate CP through suppression of NF-κB, MAPKs, JAK-STAT, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways.

The Protective Effects of Bushen Daozhuo Granule on Chronic Non-bacterial Prostatitis

Background: Chronic non-bacterial prostatitis (CNP), one of the most common chronic diseases in urology, leads to pain in the prostate and dysuria, critically affecting the physical or mental health of patients. However, there are no standard treatment approaches for the treatment of CNP in the clinic. Although the clinical application of Bushen Daozhuo granule (BSDZG) offers hope to CNP patients in China, the mechanisms of BSDZG in treating CNP are still not entirely clear. Hence, we aimed to investigate the novel therapeutic mechanisms of BSDZG on CNP. Methods: In this study, we first assayed the prostate index of rats and then determined the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of BSDZG on CNP in vivo and in vitro by employing ELISA kits and TUNEL staining. Next, we investigated whether the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic mechanisms of BSDZG on prostate protein-induced rats and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced RWPE-1 cells were related to the AKT, p38 MAPK, and NF-κB pathways with the help of Western blot. Finally, the influence of BSDZG on the interaction between the p38 MAPK and NF-κB pathway in LPS-induced RWPE-1 cells was explored by adopting dehydrocorydaline (DHC, p38 MAPK activator) with the help of ELISA kits and Western blot. Results: In vivo, BSDZG effectively reduced the prostate index. In vivo and in vitro, BSDZG dramatically declined the level of two pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-1β, as well as the apoptosis rate. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro, BSDZG memorably upregulated the expression level of p-AKT, and substantially downregulated the expression level of p-p38 MAPK and NF-κB2. The activation of p38 MAPK significantly reversed the moderation effects of BSDZG on the level of TNF-α and IL-1β, as well as the expression level of p-p38 MAPK and NF-κB2 in vitro. Conclusion: To sum up, the in vivo and in vitro therapeutic mechanisms of BSDZG on CNP were reflected as the anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis that was formed by inhibiting the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-1β, to regulate the AKT, p38 MAPK, and NF-κB pathways, and the anti-inflammatory effect of BSDZG was realized by suppressing the p38 MAPK pathway to inhibit the downstream NF-κB pathway.

Shuangshi Tonglin capsule improves chronic prostatitis through the SIRT-1/AMPK and MAPK signalling pathways

Objectives

To explore the effects of the Shuangshi Tonglin (SSTL) capsule on CP/CPPS and reveal the therapeutic mechanisms.

Methods

A CP/CPPS rat-model group received an intraprostatic injection of CFA. SSTL capsule were administered daily by oral gavage at doses of 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 g/kg for 28 days. Pain threshold tests were performed, and prostate and blood samples were collected. We performed histological analysis of the prostate tissue and immunohistochemical analysis of TNF-α and COX-2. Measure the TNF-α levels, detect antioxidant levels in serum and prostate tissue, and evaluate the expression of proteins with the AMPK/SIRT-1 and MAPK signalling pathways.

Results

After SSTL capsule treatment, all animals exhibited an increased mechanical pain threshold in the lower abdomen, decreased inflammation in the stroma, and reduced histological structural damage. Inflammation was reduced through the observed decrease in the levels of various inflammatory factors, as well as in the increase of the levels of MDA, p-AMPK, and SIRT-1. The suppression of IKKβ, p-P38, p-ERK and p-JNK was also observed.

Conclusions

SSTL capsule treatment decreased inflammation in the stroma and reduced histological structural damage. It improved CP/CPPS symptoms by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation. Our study indicates that the SSTL capsule is an effective treatment for prostatitis.

Revisiting carotenoids as dietary antioxidants for human health and disease prevention

Humans are unique indiscriminate carotenoid accumulators, so the human body accumulates a wide range of dietary carotenoids of different types and to varying concentrations. Carotenoids were once recognized as physiological antioxidants because of their ability to quench singlet molecular oxygen (1O2). In the 1990s, large-scale intervention studies failed to demonstrate that supplementary β-carotene intake reduces the incidence of lung cancer, although its antioxidant activity was supposed to contribute to the prevention of oxidative stress-induced carcinogenesis. Nevertheless, the antioxidant activity of carotenoids has attracted renewed attention as the pathophysiological role of 1O2 has emerged, and as the ability of dietary carotenoids to induce antioxidant enzymes has been revealed. This review focuses on six major carotenoids from fruit and vegetables and revisits their physiological functions as biological antioxidants from the standpoint of health promotion and disease prevention. β-Carotene 9',10'-oxygenase-derived oxidative metabolites trigger increases in the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Lutein and zeaxanthin selectively accumulate in human macular cells to protect against light-induced macular impairment by acting as antioxidants. Lycopene accumulates exclusively and to high concentrations in the testis, where its antioxidant activity may help to eliminate oxidative damage. Dietary carotenoids appear to exert their antioxidant activity in photo-irradiated skin after their persistent deposition in the skin. An acceptable level of dietary carotenoids for disease prevention should be established because they can have deleterious effects as prooxidants if they accumulate to excess levels. Finally, it is expected that the reason why humans are indiscriminate carotenoid accumulators will be understood soon.

Calycosin protects against chronic prostatitis in rats via inhibition of the p38MAPK/NF-κB pathway

Currently, the effect and molecular mechanism of calycosin, the main active ingredient of Qinshi Simiao San, which can alleviate chronic prostatitis (CP), on CP remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the potential mechanism of action of calycosin in CP in a rat CP model. The prostate tissue morphology was evaluated based on hematoxylin-eosin staining. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was conducted to evaluate inflammatory cytokine and immune factor levels (secretory immunoglobulin A [SIgA]; immunoglobulin G [IgG]) in prostate tissues and serum. Additionally, representative biomarkers of oxidative stress, including malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were detected using detection kits, and reactive oxygen species release was evaluated using immunofluorescence staining. Furthermore, the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK)/NF-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling pathway was analyzed by western blotting. The results showed that calycosin substantially ameliorated the pathological damage to prostate tissues of the CP rats. Moreover, calycosin significantly downregulated interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IgG, and SIgA levels. Furthermore, we found that calycosin considerably suppressed oxidative stress and inhibited the activation of the p38MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway in rats with CP. In summary, our findings revealed that calycosin protects against CP in rats by inhibiting the p38MAPK/NF-κB pathway.

Resolvin D1 Attenuates Inflammation and Pelvic Pain Associated with EAP by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation via the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway

Background

Resolvin D1 (RvD1), a member of the specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators family, has a potent anti-inflammatory effect and alleviates tissue damage. The purpose of the current research was to study the effect of RvD1 on CP/CPPS and the underlying mechanisms using a mouse model of experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP) mice.

Materials and Methods

The EAP mouse model was successfully established, and was used to test the therapeutic effect of RvD1. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and dihydroethidium staining were used to evaluate the histological changes and oxidative stress levels of prostate tissues. Chronic pelvic pain was assessed by applying von Frey filaments to the lower abdomen. The superoxide dismutase enzyme and malondialdehyde levels were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The levels of inflammation-related cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were detected by ELISA.

Results

RvD1 treatment ameliorated prostatic inflammation and the pelvic pain of EAP mice. RvD1 treatment could inhibit activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and oxidative stress. RvD1 treatment could activate Nrf2/HO-1 signaling in mice with EAP. Blockade of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling abolished the RvD1-mediated inhibition of oxidative stress, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the anti-inflammatory effect of RvD1 in EAP.

Conclusion

RvD1 treatment can reduce inflammatory cell infiltration in prostate tissue and attenuate pelvic pain associated with EAP by inhibiting oxidative stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation via the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. These results provide new insights that RvD1 has the potential as an effective agent in the treatment of EAP.

Hyaluronic acid-modified curcumin-copper complex nano delivery system for rapid healing of bacterial prostatitis

Bacterial prostatitis is a bacterial infection of the prostate gland presenting with lower quadrant abdominal pain, urination disorders and poor fertility. In recent years, reports have emerged on the significantly reduced efficacy of fluoroquinolone drugs attributed to multiple drug-resistant bacteria, emphasizing the need for new drugs. In this study, we designed a targeting drug delivery system via curcumin copper complex grafted with hyaluronic acid. Subsequently, the prepared system was characterized using FT-IR, XRD, SEM, XPS and ¹H NMR methods. In addition to the substantial improvement in the solubility of the carrier, its antibacterial performance and targeting ability were improved. Interestingly, the grafting of hyaluronic acid endowed the carrier with excellent CD44 receptor targeting function and good water solubility, and the complexation of copper ions greatly enhanced its antibacterial capability, especially the inhibitory effect on E. coli. The anti-prostatitis effect of the drug was evaluated comprehensively by establishing a bacterial prostatitis model infected by E. coli. Assessment of the anti-prostatitis effects in vivo indicated that the Cur-Cu@HA delivery system could effectively promote recovery from bacterial prostatitis by downregulating inflammation. In conclusion, our Cur-Cu@HA delivery system has great potential for treating bacterial prostatitis.

Amelioration of chronic prostatitis by fractions of Mongolian medicine Hosta plantaginea flowers via inhibition of NF-κB, MAPKs, JAK-STAT, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways in rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Aschers flower is an important Mongolian medicine beneficial in the treatment of chronic prostatitis (CP) in the absence of scientific evidence.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of this study was to reveal the therapeutical effects and potential mechanisms of H. plantaginea flowers extract (HP) and its different polarity fractions (HPA∼D) on autoimmune CP (ACP) model rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly assigned to 13 groups (n = 6/group). Except the sham group, all rats were injected with a mixture of prostate antigen and complete Freund's adjuvant on days 0, 7, and 21 to establish ACP model rats. Afterwards, ACP model rats were orally gavaged with HP or HPA∼D (1 and 4 g/kg of raw herbal material) or positive drug (Prostat, 200 mg/kg) daily from day 21 to day 50 for 30 days, while the sham and model groups were treated simultaneously with isopyknic of 0.3% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. Histopathological analysis, biochemical parameters, and protein expression of prostate tissues were investigated.

RESULTS

In comparison with the model group, all fraction groups experienced improved CP effects, including restored body weight, reduced prostate gland edema and prostate index, decreased prostatic leukocytes, increased prostatic lecithin bodies, and alleviated histopathological damage to prostate tissue. Furthermore, all fraction groups markedly inhibited the phosphorylated protein of nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), NF-κB inhibitor alpha (IκBα), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk), just another kinase 1 (JAK1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and protein kinase B (Akt) than the model group.

CONCLUSION

All fractions of HP exerted significant anti-CP effects by inhibiting NF-κB, MAPKs, JAK-STAT and PI3K-Akt pathways in ACP model rats. These findings provide scientific evidence that H. plantaginea flowers can be used as a pivotal Mongolian medicine in clinical applications for the treatment of CP.

Lycopene ameliorates locomotor activity and urinary frequency induced by pelvic venous congestion in rats

Decreased locomotor activity and altered urinary frequency are induced by bilateral common iliac vein ligation in rats. As a carotenoid, lycopene has a strong anti-oxidative function. This research investigated the function of lycopene in the pelvic venous congestion (PC) rat model and the underlying molecular mechanism. Lycopene and olive oil were administered intragastrically on a daily basis for 4 weeks after successful modeling. Locomotor activity, voiding behavior, and continuous cystometry were analyzed. The levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), nitrate and nitrite (NO _x ), and creatinine in the urine were measured. Gene expression in the bladder wall was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blot. Locomotor activity, single voided volume, the interval between the bladder contractions, and urinary NO _x /cre ratio were all decreased in rats with PC, while the frequency of urination, urinary 8-OHdG/cre ratio, inflammatory responses, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signal activity were all increased. Lycopene treatment increased locomotor activity, decreased frequency of urination, elevated urinary NO _x level, and decreased urinary 8-OHdG level in the PC rat model. Lycopene also inhibited PC-enhanced pro-inflammatory mediator expression and NF-κB signaling pathway activity. In conclusion, lycopene treatment ameliorates PC-induced phenotypes and shows an anti-inflammatory effect in the PC rat model.

New advances in Nrf2-mediated analgesic drugs

BACKGROUND

Oxidative stress is an inevitable process that occurs during life activities, and it can participate in the development of inflammation. Although great progress has been made according to research examining analgesic drugs and therapies, there remains a need to develop new analgesic drugs to fill certain gaps in both the experimental and clinical space.

PURPOSE

This review reports the research and preclinical progress of this class of analgesics by summarizing known nuclear factor E-2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) pathway-modulating substances.

STUDY DESIGN

We searched and reported experiments that intervene in the Nrf2 pathway and its various upstream and downstream molecules for analgesic therapy.

METHODS

The medical literature database (PubMed) was searched for experimental studies examining the reduction of pain in animals through the Nrf2 pathway, the research methods were analyzed, and the pathways were classified and reported according to the pathway of these experimental interventions.

RESULTS

Humans have identified a variety of substances that can fight pain by regulating the expression of Nrf2 and its upstream and downstream pathways.

CONCLUSION

The Nrf2 pathway exerts anti-inflammatory activity by regulating oxidative stress, thereby playing a role in the fight against pain.

Novel Insights into the Role of the Antioxidants in Prostate Pathology

To date, it is known that antioxidants protect cells from damage caused by oxidative stress and associated with pathological conditions. Several studies have established that inflammation is a state that anticipates the neoplastic transformation of the prostate. Although many experimental and clinical data have indicated the efficacy of antioxidants in preventing this form of cancer, the discrepant results, especially from recent large-scale randomized clinical trials, make it difficult to establish a real role for antioxidants in prostate tumor. Despite these concerns, clinical efficacy and safety data show that some antioxidants still hold promise for prostate cancer chemoprevention. Although more studies are needed, in this review, we briefly describe the most common antioxidants that have shown benefits in preclinical and clinical settings, focusing our attention on synthesizing the advances made so far in prostate cancer chemoprevention using antioxidants as interesting molecules for the challenges of future therapies.

Lycopene: a therapeutic strategy against coronavirus disease 19 (COVID- 19)

Lycopene is a group of phytochemicals found in nature, primarily in fruits and vegetables. Lycopene is thought to protect against a variety of diseases attributed to its antioxidant capabilities. Lycopene has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immunity-boosting qualities, among other biological and pharmacological benefits. COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which has recently emerged as one of the world's leading causes of death. Patients may be asymptomatic or show signs of respiratory, cytokine release syndrome, gastrointestinal, or even multiple organ failure, all of which can lead to death. In COVID-19, inflammation, and cytokine storm are the key pathogenic mechanisms, according to SARS-CoV-2 infection symptoms. ARDS develops in some vulnerable hosts, which is accompanied by an inflammatory "cytokine syndrome" that causes lung damage. Immunological and inflammatory markers were linked to disease severity in mild and severe COVID-19 cases, implying that inflammatory markers, including IL-6, CRP, ESR, and PCT were significantly linked with COVID-19 severity. Patients with severe illness have reduced levels of several immune subsets, including CD4 + T, NK, and CD8 + cells. As a result, lycopene can be commended for bolstering physiological defenses against COVID-19 infections.

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for urinary tract stones in pediatric patients: Our 11 years of experience

Background/Aim: Urinary system stone disease creates a significant burden on the health system. Many treatment methods are available, including extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), endourological procedures, and open and laparoscopic procedures. In recent years, in parallel with technological developments, endourological devices have become more usable in the renal system. For this reason, urologists are opting for endourological procedures more frequently. ESWL is the least invasive procedure for urinary system stone disease, and it has a higher success rate in pediatric patients than in adults. In this retrospective cohort study, we analyzed the data from the pediatric cases in which we used ESWL treatment in our clinic. We aimed to reveal the effectiveness of ESWL and the factors that will increase the success rate of this procedure in light of the current literature. Methods: The files of patients aged 16 years and under who underwent ESWL at the Urology Clinic of University of Health Sciences Sanliurfa Mehmet Akif Inan Training and Research Hospital between January 2010 and December 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. Age, gender, stone area, stone localization, number of sessions, energy and frequency used, complete stone-free status, and secondary intervention requirement were recorded. The absence of stone fragments or the presence of fragments smaller than 3 mm only in imaging after ESWL was considered a success. Results: This study included 433 pediatric patients. The mean age of the patients was calculated as 12.02 (4.67) (range: 1–16) years. The most important factors affecting the number of residual stones were stone localization (P = 0.045) and size (P < 0.001). When stone localization was compared according to patient age, the older patients were found to have a significantly higher rate of stones in the proximal ureter than in the lower calyx of the kidney (P = 0.045) and renal pelvis (P = 0.048). Conclusion: Although there are continual advances in other minimally invasive surgical methods today, ESWL is a treatment method that can be safely applied in pediatric patients. Stone size and stone localization are the two most important factors affecting its success rate.

Molecular analysis of microorganisms in the semen and their impact on semen parameters

OBJECTIVE

Chronic genitourinary infections can alter male fertility and even promote carcinogenic processes. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the presence in the semen of microorganisms on semen quality.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Clinical symptoms and conventional and functional seminal parameters of eleven fertile donors and ten volunteers with prostatitis-like symptoms were evaluated. Nitric oxide, antioxidant capacity, and pro-inflammatory cytokines in semen and seminal plasma samples were also quantified. Finally, the expression of the ROR-γT, FoxP3, and T-bet genes in semen and the presence of DNA of microorganisms associated with prostatitis in urine and semen were evaluated.

RESULTS

When compared with fertile donors, volunteers with chronic prostatitis-like symptoms reported erectile dysfunction (0% vs. 10%, p = 0.2825) and premature ejaculation (0% vs. 40%; p = 0.0190). No statistically significant differences were observed in seminal parameters, cytokine measurement, antioxidant capacity, nitric oxide concentration and ROR-γT, FoxP3, T-bet. Microorganisms responsible for sexually transmitted infections and some bacteria associated with the microbiota and infections in the prostate gland were detected. In the semen from the subjects with prostatitis-like symptoms T. vaginalis DNA was detected; in addition, N. gonorrhoeae DNA was also detected in semen and urine samples. S. pyogenes was detected in the urine samples from the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

Prostatitis-like symptoms are a common finding in young men that affect sexual and reproductive health, but not always the seminal parameters or fertility. The presence of prostatitis- like symptoms does not affect seminal quality. However, it appears to be associated with an increased likelihood of erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. Thus, affecting the quality of life and sexual and reproductive health.

Targeting Ferroptosis Attenuates Inflammation, Fibrosis, and Mast Cell Activation in Chronic Prostatitis

Purpose

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a common urological disorder. Although ferroptosis is closely associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and neuropathic pain, its role in CP/CPPS has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, we sought to explore the role and mechanism of ferroptosis in the prostatitis development.

Methods

The experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP) was established through intradermal immunization of prostate extract. Iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) and free radical scavenger edaravone (EDA) were applied to evaluate the effects of ferroptosis inhibition on oxidative stress, ferroptosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and mast cell activation in the context of CP/CPPS.

Results

Increased generation of lipid peroxidation products (ROS and MDA) and decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) suggested an aberrant oxidative stress status in EAP model. Elevated iron concentration was observed in the EAP model. Meanwhile, we discovered significant biological performances associated with ferroptosis in CP/CPPS, including the downregulation of the system Xc^-/GPX4 axis and the upregulation of the ACSL4/LPCAT3 axis. EAP rats performed serious leukocyte infiltration, advanced inflammatory grade, and abnormal expression of inflammatory mediators. Abundant collagen deposition, enhanced RhoA, ROCK1, and α-SMA protein levels indicated that EAP rats were prone to suffer from stromal fibrosis compared with control group. An elevated number of degranulated mast cells and corresponding marker TPSB2 represented that mast cell-sensitized pain was amplified in the EAP model. Furthermore, reduction of NRF2/HO-1 indicated a vulnerability of EAP towards ferroptosis response. However, application of DFO and EDA had partially reversed the adverse influences mentioned above.

Conclusion

We first demonstrated that ferroptosis might be a crucial factor of chronic prostatitis progression. Inhibition of ferroptosis using DFO and EDA represented a promising approach for treating prostatitis by ameliorating inflammation, fibrosis, and mast cell activation.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo effect in clinical trials on chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome

BACKGROUND

It is a common practice to control efficacy of pharmacological treatment with a placebo group. However, placebo itself may affect subjective and even objective results. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the placebo effect on symptoms of CP/CPPS to improve future clinical trials.

METHODS

A search at three databases (Scopus, MEDLINE, and Web of Science) was conducted to identify double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trials on the treatment of CP/CPPS published until April 2021. The primary outcome - National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) score.

SECONDARY OUTCOMES

Qmax, PVR, IPSS, and prostate volume.

RESULTS

A total of 3502 studies were identified. Placebo arms of 42 articles (5512 patients, median 31 patients) were included in the systematic review. Systematic review identified positive changes in the primary endpoint, meta-analysis of 10 articles found that NIH-CPSI total score results were significantly influenced by placebo, mean difference -4.2 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -6.31, -2.09). Mean difference of NIH-CPSI pain domain was -2.31 (95% CI: -3.4, -1.21), urinary domain -1.12 (95% CI: -1.62, -0.62), quality of life domain -1.67 (95% CI: -2.38, -0.96); p < 0.001 for all. In case of the objective indicator - Qmax, there were three articles included in the meta-analysis. Qmax mean change from baseline was 0.68 (95% CI: -0.85, 2.22, p = 0.38). Systematic review showed no significant changes in pain, measured by VAS or other scores, IPSS and PVR.

CONCLUSIONS

Placebo significantly affected the subjective parameters (NIH-CPSI) and limitedly affected various other measurements of pain (visual analog scale, McGill pain questionnaire). There was no long-term effect on IPSS and objective measurements (Qmax, PVR). This study can be used in further clinical trials to develop general rules of CPPS treatment assessment.

Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Verify the Mechanism of Qinshi Simiao San in Treating Chronic Prostatitis in the Rat Model

Background

Using network pharmacology and molecular docking, this study aimed to explore the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and molecular mechanism of Qinshi Simiao San (QSSMS) in the treatment of chronic prostatitis (CP) and verify our findings in the rat model.

Methods

The APIs of QSSMS and the common targets of QSSMS and CP were screened from the TCMSP database. The STRING database and Cytoscape software were used to construct the network graph. The enriched GO and KEGG pathways were displayed by David software and R software. Molecular docking was performed to visualize key components and target genes. In addition, the rats model of CP was established to verify the molecular mechanism of QSSMS.

Results

Network pharmacology showed that the APIs of QSSMS mainly included quercetin, kaempferol, formononetin, isorhamnetin, and calycosin. QSSMS alleviated CP mainly through the negative regulation of the apoptotic process, oxidation-reduction process, inflammatory response, and immune response. Molecular docking showed that the APIs could bind to the corresponding targets. QSSMS repaired the pathological damage of prostate tissue, upregulated the expression of oxidative stress scavenging enzymes CAT and SOD, and downregulated the peroxidative product MDA, inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, COX-2, PGE2, and NGF, and immune factors IgG and SIgA.

Conclusion

The APIs in QSSMS may inhibit inflammation in the rat CP model by regulating immune and oxidative stress.

Chronic Prostatitis: Impact of Lifestyle, Infection, and Inflammation on Semen Parameters

Chronic prostatitis is a widespread disease of the prostate affecting men’s sexual and reproductive health worldwide. Its leading causes are urogenital tract infections by microorganisms with a prostate tropism. This study aimed to evaluate semen parameters and the factors associated (lifestyle, urogenital infections, and inflammation) with the onset of chronic prostatitis symptoms. This case-control study included seventy-six donors: 30 volunteers with chronic prostatitis and 46 asymptomatic volunteers for urogenital infections as a control group. Sociodemographic, urinary symptoms, pain location, sexual and reproductive health and lifestyle-related variables were collected in a survey. Seminal quality, cytokine levels in semen and serum, and the presence of nineteen microorganisms in the urogenital tract were evaluated. Prostatitis was also associated with poor sperm morphology, more lipoperoxidation of the sperm membrane, and lower serum nitric oxide concentration. In addition, N. gonorrhoeae infection was detected more frequently in semen samples from volunteers with chronic prostatitis. Volunteers with chronic prostatitis report more frequently erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation, anxiety, depression, and stress compared to the control group. Chronic prostate infections alter the microbiota from the genitourinary tract causing prostatitis, a disease that affects all life areas, including the familiar environment of patients. Chronic prostatitis affects seminal parameters, with a great impact on life quality and sexual and reproductive health. Despite being a relatively unexplored disease, much remains to be clarified regarding its diagnosis and treatment. Alterations in the genitourinary microbiota can favor sexually transmitted infections that produce chronic and systemic inflammation.

Resveratrol and lycopene ameliorate contrast-induced nephropathy in a rabbit model

Oxidative stress appears to possess a central role in CIN pathophysiology. Resveratrol (Res) and lycopene (Lyc) are strong natural antioxidants evaluated in a limited number of CIN animal studies in vivo. The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential renoprotective effects of Res/Lyc in a CIN rabbit model. Twenty-four adult male New Zealand white rabbits were equally assigned into four groups: control (saline), CIN (intravenous iopromide; 7.5 g iodine/kg), Res + CIN (per os Res; 5 mg/kg), and Lyc + CIN (per os Lyc; 4 mg/kg). Serum Cr (sCr); symmetric/asymmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA/ADMA); oxidative stress biomarkers: malondialdehyde; total antioxidant capacity; catalase; glutathione) were evaluated in blood samples at three time points: right after (0 h); 24 h; 48 h after iopromide/saline administration. CD20⁺/CD3⁺ lymphocytes were determined (48 h). All animals were sacrificed at 48 h and both kidneys collected. Oxidative stress biomarkers were measured in renal tissue. sCr and SDMA/ADMA levels increased significantly in CIN compared to all groups. Oxidative stress secondary to CIN in blood/kidneys was suppressed by Res/Lyc. B and T lymphocytes decreased significantly in CIN compared to all groups. The present study provides emerging evidence that Res/Lyc ameliorate CIN by modulating oxidant/antioxidant balance in blood/renal tissue and by inhibiting vasoconstriction/blood cytotoxicity.

Dihydroartemisinin Promoted Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Homing and Suppressed Inflammation and Oxidative Stress against Prostate Injury in Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis Mice Model

Although bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) are effective in treating chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP), the homing of BMMSCs seems to require ultrasound induction. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) is an important derivative of artemisinin (ART) and has been previously reported to alleviate inflammation and autoimmune diseases. But the effect of DHA on chronic prostatitis (CP) is still unclear. This study aims to clarify the efficacy and mechanism of DHA in the treatment of CBP and its effect on the accumulation of BMMSCs. The experimental CBP was produced in C57BL/6 male mice via intraurethrally administered E. coli solution. Results showed that DHA treatment concentration-dependently promoted the accumulation of BMMSCs in prostate tissue of CBP mice. In addition, DHA and BMMSCs cotreatment significantly alleviated inflammation and improved prostate damage by decreasing the expression of proinflammatory factors such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and chemokines CXCL2, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 in prostate tissue of CBP mice. Moreover, DHA and BMMSCs cotreatment displayed antioxidation property by increasing the production of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), SOD, and decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) expression. Mechanically, DHA and BMMSCs cotreatment significantly inhibited the expression of TGFβ-RI, TGFβ-RII, phosphor (p)-Smad2/3, and Smad4 in a dose-dependent manner while stimulated Smad7 expression in the same manner. In conclusion, our findings provided evidence that DHA effectively eliminated inflammatory and oxidative stress against prostate injury, and this effect involved the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in CBP.

Lycopene improves maternal reproductive performance by modulating milk composition and placental antioxidative and immune status

Placental health and milk quality are important for maternal reproductive performance during pregnancy and lactation. Lycopene plays an important role in antioxidation, anti-inflammation and regulating lipid metabolism. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of dietary lycopene supplementation in the pig model on reproductive performance, placental health and milk composition during maternal gestation and lactation. In the present study, the litter size of live piglets was increased and the litter size of dead piglets was decreased by lycopene supplementation of the diet of sows. The litter weight at birth and weaning were increased in the lycopene group. Through placental proteomics, we enriched differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), gene ontology (GO) terms, and Kyoto encyclopedia of proteins and genomes (KEGG) pathways involved in immunity, anti-inflammation, antioxidants, and lipid metabolism and transport. Furthermore, in terms of placental health, we analyzed the levels of related enzymes, metabolites and mRNA expression in the placenta. Lycopene was shown to reduce mRNA expression and the levels of placental inflammatory factors, increase the content of immunoglobulin, improve the antioxidant capacity, and improve lipid metabolism and lipid transport in the placenta. In terms of sow milk composition, lycopene increased the levels of immunoglobulins in colostrum and lactose in colostrum and milk. Overall, the results of the present study demonstrate that dietary lycopene supplementation of sows during gestation and lactation improves the reproductive performance to a certain extent; this may be due to lycopene improving the placental health and milk composition of sows.

Lycopene attenuates zearalenone-induced oxidative damage of piglet sertoli cells through the nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 signaling pathway

Zearalenone (ZEA) has an estrogenic effect and often causes reproductive damage. Pigs are particularly sensitive to it. Lycopene (LYC) is a type of fat-soluble natural carotenoid that has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-cardiovascular and detoxifying effects. In this study, piglet sertoli cells (SCs) were used as research objects to investigate the mechanism of ZEA induced damage to piglet SCs and to evaluate the protective effect of LYC on ZEA induced toxic damage to piglet SCs. The results showed that ZEA damaged the cell structure and inhibited the expression of nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the nucleus, which down-regulated the relative mRNA expression of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) and decreased the activity of HO-1, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), resulting in an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. ZEA downregulated the relative mRNA and protein expression of bcl-2 in piglet SCs, promoted cell apoptosis, and upregulated the relative mRNA and protein expression of LC3, beclin-1, and bax. After 3 h LYC-pretreatment, ZEA was added for mixed culture. The results of pretreatment with LYC showed that LYC could alleviate the cytotoxicity of ZEA to porlets SCs. Compared with ZEA group, improved the cell survival rate, promoted the expression of Nrf2 in the nucleus, upregulated the relative mRNA expression of HO-1 and GPX1, increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and reduced the levels of MDA and ROS. Moreover, after pretreatment with LYC, the mRNA expression of bcl-2 was upregulated, the apoptosis rate was decreased, the relative mRNA and protein expressions of LC3, beclin-1 and bax were downregulated, and autophagy was alleviated. In conclusion, LYC alleviated the oxidative damage of SCs caused by ZEA by promoting the expression of Nrf2 pathway and decreased autophagy and apoptosis.

Lycopene: Food Sources, Biological Activities, and Human Health Benefits

As an antioxidant, lycopene has acquired importance as it prevents autoxidation of fats and related products. Tomatoes are an important agricultural product that is a great source of lycopene. It contains many vitamins and minerals, fiber, and carbohydrates and is associated with various positive effects on health. The antioxidant potential of tomatoes is substantially explained with lycopene compounds. Diet is a major risk factor for heart diseases which is shown as the most important cause of death in the world. It has been observed that the lycopene taken in the diet has positive effects in many stages of atherosclerosis. The serum lipid levels, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, blood pressure, and antioxidative potential are mainly affected by lycopene. These natural antioxidants, which can also enhance the nutritional value of foods, may lead to new ways if used in food preservation. In this review study, the antioxidant potential and cardiovascular protection mechanism of lycopene are discussed.

Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia by Natural Drugs

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common urinary diseases affecting men, generally after the age of 50. The prevalence of this multifactorial disease increases with age. With aging, the plasma level of testosterone decreases, as well as the testosterone/estrogen ratio, resulting in increased estrogen activity, which may facilitate the hyperplasia of the prostate cells. Another theory focuses on dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and the activity of the enzyme 5α-reductase, which converts testosterone to DHT. In older men, the activity of this enzyme increases, leading to a decreased testosterone/DHT ratio. DHT may promote prostate cell growth, resulting in hyperplasia. Some medicinal plants and their compounds act by modulating this enzyme, and have the above-mentioned targets. This review focuses on herbal drugs that are most widely used in the treatment of BPH, including pumpkin seed, willow herb, tomato, maritime pine bark, Pygeum africanum bark, rye pollen, saw palmetto fruit, and nettle root, highlighting the latest results of preclinical and clinical studies, as well as safety issues. In addition, the pharmaceutical care and other therapeutic options of BPH, including pharmacotherapy and surgical options, are discussed, summarizing and comparing the advantages and disadvantages of each therapy.

Cancer Chemopreventive Role of Dietary Terpenoids by Modulating Keap1-Nrf2-ARE Signaling System—A Comprehensive Update

ROS, RNS, and carcinogenic metabolites generate excessive oxidative stress, which changes the basal cellular status and leads to epigenetic modification, genomic instability, and initiation of cancer. Epigenetic modification may inhibit tumor-suppressor genes and activate oncogenes, enabling cells to have cancer promoting properties. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the NFE2L2 gene, and is activated in response to cellular stress. It can regulate redox homoeostasis by expressing several cytoprotective enzymes, including NADPH quinine oxidoreductase, heme oxygenase-1, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, etc. There is accumulating evidence supporting the idea that dietary nutraceuticals derived from commonly used fruits, vegetables, and spices have the ability to produce cancer chemopreventive activity by inducing Nrf2-mediated detoxifying enzymes. In this review, we discuss the importance of these nutraceuticals in cancer chemoprevention and summarize the role of dietary terpenoids in this respect. This approach was taken to accumulate the mechanistic function of these terpenoids to develop a comprehensive understanding of their direct and indirect roles in modulating the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling system.

Melatonin attenuates prostatic inflammation and pelvic pain via Sirt1-dependent inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome in an EAP mouse model

BACKGROUND

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a common male genitourinary system disease. As a neuroendocrine hormone, melatonin possesses a variety of biological functions, among which its anti-inflammatory effects have recently drawn substantial attention. The purpose of the current research was to study the effect of melatonin on CP/CPPS and the underlying mechanisms using a mouse model of experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP).

METHODS

The EAP mouse model was successfully established by subcutaneously injecting a mixture of prostate antigen and complete Freund's adjuvant. On Day 42, hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to evaluate the histological appearance of prostate tissues. Chronic pelvic pain development was assessed by suprapubic allodynia. The levels of inflammation-related cytokines, such as interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-17, and IL-1β, were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Then, we explored the anti-inflammatory effects of melatonin on CP/CPPS by Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining, by measuring the expression of silent information regulator 1 (Sirt1) and NLRP3 inflammasome-related proteins in EAP mice.

RESULTS

The EAP model mice exhibited severe diffuse leukocyte infiltration and significantly increased pelvic pain compared to the control mice. In the melatonin treatment group, the histological appearance of the prostate tissues, pelvic pain development, and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines were significantly alleviated compared to the EAP + dimethyl sulfoxide group. Furthermore, we found that the protective effects of melatonin were achieved through activation of the Sirt1 pathway and downregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.

CONCLUSIONS

The results indicated that melatonin could attenuate prostate inflammation and pelvic pain by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasomes signaling pathway through the activation of Sirt1 in mice with EAP, and these efforts should provide a promising therapeutic strategy for CP/CPPS.

An Overview: The Toxicity of Ageratina adenophora on Animals and Its Possible Interventions

Ageratina adenophora is one of the major invasive weeds that causes instability of the ecosystem. Research has reported that A. adenophora produces allelochemicals that inhibit the growth and development of food crops, and also contain some toxic compounds that cause toxicity to animals that consume it. Over the past decades, studies on the identification of major toxic compounds of A. adenophora and their toxic molecular mechanisms have been reported. In addition, weed control interventions, such as herbicides application, was employed to reduce the spread of A. adenophora. However, the development of therapeutic and prophylactic measures to treat the various A. adenophora-induced toxicities, such as hepatotoxicity, splenotoxicity and other related disorders, have not been established to date. The main toxic pathogenesis of A. adenophora is oxidative stress and inflammation. However, numerous studies have verified that some extracts and secondary metabolites isolated from A. adenophora possess anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation activities, which implies that these extracts can relieve toxicity and aid in the development of drug or feed supplements to treat poisoning-related disorders caused by A. adenophora. Furthermore, beneficial bacteria isolated from rumen microbes and A. adenophora can degrade major toxic compounds in A. adenophora so as to be developed into microbial feed additives to help ameliorate toxicity mediated by A. adenophora. This review presents an overview of the toxic mechanisms of A. adenophora, provides possible therapeutic strategies that are available to mitigate the toxicity of A. adenophora and introduces relevant information on identifying novel prophylactic and therapeutic measures against A. adenophora-induced toxicity.

A Perspective on Withania somnifera Modulating Antitumor Immunity in Targeting Prostate Cancer

Medicinal plants serve as a lead source of bioactive compounds and have been an integral part of day-to-day life in treating various disease conditions since ancient times. Withaferin A (WFA), a bioactive ingredient of Withania somnifera, has been used for health and medicinal purposes for its adaptogenic, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties long before the published literature came into existence. Nearly 25% of pharmaceutical drugs are derived from medicinal plants, classified as dietary supplements. The bioactive compounds in these supplements may serve as chemotherapeutic substances competent to inhibit or reverse the process of carcinogenesis. The role of WFA is appreciated to polarize tumor-suppressive Th1-type immune response inducing natural killer cell activity and may provide an opportunity to manipulate the tumor microenvironment at an early stage to inhibit tumor progression. This article signifies the cumulative information about the role of WFA in modulating antitumor immunity and its potential in targeting prostate cancer.

Research trends of prostatitis over past 20 years: A bibliometric analysis

In the past two decades, thousands of documents in the field of prostatitis have been published. This bibliometric analysis aimed to assess the characteristics, hotspots and frontiers trend of global scientific output on prostatitis. With the trend of moderate growth, altogether 2,423 papers were reviewed. The leading role of the United States in global prostatitis research was obvious, while China had developed rapidly in recent years. Queen's University and JOURNAL OF UROLOGY were the most prolific affiliation and journal respectively. Nickel, J. C made the greatest contribution to the field of prostatitis. Five hotspots have been confirmed: (a) male infertility associated with prostatitis and the molecular mechanisms; (b) diagnosis and treatment of prostatitis; (c) inflammation, pain and bladder irritation symptoms; (d) relationship between chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer; (e) epidemiology, complications of prostatitis and improvement of acupuncture. This bibliometric analysis reveals that the international cooperation was becoming more and more close. Hotspot analysis shows that the molecular mechanism of prostatitis will be a hotspot in the future, mainly focussing on inflammatory immunity and oxidative stress.

Therapeutic effect of iodised serum milk protein, lycopene and their combination on benign prostatic hyperplasia induced in rats

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common chronic disease in ageing men. Synthetic inhibitors of 5α-reductase commonly used in BPH treatment have limited effectiveness and may cause side effects. Evaluation of iodised serum milk protein and lycopene therapeutic effect in rat BPH model was the aim of the present study. BPH was induced in male Wistar rats by surgical castration and subsequent testosterone administrations (25 mg/kg, 7 injections). Rats with induced BPH received lycopene (5 mg/kg), iodised serum milk protein (200 µg/kg) or their combination for 1 month daily. The efficacy of the treatment was evaluated by the prostate weight, prostatic index and ventral lobe epithelium thickness. In lycopene and iodised serum milk protein-treated rats, prostate weight and prostatic index were significantly reduced compared to control group; and lycopene and iodised serum milk protein used in combination yielded an additive effect. Thus, further investigation of combined supplementation with micronutrients and plant-derived substances in BPH models may help to find new opportunities or its safe and effective treatment.

New Insights into Molecular Mechanism behind Anti-Cancer Activities of Lycopene

Lycopene is a well-known compound found commonly in tomatoes which brings wide range of health benefits against cardiovascular diseases and cancers. From an anti-cancer perspective, lycopene is often associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer and people often look for it as a dietary supplement which may help to prevent cancer. Previous scientific evidence exhibited that the anti-cancer activity of lycopene relies on its ability to suppress oncogene expressions and induce proapoptotic pathways. To further explore the real potential of lycopene in cancer prevention, this review discusses the new insights and perspectives on the anti-cancer activities of lycopene which could help to drive new direction for research. The relationship between inflammation and cancer is being highlighted, whereby lycopene suppresses cancer via resolution of inflammation are also discussed herein. The immune system was found to be a part of the anti-cancer system of lycopene as it modulates immune cells to suppress tumor growth and progression. Lycopene, which is under the family of carotenoids, was found to play special role in suppressing lung cancer.

Lycopene Modulates Placental Health and Fetal Development Under High-Fat Diet During Pregnancy of Rats

Lycopene plays an important role in improving immunity, promoting antioxidant capacity, and regulating fat metabolism. The placenta, an important organ for nutrients exchange between mother and child during pregnancy, directly affects fetal development. This study aims to characterize effects of lycopene on placental health and fetal development under a high-fat diet, and utilize RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to investigate and integrate the differences of molecular pathways and biological processes in placenta. For placental health, high-fat diet during pregnancy increases placental oxidative stress, inflammation, and fat deposition. However, lycopene reduces the negative effects of high-fat diet on placenta to some extent, and further promotes fetal development. Under high-fat diet, lycopene reduces the levels of Interleukin 17 (IL-17), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in placenta (p < 0.05) through the IL-17 pathway. Furthermore, lycopene supplementation in high-fat diet increases Glutaredoxin (Glrx) gene and protein expression in the placenta (p < 0.05), increases Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and Total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) levels (p < 0.05), decreases reactive oxygen species (ROS) (p < 0.01) and Hydrogen peroxide (H₂ O₂ ) levels (p < 0.05) in placenta. In addition, lycopene supplementation in high fat diet increases the expression of Lep gene and protein in placenta and increases the level of leptin (p < 0.05). In terms of fetal development, the average fetal weight and fetal litter weight are increased by lycopene compared to high-diet treatment.

Li-ESWT treatment reduces inflammation, oxidative stress, and pain via the PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 pathway in autoimmune prostatitis rat models

BACKGROUND

Due to limited data on the pathogenesis of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) and the suboptimal therapeutic effect, the development of new and effective treatment modalities was needed urgently. Low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy (Li-ESWT) has been reported for the treatment of CP/CPPS. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated.

OBJECTIVE

To interrogated the efficacy and the mechanism of Li-ESWT in the treatment of CP/CPPS.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

According to different treatments, RWPE-1 cells (human prostate epithelial cells) were randomly divided into three groups: control group, LPS(lipopolysaccharide) group, or Li-ESWT group (LPS induced RWPE-1 managed by Li-ESWT). Following the Li-ESWT treatment, the levels of oxidative stress was assayed. We then established a rat model of experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP) by injecting prostatic protein homogenate mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant. The Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the control group, EAP group, or Li-ESWT group. Von Frey Filament was used to quantify pelvic hyperalgesia in the rats. Prostates tissues from each group were collected for immunohistochemistry, oxidation stress, and western blot analysis.

RESULTS

Histological analysis showed reduced inflammation and expression of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, SP) in prostate tissues from the Li-ESWT group compared with those from the EAP group (all P < 0.05). Similarly, there was reduced pelvic pain and allergic symptoms in the Li-ESWT group compared with the EAP group (all P < 0.05). Besides, Li-ESWT treatment could decrease oxidative stress in the prostate and in RWPE-1 cells, respectively (both P < 0.05). Moreover, the Li-ESWT up-regulated the expression of CAT through the inhibition of phosphorylation of AKT/FOXO1 signaling pathway.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Li-ESWT may reduce inflammation, oxidative stress and pain in rats with autoimmunity-induced prostatitis via the PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 pathway. It implies that Li-ESWT can present a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of CP/CPPS.

Lycopene inhibits IL-1β-induced inflammation in mouse chondrocytes and mediates murine osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common chronic degenerative condition in the elderly, in which inflammation plays a key role in disease pathology. Lycopene (Lye), a member of the carotenoid family, has been reported to have anti‐inflammatory effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Lye on the inflammation of chondrocytes and the mouse OA model. Chondrocytes were treated with interleukin (IL)‐1β, and the mouse OA model was induced by the surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM). The results showed that Lye could inhibit the expression of inflammatory factors and alleviate the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Additionally, Lye could activate the Nrf2/HO‐1 pathway and reverse the activations of NF‐κB and STAT3 signal pathway induced by IL‐1β, suggesting that its anti‐inflammatory effect may be mediated via these pathways. The animal experiments showed that Lye could decrease the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scores of the knee, indicating that it could inhibit the occurrence and development of OA in mouse. Overall, our results indicated that Lye might be used as a novel drug for OA treatment.

Efficacy and Safety of N-acetylcysteine for the Management of Chronic Pain in Adults: A Systematic Review & Meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To assess the efficacy and safety of N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of chronic pain.

METHODS

A systematic search was carried out until April 2020 for clinical studies of N-acetylcysteine in the management of any persistent or recurrent chronic pain condition for adults ≥ 18 years old. Risk of Bias was assessed using the validated risk of bias tools. When appropriate, a meta-analysis using a random-effects model was performed, with a fixed-effect model for sensitivity analysis.

RESULTS

Nine studies (n = 863) were included (5 randomized controlled trials [RCTs], 2 open-label non-comparative studies and 2 comparative studies), that evaluated patients with sickle cell disease (3), complex regional pain syndrome (1), pelvic pain/endometriosis (2), rheumatoid arthritis (1), diabetic neuropathy (1), and chronic neuropathic pain (1). In the pooled analysis of 3 RCTs, N-acetylcysteine did not reduce pain intensities (SMD -0.21, 95% CI -0.33 to 0.75, random-effects), improve functional outcomes (SMD 0.21, 95% CI -0.33 to 0.75) or quality of life (SMD 0.60, 95% CI -4.44 to 5.64); however, sensitivity analysis with a fixed effect model demonstrated an effect for pain intensities and function. Due to adverse events being inconsistently reported, no conclusion could be made regarding safety of N-acetylcysteine in chronic pain.

CONCLUSIONS

While there is some evidence to indicate N-acetylcysteine may provide analgesic efficacy for certain pain conditions, there is insufficient evidence to provide definitive evidence on NAC in chronic pain management. Larger-size RCTs spanning a variety of chronic pain conditions are needed to determine N-acetylcysteine's role, if any, in pain medicine.

The effect of a natural molecule in ovary ischemia reperfusion damage: does lycopene protect ovary?

Ovarian ischemia is a gynecological emergency case that occurs as a result of ovarian torsion. Oxidative stress plays a central role in the development of ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injuries. Lycopene (LYC) is a lipophilic, natural carotenoid well known for its antioxidant properties. This study provides information on the potential applications of lycopene. The Wistar Albino rats were distributed into six groups: Sham group (only a laparotomy was performed), Control group [laparotomy and intraperitoneal dissolvent (olive oil)], IR group, IR+olive oil group, IR+LYC 2.5 mg/kg/dose, intraperitoneal group, IR+LYC 5 mg/kg/dose intraperitoneal group. Evaluated in terms of histopathological changes, tissue malondialdehyde levels (MDA), ovarian expressions of phosphorylated nuclear factor-kappa B (p-NF-κB) and the TUNEL method was utilized to show apoptosis of ovarian tissue. There was a significant decrease in MDA, p-NF-κB values and the proportion of apoptotic cells assessed by TUNEL compared to the group that did not receive intraperitoneal LYC in rat injury with IR damage (P<0.05). In histopathological damage scoring, it was observed that the cell damage was significantly reduced in LYC-administered groups. LYC showed significant ameliorative effects on ovary injury caused by IR through acting as an antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antiapoptotic agent.

Improvement of urinary tract symptoms and quality of life in benign prostate hyperplasia patients associated with consumption of a newly developed whole tomato-based food supplement: a phase II prospective, randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled study

Background

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common urologic disease among elderly men. The diagnosis of BPH is usually driven by lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) that can significantly affect patients’ quality of life. This phase II prospective, randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled study aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of a novel whole tomato-based food supplement on LUTS of patients diagnosed with BPH.

Methods

Forty consecutive patients with histologically proved BPH were randomized 1:1 to receive daily for 2 months a sachet (5 g) of a newly developed whole tomato food supplement (WTFS) (treatment = Group A) or placebo (Group B). Patients were asked to fill the International Prostatic Symptom Score (IPSS) questionnaire before and after treatment.

Results

All but 1 patient in Group B successfully completed the scheduled regimen. No side effects were recorded. Unlike placebo, treatment significantly reduced (P < 0.0002) LUTS since mean IPSS decreased from 9.05 ± 1.15 to 7.15 ± 1.04 (paired t-test, two-tailed P-value < 0.001), and improved life quality (P < 0.0001). A trend toward a reduction of total PSA levels was observed in WTFS treated patients (8.98 ng/mL ± 1.52 vs 6.95 ± 0.76, P = 0.065), with changes being statistically significant only in the subgroup of patients with baseline levels above 10 ng/mL (18.5 ng/mL ± 2.7 vs 10.3 ± 2.1, P = 0.009).

Conclusions

The new WTFS may represent a valid option for the treatment of symptomatic BPH patients. Unlike pharmacological treatments, the supplement is side effects free and highly accepted among patients.

Lycopene Exerts Neuroprotective Effects After Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in Neonatal Rats via the Nuclear Factor Erythroid-2 Related Factor 2/Nuclear Factor-κ-Gene Binding Pathway

Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a brain injury caused by perinatal asphyxia and is the main cause of neonatal death and chronic neurological diseases. Protection of neuron after hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury is considered as a potential therapeutic target of HI brain injury. To date, there are no effective medicines for neonatal HI brain injury. Lycopene (Lyc), a member of the carotenoids family, has been reported to have anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. However, its effects and potential mechanisms in HI brain injury have not yet to be systematically evaluated. In this study, we investigated whether Lyc could ameliorate HI brain injury and explored the associated mechanism both in vivo and in vitro experiments. In vivo study, Lyc significantly reduced infarct volume and ameliorated cerebral edema, decreased inflammatory response, promoted the recovery of tissue structure, and improved prognosis following HI brain injury. In vitro study, results showed that Lyc reduced expression of apoptosis mediators in oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced primary cortical neurons. Mechanistically, we found that Lyc-induced Nrf2/NF-κB pathway could partially reversed by Brusatol (an Nrf2 inhibitor), indicated that the Nrf2/NF-κB pathway was involved in the therapy of Lyc. In summary, our findings indicate that Lyc can attenuated HI brain injury in vivo and OGD-induced apoptosis of primary cortical neurons in vitro through the Nrf2/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Effectiveness of psychological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is one of the most common diseases in urology, which 50% of men are infected at some point in their lives. Type III CP/CPPS is the most complex and controversial of all types of prostatitis, the highest incidence rate, uncertain efficacy, the long-term treatment that affects the patient's psychopathic symptoms, increases the psychological burden of patients. Psychological intervention for patients with CP/CPPS, which is difficult to treat with drugs and physics, can effectively improve clinical efficacy and improve the psychological condition. The researchers found a high prevalence of psychosocial problems and catastrophic distress in CP/CPPS patients, such as serious mental disorders, especially depression, anxiety and stress, and the high incidence of pain-devastating illness. In this study, we will evaluate psychological interventions as an effective way to relieve chronic prostatitis.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

The databases of English databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library) and Chinese databases (China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Biology Medicine Database, Wanfang Database, VIP Database) will be retrieved. The search strategy that will be run in the PubMed and tailored to the other database when necessary is presented in this article. RevMan 5.3 and Stata 11.0 will be used for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. This protocol reported under the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P) statement, and we will report the systematic review by following the PRISMA statement.

RESULTS

The study is a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis without results, and data analysis will be carried out after the protocol. We will share our findings in the third quarter of 2021.

CONCLUSION

This systematic review will provide more evidence to assess whether psychological is an effective intervention for patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Besides, the results will be published in a public issue journal and offer the urologists help to make clinical decisions.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

Formal ethical approval is not required in this protocol. We will collect and analyze data based on published research. Since this research does not involve patients, personal privacy will not be affected. The results of this review will be distributed to peer-reviewed journals or submitted to relevant conferences.

PROTOCOL REGISTRATION NUMBER

INPLASY202080021.

Quercetin reduces tendon adhesion in rat through suppression of oxidative stress

Background

Tendon adhesion is one of the most common clinical problems, which poses a considerable challenge to orthopedics doctors. Quercetin (QUE) as a popular drug at present, it has various biological functions, including anti-inflammatory, anti-ischemic, anti-peroxidation, and antioxidant. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of quercetin on tendon adhesion and whether quercetin can inhibit oxidative stress.

Method

Thirty-six rats were randomly divided into three groups, including control group, low QUE (50 mg/kg/day) group, and high QUE (100 mg/kg/day) group. After 1 week, the levels of SOD, MDA and GPx were measured. The degree of tendon adhesion was assessed by macroscopic evaluation and histological evaluation. After 4 weeks. Besides, the pharmacological toxicity of quercetin to main organs were evaluated by histological analysis.

Results

The extent of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) of tendon tissue in high QUE group was significantly higher than those of low QUE group and control group. And the extent of malondialdehyde (MDA) of tendon tissue in high QUE group was significantly lower than that of low QUE group and control group. By macroscopic evaluation and histological analysis, the extent of tendon adhesion in high QUE group was lower than low QUE group and control group. However, there were no significant changes of the major organs through histological analysis.

Conclusions

Quercetin may be a good and safe strategy in preventing tendon adhesion. But further clinical research is needed before its recommendation in the prevention and treatment of tendon adhesion.

Lycopene attenuates chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation via the interaction of NF-κB, MAPKs, and Nrf2 signaling pathways in rats

Background

Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is identified as a urinary andrological diseases that afflict men due to various discomforts. It is urgent and meaningful to develop the novel and effective treatments as a result of the unclear etiology and dismal therapeutic effect of CP/CPPS. Lycopene exerts a crucial role in numerous chronic inflammatory diseases owing to its potent antioxidant capacity.

Objective

This study aimed to observe the effect of lycopene on CP/CPPS and to explore the underlying mechanisms.

Materials and Methods

A CP/CPPS model with complete Freund's adjuvant was established in this study. Afterward, intragastric lycopene or corn oil was administered daily for 4 consecutive weeks. Finally, the cardiac blood and prostate tissue samples were collected from rats to carry out related evaluation and testing.

Results

It was found in this study that lycopene alleviated changes in prostate histopathology compared with those in the complete Freund's adjuvant‐induced CP/CPPS model rats without lycopene treatment. Furthermore, lycopene was suggested to reduce the levels of chemokines MCP1 and MIP‐1α, down‐regulate the expression levels of cytokines (such as TNFα, IL‐1β, IL‐2, and IL‐6), and up‐regulate those of CAT, GSH‐PX, and T‐SOD, decrease that of malondialdehyde. Moreover, it also inhibited the phosphorylation of MAPKs, NF‐κB, and enhanced phosphorylation of the Nrf2 in the CP/CPPS rat model.

Discussion and Conclusions

The findings in this study suggest that lycopene exerts potent anti‐ CP/CPPS Seffects through alleviating inflammatory response and oxidative stress, which is probably attributed to the interaction of NF‐κB, MAPKs, and Nrf2 signaling pathways in rats. As a natural antioxidant, lycopene may serve as a promising pharmaceutical preparation for treating CP/CPPS.