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Solberg Kleiven G, Hjeltnes A, Brattland H, Moltu C. Moments of change: Clients' immediate experiences when sharing emotions in psychotherapy. Psychother Res 2024; 34:872-884. [PMID: 37748195 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2023.2260938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In-session processing of emotions is important in facilitating psychotherapeutic change. This study explores how clients in active treatment experience inner changes when sharing emotions in psychotherapy sessions. The aim was to retrieve in-depth knowledge about clients' moment-by-moment experiences of change in a naturalistic psychotherapy context. METHOD Two psychotherapy sessions (session 3 or 4 and session 7 or 8) were videotaped and immediately followed by semi-structured interviews with clients (n = 11) in the format of Interpersonal Process Recall (IPR). Interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS Four themes resulted from analysis: (1) reaching a new clarity about inner struggles; (2) a shift in how I approach and experience my feelings; (3) grieving losses and gaining a more positive understanding of myself; (4) feeling relief and liberation when allowing difficult emotions. CONCLUSION The resulting themes took into account the importance of the felt quality of change experiences within sessions, which appears to be important in making micro-processes of change salient. Across themes, we found accounts of shifts in awareness and self-compassion, which we discuss as micro-outcomes that clients can ideally be guided to dwell with.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aslak Hjeltnes
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Heidi Brattland
- Nidelv Mental Health Center, St.Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christian Moltu
- Department of Psychiatry, District General Hospital of Førde, Førde, Norway
- Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Science, Førde, Norway
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Hussain M, Dunsmore N, Ung L, Mantzios M. Self-compassion and reasons individuals stop eating: An exploratory investigation. Nutr Health 2024:2601060241266387. [PMID: 39215527 DOI: 10.1177/02601060241266387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-compassion is a prevalent factor that has been explored in eating behaviour and weight loss literature. The present study explored the potential relationship between self-compassion and reasons individuals stop eating. METHOD Two hundred and eighty-three participants were recruited from social media platforms and a research participation scheme at a university in the West Midlands, UK, and completed questionnaires on self-compassion and reasons individuals stop eating. RESULTS The findings suggested that self-compassion was negatively associated with decreased food appeal, self-consciousness, and decreased food priority, whilst being positively associated with physical satisfaction. CONCLUSION Self-compassion plays a prevalent role in the reasons individuals stop eating, and future research should continue exploring the effect of self-compassion on eating behaviour regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misba Hussain
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Natasha Dunsmore
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lucy Ung
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Michail Mantzios
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
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Özdemir HD, Sağlam M. Investigating the Mediating Role of Self-Compassion in the Relationship Between Authenticity and Alexithymia in University Students. Psychol Rep 2024:332941241278591. [PMID: 39208530 DOI: 10.1177/00332941241278591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The aim of our study is to investigate the mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between authenticity and alexithymia by examining the relationships between authenticity, alexithymia and self-compassion. The data collected via email by using three scales from the students of a foundation university in Istanbul/Turkey in the spring semester of 2022-2023. The data collection method was a descriptive cross-sectional study and the data were collected on a voluntary basis. Since it was thought that there would be a difference between the departments, data were collected from three different departments. The sample included 263 participants, 139 were English Language Teaching, 107 were Guidance and Psychological Counseling, and 17 were Elementary Mathematics Teaching students. The average age of the participants was 22.11 ± 3.59, 257 of them were single and 6 of them were married. The data were evaluated by using the SPSS 22.0 and LISREL 8.80 programs. While descriptive analyses were used in the evaluation, the mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between authenticity and alexithymia was tested with Structural Equation Modeling. When the measurement model was examined, it was seen that there was a relationship between authenticity and alexithymia (r = -.40; p < .000), between self-compassion and alexithymia (r = - .85; p < .001) and between self-compassion and authenticity (r = .43; p < .001). When the structural equation model was examined, it was found that the relationship between authenticity and alexithymia in the measurement model (r = -.40) decreased to (β = - .05; p > .005) when the mediating role of self-compassion was examined and the relationship was found to be insignificant. When this path was removed from the model and the model was re-examined, the goodness of fit values of the model were χ2/df (71.12/51) ratio = 1.174; RMSEA = .039; SRMR = .050; CFI= .99; NFI = .96; NNFI = .98; IFI = .99; RFI = .95 and GFI = .96. In the study, it was found that self-compassion has a full mediating role in the relationship between authenticity and alexithymia in three departments. The relationship between authenticity and alexithymia goes through self-compassion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Deniz Özdemir
- School of Arts and Social Sciences, Psychology Department, Esenyurt University, Esenyurt, Türkiye
| | - Manolya Sağlam
- Foreign Languages Education, English Language Teaching Department, Biruni University, Zeytinburnu, Türkiye
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Blankenship P, Hogge I. Self-Compassion and Psychological Well-Being of Childhood Sexual Abuse Survivors: Emotional Dysregulation and Trauma-Related Shame as Mediators. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024:8862605241268781. [PMID: 39183692 DOI: 10.1177/08862605241268781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we explored explanations for the link between self-compassion and psychological well-being among a sample of adult childhood sexual abuse (CSA) survivors in the United States (n = 335). Informed by Neff's self-compassion theory, we hypothesized that the relationship between self-compassion and psychological well-being would be partially explained by a reduction in emotional dysregulation and trauma-related shame. We tested a parallel multiple mediation model with (a) emotion dysregulation and (b) trauma-related shame as the mediators. As hypothesized, we found a significant positive relationship between self-compassion and psychological well-being among the sample of CSA survivors. Emotional dysregulation and trauma-related shame were both significant mediators of this relationship. However, self-compassion had a significant direct effect even after accounting for the two mediators, which suggests partial mediation. Our results provide further support for the link between self-compassion and psychological well-being and identify reductions in both emotional dysregulation and trauma-related shame as potential mechanisms for this relationship. This study also has implications for clinical practice and prevention efforts that integrate self-compassion, emotion regulation, and trauma-related shame as salient areas of focus.
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Schaab BL, Cunha LF, Silveira DC, da Silva PC, Ballejos KG, Diaz GB, Kaiser V, Calvetti PÜ, Cazella SC, Barros HMT, Reppold CT. A pilot study of a new app based on self-compassion for the prevention and promotion of mental health among Brazilian college students. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1414948. [PMID: 39246316 PMCID: PMC11378092 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1414948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Epidemiological data suggest substantial issues on the mental health of university students worldwide. Self-compassion is associated with lower rates of psychological distress and better positive mental health. Thus, we have developed a app-based intervention based on self-compassion principles targeting the prevention and promotion of mental health in college students. The current pilot study assessed adherence to intervention, preliminary mental health benefits, and satisfaction and acceptability with the app among Brazilian college students. Methods The study employed a pre-experimental single-group design along with pre-test and post-test assessments (n = 23). A mixed methods approach was utilized to comprehensively assess the outcomes of the intervention. Results The overall adherence rate for the intervention was 37.87%, with 26.26% of participants successfully completing all modules. Among the 21 outcomes assessed, 15 exhibited statistically significant results. Notably, there was a substantial increase in self-compassion, demonstrating a large effect size (d = 1.15), and a moderate effect size reduction in stress (d = 0.62) and anxiety (d = 0.52). All satisfaction indicators for the intervention received scores above 7. The intervention was well-received by participants who completed it, although a potential barrier identified was the volume of text within the app and the need to adopt a more playful and concise format for the intervention. Discussion Despite a notable participant dropout, the adherence to intervention aligns with patterns observed in other online interventions conducted in real-world settings. The observed mental health benefits, high satisfaction levels, and positive acceptance underscore the rationale for pursuing a subsequent randomized clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Luis Schaab
- Psychological Assessment Laboratory, Health Sciences Program, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lara Finkler Cunha
- Department of Exact Sciences and Social Applied Science, Health Sciences Program, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Desiree Cordoni Silveira
- Psychological Assessment Laboratory, Health Sciences Program, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pamela Carvalho da Silva
- Psychological Assessment Laboratory, Health Sciences Program, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Kellen Greff Ballejos
- Psychological Assessment Laboratory, Rehabilitation Sciences Program, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Bertoletti Diaz
- Psychological Assessment Laboratory, Rehabilitation Sciences Program, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Kaiser
- Psychological Assessment Laboratory, Health Sciences Program, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Prisla Ücker Calvetti
- Psychological Assessment Laboratory, Health Sciences Program, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sílvio César Cazella
- Department of Exact Sciences and Social Applied Science, Health Sciences Program, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Helena Maria Tannhauser Barros
- Department of Pharmacosciences, Health Sciences Program, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Caroline Tozzi Reppold
- Psychological Assessment Laboratory, Health Sciences Program, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Luo X, Shen Y, Sun L, Qi X, Hong J, Wang Y, Che X, Lei Y. Investigating the effects and efficacy of self-compassion intervention on generalized anxiety disorders. J Affect Disord 2024; 359:308-318. [PMID: 38795780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is the least successfully treated anxiety disorder. This clinical trial investigated the effects and efficacy of a novel self-compassion intervention in GAD. METHODS A total of 75 GAD patients were assigned to a self-compassion intervention group (n = 25), a mindfulness intervention group (n = 25), or a treat-as-usual group (n = 25). Patients in the two active groups received eight intervention sessions in two weeks in addition to usual treatment i.e., pharmacotherapy. Primary outcomes were anxiety and worry, assessed at pre-intervention, post-intervention, and three-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes included depression, sleep, as well as self-compassion and mindfulness. RESULTS Both the self-compassion and mindfulness intervention induced a more rapid decrease in anxiety and depression than pharmacological treatment alone with excellent response and remission rate. Self-compassion intervention also induced a more rapid improvement in sleep quality compared to mindfulness intervention and pharmacological treatment alone. We also presented a mechanism for the self-compassion intervention in which decreased anxiety led to improvement in sleep quality. There was also a higher pleasure, acceptance, and willingness to re-attend in the self-compassion compared to the mindfulness intervention. LIMITATIONS This study was single blinded and nonrandomized which may bring risks of bias. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we provided novel evidence that self-compassion intervention is an alternative psychotherapy for GAD with excellent response and acceptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Luo
- School of Nursing, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310059, China
| | - Yonghui Shen
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Lijun Sun
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Xuejun Qi
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Jie Hong
- Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150036, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xianwei Che
- Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; TMS Centre, Deqing Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yi Lei
- Institute for Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610054, China.
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Qiang J, He X, Xia Z, Huang J, Xu C. The association between intolerance of uncertainty and academic burnout among university students: the role of self-regulatory fatigue and self-compassion. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1441465. [PMID: 39114523 PMCID: PMC11303341 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1441465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Increased uncertainty is a major feature of the current society that poses significant challenges to university students' mental health and academics. However, current research has not paid sufficient attention to this issue, and no study has explored the underlying mechanisms between intolerance of uncertainty and academic burnout among university students. Methods This study examined the association between uncertainty intolerance and academic burnout among university students and the role of self-regulatory fatigue and self-compassion in light of the theory of limited resources. Convenience sampling was used to survey 1,022 Chinese university students. Results The findings demonstrated that intolerance of uncertainty significantly influenced university students' academic burnout with self-regulatory fatigue serving as a key mediator. Additionally, self-compassion can effectively moderate the effects of intolerance of uncertainty on self-regulatory fatigue and academic burnout. Discussion These results indicated that the depletion of cognitive resources brought about by uncertainty in the current highly uncertain social environment may be one of the key pathways to academic burnout among university students. Furthermore, current research provides insights into how to mitigate the negative effects of uncertainty on university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Qiang
- School of Foreign Languages, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaowen He
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Xia
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Huang
- School of Business, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Xiong Z, Liu C, Song M, Ma X. The Relationship between Maladaptive Perfectionism and Anxiety in First-Year Undergraduate Students: A Moderated Mediation Model. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:628. [PMID: 39199024 PMCID: PMC11352059 DOI: 10.3390/bs14080628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
To clarify the underlying mechanism of first-year undergraduate students' maladaptive perfectionism in relation to their anxiety, this study constructs a mediating model with moderation, focusing on the investigation of the mediating role of self-compassion and the moderating role of family support. A total of 924 university students were involved in the investigation, responding to questionnaires on their maladaptive perfectionism, anxiety, self-compassion, and family support. The results showed that (1) after controlling for gender and Hukou, maladaptive perfectionism had a significant positive predictive effect on anxiety; (2) self-compassion can play a role in mediating the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and anxiety; and (3) the mediating effect of self-compassion on anxiety in terms of maladaptive perfectionism was moderated by family support. The results of this study have important theoretical value and practical significance for improving first-year undergraduate students' anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Xiong
- School of Humanities, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China; (Z.X.); (M.S.)
| | - Chunying Liu
- School of Marxism, Nanjing Normal University of Special Education, Nanjing 210038, China;
| | - Meila Song
- School of Humanities, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China; (Z.X.); (M.S.)
| | - Xiangzhen Ma
- School of Humanities, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China; (Z.X.); (M.S.)
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Pihlaja S, Jääskeläinen E, Heikkilä L, Hintsanen M. Associations of lipids in adolescence and adulthood with self- and other-directed compassion in adulthood. Scand J Psychol 2024. [PMID: 39013837 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Self- and other-directed compassion have been linked with better mental and physical health but research on factors contributing to their development is scarce. Previous studies indicate a possible causal relationship of lipids with personality and socioemotional functioning. As an extension to earlier research, in the present study we examine whether lipids assessed in adolescence and adulthood are associated with self-compassion and other-directed compassion in adulthood. The study utilizes data on lipids from two follow-ups in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 at ages 15-16 and 33-35. In the latter follow-up also self-compassion and other-directed compassion were assessed with the self-compassion scale - short form and the subscale for compassion in the dispositional positive emotions scale, respectively. The sample for the cross-sectional associations of lipids in adulthood with the compassion variables in adulthood includes 1,459 participants, whereas the sample for the longitudinal associations of lipids in adolescence and the compassion variables in adulthood consists of 1,509 participants. The associations were examined with hierarchical linear regression (lipids as continuous variables) and univariate general linear model (lipids as categorical variables). The results suggest that in women, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in adolescence is associated with high empathic concern (a component of other-directed compassion) in adulthood. The results show further that, in women, an HDL cholesterol level above 1.2 mmol/L in adulthood is associated with high other-directed compassion and empathic concern in adulthood. The present study provides tentative evidence that biological factors such as lipids might play a role in the development of empathic concern and other-directed compassion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Pihlaja
- Research Center of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Erika Jääskeläinen
- Research Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Laura Heikkilä
- Research Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation sr, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mirka Hintsanen
- Research Center of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Ericson SM, Gallagher JP, Federico AJ, Fleming JJ, Froggatt D, Eleid A, Finn BM, Johnston K, Cai RY. Does emotion regulation mediate the relationship between self-compassion and subjective well-being? A cross-sectional study of adults living in the United States. J Health Psychol 2024; 29:863-876. [PMID: 38069594 DOI: 10.1177/13591053231209668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Subjective well-being influences mental and physical health. Fortunately, interventions exist to improve people's subjective well-being. Emotion regulation and self-compassion are two transdiagnostic factors that impact mental health and have been separately shown to be associated with subjective well-being. However, their combined relationship with subjective well-being has not yet been examined. To address this gap, the current novel study aimed to determine if there is a combined relationship between self-compassion, emotion regulation, and dimensions of subjective well-being cross-sectionally in adults living in the United States. Participants (n = 559; 50% female; Mage = 57.70 years) completed an online survey via Prime Panels from CloudResearch, capturing their responses on the interested constructs. Analyses showed that emotion regulation significantly mediated the relationships between self-compassion and various subjective well-being dimensions, specifically, positive affect (d = 0.32), negative affect (d = 1.17), and eudemonic well-being (d = 0.79). Our findings have both clinical and research implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ru Ying Cai
- Monash University, Australia
- Autism Spectrum Australia, Australia
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11
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Calkins FC, Finkelstein SD, Martin MJ, Brock RL. The indirect impact of infant negative emotionality on interparental conflict via perceptions of coparenting challenges: What prenatal resources mitigate this risk? FAMILY PROCESS 2024. [PMID: 38852939 DOI: 10.1111/famp.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Research clearly demonstrates that conflictual interparental relationship dynamics can create a family context that contributes to child emotional insecurity and psychopathology. Significantly less research has examined familial factors that contribute to maladaptive conflict between parents. Scholars have alluded to the disruptive impacts of parenting a child with certain temperamental characteristics (e.g., negative emotionality). Yet, there is a lack of empirical research examining if and how child temperament contributes to later interparental conflict. Using an established multi-informant, multi-method sample of 150 families first assessed during pregnancy, and again when the child was 1, 2, and 3.5 years of age, the present study aimed to test an integrated conceptual model examining whether infants' negative emotionality assessed at age 1 predicts interparental conflict at age 3.5, as mediated through destructive coparenting dynamics in toddlerhood, and identifying prenatal protective factors mitigating this maladaptive pathway. Findings suggest that greater infant negative emotionality predicts worse interparental conflict management during preschool age by undermining the mother's (but not the father's) report of coparenting relationship quality during toddlerhood. However, these results were significant only to the extent that parents were lacking certain prenatal regulatory resources (i.e., low paternal self-compassion; less secure relationship between parents). Importantly, results point to the need for intervention and prevention efforts during pregnancy that might disrupt the deleterious impacts of parenting a child who is more reactive and prone to expressing negative emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances C Calkins
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Seth D Finkelstein
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Rebecca L Brock
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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12
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Assar A, Lueke NA, Eouanzoui KB, Bolin JH. Sleep in NCAA Division I collegiate athletes: Relations with self-compassion, stress, and rumination. Stress Health 2024; 40:e3338. [PMID: 37889608 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the benefits of self-compassion on sleep difficulties extend to a sample of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college athletes, and to examine the unique contributions of two possible pathways that have been separately evidenced to underlie the self-compassion and sleep difficulties association in non-athlete populations - namely perceived stress and rumination. A total of 412 NCAA Division I college athletes (M = 19.88, SD = 1.50) from 16 different West, Midwest, South, and North-eastern universities completed the Self-Compassion Scale, Perceived Stress Scale-10, Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Findings indicated that self-compassion is associated with fewer sleep difficulties in college athletes, and that lower levels of perceived stress and rumination are independent mechanisms through which self-compassion is associated with sleep difficulties. Further, a comparison of the indirect effects revealed that perceived stress had a significantly stronger indirect effect on the relation between self-compassion and sleep difficulties than rumination. This study provides initial support for self-compassion training as a potentially relevant and important resource for promoting mental health and sleep health in the context of collegiate sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Assar
- Department of Psychological Science, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA
| | - Niloufar A Lueke
- Department of Psychological Science and Counseling, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kianré B Eouanzoui
- Ball State University Office of the Vice Provost for Academic Affairs, Muncie, Indiana, USA
| | - Jocelyn H Bolin
- Department of Educational Psychology, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA
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13
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O’Brien J, Gregg L, Wittkowski A. "Finding my voice again" - women's experiences of psychological therapy in perinatal secondary care settings: a qualitative study. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1240855. [PMID: 38863602 PMCID: PMC11165924 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1240855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although women often experience mental health comorbidities in the perinatal period, the evidence-base for psychological therapy across diagnostic boundaries in the perinatal period remains limited. As there is a need to understand experiences of therapy, irrespective of diagnosis, to inform intervention provision, the aims of this study were to explore women's experiences of psychological therapy for perinatal mental health difficulties and to identify the mechanisms that women attributed to the most significant therapeutic change for themselves and/or the mother-infant relationship. Method Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 women who received therapy within specialist perinatal community mental health settings in the Northwest of England, the UK. Interview data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results One overarching theme entitled participant life stories were at the heart of therapy was identified alongside three other main themes: 1.) We're in this together - therapeutic bond and establishing a coherent sense of self, 2.) Surfing the urge to 'fix' feelings - Sitting with emotions improved regulation and 3.) Seeing myself in a new light - Shifting self-blame to self-compassion enhanced self-efficacy. Theme 1 consisted of three subthemes. Participants described the quality of the therapeutic relationship as the fundamental foundation to (re)connecting with their needs, values and boundaries, which improved their sense of agency, self-esteem, therapeutic engagement and self-understanding. Shifting emotional avoidance to emotional engagement improved their self-regulation. Considering alternative factors that could have contributed to their experiences helped them to defuse self-blame and enhance self-compassion. Finally, changes in their mental health led to positive relational changes in their relationship with their infant and improved communication with partners. Discussion Sensitivity, engagement and responsivity experienced in the therapist-woman relationship was reported to be mirrored in the mother-infant relationship. Developing a coherent sense of self and self-regulation skills both appeared to heighten women's self-compassion and empathy for their infants, which also seemed to improve their ability to tolerate uncertainty and mixed emotions within themselves and their infants. The mechanisms of change in the perinatal period are important to consider at a stakeholder, therapist and service management level to parsimoniously and best meet the needs of women and the mother-infant relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne O’Brien
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Perinatal Mental Health and Parenting Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lynsey Gregg
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Wittkowski
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Perinatal Mental Health and Parenting Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Health Alliance Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Zainal NH, Tan HH, Hong RYS, Newman MG. Testing the Efficacy of a Brief, Self-Guided Mindfulness Ecological Momentary Intervention on Emotion Regulation and Self-Compassion in Social Anxiety Disorder: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Ment Health 2024; 11:e53712. [PMID: 38640015 PMCID: PMC11069101 DOI: 10.2196/53712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theories propose that brief, mobile, self-guided mindfulness ecological momentary interventions (MEMIs) could enhance emotion regulation (ER) and self-compassion. Such changes are posited to be mechanisms of change. However, rigorous tests of these theories have not been conducted. OBJECTIVE In this assessor-blinded, parallel-group randomized controlled trial, we aimed to test these theories in social anxiety disorder (SAD). METHODS Participants with SAD (defined as having a prerandomization cut-off score ≥20 on the Social Phobia Inventory self-report) were randomized to a 14-day fully self-guided MEMI (96/191, 50.3%) or self-monitoring app (95/191, 49.7%) arm. They completed web-based self-reports of 6 clinical outcome measures at prerandomization, 15-day postintervention (administered the day after the intervention ended), and 1-month follow-up time points. ER and self-compassion were assessed at preintervention and 7-day midintervention time points. Multilevel modeling determined the efficacy of MEMI on ER and self-compassion domains from pretrial to midintervention time points. Bootstrapped parallel multilevel mediation analysis examined the mediating role of pretrial to midintervention ER and self-compassion domains on the efficacy of MEMI on 6 clinical outcomes. RESULTS Participants demonstrated strong compliance, with 78% (149/191) engaging in at least 80% of the MEMI and self-monitoring prompts. MEMI was more efficacious than the self-monitoring app in decreasing ER goal-directed behavior difficulties (between-group Cohen d=-0.24) and lack of emotional clarity (Cohen d=0.16) and increasing self-compassion social connectedness (Cohen d=0.19), nonidentification with emotions (Cohen d=0.16), and self-kindness (Cohen d=0.19) from pretrial to midintervention time points. The within-group effect sizes from pretrial to midintervention were larger in the MEMI arm than in the self-monitoring app arm (ER goal-directed behavior difficulties: Cohen d=-0.73 vs -0.29, lack of emotional clarity: Cohen d=-0.39 vs -0.21, self-compassion domains of social connectedness: Cohen d=0.45 vs 0.19, nonidentification with emotions: Cohen d=0.63 vs 0.48, and self-kindness: Cohen d=0.36 vs 0.10). Self-monitoring, but not MEMI, alleviated ER emotional awareness issues (between-group Cohen d=0.11 and within-group: Cohen d=-0.29 vs -0.13) and reduced self-compassion acknowledging shared human struggles (between-group Cohen d=0.26 and within-group: Cohen d=-0.23 vs 0.13). No ER and self-compassion domains were mediators of the effect of MEMI on SAD symptoms (P=.07-<.99), generalized anxiety symptoms (P=.16-.98), depression severity (P=.20-.94), repetitive negative thinking (P=.12-.96), and trait mindfulness (P=.18-.99) from pretrial to postintervention time points. Similar nonsignificant mediation effects emerged for all of these clinical outcomes from pretrial to 1-month follow-up time points (P=.11-.98). CONCLUSIONS Brief, fully self-guided, mobile MEMIs efficaciously increased specific self-compassion domains and decreased ER difficulties associated with goal pursuit and clarity of emotions from pretrial to midintervention time points. Higher-intensity MEMIs may be required to pinpoint the specific change mechanisms in ER and self-compassion domains of SAD. TRIAL REGISTRATION Open Science Framework (OSF) Registries; osf.io/m3kxz https://osf.io/m3kxz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Hani Zainal
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Health Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hui Han Tan
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ryan Yee Shiun Hong
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michelle Gayle Newman
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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15
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Cai RY, Edwards C, Love AM, Brown L, Gibbs V. Self-compassion improves emotion regulation and mental health outcomes: A pilot study of an online self-compassion program for autistic adults. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2024:13623613241235061. [PMID: 38584374 DOI: 10.1177/13623613241235061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT Self-compassion is when we are aware of our feelings and thoughts, are friendly toward ourselves, and realize everyone feels pain and makes mistakes. Self-compassion is associated with having better mental health and well-being in autistic and non-autistic people. But we do not know if autistic people's self-compassion can be improved through psychoeducation and self-compassion practices. We co-produced an online self-guided self-compassion program based on evidence-based self-compassion practices for autistic adults called the Self-compassion Program for Autistic Adults. This program included live-experiences videos of autistic adults reflecting on their self-compassion and self-critical experiences. This study piloted the program with 39 autistic adults. We wanted to see if these autistic adults' self-compassion, emotion regulation, mental health, and psychological well-being improved after completing this program. We found that the autistic participants' self-compassion, emotion regulation, mental health, and psychological well-being improved significantly after completing the program over 5 weeks. We also found that just over half of the participants reported experiencing negative reactions associated with self-compassion practices. We suggested some clinical implications, including a recommendation for emotion regulation interventions to incorporate self-compassion to help promote access to the affiliative system. In addition, autistic adults who are psychologically vulnerable may need to work with mental health professionals while developing self-compassion to help manage the possible negative reactions associated with some self-compassion practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Ying Cai
- Autism Spectrum Australia, Australia
- La Trobe University, Australia
| | | | | | - Lydia Brown
- La Trobe University, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Australia
- Healthscope Hospitals, Australia
| | - Vicki Gibbs
- Autism Spectrum Australia, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Australia
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16
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Tout AF, Jessop DC, Miles E. Investigating the combined and unique contributions of positive psychological traits to sleep and exploring emotion regulation as a common mediator. J Behav Med 2024; 47:207-219. [PMID: 37698804 PMCID: PMC10944429 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-023-00436-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The identification of variables which facilitate good quality and quantity sleep represents an important step in tackling the current global sleep loss epidemic. Previous research has established links between good sleep and the positive psychological traits of mindfulness, self-compassion, gratitude and optimism. However, studies have typically focused on single traits, limiting understanding of their collective and independent associations. The two studies reported here address this gap by exploring the combined and unique contributions of mindfulness, self-compassion, gratitude and optimism to sleep; Study 2 further investigated emotion regulation as a common underlying mechanism. Participants in both studies (Study 1 N = 268; Study 2 N = 333) completed online questionnaires assessing the four positive psychological traits and sleep quality and quantity; participants in Study 2 also completed measures of adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation. Multiple regression analyses revealed that mindfulness, self-compassion, gratitude and optimism collectively accounted for 24.96% (Study 1) and 15.81% (Study 2) of the variance in overall sleep quality and quantity. Optimism and mindfulness emerged as significant linear predictors in their own right, with higher levels of optimism and mindfulness respectively being associated with better sleep. Study 2 further identified maladaptive emotion regulation as a common mediating mechanism. Findings highlight the importance of positive psychological traits in relation to sleep and indicate that optimism and mindfulness might make unique contributions to the prediction of sleep outcomes. Findings also flag emotion regulation as a potential common mediator of associations between positive psychological traits and sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber F Tout
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, BN1 9QH, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Donna C Jessop
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, BN1 9QH, Falmer, Brighton, UK.
| | - Eleanor Miles
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, BN1 9QH, Falmer, Brighton, UK
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17
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Sher A, Wootton BM, Paparo J. A preliminary investigation of the mediating roles of self-compassion and emotion dysregulation in the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive behaviors. J Clin Psychol 2024; 80:591-609. [PMID: 38236198 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent research has highlighted an association between maladaptive perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are not well understood. The primary aim of this preliminary study was to investigate whether self-compassion and emotion dysregulation independently mediated this relationship. The secondary aim was to determine whether serial mediation existed between these factors. Whether these relations held for overall obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms, versus distinct dimensions of OCD, was also of interest. METHOD Three hundred and ninety-two university students (Mage = 21.81, SD = 8.01), predominantly female (79.18%), participated in an online questionnaire that included a dimensional measure of OCD. Scales assessing maladaptive perfectionism, self-compassion, emotion dysregulation, and negative emotion states were also included. RESULTS Greater maladaptive perfectionism was related to more severe OCD. Emotion dysregulation, but not self-compassion, independently mediated this relationship. A serial mediation relationship was found, in that greater maladaptive perfectionism was associated with lower self-compassion, which was linked to greater emotion dysregulation, and in turn related to more severe OC behaviors. In addition, distinct patterns emerged for separate OC dimensions. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight emotion regulation and self-compassion as potential targets for OCD prevention, especially in individuals with symptoms in the symmetry and unacceptable thoughts dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Sher
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bethany M Wootton
- Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Josephine Paparo
- School of Psychological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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18
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Evans SL, Alkan E. Personality Risk Factors for Vape Use amongst Young Adults and Its Consequences for Sleep and Mental Health. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:423. [PMID: 38391799 PMCID: PMC10888182 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12040423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The surge in vape (e-cigarette) use among young adults is concerning, as there is limited knowledge about risk factors and health consequences. This study explores the personality traits linked to vape use, and associations between vaping and chronotype, sleep quality, and mental health, among young adults. (2) Methods: 316 participants, aged 18-25, completed measurements of mindfulness, rumination, self-compassion, anxiety/depression, chronotype, and sleep quality. (3) Results: the vape user group scored significantly lower on mindfulness, higher on rumination, and lower on self-compassion. Vape users were more likely to be evening types and had significantly lower sleep quality and higher anxiety symptoms, as well as higher alcohol use and loneliness (at trend) (4) Conclusions: These novel findings enhance our understanding of what might predispose young adults to vaping and the potential impact on their mental health and sleep quality. Findings point to specific cognitive/personality traits as vaping risk factors, which could inform intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon L Evans
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Erkan Alkan
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, School of Psychology and Counselling, Open University, Cardiff CF10 1AP, UK
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19
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Wollast R, Preece DA, Schmitz M, Bigot A, Gross JJ, Luminet O. The role of self-compassion in loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic: a group-based trajectory modelling approach. Cogn Emot 2024; 38:103-119. [PMID: 37882199 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2270201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Research has suggested an increase in loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic, but much of this work has been cross-sectional, making causal inferences difficult. In the present research, we employed a longitudinal design to identify loneliness trajectories within a period of twelve months during the COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium (N = 2106). We were particularly interested in the potential protective role of self-compassion in these temporal dynamics. Using a group-based trajectory modelling approach, we identified trajectory groups of individuals following low (11.0%), moderate-low (22.4%), moderate (25.7%), moderate-high (31.3%), and high (9.6%) levels of loneliness. Findings indicated that younger people, women, and individuals with poor quality relationships, high levels of health anxiety, and stress related to COVID-19, all had a higher probability of belonging to the highest loneliness trajectory groups. Importantly, we also found that people high in two of the three facets of self-compassion (self-kindness and common humanity) had a lower probability of belonging to the highest loneliness trajectory groups. Ultimately, we demonstrated that trajectory groups reflecting higher levels of loneliness were associated with lower life satisfaction and greater depressive symptoms. We discuss the possibility that increasing self-compassion may be used to promote better mental health in similarly challenging situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Wollast
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Research Institute for Psychological Sciences, UCLouvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - David A Preece
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Mathias Schmitz
- Research Institute for Psychological Sciences, UCLouvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alix Bigot
- Research Institute for Psychological Sciences, UCLouvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - James J Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Olivier Luminet
- Research Institute for Psychological Sciences, UCLouvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Fund for Scientific Research (FRS-FNRS), Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Tolonen I, Saarinen A, Sebert S, Hintsanen M. Do compassion and self-compassion moderate the relationship between childhood socioeconomic position and adulthood body composition? Psychol Health 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38270065 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2024.2305133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The study aims to investigate the associations of compassion and self-compassion with body composition, and whether adulthood compassion and self-compassion moderate the relationship between childhood SEP and adulthood body composition. The participants came from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 Study (n = 789, 52.1% women), with a mean age of 34.0 years. Compassion and self-compassion were measured with the Dispositional Positive Emotions Scale and Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form, respectively. Body composition was assessed using anthropometric and body fat measurements at a clinic. Childhood SEP included parental occupation, education, and employment. The results showed that high compassion was associated with three out of the five body composition measurements, namely lower waist circumference (B = -0.960, p = 0.039, 95% CI: -1.870; -0.498), body fat percentage (B = -0.693, p = 0.030, 95% CI: -1.317; -0.069), and fat mass index (B = -0.325, p = 0.023, 95% CI: -0.605; -0.044) (adjusted for sex, and childhood and adulthood SEP) but not with body mass index or waist-to-hip ratio. Self-compassion was not associated with body composition. Neither compassion nor self-compassion moderated the association between childhood SEP and adulthood body composition, as the interaction effects were not significant. Therefore, the dispositions did not protect against the negative effects of childhood SEP on adulthood body composition. High other-directed compassion may be, however, associated with healthier body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iina Tolonen
- Division of Psychology, VISE, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Aino Saarinen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Research Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mirka Hintsanen
- Division of Psychology, VISE, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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21
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Etemadi Shamsababdi P, Dehshiri GR. Self-Compassion, Anxiety and Depression Symptoms; the Mediation of Shame and Guilt. Psychol Rep 2024:332941241227525. [PMID: 38251880 DOI: 10.1177/00332941241227525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Self-compassion is related to psychological well-being and can improve mental health problems. The present study aimed to examine the relationship of self-compassion with anxiety and depression symptoms considering the mediating effects of shame and guilt. Two hundred forty-three participants in Iran completed the measures of Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS), self-compassion Scale-Short Form (SCS-SF), and personal feelings questionnaire-2 (PFQ-2 Brief). The result showed that there was a significant negative correlation between self-compassion and shame, guilt, depression, and anxiety. The correlation between shame and guilt with depression and anxiety was also positive and significant. Mediation analysis was used to examine whether self-compassion predicted decreased symptoms of depression and anxiety through decreased shame and guilt. The results showed that self-compassion has a negative direct effect on depression symptoms. The direct effect of self-compassion on anxiety symptoms was not significant. Moreover, we found that shame and guilt mediate the relationship between self-compassion and depressive symptoms. However, the indirect effect of guilt on anxiety symptoms was not significant. The findings of the current study demonstrate that Self-compassion is linked to more psychological strengths and efficient emotional regulations, leading to less self-conscious emotions (shame and guilt) and decreased depression and anxiety symptoms.
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Murfield J, Moyle W, O'Donovan A, Ware RS. The Role of Self-Compassion, Dispositional Mindfulness, and Emotion Regulation in the Psychological Health of Family Carers of Older Adults. Clin Gerontol 2024; 47:316-328. [PMID: 33263503 DOI: 10.1080/07317115.2020.1846650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study explored the role of compassion and dispositional mindfulness in the psychological health of family carers of older adults and tested for potential mediating effects of emotion regulation difficulties and adaptive coping strategies. METHODS A sample of 141 family carers of adults aged 65 years or older with chronic conditions completed a cross-sectional survey between July - December 2019. The survey included self-report scales that measured: self-compassion, compassion for others, compassion from others, dispositional mindfulness, depression, anxiety, stress, emotion- and problem-focused coping strategies, and difficulties in emotion regulation. RESULTS Path analyses found that increased self-compassion and increased dispositional mindfulness was associated with lower psychological distress, and that this was mediated by reduced difficulties in emotion regulation. The model had excellent fit, explaining 64.8% of the variance in psychological distress, and 52.2% of the variance in emotion regulation difficulties. CONCLUSIONS Self-compassion and dispositional mindfulness may help buffer the psychological distress of family carers of older adults, and adaptive emotion regulation is an important mechanism of change in these relationships. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Interventions that aim to cultivate self-compassion and mindfulness could be clinically useful in reducing psychological distress within populations of family carers of older adults by promoting adaptive emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Murfield
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Wendy Moyle
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Robert S Ware
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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Brinckman B, Alfaro E, Wooten W, Herringa R. The promise of compassion-based therapy as a novel intervention for adolescent PTSD. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2024; 15:100694. [PMID: 38283688 PMCID: PMC10817702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In this review, we summarize current evidence for compassion-based approaches for PTSD and the potential for their application to the adolescent PTSD population. Exposure to traumatic events is common in adolescence and PTSD remains a public health crisis. Accessibility, willingness, and engagement are significant barriers to established treatments for PTSD, with attrition rates as high as 50 %. Compassion-based therapies provide potential solutions to treatment obstacles by providing a non-threatening, transdiagnostic option unburdened by aspects of current trauma treatment which may be associated with treatment resistance (e.g., exposure, trauma narrative, induction of fear). Compassion-based approaches are intuitive for trauma treatment, as compassion activates the self-soothing system, thereby disarming the fear system and promoting affect regulation. Compassion-based treatments demonstrate reductions across a substantial range of PTSD symptoms in adults, however, in adolescents extant literature is sparse, with cross-sectional studies suggesting self-compassion is inversely associated with trauma-related psychopathology. Understanding the impact of compassion-based approaches on adolescent PTSD is warranted as the adolescent developmental period may be a particularly opportune time for this approach. Evaluation of the impact of compassion-based treatment on adolescent PTSD in clinical populations via randomized-controlled studies and comparison of its relative efficacy to current evidence-based practices is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Brinckman
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, BRAVE Research Lab, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, WI 53719-1176, United States
| | - Elena Alfaro
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, BRAVE Research Lab, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, WI 53719-1176, United States
| | - William Wooten
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, BRAVE Research Lab, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, WI 53719-1176, United States
| | - Ryan Herringa
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, BRAVE Research Lab, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, WI 53719-1176, United States
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Simmons A, Ferry M, Christopher M. Relative Impact of Mindfulness, Self-Compassion, and Psychological Resilience on Mental Health Outcomes in Racially Minoritized Adults. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231213646. [PMID: 37970811 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231213646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Racially minoritized adults lack equal representation in research and experience disparities in healthcare. Little is known about which trait-level factors may help mitigate negative and promote positive psychological health among adults from these communities. The aim of this study was to assess the differential impact of dispositional mindfulness, self-compassion, and resilience in predicting depression, anxiety, stress, and life satisfaction in a sample of racially minoritized adults. This study is a cross-sectional analysis of 169 participants (37.3% female and 62.7% male) between the ages of 18 and 64 (M = 37.05; SD = 11.94). Separate hierarchical multiple regression models examined the relative influence of mindfulness facets (acting with awareness (AA); nonjudging of inner experience (NJ), and nonreactivity of inner experience (NR)), self-compassion, and resilience in predicting depression, anxiety, stress, and life satisfaction. Self-compassion, resilience, AA, and NR predicted depression; self-compassion, resilience, and NR predicted anxiety; self-compassion, resilience, and NR predicted stress; and self-compassion predicted satisfaction with life. Self-compassion, resilience, AA, NJ, and NR differentially predicted depression, anxiety, stress, and life satisfaction; however, only self-compassion consistently predicted all outcomes. Future research may incorporate an intersectional methodology and account for differences among different racially minoritized groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akeesha Simmons
- School of Graduate Psychology, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR, USA
| | - Marissa Ferry
- School of Graduate Psychology, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR, USA
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Kummar AS, Correia H, Tan J, Fujiyama H. An 8-week compassion and mindfulness-based exposure therapy program improves posttraumatic stress symptoms. Clin Psychol Psychother 2023. [PMID: 37947043 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) can be debilitating. However, many people experiencing such symptoms may not qualify for or may not seek treatment. Potentially contributing to ongoing residual symptoms of PTSS is emotion dysregulation. Meanwhile, the research area of mindfulness and compassion has grown to imply emotion regulation as one of its underlying mechanisms; yet, its influence on emotion regulation in PTSS cohort is unknown. Here, we explored the potential effectiveness of an 8-week Compassion-oriented and Mindfulness-based Exposure Therapy (CoMET) for individuals with PTSS using a waitlist control design. A total of 28 individuals (27 females, age range = 18-39 years) participated in the study (17 CoMET; 11 waitlist control). Following CoMET, participants reported significant decreases in PTSS severity (from clinical to non-clinical levels), emotion dysregulation and experiential avoidance, as well as significant increases in mindfulness, self-compassion and quality of life. Electroencephalogram-based brain network connectivity analysis revealed an increase in alpha-band connectivity following CoMET in a network that includes the amygdala, suggesting that CoMET successfully induced changes in functional connectivity between brain regions that play a crucial role in emotion regulation. In sum, the current study demonstrated promising intervention outcomes of CoMET in effectively alleviating the symptoms of PTSS via enhanced emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auretta Sonia Kummar
- School of Psychology, College of Health & Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Helen Correia
- School of Psychology, College of Health & Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Psychological Sciences, Australian College of Applied Professions, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jane Tan
- School of Psychology, College of Health & Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hakuei Fujiyama
- School of Psychology, College of Health & Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Bourke M, Pila E. Body-related self-conscious emotions, self-compassion, and dietary restraint in Canadian undergraduate university students: A multilevel mediation and moderation analysis. Int J Eat Disord 2023; 56:2131-2141. [PMID: 37610052 DOI: 10.1002/eat.24049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Self-compassion has an inverse association with dietary restraint however, the mechanisms linking self-compassion and dietary restraint are not clear. This study aimed to determine to what extent self-compassion was inversely concurrently related to dietary restraint, indirectly through body-related self-conscious emotions, and to what extent trait self-compassion moderated the concurrent within-person association between body-related self-conscious emotions and dietary restraint. METHOD Data was collected from 224 Canadian university students who reported on trait self-compassion at baseline and body-related shame, guilt, envy, and embarrassment, and dietary restraint biweekly between November 2020 and August 2021. RESULTS Results from a 2-1-1 multilevel mediation model showed that trait self-compassion was indirectly concurrently related to dietary restraint through body-related shame, guilt, envy, and embarrassment. Results from the moderation model showed that there was a significant positive concurrent within-person association between body-related shame, envy, and embarrassment, but not guilt, with dietary restraint. These relationships were not moderated by trait self-compassion. DISCUSSION This study adds to our understanding of the concurrent association between body-related self-conscious emotions and dietary restraint, and the mechanisms through which self-compassion is related to dietary restraint. Given body-related self-conscious emotions were related to dietary restraint at both the within-person and between-person level, both compassion-focused interventions that aim to improve general levels of body-related self-conscious emotions and interventions that aim to overcome spikes in these emotions compared with one's usual level are warranted. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Negative body-related self-conscious emotions were related to higher levels of dietary restraint both across individuals and within individuals over time; and may play a mechanistic role in linking self-compassion with dietary restraint. Interventions aimed at reducing negative body-related self-conscious emotions are warranted in the prevention of eating disorder psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Bourke
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eva Pila
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Messer M, Lee S, Linardon J. Longitudinal association between self-compassion and intuitive eating: Testing emotion regulation and body image flexibility as mediating variables. J Clin Psychol 2023; 79:2625-2634. [PMID: 37462510 PMCID: PMC10952370 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Growing evidence suggests that intuitive eating is associated with numerous positive mental health and well-being constructs. Understanding factors that predict intuitive eating is necessary for identifying practical targets to enhance this style of eating, yet research identifying such predictors is scarce. Self-compassion is one variable that could enhance intuitive eating because it involves the practice of healthy emotion regulation skills that may disrupt the tendency to turn to food to cope during distressing situations. The present study tested for a longitudinal association between self-compassion and intuitive eating. We also tested whether this association was mediated by indices of emotion regulation (i.e., global emotion regulation skill scores and body image flexibility). METHOD Adult women (n = 3039) were invited to completed study measures at baseline (T1), 4-month follow-up (T2), and 8-month follow-up (T3). Path analyses were computed to test hypothesized indirect effects. RESULTS A direct path from T1 self-compassion to T3 intuitive eating emerged, such that higher self-compassion levels predicted increased intuitive eating over time. However, this association was not mediated by T2 emotion regulation skills nor body image flexibility. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that self-compassion may facilitate an intuitive eating style, which does not appear to be explained by certain emotion regulation skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel Messer
- School of PsychologyDeakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - Sohee Lee
- Faculty of Health and Environmental ScienceAuckland University of TechnologyAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Jake Linardon
- School of PsychologyDeakin UniversityGeelongVictoriaAustralia
- Center for Social and Early Emotional Development and School of PsychologyDeakin UniversityBurwoodVictoriaAustralia
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Pastore OL, Brett B, Fortier MS. Self-Compassion and Happiness: Exploring the Influence of the Subcomponents of Self-Compassion on Happiness and Vice Versa. Psychol Rep 2023; 126:2191-2211. [PMID: 35426746 DOI: 10.1177/00332941221084902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Self-compassion is a healthy conceptualization of the self and has been associated with a myriad of health benefits. There is limited research regarding the influence of the subcomponents of self-compassion on happiness and vice versa. This study investigated (1) the influence and relative strength of the relationships of the 6 subcomponents of self-compassion onto happiness, (2) the influence and relative strength of the relationships of happiness onto the 6 subcomponents of self-compassion and (3) the bi-directional relationship between total self-compassion variables and happiness across two timepoints. This study followed a pre-post design whereby 33 university students and employees undergoing a physical activity counselling (PAC) program filled out validated online questionnaires before and immediately after individualized sessions. Results revealed that there was a positive bi-directional relationship between self-compassion and happiness over time, with the stronger influence being from happiness to self-compassion. This is likely because happier individuals are kinder to themselves and strongly connected with others. Moreover, results showed that mindfulness was the strongest subcomponent of self-compassion to positively influence happiness, and happiness was the strongest negative predictor of isolation. This has practical implications in that PAC counsellors and other practitioners should try to emphasize mindfulness in their interventions to maximize feelings of happiness, and try to cultivate happiness to reduce feelings of isolation and increase total self-compassion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Brett
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Yang X, Ma H, Zhang L, Xue J, Hu P. Perceived Social Support, Depressive Symptoms, Self-Compassion, and Mobile Phone Addiction: A Moderated Mediation Analysis. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:769. [PMID: 37754047 PMCID: PMC10525471 DOI: 10.3390/bs13090769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study is to investigate the relationships between perceived social support and mobile phone addiction, as well as the mediating effect of depressive symptoms and the moderating effect of self-compassion. METHODS A total of 874 college students completed questionnaires, including the perceived social support scale, depression-anxiety-stress scale, mobile phone addiction index, and the short form of the self-compassion scale. The participants included 202 males and 672 females, with an average age of 19.54 (SD = 2.16). RESULTS A moderated mediation analysis was conducted. The results revealed that perceived social support fully mediated the negative relationship between perceived social support and mobile phone addiction. Self-compassion attenuated the mediating effects. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicated that insufficient perceived social support may increase the risk of mobile phone addiction among college students because of the impact of depressive symptoms. However, self-compassion could buffer this adverse effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Yang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, No. 59 Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100872, China; (X.Y.); (H.M.); (L.Z.); (J.X.)
- Department of Psychology, Tianjin University of Commerce, No. 409 Guangrong Road, Beichen District, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Hang Ma
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, No. 59 Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100872, China; (X.Y.); (H.M.); (L.Z.); (J.X.)
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, No. 59 Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100872, China; (X.Y.); (H.M.); (L.Z.); (J.X.)
| | - Jinyang Xue
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, No. 59 Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100872, China; (X.Y.); (H.M.); (L.Z.); (J.X.)
| | - Ping Hu
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, No. 59 Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100872, China; (X.Y.); (H.M.); (L.Z.); (J.X.)
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Finlay-Jones AL, Parkinson A, Sirois F, Perry Y, Boyes M, Rees CS. Web-Based Self-Compassion Training to Improve the Well-Being of Youth With Chronic Medical Conditions: Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e44016. [PMID: 37703081 PMCID: PMC10534292 DOI: 10.2196/44016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to one-third of young people live with chronic physical conditions (eg, diabetes, asthma, and autoimmune disease) that frequently involve recurrent pain, fatigue, activity limitations, stigma, and isolation. These issues may be exacerbated as young people transition through adolescence. Accordingly, young people with chronic illness are at a high risk of psychological distress. Accessible, evidence-based interventions for young people with chronic illnesses are urgently needed to improve well-being, support adaptation, and enhance daily functioning. Self-compassion, which is an adaptive means of relating to oneself during times of difficulty, is a promising intervention target for this population. OBJECTIVE This study aims to test the efficacy of a 4-week, self-guided, web-based self-compassion training program for improving well-being among young Australians (aged 16-25 years) living with a chronic medical condition. The primary outcomes were self-compassion, emotion regulation difficulties, and coping; the secondary outcomes were well-being, distress, and quality of life. We also sought to test whether changes in primary outcomes mediated changes in secondary outcomes and gather feedback about the strengths and limitations of the program. METHODS We conducted a single-blind, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial comparing a 4-week, fully automated, web-based self-compassion training program with a waitlist control. Participants were recruited via the internet, and outcomes were self-assessed at 4 (T1) and 12 weeks (T2) after the baseline time point via a web-based survey. A mixed methods approach was used to evaluate the program feedback. RESULTS Overall, 151 patients (age: mean 21.15, SD 2.77 years; female patients: n=132, 87.4%) were randomized to the intervention (n=76, 50.3%) and control (n=75, 49.7%) groups. The loss-to-follow-up rate was 47.4%, and program use statistics indicated that only 29% (22/76) of young people in the experimental group completed 100% of the program. The main reported barrier to completion was a lack of time. As anticipated, treatment effects were observed for self-compassion (P=.01; partial η2=0.05; small effect); well-being (P≤.001; partial η2=0.07; medium effect); and distress (P=.003; partial η2=0.054; small-medium effect) at the posttest time point and maintained at follow-up. Contrary to our hypotheses, no intervention effects were observed for emotion regulation difficulties or maladaptive coping strategies. Improvements in adaptive coping were observed at the posttest time point but were not maintained at follow-up. Self-compassion, but not emotion regulation difficulties or coping, mediated the improvements in well-being. CONCLUSIONS Minimal-contact, web-based self-compassion training can confer mental health benefits on young people with chronic conditions. This group experiences substantial challenges to participation in mental health supports, and program engagement and retention in this trial were suboptimal. Future work should focus on refining the program content, engagement, and delivery to optimize engagement and treatment outcomes for the target group. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry 12619000572167; https://tinyurl.com/5n6hevt. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) RR2-10.1186/s12889-020-8226-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Louise Finlay-Jones
- Youth Mental Health Team, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Asha Parkinson
- Youth Mental Health Team, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Fuschia Sirois
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Yael Perry
- Youth Mental Health Team, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Mark Boyes
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Clare S Rees
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
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Xie Q. Are Mindfulness and Self-Compassion Related to Peace of Mind? The Mediating Role of Nonattachment. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231198511. [PMID: 37658758 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231198511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Peace of mind is an important affective well-being valued in Chinese culture. Mindfulness and self-compassion could potentially promote peace of mind. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects were not well understood. The current cross-sectional study aimed to investigate whether nonattachment explained the effects of mindfulness and self-compassion on peace of mind. A sample of 364 Chinese adults was recruited from WeChat, a popular Chinese social media platform. Participants filled out an online survey including measures of dispositional mindfulness, self-compassion, nonattachment, and peace of mind. The results of correlation analyses revealed significant and positive associations among mindfulness, self-compassion, nonattachment, and peace of mind. Furthermore, nonattachment significantly mediated the associations between mindfulness and self-compassion with peace of mind. Moderated mediation analyses indicated that the relationships between mindfulness and self-compassion with nonattachment were stronger for women than for men. Gender did not moderate the direct effects of mindfulness and self-compassion on peace of mind, the relationship between nonattachment and peace of mind, and the mediating effects of mindfulness and self-compassion on peace of mind through nonattachment. These findings suggest that nonattachment may be a potential mechanism through which mindfulness and self-compassion promote peace of mind among Chinese adults. If the mediating effects are confirmed in future longitudinal and experimental studies, mindfulness and self-compassion interventions can emphasize nonattachment to optimize their effects on peace of mind. It may also be important to tailor mindfulness and self-compassion training for men and women given the gender differences in the relationships between mindfulness and self-compassion with nonattachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xie
- Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Cai RY, Love A, Robinson A, Gibbs V. The Inter-Relationship of Emotion Regulation, Self-Compassion, and Mental Health in Autistic Adults. AUTISM IN ADULTHOOD 2023; 5:335-342. [PMID: 37663445 PMCID: PMC10468559 DOI: 10.1089/aut.2022.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Emotion regulation is one of the key factors that influence mental health outcomes in autistic and nonautistic populations. Recent research has also identified self-compassion as a negative correlate of depression and positive correlate of psychological well-being in autistic adults. Empirical evidence from the general population supports the notion that being kind and compassionate toward oneself during stressful and difficult moments can help with one's ability to regulate negative emotions, which then has flow-on effects on mental health outcomes. However, the inter-relationship between self-compassion, emotion regulation, and mental health has not been examined in autistic samples. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine if emotion regulation mediates the relationship between self-compassion and anxiety or depression in a sample of autistic adults. Methods Participants were 153 adults (meanage = 35.70, standard deviationage = 12.62) who had either self-reported a clinical diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder or self-identified as autistic. They completed an online survey capturing self-compassion, emotion regulation, anxiety, and depression. We hypothesized that emotion regulation would mediate the relationship between self-compassion and anxiety or depression, and self-compassion would not mediate the relationship between emotion regulation and anxiety or depression. Results As predicted, only emotion regulation mediated the relationship between self-compassion and mental health outcomes. Self-compassion did not mediate the relationship between emotion regulation and mental health outcomes. Conclusion This study provides preliminary evidence for the role that self-compassion plays in improving emotion regulation and mental health in autistic adults. If this mechanism of emotion regulation mediating the relationship between self-compassion and mental health is consistently found in future studies, then it would be helpful for future research to examine the clinical benefits of including a self-compassion component in emotion regulation interventions to improve mental health outcomes of autistic adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Ying Cai
- Aspect Research Centre for Autism Practice, Autism Spectrum Australia, Frenchs Forest, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Abigail Love
- Aspect Research Centre for Autism Practice, Autism Spectrum Australia, Frenchs Forest, Australia
| | - Ainslie Robinson
- Aspect Research Centre for Autism Practice, Autism Spectrum Australia, Frenchs Forest, Australia
| | - Vicki Gibbs
- Aspect Research Centre for Autism Practice, Autism Spectrum Australia, Frenchs Forest, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
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Arthur A, McDevitt M, Rooney RM, MacLeod A, Kane RT, Tonta K, McMillan K, Peckover J, Baughman N. Short-term effects of the "I Spy Feelings" program on emotion regulation in 5- to 6-year-old children. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1016521. [PMID: 37599750 PMCID: PMC10434767 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1016521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mental health difficulties in early childhood can have a debilitating and ongoing impact throughout an individual's life; emotion regulation can serve as a protective factor. Therefore, evidence-based prevention programs that teach children effective skills and strategies for emotion regulation are needed. Methods As part of the Aussie Optimism pilot study evaluating the "I Spy Feelings" program, this study aims to assess the short-term effects of the program on emotion regulation in pre-primary aged children after 2 months via a longitudinal cluster randomized controlled trial. Participants included parents (N = 73) of 5- to 6-year-old children attending four different Catholic primary schools. Children from two of the schools were allocated to the intervention group where they participated in the program (N = 33), while children from the other two schools were allocated to the control group where they did not (N = 40). At each time point, all parents completed abridged Children's Emotional Management Scales measuring how well parents believe their child is able to cope with anger, sadness and worry. Results A significant intervention effect 2 months after intervention was found for the outcome of anger coping such that parents whose children were in the intervention group reported significantly greater improvement in their children's ability to cope with anger compared to parents whose children were in the control group. No significant effect was found for the outcome of sadness, and results for the worry subscale were inconclusive due to unacceptable internal consistency. Discussion The present study provides insight into the benefit of programs designed to enhance the emotion regulation skills of very young children. Further follow-up is needed to assess whether the "I Spy Feelings" program has lasting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annaliese Arthur
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Maryanne McDevitt
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Rosanna M. Rooney
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Amber MacLeod
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Robert T. Kane
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Kate Tonta
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
- Curtin enAble Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Kaitlin McMillan
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Jacob Peckover
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Natalie Baughman
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
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Rech M, Diaz GB, Schaab BL, Rech CGSL, Calvetti PÜ, Reppold CT. Association of Emotional Self-Regulation with Psychological Distress and Positive Functioning Dimensions in Brazilian University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6428. [PMID: 37510660 PMCID: PMC10379342 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20146428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Emotional self-regulation is a relevant factor for human development capable of minimizing emotional difficulties in the face of adverse events, as was particularly useful during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study aimed to evaluate emotional self-regulation in Brazilian health science university students and its relationship with positive psychology constructs (subjective well-being, hope, optimism, spirituality, self-compassion, and self-efficacy) and psychological distress (depression, anxiety, and stress). This was a prospective, cross-sectional, observational, analytic study of 1062 Brazilian undergraduate students with data collected using self-administered online questionnaires. Students in the first years of their undergraduate degree programs had significantly higher dysregulation scores than those in the final years. Multiple linear regression yielded a model that explained 71.8% of the variation in emotion dysregulation. The correlations of emotion dysregulation were significant and strong, scoring negatively with self-compassion, optimism, and subjective well-being and positively with psychological distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Rech
- Research Laboratory for Psychological Assessment, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Bertoletti Diaz
- Research Laboratory for Psychological Assessment, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Bruno Luis Schaab
- Research Laboratory for Psychological Assessment, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Carolina Garcia Soares Leães Rech
- Research Laboratory for Psychological Assessment, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Prisla Ücker Calvetti
- Research Laboratory for Psychological Assessment, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Caroline Tozzi Reppold
- Research Laboratory for Psychological Assessment, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
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Wang S, Tang Q, Lv Y, Tao Y, Liu X, Zhang L, Liu G. The Temporal Relationship between Depressive Symptoms and Loneliness: The Moderating Role of Self-Compassion. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:472. [PMID: 37366723 DOI: 10.3390/bs13060472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Loneliness and depression are significant mental health challenges among college students; however, the intricate relationship between these phenomena remains unclear, particularly in the context of self-compassion. In this comprehensive study, we employ a cross-lagged panel network (CLPN) analysis to investigate the symptom-level association between depression and loneliness while exploring the potential moderating influence of self-compassion. Our sample consisted of 2785 college students, who were categorized into high- and low-self-compassion groups based on scores from the Self-Compassion Scale. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, while the UCLA Loneliness Scale-8 measured loneliness expressions. Our findings indicate that self-compassion plays a crucial role in the relationship between depression and loneliness. Specifically, we observed distinctive patterns within the high and low-self-compassion groups. In the low-self-compassion group, "energy" emerged as the most influential symptom, whereas "motor function" exhibited the highest influence in the high-self-compassion group. Furthermore, among individuals with high self-compassion, the pathway from depression to loneliness was characterized by "guilt-being alone when desired," while the reverse path from loneliness to depression encompassed "left out-feeling sad" and "left out-anhedonia." Conversely, in the low-self-compassion group, depression and loneliness demonstrated a more intricate mutual triggering relationship, suggesting that self-compassion effectively moderates the association between these variables. This study provides valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms driving the interplay between depression and loneliness, shedding light on the pivotal role of self-compassion in this intricate dynamic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujian Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qihui Tang
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yichao Lv
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yanqiang Tao
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiangping Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- College Students' Mental Health Education Center, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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Gutiérrez-Hernández ME, Fanjul Rodríguez LF, Díaz Megolla A, Oyanadel C, Peñate Castro W. The Effect of Daily Meditative Practices Based on Mindfulness and Self-Compassion on Emotional Distress under Stressful Conditions: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2023; 13:762-775. [PMID: 37185911 PMCID: PMC10137463 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe13040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervention programs based on self-compassion have demonstrated their efficacy both in reducing psychological distress and increasing well-being. The goal of this study was to test the efficacy of an online intervention to increase mindfulness and self-compassion levels in a non-clinical sample in a highly stressful context: the ten weeks of lockdown imposed in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. The intervention sessions consisted of thirty-minute guided meditations followed by thirty minutes of inquiry. Sixty-one participants completed two thirds of the sessions or more, and 65 individuals participated in a waiting-list (WL) control group. Self-compassion, anxiety, depression and stress levels were assessed. The analysis of pre-post results suggests that the interventions increased self-compassion levels and decreased anxiety, depression and stress levels, whereas the WL group did not show any significant changes. The emotional changes in the intervention group were associated with the increase in self-compassion. However, at follow-up, the scores of emotional distress variables returned to the initial pre-intervention scores. These data can be interpreted in line with previous results that have shown the efficacy of self-compassion-based intervention programs. Given that this efficacy was not maintained at follow-up, data are discussed according to the pervasive role of a highly stressful context and-as described in other studies-the need for regular practice to maintain the benefits obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alicia Díaz Megolla
- Department of Education, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Cristián Oyanadel
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Wenceslao Peñate Castro
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology, University of La Laguna, 38200 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- University Institute of Neuroscience, University of La Laguna, 38200 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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Sheng H, Wang R, Liu C. The effect of explicit and implicit online self-compassion interventions on sleep quality among Chinese adults: A longitudinal and diary study. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1062148. [PMID: 36818080 PMCID: PMC9935612 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1062148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of explicit and implicit online intervention methods for self-compassion on improving sleep quality among Chinese adults. Methods A total of 328 adult participants were recruited to complete the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire and Self-compassion Scale, and 168 participants were randomly assigned to one of three different conditions: two self-compassion intervention groups (self-compassion writing intervention asked participants to write several sentences with self-compassion, and self-compassion combination intervention asked participants to combine words into complete sentences with self-compassion) and one control group. After 1 week of online self-compassion intervention with daily sleep quality measured simultaneously, 150 participants completed the posttest of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire and Self-Compassion Scale. Results The pretest and posttests results showed that the self-compassion level and sleep quality of the self-compassion writing intervention group were significantly better than those of the control group. However, there was no significant difference between the self-compassion combination intervention group and the control group. For the diary tracking results, sleep quality was significantly better for both the self-compassion writing intervention group and self-compassion combination intervention group than the control group, however, the self-compassion writing intervention group showed great improvements. Conclusion Both self-compassion writing and combination interventions were effective in improving sleep quality, and the effect of self-compassion writing was more stable.
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Abstract
Self-compassion refers to being supportive toward oneself when experiencing suffering or pain-be it caused by personal mistakes and inadequacies or external life challenges. This review presents my theoretical model of self-compassion as comprised of six different elements: increased self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness as well as reduced self-judgment, isolation, and overidentification. It discusses the methodology of self-compassion research and reviews the increasingly large number of empirical studies that indicate self-compassion is a productive way of approaching distressing thoughts and emotions that engenders mental and physical well-being. It also reviews research that dispels common myths about self-compassion (e.g., that it is weak, selfish, self-indulgent or undermines motivation). Interventions designed to increase self-compassion, such as compassion-focused therapy and mindful self-compassion, are discussed. Finally, the review considers problematic issues in the field, such as the differential effects fallacy, and considers limitations and future research directions in the field of self-compassion research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin D Neff
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA;
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Yu S, Zhang C, Xu W. Self-compassion and depression in Chinese undergraduates with left-behind experience: Mediation by emotion regulation and resilience. J Clin Psychol 2023; 79:168-185. [PMID: 35545873 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The protective role of self-compassion in emerging adult depression has garnered empirical support. It makes more sense to understand the psychological processes underlying this relationship. Based on the stress appraisal patterns, the present study examined the mediating roles of emotion regulation (ER) and resilience in the link between self-compassion and depression among college students with left-behind experience (LBE). METHODS A total of 391 LBE college students (Mage = 18.43 years; SD = 0.79 years) in Chongqing reported their demographic information and self-compassion (the Self-Compassion Scale) level at baseline (T1) and reported their levels of ER (the Emotion Regulation Scale), resilience (the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale), and depression (the Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale) 3 months later (T2). RESULTS The results revealed that (a) both ER (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression) and resilience separately mediated the association between self-compassion and depression; (b) cognitive reappraisal and resilience sequentially mediated this association. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal the underlying mechanisms of the associations between self-compassion and depression among LBE college students and have implications for interventions aimed at mitigating their depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education(Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyang Zhang
- China Academy of Civil Aviation Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education(Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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Pillay-Naidoo D, Nel P. Testing a model of resilience for women leaders: a strengths based approach. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2022.2138542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Pillay-Naidoo
- Department of Human Resources Management, University of Pretoria, Tshwane, South Africa
| | - Petrus Nel
- Department of Industrial Psychology and People Management, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Schuman‐Olivier Z, Fatkin T, Creedon TB, Samawi F, Moore SK, Okst K, Fredericksen A(K, Oxnard A(S, Roll D, Smith L, Cook BL, Weiss RD. Effects of a trauma‐informed mindful recovery program on comorbid pain, anxiety, and substance use during primary care buprenorphine treatment: A proof‐of‐concept study. Am J Addict 2022; 32:244-253. [PMID: 36470641 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A mindfulness-based intervention that reduces comorbid pain, anxiety, and substance use during office-based opioid treatment (OBOT) could enhance retention and prevent overdose. We conducted a pilot study of the Mindful Recovery OUD Care Continuum (M-ROCC), a 24-week trauma-informed program with a motivationally-sensitive curriculum. METHODS Patients prescribed buprenorphine (N = 18) enrolled in M-ROCC. We collected urine toxicology biweekly. At 0, 4, and 24 weeks, participants completed PROMIS-Pain, PROMIS-Anxiety, Mindfulness (FFMQ), Experiential Avoidance (BEAQ), Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA), and Self-Compassion (SCS-SF) scales. We estimated changes over time using mixed models. Participants completed qualitative interviews at 4 and 24 weeks. RESULTS Positive urine toxicology decreased over time for cocaine (β = -.266, p = .008) and benzodiazepines (β = -.208, p = .028). M-ROCC reduced PROMIS-Pain (Z = -2.29; p = .022), BEAQ (Z = -2.83; p = .0005), and increased FFMQ (Z = 3.51; p < .001), MAIA (Z = 3.40; p = .001), and SCS-SF (Z = 2.29; p = .022). Participants with co-morbid anxiety had decreased PROMIS-Anxiety (Z = -2.53; p = .012). Interviewed participants commonly used mindfulness practices for stress and anxiety (12/12, 100%), and to reduce pain catastrophizing and rumination (7/12, 58%). CONCLUSION AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study to report the effects of a 24-week mindfulness program during buprenorphine treatment on common comorbidities, including pain interference, anxiety, cocaine, and benzodiazepine use. The findings that M-ROCC is associated with reduced experiential avoidance, as well as increased interoceptive awareness and self-compassion, align with proposed mechanisms that are now extended to OUD treatment. Future larger randomized controlled trials are needed before effectiveness can be established and the role of these mechanisms can be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zev Schuman‐Olivier
- Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
- Center for Mindfulness and Compassion, Department of Psychiatry Cambridge Health Alliance Cambridge Massachusetts USA
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health (CTBH), Department of Biomedical Data Science Geisel School of Medicine Dartmouth College Lebanon New Hampshire USA
| | - Thomas Fatkin
- Center for Mindfulness and Compassion, Department of Psychiatry Cambridge Health Alliance Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Timothy B. Creedon
- Health Equity Research Lab, Department of Psychiatry Cambridge Health Alliance Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Farah Samawi
- Center for Mindfulness and Compassion, Department of Psychiatry Cambridge Health Alliance Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Sarah K. Moore
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health (CTBH), Department of Biomedical Data Science Geisel School of Medicine Dartmouth College Lebanon New Hampshire USA
| | - Kayley Okst
- Center for Mindfulness and Compassion, Department of Psychiatry Cambridge Health Alliance Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Alaine (Kiera) Fredericksen
- Center for Mindfulness and Compassion, Department of Psychiatry Cambridge Health Alliance Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Alexandra (Sasha) Oxnard
- Department of Family Medicine Cambridge Health Alliance Cambridge Massachusetts USA
- Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - David Roll
- Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
- Department of Medicine Cambridge Health Alliance Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Lydia Smith
- Center for Mindfulness and Compassion, Department of Psychiatry Cambridge Health Alliance Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Benjamin Lê Cook
- Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
- Health Equity Research Lab, Department of Psychiatry Cambridge Health Alliance Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Roger D. Weiss
- Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
- Division of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction, Department of Psychiatry McLean Hospital Belmont Massachusetts USA
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Paucsik M, Leys C, Marais G, Baeyens C, Shankland R. Self‐compassion and savouring buffer the impact of the first year of the COVID‐19 on PhD students' mental health. Stress Health 2022; 38:891-901. [PMID: 35286765 PMCID: PMC9111133 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Doctoral students face many challenges that were reinforced by COVID-19-related lockdowns. We assessed this impact over 1 year on doctoral students' depression, anxiety, stress, well-being, and doctoral engagement. We also investigated the potential protective role of self-compassion and savouring on mental health, well-being, and doctoral engagement. A total of 134 PhD students from several French universities responded to the three-time points of this longitudinal study. The results showed a significant increase in depression, anxiety and stress and a significant decrease in well-being and doctoral engagement during the first year of the pandemic. Self-compassion and savouring predicted lower levels of depression, anxiety, and stress, and higher levels of well-being over time. Savouring alone predicted higher doctoral engagement over time. This study reveals the significant impact of the pandemic year on the mental health of doctoral students, and the relevance of self-compassion and savouring as psychological resources to cope with adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Paucsik
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LIP/PC2SGrenobleFrance
| | | | - Gabriel Marais
- Univ. Lyon 1CNRSLaboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie EvolutiveVilleurbanneFrance
| | - Céline Baeyens
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LIP/PC2SGrenobleFrance
| | - Rebecca Shankland
- Grenoble Ecole de ManagementGrenobleFrance,Univ. Lumière Lyon 2, Laboratory DIPHE (Development, Individual, Processes, Handicap, Education)BronFrance
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McBride NL, Bates GW, Elphinstone B, Whitehead R. Self-compassion and social anxiety: The mediating effect of emotion regulation strategies and the influence of depressed mood. Psychol Psychother 2022; 95:1036-1055. [PMID: 35859529 PMCID: PMC9796305 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Self-compassion constitutes a positive way of relating towards the self that enables emotional regulation and reduces emotional distress. This research first explored differences among a sample of persons with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and groups of high socially anxious (HSA) and low socially anxious (LSA) students on self-compassion, emotion regulation, and social anxiety. We then investigated emotional regulation as a mediator of the prediction of social anxiety by self-compassion and the influence of depressed mood on those relationships. DESIGN Study 1 compared a SAD group to matched groups of HSA and LSA students. Study 2 utilized the total sample (n = 330 students and n = 33 SAD) to test mediation. Self-compassion and emotion regulation were predictors of social anxiety and depression a covariate. RESULTS In Study 1, the SAD group did not differ from the HSA group on most aspects of self-compassion and emotional regulation but was higher on depression. Both were lower on most measures and higher on depression than the LSA group. In Study 2, higher self-compassion predicted lower social interaction anxiety, and emotional regulation strategies mediated this effect, regardless of depression. However, for social performance anxiety, controlling for depression removed mediation. Refraining from uncompassionate responses was directly connected to social anxiety, whereas compassionate responses influenced social anxiety via emotional regulation. CONCLUSIONS Results affirm the ameliorative role of self-compassion on social anxiety and emotion regulation strategies as mechanisms of that influence. However, self-compassion's influence was affected by depression and type of social anxiety. Also, refraining from uncompassionate self-responding appears to be of prime importance in predicting social anxiety, whereas compassionate self-responding influences social anxiety via emotion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Luke McBride
- Swinburne University of TechnologyDepartment of Psychological SciencesMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Glen W. Bates
- Swinburne University of TechnologyDepartment of Psychological SciencesMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Brad Elphinstone
- Swinburne University of TechnologyDepartment of Psychological SciencesMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Richard Whitehead
- Swinburne University of TechnologyDepartment of Psychological SciencesMelbourneVic.Australia
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Ekman E, Koenig CJ, Daubenmier J, Dickson KG, Simmons V, Braun A, Goldin P. Transforming adversity into an ally: A qualitative study of “feeding your demons” meditation. Front Psychol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.806500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemplative science has made great strides in the empirical investigation of meditation practices, such as how mindfulness, compassion, and mantra practices impact health and well-being. However, meditation practices from the Vajrayana Buddhist tradition that use mental imagery to transform distressing beliefs and emotions have been little explored. We examined the “Feeding Your Demons” meditation, a secular adaptation of the traditional Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhist meditation practice of Chöd (“Severance”) in a pilot, randomized controlled trial in which 61 community adults from the U.S. with prior meditation experience and moderate levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms (70% female)were randomly assigned to one month (15 meditation sessions) of “Feeding Your Demons” practice or a waitlist control group. Written diary entries were collected immediately after each meditation session. We used an Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis approach to examine qualitative responses to two questions which probed (1) how participants made meaning of each meditation session and (2) how they thought it may impact their future thoughts and intentions for action. Five major themes were identified based on 20 codes developed through an inductive review of written responses across all participants. The themes included an enhanced sense of self-worth and confidence, empathy for the “demon” or rejected parts of oneself, increased self-awareness, an active-oriented “fierce” self-compassion, and an acceptance form of self-compassion. Overall, participants expressed an ability to reframe, or transform, their relationship to distressing thoughts, emotions, and experiences as they gained personal insights, self-compassion, and acceptance through the meditation process which in turn shaped their future intentions for action in the world. This research suggests that a secular form of a Vajrayana Buddhist practice may be beneficial for Western meditation practitioners with no prior training in Vajrayana Buddhism. Future research is warranted to understand its longer-term impacts on health and well-being.
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Zeng X, Zhao X, Wang S, Qin J, Xie J, Zhong X, Chen J, Liu G. Affection of facial artifacts caused by micro-expressions on electroencephalography signals. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1048199. [PMID: 36507351 PMCID: PMC9729706 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1048199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Macro-expressions are widely used in emotion recognition based on electroencephalography (EEG) because of their use as an intuitive external expression. Similarly, micro-expressions, as suppressed and brief emotional expressions, can also reflect a person's genuine emotional state. Therefore, researchers have started to focus on emotion recognition studies based on micro-expressions and EEG. However, compared to the effect of artifacts generated by macro-expressions on the EEG signal, it is not clear how artifacts generated by micro-expressions affect EEG signals. In this study, we investigated the effects of facial muscle activity caused by micro-expressions in positive emotions on EEG signals. We recorded the participants' facial expression images and EEG signals while they watched positive emotion-inducing videos. We then divided the 13 facial regions and extracted the main directional mean optical flow features as facial micro-expression image features, and the power spectral densities of theta, alpha, beta, and gamma frequency bands as EEG features. Multiple linear regression and Granger causality test analyses were used to determine the extent of the effect of facial muscle activity artifacts on EEG signals. The results showed that the average percentage of EEG signals affected by muscle artifacts caused by micro-expressions was 11.5%, with the frontal and temporal regions being significantly affected. After removing the artifacts from the EEG signal, the average percentage of the affected EEG signal dropped to 3.7%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the affection of facial artifacts caused by micro-expressions on EEG signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Zeng
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Institute of Affective Computing and Information Processing, Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Circuits and Intelligent Information Processing, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingcong Zhao
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Institute of Affective Computing and Information Processing, Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Circuits and Intelligent Information Processing, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiyuan Wang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Institute of Affective Computing and Information Processing, Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Circuits and Intelligent Information Processing, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Qin
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Institute of Affective Computing and Information Processing, Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Circuits and Intelligent Information Processing, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jialan Xie
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Institute of Affective Computing and Information Processing, Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Circuits and Intelligent Information Processing, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyue Zhong
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Institute of Affective Computing and Information Processing, Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Circuits and Intelligent Information Processing, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiejia Chen
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Institute of Affective Computing and Information Processing, Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Circuits and Intelligent Information Processing, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Institute of Affective Computing and Information Processing, Southwest University, Chongqing, China,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Circuits and Intelligent Information Processing, Southwest University, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Guangyuan Liu,
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Exploring the Relationship Between Compassion and Attachment in Individuals with Mental Health Difficulties: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOTHERAPY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10879-022-09573-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe objective of the review was to explore the relevance of the relationship of compassion and attachment to mental health. APAPsycInfo, APAPsycArticles, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Social Science Database, Sociology Database, PTSDpubs, Pubmed, and Web of Science were searched from their inception until November 9, 2021. Peer-reviewed empirical studies exploring the compassion–attachment relationship in individuals with mental health difficulties through outcome measures were included. Studies were excluded if non-empirical, with non-clinical/subclinical samples, in a language other than English and if they did not consider the compassion–attachment relationship. Risk of bias was assessed through The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale and the Downs and Black Checklist. Seven eligible studies comprising 4839 participants were identified, with low to moderate risk of overall bias. Findings indicated a more straightforward relationship between self-compassion and secure attachment and confirmed the relevance of compassion and attachment to psychological functioning. Limitations concerned study design, the use of self-report measures, and low generalisability. While suggesting mechanisms underpinning compassion and attachment, the review corroborates the role of secure attachment and self-compassion as therapeutic targets against mental health difficulties. This study is registered on PROSPERO number CRD42021296279.
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Paucsik M, Nardelli C, Bortolon C, Shankland R, Leys C, Baeyens C. Self-compassion and emotion regulation: testing a mediation model. Cogn Emot 2022; 37:49-61. [PMID: 36373365 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2022.2143328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Self-compassion (SC) seems to play an important role in improving Emotion Regulation (ER). Nevertheless, the results of previous studies regarding the links between SC and ER are not consistent, especially facing diverse models of ER (strategy-based vs skill-based). The goal of this prospective study was to evaluate the links between these three concepts, by testing the predictive roles of SC and ER skills on both ER adaptive and maladaptive strategies, using standardised questionnaires and visual analogue scales. Results of regression analysis showed that self-compassion positively predicts cognitive reappraisal, acceptance, problem-solving, relaxation, self-support, tolerance and ER skills and negatively predicts behavioural avoidance, expressive suppression and ruminations. Results also showed that ER skills positively predict cognitive reappraisal, expression, acceptance, relaxation, self-support and tolerance and negatively predicts behavioural avoidance, expressive suppression and ruminations. Results from a mediation model are also promising regarding both the role of ER skills on the effect of SC on adaptive ER strategy use. Even if this study can be associated with common limits of self-report measures, it highlights the role of SC in a model of ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Paucsik
- Department of Psychology, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LIP/PC2S, Grenoble, France
| | - Carla Nardelli
- Department of Psychology, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LIP/PC2S, Grenoble, France
| | - Catherine Bortolon
- Department of Psychology, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LIP/PC2S, Grenoble, France
- Department of Psychology, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Rebecca Shankland
- Department of Psychology, Univ. Lumière Lyon 2, DIPHE, Bron Cedex, France
- Department of Psychology, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Leys
- Department of Psychology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Céline Baeyens
- Department of Psychology, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, LIP/PC2S, Grenoble, France
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Maynard PG, van Kessel K, Feather JS. Self-forgiveness, self-compassion and psychological health: A qualitative exploration of change during compassion focused therapy groups. Psychol Psychother 2022; 96:265-280. [PMID: 36371557 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Little research exists into the relationships between self-forgiveness, self-compassion, affect and psychological health, and are only just beginning to be explored within the self-compassion and the Compassion-Focused Therapy (CFT) literature. METHODS This qualitative study (n = 31) utilised Thematic Analysis (TA) to understand participants' experiences of participating in a 12-week compassion-focused therapy group. RESULTS Thematic analysis yielded two major themes: 'becoming self-compassionate and self-forgiving', and 'the CFT group was beneficial'. The first major theme reflected participants' growing familiarity, awareness and insight into their inhibitions to and the benefits of self-compassion and self-forgiveness, their capacities for self-condemnation, becoming appropriately responsible for their thoughts and actions, and the links between self-compassion and the process of self-forgiveness. The second major theme reflected participants' impressions that taking part in the CFT group and developing CFT skills had facilitated personal change through taking compassionate ownership for their thoughts and feelings about themselves and their mistakes, rather than condemning themselves and others. Participants reported that these changes helped to regulate their negative affect through the development of more compassionate and balanced thinking about their mistakes, leading to improvements in psychological health. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study provide explanations of the processes of change in CFT in relation to self-forgiveness, affect and psychological health and contribute to the theory and practice of CFT especially as practiced within a group format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Maynard
- NHS Highland, Department of Psychological Therapies, New Craigs Hospital, Inverness, UK
| | - Kirsten van Kessel
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jacqueline S Feather
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Cebolla A, Galiana L, Navarrete J, Alvear D, Garrote E, Sansó N, Carmona JV, Juan M, Blasco ML. Wellbeing Training Based on Contemplative Practices in a Sample of Intensive Care and Homecare Professionals: A Pilot and Feasibility Non-Randomized Clinical Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13137. [PMID: 36293716 PMCID: PMC9603612 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intensive care unit (ICU) and homecare unit professionals are susceptible to higher levels of stress and burnout than other healthcare professionals, which has an impact on their well-being, and in turn on their patients. In terms of data, there is not much research about the effects of psychological interventions on ICU and homecare professionals. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Wellbeing Training based on Contemplative Practices (WTCP) for the increase of psychological functioning in a sample of ICU and homecare professionals. METHODS A pilot and feasibility non-randomized clinical trial was conducted. Participants in the WTCP group (n = 19) attended an at-work 8-session/2 h group WTCP program aimed at directly training four basic skills: (a) sustained positive emotions, (b) recovery from negative emotions, (c) pro-social behavior and generosity, and (d) mind wandering, mindfulness, and "affective stickiness". Nineteen professionals were allocated in the control group. RESULTS Results indicated that WTCP had a positive impact on self-compassion, personal accomplishment (burnout), and frequency of negative emotions. Moreover, a thematic analysis of participant interviews (n = 14) was conducted. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary results are promising, though future research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of WTCP using randomized controlled trial methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ausiàs Cebolla
- Department of Personality, Evaluation, and Psychological Treatments, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER of Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Galiana
- Department of Methodology for the Behavioral Sciences, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jaime Navarrete
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, 08830 Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - David Alvear
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of the Basque Country-UPV/EHU, 48940 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Elena Garrote
- Department of Personality, Evaluation, and Psychological Treatments, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Noemí Sansó
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IDISBA), 07120 Palma, Spain
| | - José V Carmona
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mar Juan
- Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - María L Blasco
- Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Mindful self-compassion intervention among young adults with a history of childhood maltreatment: Reducing psychopathological symptoms, shame, and self-criticism. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03761-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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