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Elgazzaz M, Filipeanu C, Lazartigues E. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Posttranslational Modifications and Implications for Hypertension and SARS-CoV-2: 2023 Lewis K. Dahl Memorial Lecture. Hypertension 2024; 81:1438-1449. [PMID: 38567498 PMCID: PMC11168885 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.124.22067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2), a multifunctional transmembrane protein, is well recognized as an important member of the (RAS) renin-angiotensin system with important roles in the regulation of cardiovascular function by opposing the harmful effects of Ang-II (angiotensin II) and AT1R (Ang-II type 1 receptor) activation. More recently, ACE2 was found to be the entry point for the SARS-CoV-2 virus into cells, causing COVID-19. This finding has led to an exponential rise in the number of publications focused on ACE2, albeit these studies often have opposite objectives to the preservation of ACE2 in cardiovascular regulation. However, notwithstanding accumulating data of the role of ACE2 in the generation of angiotensin-(1-7) and SARS-CoV-2 internalization, numerous other putative roles of this enzyme remain less investigated and not yet characterized. Currently, no drug modulating ACE2 function or expression is available in the clinic, and the development of new pharmacological tools should attempt targeting each step of the lifespan of the protein from synthesis to degradation. The present review expands on our presentation during the 2023 Lewis K. Dahl Memorial Lecture Sponsored by the American Heart Association Council on Hypertension. We provide a critical summary of the current knowledge of the mechanisms controlling ACE2 internalization and intracellular trafficking, the mutual regulation with GPCRs (G-protein-coupled receptors) and other proteins, and posttranslational modifications. A major focus is on ubiquitination which has become a critical step in the modulation of ACE2 cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Elgazzaz
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Genetics Unit, Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Catalin Filipeanu
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Eric Lazartigues
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
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Etebar N, Naderpour S, Akbari S, Zali A, Akhlaghdoust M, Daghighi SM, Baghani M, Sefat F, Hamidi SH, Rahimzadegan M. Impacts of SARS-CoV-2 on brain renin angiotensin system related signaling and its subsequent complications on brain: A theoretical perspective. J Chem Neuroanat 2024; 138:102423. [PMID: 38705215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2024.102423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Cellular ACE2 (cACE2), a vital component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), possesses catalytic activity to maintain AngII and Ang 1-7 balance, which is necessary to prevent harmful effects of AngII/AT2R and promote protective pathways of Ang (1-7)/MasR and Ang (1-7)/AT2R. Hemostasis of the brain-RAS is essential for maintaining normal central nervous system (CNS) function. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a viral disease that causes multi-organ dysfunction. SARS-CoV-2 mainly uses cACE2 to enter the cells and cause its downregulation. This, in turn, prevents the conversion of Ang II to Ang (1-7) and disrupts the normal balance of brain-RAS. Brain-RAS disturbances give rise to one of the pathological pathways in which SARS-CoV-2 suppresses neuroprotective pathways and induces inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species. Finally, these impairments lead to neuroinflammation, neuronal injury, and neurological complications. In conclusion, the influence of RAS on various processes within the brain has significant implications for the neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19. These effects include sensory disturbances, such as olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions, as well as cerebrovascular and brain stem-related disorders, all of which are intertwined with disruptions in the RAS homeostasis of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Etebar
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Pharmacy - Eastern Mediterranean University Famagusta, North Cyprus via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Saghi Naderpour
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Pharmacy - Eastern Mediterranean University Famagusta, North Cyprus via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Setareh Akbari
- Neuroscience and Research Committee, School of Advanced Technology in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Zali
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meisam Akhlaghdoust
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; USERN Office, Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mojtaba Daghighi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Matin Baghani
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Sefat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Seyed Hootan Hamidi
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Acharya BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Milad Rahimzadegan
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Luo Y, Li S, Peng L, Ding P, Liang W. Predicting associations between drugs and G protein-coupled receptors using a multi-graph convolutional network. Comput Biol Chem 2024; 110:108060. [PMID: 38579550 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2024.108060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Developing new drugs is an expensive, time-consuming process that frequently involves safety concerns. By discovering novel uses for previously verified drugs, drug repurposing helps to bypass the time-consuming and costly process of drug development. As the largest family of proteins targeted by verified drugs, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) are vital to efficiently repurpose drugs by inferring their associations with drugs. Drug repurposing may be sped up by computational models that predict the strength of novel drug-GPCR pairs interaction. To this end, a number of models have been put forth. In existing methods, however, drug structure, drug-drug interactions, GPCR sequence, and subfamily information couldn't simultaneously be taken into account to detect novel drugs-GPCR relationships. In this study, based on a multi-graph convolutional network, an end-to-end deep model was developed to efficiently and precisely discover latent drug-GPCR relationships by combining data from multi-sources. We demonstrated that our model, based on multi-graph convolutional networks, outperformed rival deep learning techniques as well as non-deep learning models in terms of inferring drug-GPCR relationships. Our results indicated that integrating data from multi-sources can lead to further advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxun Luo
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, China; Hunan Key Laboratory for Service Computing and Novel Software Technology, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, China
| | - Shasha Li
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Li Peng
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, China; Hunan Key Laboratory for Service Computing and Novel Software Technology, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, China.
| | - Pingjian Ding
- School of Computer Science, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Wei Liang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, China; Hunan Key Laboratory for Service Computing and Novel Software Technology, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, China.
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Bhullar SK, Dhalla NS. Adaptive and maladaptive roles of different angiotensin receptors in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2024; 102:86-104. [PMID: 37748204 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2023-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is formed by the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the renin-angiotensin system. This hormone is known to induce cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure and its actions are mediated by the interaction of both pro- and antihypertrophic Ang II receptors (AT1R and AT2R). Ang II is also metabolized by ACE 2 to Ang-(1-7), which elicits the activation of Mas receptors (MasR) for inducing antihypertrophic actions. Since heart failure under different pathophysiological situations is preceded by adaptive and maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy, we have reviewed the existing literature to gain some information regarding the roles of AT1R, AT2R, and MasR in both acute and chronic conditions of cardiac hypertrophy. It appears that the activation of AT1R may be involved in the development of adaptive and maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy as well as subsequent heart failure because both ACE inhibitors and AT1R antagonists exert beneficial effects. On the other hand, the activation of both AT2R and MasR may prevent the occurrence of maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy and delay the progression of heart failure, and thus therapy with different activators of these antihypertrophic receptors under chronic pathological stages may prove beneficial. Accordingly, it is suggested that a great deal of effort should be made to develop appropriate activators of both AT2R and MasR for the treatment of heart failure subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhwinder K Bhullar
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Naranjan S Dhalla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Gamiño-Gutiérrez JA, Terán-Hernández IM, Castellar-Lopez J, Villamizar-Villamizar W, Osorio-Llanes E, Palacios-Cruz M, Rosales W, Chang AY, Díaz-Ariza LA, Ospino MC, Mendoza-Torres E. Novel Insights into the Cardioprotective Effects of the Peptides of the Counter-Regulatory Renin-Angiotensin System. Biomedicines 2024; 12:255. [PMID: 38397857 PMCID: PMC10887066 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, cardiovascular diseases are a major contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide, having a significant negative impact on both the economy and public health. The renin-angiotensin system contributes to a high spectrum of cardiovascular disorders and is essential for maintaining normal cardiovascular homeostasis. Overactivation of the classical renin-angiotensin system is one of the most important pathophysiological mechanisms in the progression of cardiovascular diseases. The counter-regulatory renin-angiotensin system is an alternate pathway which favors the synthesis of different peptides, including Angiotensin-(1-7), Angiotensin-(1-9), and Alamandine. These peptides, via the angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R), MasR, and MrgD, initiate multiple downstream signaling pathways that culminate in the activation of various cardioprotective mechanisms, such as decreased cardiac fibrosis, decreased myocardial hypertrophy, vasodilation, decreased blood pressure, natriuresis, and nitric oxide synthesis. These cardioprotective effects position them as therapeutic alternatives for reducing the progression of cardiovascular diseases. This review aims to show the latest findings on the cardioprotective effects of the main peptides of the counter-regulatory renin-angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivana María Terán-Hernández
- Grupo de Investigación Avanzada en Biomedicina, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla, Barranquilla 081001, Colombia; (I.M.T.-H.); (W.V.-V.); (L.A.D.-A.); (M.C.O.)
| | - Jairo Castellar-Lopez
- Grupo de Investigación Avanzada en Biomedicina, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla, Barranquilla 081001, Colombia; (J.C.-L.); (E.O.-L.); (W.R.)
| | - Wendy Villamizar-Villamizar
- Grupo de Investigación Avanzada en Biomedicina, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla, Barranquilla 081001, Colombia; (I.M.T.-H.); (W.V.-V.); (L.A.D.-A.); (M.C.O.)
| | - Estefanie Osorio-Llanes
- Grupo de Investigación Avanzada en Biomedicina, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla, Barranquilla 081001, Colombia; (J.C.-L.); (E.O.-L.); (W.R.)
| | | | - Wendy Rosales
- Grupo de Investigación Avanzada en Biomedicina, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla, Barranquilla 081001, Colombia; (J.C.-L.); (E.O.-L.); (W.R.)
| | - Aileen Y. Chang
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA;
| | - Luis Antonio Díaz-Ariza
- Grupo de Investigación Avanzada en Biomedicina, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla, Barranquilla 081001, Colombia; (I.M.T.-H.); (W.V.-V.); (L.A.D.-A.); (M.C.O.)
| | - María Clara Ospino
- Grupo de Investigación Avanzada en Biomedicina, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla, Barranquilla 081001, Colombia; (I.M.T.-H.); (W.V.-V.); (L.A.D.-A.); (M.C.O.)
| | - Evelyn Mendoza-Torres
- Grupo de Investigación Avanzada en Biomedicina, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla, Barranquilla 081001, Colombia; (I.M.T.-H.); (W.V.-V.); (L.A.D.-A.); (M.C.O.)
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Caputo I, Bertoldi G, Driussi G, Cacciapuoti M, Calò LA. The RAAS Goodfellas in Cardiovascular System. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6873. [PMID: 37959338 PMCID: PMC10649249 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, the study of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has revealed a counterregulatory protective axis. This protective arm is characterized by ACE2/Ang 1-7/MasR and Ang 1-9 that largely counteracts the classic arm of the RAAS mediated by ACE/Ang II/AT1R/aldosterone and plays an important role in the prevention of inflammation, oxidative stress, hypertension, and cardiovascular remodeling. A growing body of evidence suggests that enhancement of this counterregulatory arm of RAAS represents an important therapeutic approach to facing cardiovascular comorbidities. In this review, we provide an overview of the beneficial effects of ACE2, Ang 1-7/MasR, and Ang 1-9 in the context of oxidative stress, vascular dysfunction, and organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lorenzo A. Calò
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medicine—DIMED, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128 Padova, Italy; (I.C.); (G.B.); (G.D.); (M.C.)
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Franco R, Serrano-Marín J, Navarro G, Rivas-Santisteban R. The NADPH Link between the Renin Angiotensin System and the Antioxidant Mechanisms in Dopaminergic Neurons. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1869. [PMID: 37891948 PMCID: PMC10604245 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS) has several components including signaling peptides, enzymes, and membrane receptors. The effort in characterizing this system in the periphery has led to the approval of a class of antihypertensives. Much less is known about RAS in the central nervous system. The production of RAS peptides and the expression of several RAS enzymes and receptors in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra has raised expectations in the therapy of Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative condition characterized by lack of dopamine in the striatum, the motor control region of the mammalian brain. On the one hand, dopamine production requires reducing power. On the other hand, reducing power is required by mechanisms involved in REDOX homeostasis. This review focuses on the potential role of RAS in the regulation of neuronal/glial expression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which produces the NADPH required for dopamine synthesis and for reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification. It is known that transgenic expression of the gene coding for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase prevents the death of dopaminergic nigral neurons. Signaling via angiotensin II G protein-coupled receptors, AT1 or AT2, leads to the activation of protein kinase A and/or protein kinase C that in turn can regulate glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase activity, by Ser/Thr phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events. Long-term effects of AT1 or AT2 receptor activation may also impact on the concentration of the enzyme via activation of transcription factors that participate in the regulation of gene expression in neurons (or glia). Future research is needed to determine how the system can be pharmacologically manipulated to increase the availability of NADPH to neurons degenerating in Parkinson's disease and to neuroprotective glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CiberNed, Network Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- School of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Serrano-Marín
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Navarro
- CiberNed, Network Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Rivas-Santisteban
- CiberNed, Network Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Campus Bellaterra, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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Baharun A, Rahmi A, Kardaya D, Said S, Fahrudin M, Arifiantini RI, Karja NWK. Profiling of seminal plasma proteins to identify the fertility of Simmental bull with low semen quality. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10:370-377. [PMID: 37969811 PMCID: PMC10636078 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2023.j689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study analyzed the seminal plasma proteome and possible relationships between proteins and semen quality in azoospermic and normal Simmental bulls. Materials and Methods Fresh semen plasma samples from the Lembang Artificial Insemination Center were used for this study, including one bull (76´ ejaculate) with very poor semen quality/azoospermia (poor fresh semen/infertile; PFS) and three bulls with normal semen quality (normal fresh semen; NFS) for proteomic analysis using a pooled system (NFS-Stud) (60´ ejaculate). The only males obtained with very low quality or azoospermia (PFS) had sperm motility of <10% (one head). Bulls with azoospermic conditions produce fresh semen without sperm or with very little sperm concentration. A total of 109 proteins were identified in the seminal plasma of Simmental bulls analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Bioinformatics analysis was used to explore total protein, expression, function, and protein mechanism in the seminal plasma of Simmental bulls. Results The results showed that the seminal plasma proteins expressed in NFS bulls include ELSPBP1, SIL1, HSPA13, angiotensin-1 covering enzyme, and CRISP1. On the other hand, B2M, C3, CFB, venin-2, and cathepsin S contribute significantly to PFS. The NFS bull proteins play important roles in sperm capacitation, protein transport, sperm motility, spermatogenesis, immune tolerance, and fertilization, while the PFS proteins perform apoptotic and antigen pathway functions. Conclusion There is an interaction between proteins in the seminal plasma of males with poor semen quality (PFS) and cases of infertility (azoospermia) that cause a decrease in sperm quality in PFS bulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Baharun
- Department of Animals Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Djuanda University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Annisa Rahmi
- Department of Animals Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Djuanda University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Dede Kardaya
- Department of Animals Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Djuanda University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Syahruddin Said
- Research Center for Applied Zoology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Mokhamad Fahrudin
- Division of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine and BiomedicalSciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Raden Iis Arifiantini
- Division of Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Ni Wayan Kurniani Karja
- Division of Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
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Gu R, Cui T, Guo Y, Luan Y, Wang X, Liu R, Yin C. Angiotensin-(1-7) ameliorates intestinal barrier dysfunction by activating the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in acute pancreatitis. Mol Biol Rep 2023:10.1007/s11033-023-08544-9. [PMID: 37269386 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08544-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal barrier dysfunction is a serious complication associated with acute pancreatitis (AP). Angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) plays a protective role in the intestinal barrier, but the underlying mechanism remains clear. This study investigated the impact of Ang-(1-7) on AP-induced intestinal dysfunction and its involvement in the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied caerulein- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced AP in mice and an epithelial cell line (IEC-6) from the small intestinal crypt of rats. Ang-(1-7) was administered orally or via the tail vein. IEC-6 cells were divided into five groups: control; LPS; LPS + Ang-(1-7); LPS + Ang-(1-7) + ML385 (an Nrf2 inhibitor); and LPS + ML385. Pancreatic and intestinal histopathology scores were analyzed using the Schmidt and Chiu scores. The expression of intestinal barrier-associated proteins and Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway constituents was assessed by RT-PCR and western blotting. The peroxide and antioxidant activities in the IEC-6 cells were measured. Compared to those in AP mice, Ang-(1-7) diminished the intestinal levels of proinflammatory factors (interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor α) and serum levels of intestine permeability (D-lactate). Ang-(1-7) increased the expression of barrier-associated proteins (aquaporin-1, claudin-1, and occludin) compared to those in the AP and LPS group. Moreover, Ang-(1-7) promoted the Keap/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, which resulted in significantly reduced malondialdehyde and increased superoxide dismutase levels.. However, ML385 abolished the effects of Ang-(1-7) on barrier-associated proteins and reversed the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. CONCLUSIONS Ang-(1-7) reduces AP-induced intestinal inflammation and oxidative injuries by activating the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruru Gu
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, No. 251 Yaojiayuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Tianyu Cui
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, No. 251 Yaojiayuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Yinan Guo
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, No. 251 Yaojiayuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Yingyi Luan
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, No. 251 Yaojiayuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Xueran Wang
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, No. 251 Yaojiayuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Ruixia Liu
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, No. 251 Yaojiayuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100026, China
| | - Chenghong Yin
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, No. 251 Yaojiayuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100026, China.
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Rukavina Mikusic NL, Gironacci MM. Mas receptor endocytosis and signaling in health and disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 194:49-65. [PMID: 36631200 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS) plays a major role in blood pressure regulation and electrolyte homeostasis and is mainly composed by two axes mediating opposite effects. The pressor axis, constituted by angiotensin (Ang) II and the Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), exerts vasoconstrictor, proliferative, hypertensive, oxidative and pro-inflammatory actions, while the depressor/protective axis, represented by Ang-(1-7), its Mas receptor (MasR) and the Ang II type 2 receptor (AT2R), opposes the actions elicited by the pressor arm. The MasR belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. To avoid receptor overstimulation, GPCRs undergo internalization and trafficking into the cell after being stimulated. Then, the receptor may induce other signaling cascades or it may even interact with other receptors, generating distinct biological responses. Thus, control of a GPCR regarding space and time affects the specificity of the signals transduced by the receptor and the ultimate cellular response. The present chapter is focused on the signaling and trafficking pathways of MasR under physiological conditions and its participation in the pathogenesis of numerous brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia L Rukavina Mikusic
- From Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Dpto. Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela M Gironacci
- From Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Dpto. Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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O’Brien EA, Sharma KK, Byerly-Duke J, Camacho LA, VanVeller B. A General Strategy to Install Amidine Functional Groups Along the Peptide Backbone. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22397-22402. [PMID: 36469014 PMCID: PMC9886086 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amidines are a structural surrogate for peptide bonds, yet have received considerably little attention in peptides due to limitations in existing methods to access them. The synthetic strategy developed in this study represents the first robust and general procedure for the introduction of amidines into the peptide backbone. We exploit and further develop the utility and efficiency of thioimidate protecting groups as a means to side-step reactivity that ultimately renders existing methods unsuitable for the installation of amidines along the main-chain of peptides. This work is significant because it describes a generally applicable path to access unexplored peptide designs and architectures for new therapeutics made possible by the unique properties of amidines.
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12
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Devaux CA, Camoin-Jau L. An update on angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 structure/functions, polymorphism, and duplicitous nature in the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019: Implications for vascular and coagulation disease associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1042200. [PMID: 36519165 PMCID: PMC9742611 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1042200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been known for many years that the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a cell surface enzyme involved in the regulation of blood pressure. More recently, it was proven that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) interacts with ACE2 to enter susceptible human cells. This functional duality of ACE2 tends to explain why this molecule plays such an important role in the clinical manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). At the very start of the pandemic, a publication from our Institute (entitled "ACE2 receptor polymorphism: susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, hypertension, multi-organ failure, and COVID-19 disease outcome"), was one of the first reviews linking COVID-19 to the duplicitous nature of ACE2. However, even given that COVID-19 pathophysiology may be driven by an imbalance in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), we were still far from understanding the complexity of the mechanisms which are controlled by ACE2 in different cell types. To gain insight into the physiopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection, it is essential to consider the polymorphism and expression levels of the ACE2 gene (including its alternative isoforms). Over the past 2 years, an impressive amount of new results have come to shed light on the role of ACE2 in the pathophysiology of COVID-19, requiring us to update our analysis. Genetic linkage studies have been reported that highlight a relationship between ACE2 genetic variants and the risk of developing hypertension. Currently, many research efforts are being undertaken to understand the links between ACE2 polymorphism and the severity of COVID-19. In this review, we update the state of knowledge on the polymorphism of ACE2 and its consequences on the susceptibility of individuals to SARS-CoV-2. We also discuss the link between the increase of angiotensin II levels among SARS-CoV-2-infected patients and the development of a cytokine storm associated microvascular injury and obstructive thrombo-inflammatory syndrome, which represent the primary causes of severe forms of COVID-19 and lethality. Finally, we summarize the therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing the severe forms of COVID-19 that target ACE2. Changing paradigms may help improve patients' therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Devaux
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU–Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Center National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Camoin-Jau
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU–Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Hôpital de La Timone, APHM, Boulevard Jean-Moulin, Marseille, France
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13
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Bhullar SK, Dhalla NS. Angiotensin II-Induced Signal Transduction Mechanisms for Cardiac Hypertrophy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213336. [PMID: 36359731 PMCID: PMC9657342 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although acute exposure of the heart to angiotensin (Ang II) produces physiological cardiac hypertrophy and chronic exposure results in pathological hypertrophy, the signal transduction mechanisms for these effects are of complex nature. It is now evident that the hypertrophic response is mediated by the activation of Ang type 1 receptors (AT1R), whereas the activation of Ang type 2 receptors (AT2R) by Ang II and Mas receptors by Ang-(1-7) exerts antihypertrophic effects. Furthermore, AT1R-induced activation of phospholipase C for stimulating protein kinase C, influx of Ca2+ through sarcolemmal Ca2+- channels, release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and activation of sarcolemmal NADPH oxidase 2 for altering cardiomyocytes redox status may be involved in physiological hypertrophy. On the other hand, reduction in the expression of AT2R and Mas receptors, the release of growth factors from fibroblasts for the occurrence of fibrosis, and the development of oxidative stress due to activation of mitochondria NADPH oxidase 4 as well as the depression of nuclear factor erythroid-2 activity for the occurrence of Ca2+-overload and activation of calcineurin may be involved in inducing pathological cardiac hypertrophy. These observations support the view that inhibition of AT1R or activation of AT2R and Mas receptors as well as depression of oxidative stress may prevent or reverse the Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy.
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14
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Xiong Y, Ke R, Zhang Q, Lan W, Yuan W, Chan KNI, Roussel T, Jiang Y, Wu J, Liu S, Wong AST, Shim JS, Zhang X, Xie R, Dusetti N, Iovanna J, Habib N, Peng L, Lee LTO. Small Activating RNA Modulation of the G Protein-Coupled Receptor for Cancer Treatment. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200562. [PMID: 35712764 PMCID: PMC9475523 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most common and important drug targets. However, >70% of GPCRs are undruggable or difficult to target using conventional chemical agonists/antagonists. Small nucleic acid molecules, which can sequence-specifically modulate any gene, offer a unique opportunity to effectively expand drug targets, especially those that are undruggable or difficult to address, such as GPCRs. Here, the authors report for the first time that small activating RNAs (saRNAs) effectively modulate a GPCR for cancer treatment. Specifically, saRNAs promoting the expression of Mas receptor (MAS1), a GPCR that counteracts the classical angiotensin II pathway in cancer cell proliferation and migration, are identified. These saRNAs, delivered by an amphiphilic dendrimer vector, enhance MAS1 expression, counteracting the angiotensin II/angiotensin II Receptor Type 1 axis, and leading to significant suppression of tumorigenesis and the inhibition of tumor progression of multiple cancers in tumor-xenografted mouse models and patient-derived tumor models. This study provides not only a new strategy for cancer therapy by targeting the renin-angiotensin system, but also a new avenue to modulate GPCR signaling by RNA activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfang Xiong
- Cancer CentreFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauTaipaMacau999078China
| | - Ran Ke
- Cancer CentreFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauTaipaMacau999078China
| | - Qingyu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyAffiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangGuangdong524001China
| | - Wenjun Lan
- Aix Marseille UniversitéCNRSCentre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (UMR 7325)Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le CancerMarseille13288France
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM)INSERM U1068CNRSAix‐Marseille Université and Institut Paoli‐CalmettesMarseille13288France
| | - Wanjun Yuan
- Cancer CentreFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauTaipaMacau999078China
| | - Karol Nga Ieng Chan
- Cancer CentreFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauTaipaMacau999078China
| | - Tom Roussel
- Aix Marseille UniversitéCNRSCentre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (UMR 7325)Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le CancerMarseille13288France
| | - Yifan Jiang
- Aix Marseille UniversitéCNRSCentre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (UMR 7325)Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le CancerMarseille13288France
| | - Jing Wu
- Aix Marseille UniversitéCNRSCentre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (UMR 7325)Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le CancerMarseille13288France
| | - Shuai Liu
- Cancer CentreFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauTaipaMacau999078China
| | - Alice Sze Tsai Wong
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of Hong KongPokfulam RoadHong KongChina
| | - Joong Sup Shim
- Cancer CentreFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauTaipaMacau999078China
- MOE Frontiers Science Center for Precision OncologyUniversity of MacauTaipaMacau999078China
| | - Xuanjun Zhang
- Cancer CentreFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauTaipaMacau999078China
- MOE Frontiers Science Center for Precision OncologyUniversity of MacauTaipaMacau999078China
| | - Ruiyu Xie
- Cancer CentreFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauTaipaMacau999078China
- MOE Frontiers Science Center for Precision OncologyUniversity of MacauTaipaMacau999078China
| | - Nelson Dusetti
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM)INSERM U1068CNRSAix‐Marseille Université and Institut Paoli‐CalmettesMarseille13288France
| | - Juan Iovanna
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM)INSERM U1068CNRSAix‐Marseille Université and Institut Paoli‐CalmettesMarseille13288France
| | - Nagy Habib
- Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College LondonLondonW12 0NNUK
- MiNA Therapeutics, Translation & Innovation Hub80 Wood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Ling Peng
- Aix Marseille UniversitéCNRSCentre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (UMR 7325)Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le CancerMarseille13288France
| | - Leo Tsz On Lee
- Cancer CentreFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauTaipaMacau999078China
- MOE Frontiers Science Center for Precision OncologyUniversity of MacauTaipaMacau999078China
- Centre of Reproduction, Development, and AgingFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauTaipaMacau999078China
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15
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Nwia SM, Li XC, Leite APDO, Hassan R, Zhuo JL. The Na +/H + Exchanger 3 in the Intestines and the Proximal Tubule of the Kidney: Localization, Physiological Function, and Key Roles in Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension. Front Physiol 2022; 13:861659. [PMID: 35514347 PMCID: PMC9062697 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.861659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The sodium (Na+)/hydrogen (H+) exchanger 3 (NHE3) is one of the most important Na+/H+ antiporters in the small intestines of the gastrointestinal tract and the proximal tubules of the kidney. The roles of NHE3 in the regulation of intracellular pH and acid-base balance have been well established in cellular physiology using in vitro techniques. Localized primarily on the apical membranes in small intestines and proximal tubules, the key action of NHE3 is to facilitate the entry of luminal Na+ and the extrusion of intracellular H+ from intestinal and proximal tubule tubular epithelial cells. NHE3 is, directly and indirectly, responsible for absorbing the majority of ingested Na+ from small and large intestines and reabsorbing >50% of filtered Na+ in the proximal tubules of the kidney. However, the roles of NHE3 in the regulation of proximal tubular Na+ transport in the integrative physiological settings and its contributions to the basal blood pressure regulation and angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertension have not been well studied previously due to the lack of suitable animal models. Recently, novel genetically modified mouse models with whole-body, kidney-specific, or proximal tubule-specific deletion of NHE3 have been generated by us and others to determine the critical roles and underlying mechanisms of NHE3 in maintaining basal body salt and fluid balance, blood pressure homeostasis, and the development of Ang II-induced hypertension at the whole-body, kidney, or proximal tubule levels. The objective of this invited article is to review, update, and discuss recent findings on the critical roles of intestinal and proximal tubule NHE3 in maintaining basal blood pressure homeostasis and their potential therapeutic implications in the development of angiotensin II (Ang II)-dependent hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Nwia
- Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States,Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Xiao Chun Li
- Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States,Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Ana Paula de Oliveira Leite
- Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States,Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Rumana Hassan
- Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States,Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Jia Long Zhuo
- Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States,Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States,*Correspondence: Jia Long Zhuo,
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16
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Synthesis of alamandine glycoside analogs as new drug candidates to antagonize the MrgD receptor for pain relief. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02881-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Seyedmehdi SM, Imanparast F, Mohaghegh P, Mahmoudian S, Dehlaqi MK, Mehvari F, Abdullah MP. Patients with severe COVID‐19 have reduced circulating levels of angiotensin‐(1–7): A cohort study. Health Sci Rep 2022; 5:e564. [PMID: 35308416 PMCID: PMC8919452 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) acts as a functional receptor for the entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 into host cells. Angiotensin (1–7) (Ang (1–7)) obtained from the function of ACE2 improves heart and lung function. We investigated the relationship between Ang (1–7) level and disease severity in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Methods This cohort study was carried out at Masih Daneshvari Hospital in Tehran, Iran from September 2020 to October 2020. To do so, the Ang (1–7) levels of 331 hospitalized COVID‐19 patients with and without underlying disease were measured by ELISA kit. The need for oxygen, intubation, and mechanical ventilation were recorded for all the patients. Results Results showed a significant inverse relationship between the levels of Ang 1–7 and the severity of the disease (needed oxygen, intubation, and mechanical ventilation). According to the results, median (interquartile range) of Ang (1–7) levels was significantly lower in patients who needed oxygen versus those who needed no oxygen (44.50 (91) vs. 82.25 (68), p = 0.002), patients who needed intubation and mechanical ventilation versus those who did not (9.80 (62) vs. 68.70 (102), p < 0.000) and patients hospitalized in an intensive care unit (ICU) than people hospitalized in other wards. We also found that the older patients were more in need of ICU and mechanical ventilation than younger patients. Conclusions Higher levels of Ang (1–7) have been associated with decreased disease severity. Besides this, we perceived that synthetic Ang 1–7 peptides may be useful to treat and reduce the complications of COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Imanparast
- Infectious Diseases Research Center (IDRC) Arak University of Medical Sciences Arak Iran
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Arak University of Medical Sciences Arak Iran
| | - Pegah Mohaghegh
- Community and Preventive Medicine Specialist, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Arak University of Medical sciences Arak Iran
| | - Saeed Mahmoudian
- Dr. Masih Daneshvari Hospital Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mona Karimi Dehlaqi
- Dr. Masih Daneshvari Hospital Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mehvari
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Arak University of Medical Sciences Arak Iran
| | - Mihan Pour Abdullah
- Dr. Masih Daneshvari Hospital Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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18
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Boby N, Cao X, Williams K, Gadila SKG, Shroyer MN, Didier PJ, Srivastav SK, Das A, Baker K, Sha Q, Pahar B. Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Mediated Changes in Jejunum and Peripheral SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 and Associated Proteins or Genes in Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2022; 13:835686. [PMID: 35281029 PMCID: PMC8914048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.835686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) and associated proteins play a pivotal role in various physiological and pathological events, such as immune activation, inflammation, gut barrier maintenance, intestinal stem cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Although many of these clinical events are quite significant in SIV/HIV infection, expression profiling of these proteins has not been well reported. Considering the different pathological consequences in the gut after HIV infection, we hypothesized that the expression of ACE2 and associated proteins of the Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) could be compromised after SIV/HIV infection. We quantified the gene expression of ACE2 as well as AGTR1/2, ADAM17, and TMPRSS2, and compared between SIV infected and uninfected rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta; hereafter abbreviated RMs). The gene expression analysis revealed significant downregulation of ACE2 and upregulation of AGTR2 and inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in the gut of infected RMs. Protein expression profiling also revealed significant upregulation of AGTR2 after infection. The expression of ACE2 in protein level was also decreased, but not significantly, after infection. To understand the entirety of the process in newly regenerated epithelial cells, a global transcriptomic study of enteroids raised from intestinal stem cells was performed. Interestingly, most of the genes associated with the RAS, such as DPP4, MME, ANPEP, ACE2, ENPEP, were found to be downregulated in SIV infection. HNFA1 was found to be a key regulator of ACE2 and related protein expression. Jejunum CD4+ T cell depletion and increased IL-6 mRNA, MCP-1 and AGTR2 expression may signal inflammation, monocyte/macrophage accumulation and epithelial apoptosis in accelerating SIV pathogenesis. Overall, the findings in the study suggested a possible impact of SIV/HIV infection on expression of ACE2 and RAS-associated proteins resulting in the loss of gut homeostasis. In the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic, the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV co-infection remains uncertain and needs further investigation as the significance profile of ACE2, a viral entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2, and its expression in mRNA and protein varied in the current study. There is a concern of aggravated SARS-CoV-2 outcomes due to possible serious pathological events in the gut resulting from compromised expression of RAS- associated proteins in SIV/HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongthombam Boby
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Xuewei Cao
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
| | - Kelsey Williams
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Shiva Kumar Goud Gadila
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Monica N. Shroyer
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Peter J. Didier
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Sudesh K. Srivastav
- Department of Biostatistics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Arpita Das
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Kate Baker
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Qiuying Sha
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
| | - Bapi Pahar
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Bapi Pahar,
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19
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Ben Boubaker R, Tiss A, Henrion D, Guissouma H, Chabbert M. Evolutionary information helps understand distinctive features of the angiotensin II receptors AT1 and AT2 in amniota. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009732. [PMID: 35202400 PMCID: PMC8870451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, the octopeptide angiotensin II (AngII) is an important in vivo regulator of the cardiovascular system. It acts mainly through two G protein-coupled receptors, AT1 and AT2. To better understand distinctive features of these receptors, we carried out a phylogenetic analysis that revealed a mirror evolution of AT1 and AT2, each one split into two clades, separating fish from terrestrial receptors. It also revealed that hallmark mutations occurred at, or near, the sodium binding site in both AT1 and AT2. Electrostatics computations and molecular dynamics simulations support maintained sodium binding to human AT1 with slow ingress from the extracellular side and an electrostatic component of the binding free energy around -3kT, to be compared to around -2kT for human AT2 and the δ opioid receptor. Comparison of the sodium binding modes in wild type and mutated AT1 and AT2 from humans and eels indicates that the allosteric control by sodium in both AT1 and AT2 evolved during the transition from fish to amniota. The unusual S7.46N mutation in AT1 is mirrored by a L3.36M mutation in AT2. In the presence of sodium, the N7.46 pattern in amniota AT1 stabilizes the inward orientation of N3.35 in the apo receptor, which should contribute to efficient N3.35 driven biased signaling. The M3.36 pattern in amniota AT2 favours the outward orientation of N3.35 and the receptor promiscuity. Both mutations have physiological consequences for the regulation of the renin-angiotensin system. The analysis of protein sequences from different species can reveal interesting trends in the structural and functional evolution of a protein family. Here, we analyze the evolution of two G protein-coupled receptors, AT1 and AT2, which bind the angiotensin II peptide and are important regulators of the cardiovascular system. We show that these receptors underwent a mirror evolution. Specific mutations at, or near, the sodium binding pocket occurred in both AT1 and AT2 during the transition to terrestrial life. We carried out electrostatics computations and molecular dynamics simulations to decipher the details of the sodium binding mode in eel and human receptors, as prototypes of fish and amniota receptors. Our results indicate that sodium binding is kinetically slow but thermodynamically stable. Comparison of the sodium binding modes in eel and human receptors reveals that an unusual mutation in the sodium binding pocket of AT1 is critical for biased signaling of amniota AT1 whereas a mutation in AT2 promotes promiscuity of amniota AT2. In turn, these data indicate that a few mutations at a strategic position (here the sodium binding pocket) are an efficient way to gain functional evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rym Ben Boubaker
- CNRS UMR 6015 – INSERM U1083, Laboratoire MITOVASC, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
| | - Asma Tiss
- CNRS UMR 6015 – INSERM U1083, Laboratoire MITOVASC, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
- INSAT de Tunis, Université de Carthage, Carthage, Tunisie
| | - Daniel Henrion
- CNRS UMR 6015 – INSERM U1083, Laboratoire MITOVASC, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
| | | | - Marie Chabbert
- CNRS UMR 6015 – INSERM U1083, Laboratoire MITOVASC, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
- * E-mail:
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20
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Implications of testicular ACE2 and the renin-angiotensin system for SARS-CoV-2 on testis function. Nat Rev Urol 2022; 19:116-127. [PMID: 34837081 PMCID: PMC8622117 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-021-00542-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although many studies have focused on SARS-CoV-2 infection in the lungs, comparatively little is known about the potential effects of the virus on male fertility. SARS-CoV-2 infection of target cells requires the presence of furin, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). Thus, cells in the body that express these proteins might be highly susceptible to viral entry and downstream effects. Currently, reports regarding the expression of the viral entry proteins in the testes are conflicting; however, other members of the SARS-CoV family of viruses - such as SARS-CoV - have been suspected to cause testicular dysfunction and/or orchitis. SARS-CoV-2, which displays many similarities to SARS-CoV, could potentially cause similar adverse effects. Commonalities between SARS family members, taken in combination with sparse reports of testicular discomfort and altered hormone levels in patients with SARS-CoV-2, might indicate possible testicular dysfunction. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 infection has the potential for effects on testis somatic and germline cells and experimental approaches might be required to help identify potential short-term and long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 on male fertility.
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21
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Recent Advances in the Endogenous Brain Renin-Angiotensin System and Drugs Acting on It. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2021; 2021:9293553. [PMID: 34925551 PMCID: PMC8651430 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9293553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAS (renin-angiotensin system) is the part of the endocrine system that plays a prime role in the control of essential hypertension. Since the discovery of brain RAS in the seventies, continuous efforts have been put by the scientific committee to explore it more. The brain has shown the presence of various components of brain RAS such as angiotensinogen (AGT), converting enzymes, angiotensin (Ang), and specific receptors (ATR). AGT acts as the precursor molecule for Ang peptides—I, II, III, and IV—while the enzymes such as prorenin, ACE, and aminopeptidases A and N synthesize it. AT1, AT2, AT4, and mitochondrial assembly receptor (MasR) are found to be plentiful in the brain. The brain RAS system exhibits pleiotropic properties such as neuroprotection and cognition along with regulation of blood pressure, CVS homeostasis, thirst and salt appetite, stress, depression, alcohol addiction, and pain modulation. The molecules acting through RAS predominantly ARBs and ACEI are found to be effective in various ongoing and completed clinical trials related to cognition, memory, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and pain. The review summarizes the recent advances in the brain RAS system highlighting its significance in pathophysiology and treatment of the central nervous system-related disorders.
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Rajtik T, Galis P, Bartosova L, Paulis L, Goncalvesova E, Klimas J. Alternative RAS in Various Hypoxic Conditions: From Myocardial Infarction to COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312800. [PMID: 34884604 PMCID: PMC8657827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative branches of the classical renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAS) represent an important cascade in which angiotensin 2 (AngII) undergoes cleavage via the action of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) with subsequent production of Ang(1-7) and other related metabolites eliciting its effects via Mas receptor activation. Generally, this branch of the RAS system is described as its non-canonical alternative arm with counterbalancing actions to the classical RAS, conveying vasodilation, anti-inflammatory, anti-remodeling and anti-proliferative effects. The implication of this branch was proposed for many different diseases, ranging from acute cardiovascular conditions, through chronic respiratory diseases to cancer, nonetheless, hypoxia is one of the most prominent common factors discussed in conjugation with the changes in the activity of alternative RAS branches. The aim of this review is to bring complex insights into the mechanisms behind the various forms of hypoxic insults on the activity of alternative RAS branches based on the different duration of stimuli and causes (acute vs. intermittent vs. chronic), localization and tissue (heart vs. vessels vs. lungs) and clinical relevance of studied phenomenon (experimental vs. clinical condition). Moreover, we provide novel insights into the future strategies utilizing the alternative RAS as a diagnostic tool as well as a promising pharmacological target in serious hypoxia-associated cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Rajtik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.G.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +42-12-501-17-391
| | - Peter Galis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.G.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Linda Bartosova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.G.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Ludovit Paulis
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Eva Goncalvesova
- Department of Heart Failure, Clinic of Cardiology, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 831 01 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Jan Klimas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.G.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
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Shedding Light on the Pharmacological Interactions between μ-Opioid Analgesics and Angiotensin Receptor Modulators: A New Option for Treating Chronic Pain. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206168. [PMID: 34684749 PMCID: PMC8537077 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The current protocols for neuropathic pain management include µ-opioid receptor (MOR) analgesics alongside other drugs; however, there is debate on the effectiveness of opioids. Nevertheless, dose escalation is required to maintain their analgesia, which, in turn, contributes to a further increase in opioid side effects. Finding novel approaches to effectively control chronic pain, particularly neuropathic pain, is a great challenge clinically. Literature data related to pain transmission reveal that angiotensin and its receptors (the AT1R, AT2R, and MAS receptors) could affect the nociception both in the periphery and CNS. The MOR and angiotensin receptors or drugs interacting with these receptors have been independently investigated in relation to analgesia. However, the interaction between the MOR and angiotensin receptors has not been excessively studied in chronic pain, particularly neuropathy. This review aims to shed light on existing literature information in relation to the analgesic action of AT1R and AT2R or MASR ligands in neuropathic pain conditions. Finally, based on literature data, we can hypothesize that combining MOR agonists with AT1R or AT2R antagonists might improve analgesia.
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Angiotensin-(1-7) Peptide Hormone Reduces Inflammation and Pathogen Burden during Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection in Mice. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101614. [PMID: 34683907 PMCID: PMC8539524 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptide hormone, angiotensin (Ang-(1–7)), produces anti-inflammatory and protective effects by inhibiting production and expression of many cytokines and adhesion molecules that are associated with a cytokine storm. While Ang-(1–7) has been shown to reduce inflammation and airway hyperreactivity in models of asthma, little is known about the effects of Ang-(1–7) during live respiratory infections. Our studies were developed to test if Ang-(1–7) is protective in the lung against overzealous immune responses during an infection with Mycoplasma pneumonia (Mp), a common respiratory pathogen known to provoke exacerbations in asthma and COPD patients. Wild type mice were treated with infectious Mp and a subset of was given either Ang-(1–7) or peptide-free vehicle via oropharyngeal delivery within 2 h of infection. Markers of inflammation in the lung were assessed within 24 h for each set of animals. During Mycoplasma infection, one high dose of Ang-(1–7) delivered to the lungs reduced neutrophilia and Muc5ac, as well as Tnf-α and chemokines (Cxcl1) associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Despite decreased inflammation, Ang-(1-7)-treated mice also had significantly lower Mp burden in their lung tissue, indicating decreased airway colonization. Ang-(1–7) also had an impact on RAW 264.7 cells, a commonly used macrophage cell line, by dose-dependently inhibiting TNF-α production while promoting Mp killing. These new findings provide additional support to the protective role(s) of Ang1-7 in controlling inflammation, which we found to be highly protective against live Mp-induced lung inflammation.
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Synthesis, Physicochemical Characterization, In Vitro 2D/3D Human Cell Culture, and In Vitro Aerosol Dispersion Performance of Advanced Spray Dried and Co-Spray Dried Angiotensin (1-7) Peptide and PNA5 with Trehalose as Microparticles/Nanoparticles for Targeted Respiratory Delivery as Dry Powder Inhalers. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081278. [PMID: 34452239 PMCID: PMC8398878 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptide hormone Angiotensin (1—7), Ang (1—7) or (Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro), is an essential component of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) peripherally and is an agonist of the Mas receptor centrally. Activation of this receptor in the CNS stimulates various biological activities that make the Ang (1—7)/MAS axis a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of many diseases. The related O-linked glycopeptide, Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Ser-(O-β-D-Glc)-amide (PNA5), is a biousian revision of the native peptide hormone Ang (1—7) and shows enhanced stability in vivo and greater levels of brain penetration. We have synthesized the native Ang (1—7) peptide and the glycopeptide, PNA5, and have formulated them for targeted respiratory delivery as inhalable dry powders. Solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) successfully produced Ang (1—7) and PNA5. Measurements of solubility and lipophilicity of raw Ang (1—7) and raw PNA5 using experimental and computational approaches confirmed that both the peptide and glycopeptide have high-water solubility and are amphipathic. Advanced organic solution spray drying was used to engineer the particles and produce spray-dried powders (SD) of both the peptide and the glycopeptide, as well as co-spray-dried powders (co-SD) with the non-reducing sugar and pharmaceutical excipient, trehalose. The native peptide, glycopeptide, SD, and co-SD powders were comprehensively characterized, and exhibited distinct glass transitions (Tg) consistent with the amorphous glassy state formation with Tgs that are compatible with use in vivo. The homogeneous particles displayed small sizes in the nanometer size range and low residual water content in the solid-state. Excellent aerosol dispersion performance with a human DPI device was demonstrated. In vitro human cell viability assays showed that Ang (1—7) and PNA5 are biocompatible and safe for different human respiratory and brain cells.
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Cooper SL, Boyle E, Jefferson SR, Heslop CRA, Mohan P, Mohanraj GGJ, Sidow HA, Tan RCP, Hill SJ, Woolard J. Role of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone and Kinin-Kallikrein Systems in the Cardiovascular Complications of COVID-19 and Long COVID. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8255. [PMID: 34361021 PMCID: PMC8347967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Patients may present as asymptomatic or demonstrate mild to severe and life-threatening symptoms. Although COVID-19 has a respiratory focus, there are major cardiovascular complications (CVCs) associated with infection. The reported CVCs include myocarditis, heart failure, arrhythmias, thromboembolism and blood pressure abnormalities. These occur, in part, because of dysregulation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) and Kinin-Kallikrein System (KKS). A major route by which SARS-CoV-2 gains cellular entry is via the docking of the viral spike (S) protein to the membrane-bound angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The roles of ACE2 within the cardiovascular and immune systems are vital to ensure homeostasis. The key routes for the development of CVCs and the recently described long COVID have been hypothesised as the direct consequences of the viral S protein/ACE2 axis, downregulation of ACE2 and the resulting damage inflicted by the immune response. Here, we review the impact of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular system, the mechanisms by which dysregulation of the RAAS and KKS can occur following virus infection and the future implications for pharmacological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Cooper
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK;
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Eleanor Boyle
- School of Medicine, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (E.B.); (S.R.J.); (C.R.A.H.); (P.M.); (G.G.J.M.); (H.A.S.); (R.C.P.T.)
| | - Sophie R. Jefferson
- School of Medicine, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (E.B.); (S.R.J.); (C.R.A.H.); (P.M.); (G.G.J.M.); (H.A.S.); (R.C.P.T.)
| | - Calum R. A. Heslop
- School of Medicine, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (E.B.); (S.R.J.); (C.R.A.H.); (P.M.); (G.G.J.M.); (H.A.S.); (R.C.P.T.)
| | - Pirathini Mohan
- School of Medicine, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (E.B.); (S.R.J.); (C.R.A.H.); (P.M.); (G.G.J.M.); (H.A.S.); (R.C.P.T.)
| | - Gearry G. J. Mohanraj
- School of Medicine, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (E.B.); (S.R.J.); (C.R.A.H.); (P.M.); (G.G.J.M.); (H.A.S.); (R.C.P.T.)
| | - Hamza A. Sidow
- School of Medicine, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (E.B.); (S.R.J.); (C.R.A.H.); (P.M.); (G.G.J.M.); (H.A.S.); (R.C.P.T.)
| | - Rory C. P. Tan
- School of Medicine, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (E.B.); (S.R.J.); (C.R.A.H.); (P.M.); (G.G.J.M.); (H.A.S.); (R.C.P.T.)
| | - Stephen J. Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK;
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Jeanette Woolard
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK;
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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Aimo A, Vergaro G, Passino C, Clerico A. Evaluation of pathophysiological relationships between renin-angiotensin and ACE-ACE2 systems in cardiovascular disorders: from theory to routine clinical practice in patients with heart failure. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2021; 58:530-545. [PMID: 34196254 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2021.1942782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the progressive improvements in diagnosis and therapy during the first 20 years of this century, the morbidity and mortality of patients with heart failure (HF) remain high, resulting in an enormous health and economic burden. Only a further improvement in understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms related to the development of cardiac injury and dysfunction can allow more innovative and personalized approaches to HF management. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has a critical role in cardiovascular physiology by regulating blood pressure and electrolyte balance. The RAS is mainly regulated by both angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and type 2 angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE2). However, the balance between the various peptides and peptidases constituting the RAS/ACE pathway remains in great part unraveled in patients with HF. This review summarizes the role of the RAS/ACE axis in cardiac physiology and HF pathophysiology as well as some analytical issues relevant to the clinical and laboratory assessment of inter-relationships between these two systems. There is evidence that RAS peptides represent a dynamic network of peptides, which are altered in different HF states and influenced by medical therapy. However, the mechanisms of signal transduction have not been fully elucidated under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Further investigations are necessary to explore novel molecular mechanisms related to the RAS, which will provide alternative therapeutic agents. Moreover, monitoring the circulating levels of active RAS peptides in HF patients may enable a personalized approach by facilitating assessment of the pathophysiological status of several cardiovascular diseases and thus better selection of therapies for HF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Aimo
- Fondazione CNR - Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vergaro
- Fondazione CNR - Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Passino
- Fondazione CNR - Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Aldo Clerico
- Fondazione CNR - Regione Toscana G. Monasterio, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
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Mariam A, Miller-Atkins G, Pantalone KM, Zimmerman RS, Barnard J, Kattan MW, Shah H, McLeod HL, Doria A, Wagner MJ, Buse JB, Motsinger-Reif AA, Rotroff DM. A Type 2 Diabetes Subtype Responsive to ACCORD Intensive Glycemia Treatment. Diabetes Care 2021; 44:1410-1418. [PMID: 33863751 PMCID: PMC8247498 DOI: 10.2337/dc20-2700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Current type 2 diabetes (T2D) management contraindicates intensive glycemia treatment in patients with high cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and is partially motivated by evidence of harms in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial. Heterogeneity in response to intensive glycemia treatment has been observed, suggesting potential benefit for some individuals. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS ACCORD was a randomized controlled trial that investigated whether intensively treating glycemia in individuals with T2D would reduce CVD outcomes. Using a novel approach to cluster HbA1c trajectories, we identified groups in the intensive glycemia arm with modified CVD risk. Genome-wide analysis and polygenic score (PS) were developed to predict group membership. Mendelian randomization was performed to infer causality. RESULTS We identified four clinical groupings in the intensive glycemia arm, and clinical group 4 (C4) displayed fewer CVD (hazard ratio [HR] 0.34; P = 2.01 × 10-3) and microvascular outcomes (HR 0.86; P = 0.015) than those receiving standard treatment. A single-nucleotide polymorphism, rs220721, in MAS1 reached suggestive significance in C4 (P = 4.34 × 10-7). PS predicted C4 with high accuracy (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.98), and this predicted C4 displayed reduced CVD risk with intensive versus standard glycemia treatment (HR 0.53; P = 4.02 × 10-6), but not reduced risk of microvascular outcomes (P < 0.05). Mendelian randomization indicated causality between PS, on-trial HbA1c, and reduction in CVD outcomes (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We found evidence of a T2D clinical group in ACCORD that benefited from intensive glycemia treatment, and membership in this group could be predicted using genetic variants. This study generates new hypotheses with implications for precision medicine in T2D and represents an important development in this landmark clinical trial warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshiya Mariam
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Galen Miller-Atkins
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Kevin M Pantalone
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - John Barnard
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Michael W Kattan
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Hetal Shah
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Howard L McLeod
- Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | | | - Michael J Wagner
- Center for Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - John B Buse
- Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Alison A Motsinger-Reif
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Daniel M Rotroff
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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Stoyell-Conti FF, Itty S, Abraham C, Rigatto K, West CA, Speth RC. 125I-Angiotensin 1-7 binds to a different site than angiotensin 1-7 in tissue membrane preparations. Endocrine 2021; 72:529-538. [PMID: 33415576 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02572-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the receptor for Angiotensin (Ang) 1-7 using a radioligand (125I-Ang 1-7)-binding assay. For more than a decade, Mas has been viewed as the receptor for Ang 1-7; however, Ang 1-7 binding has not been pharmacologically characterized in tissue membrane preparations. METHODS Radioligand-binding assays were carried out using tissue membrane preparations using radioiodinated Angiotensin 1-7 (125I-Ang 1-7) to characterize its binding site. Non-radioactive 127I-Ang 1-7 was used to test if the addition of an iodine to the tyrosine4 moiety of Ang 1-7 changes the ability of Ang 1-7 to competitively inhibit 125I-Ang 1-7 binding. RESULTS 125I-Ang 1-7 binds saturably, with moderately high affinity (10-20 nM) to a binding site in rat liver membranes that is displaceable by 127I-Ang 1-7 at nanomolar concentrations (IC50 = 62 nM) while Ang 1-7 displaces at micromolar concentrations (IC50 = 80 µM) at ~22 °C. This binding was also displaceable by inhibitors of metalloproteases at room temperature. This suggests that 125I-Ang 1-7 binds to MMPs and/or ADAMs as well as other liver membrane elements at ~ 22 °C. However, when 125I-Ang 1-7-binding assays were run at 0-4 °C, the same MMP inhibitors did not effectively compete for 125I-Ang 1-7. CONCLUSIONS The addition of an iodine molecule to the tyrosine in position 4 of Ang 1-7 drastically changes the binding characteristics of this peptide making it unsuitable for characterization of Ang 1-7 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe F Stoyell-Conti
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sarin Itty
- Halmos College of Natural Science & Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
- Kiran P. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Christy Abraham
- Halmos College of Natural Science & Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
- Kiran P. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Katya Rigatto
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Translacional, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto, Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Crystal A West
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Robert C Speth
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
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Rukavina Mikusic NL, Silva MG, Mazzitelli LR, Santos RAS, Gómez KA, Grecco HE, Gironacci MM. Interaction Between the Angiotensin-(1-7) Mas Receptor and the Dopamine D2 Receptor: Implications in Inflammation. Hypertension 2021; 77:1659-1669. [PMID: 33677980 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia L Rukavina Mikusic
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Dpto. Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina (N.L.R.M., M.G.S., L.R.M., M.M.G.)
| | - Mauro G Silva
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Dpto. Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina (N.L.R.M., M.G.S., L.R.M., M.M.G.)
| | - Luciana R Mazzitelli
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Dpto. Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina (N.L.R.M., M.G.S., L.R.M., M.M.G.)
| | - Robson A S Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (R.A.S.S.)
| | - Karina A Gómez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de las Infecciones por Tripanosomátidos, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular (INGEBI-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina (K.A.G.)
| | - Hernán E Grecco
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Dpto. Física and Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina (H.E.G.)
| | - Mariela M Gironacci
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Dpto. Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina (N.L.R.M., M.G.S., L.R.M., M.M.G.)
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Kriszta G, Kriszta Z, Váncsa S, Hegyi PJ, Frim L, Erőss B, Hegyi P, Pethő G, Pintér E. Effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers on Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Levels: A Comprehensive Analysis Based on Animal Studies. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:619524. [PMID: 33762942 PMCID: PMC7982393 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.619524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the pathogen of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused the outbreak escalated to pandemic. Reports suggested that near 1-3% of COVID-19 cases have a fatal outcome. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are widely used in hypertension, heart failure and chronic kidney disease. These drugs have been reported to upregulate angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) which produces Ang (1-7), the main counter-regulatory mediator of angiotensin II. This enzyme is also known as the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 promoting the cellular uptake of the virus in the airways, however, ACE2 itself proved to be protective in several experimental models of lung injury. The present study aimed to systematically review the relationship between ACEI/ARB administration and ACE2 expression in experimental models. After a comprehensive search and selection, 27 animal studies investigating ACE2 expression in the context of ACEI and ARB were identified. The majority of these papers reported increased ACE2 levels in response to ACEI/ARB treatment. This result should be interpreted in the light of the dual role of ACE2 being a promoter of viral entry to cells and a protective factor against oxidative damage in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Kriszta
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre, Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Kriszta
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Váncsa
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Jenő Hegyi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Levente Frim
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Bálint Erőss
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Hegyi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gábor Pethő
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Erika Pintér
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Perico L, Benigni A, Remuzzi G. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: from a vasoactive peptide to the gatekeeper of a global pandemic. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2021; 30:252-263. [PMID: 33395036 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We provide a comprehensive overview of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a possible candidate for pharmacological approaches to halt inflammatory processes in different pathogenic conditions. RECENT FINDINGS ACE2 has quickly gained prominence in basic research as it has been identified as the main entry receptor for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This novel pathogen causes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), a pathogenic condition that reached pandemic proportion and is associated with unprecedented morbidity and mortality. SUMMARY The renin-angiotensin system is a complex, coordinated hormonal cascade that plays a pivotal role in controlling individual cell behaviour and multiple organ functions. ACE2 acts as an endogenous counter-regulator to the pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic pathways triggered by ACE through the conversion of Ang II into the vasodilatory peptide Ang 1-7. We discuss the structure, function and expression of ACE2 in different tissues. We also briefly describe the role of ACE2 as a pivotal driver across a wide spectrum of pathogenic conditions, such as cardiac and renal diseases. Furthermore, we provide the most recent data concerning the possible role of ACE2 in mediating SARS-CoV-2 infection and dictating COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Perico
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Ariela Benigni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Serhan N, Cenac N, Basso L, Gaudenzio N. Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors (Mrgprs) - Key regulators of neuroimmune interactions. Neurosci Lett 2021; 749:135724. [PMID: 33600909 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interplay between physiological systems in the body plays a prominent role in health and disease. At the cellular level, such interplay is orchestrated through the binding of specific ligands to their receptors expressed on cell surface. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) are seven-transmembrane domain receptors that initiate various cellular responses and regulate homeostasis. In this review, we focus on particular GPCRs named Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors (Mrgprs) mainly expressed by sensory neurons and specialized immune cells. We describe the different subfamilies of Mrgprs and their specific ligands, as well as recent advances in the field that illustrate the role played by these receptors in neuro-immune biological processes, including itch, pain and inflammation in diverse organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Serhan
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Cenac
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, INP-ENVT, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Lilian Basso
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.
| | - Nicolas Gaudenzio
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.
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Influence of aging on T cell response and renin-angiotensin system imbalance during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Immunol Lett 2021; 232:35-38. [PMID: 33581170 PMCID: PMC7874963 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Singh KD, Karnik SS. Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor Blockers in Heart Failure. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 21:125-131. [PMID: 31433752 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190821152000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis in the cardiovascular system is maintained by physiological functions of the Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS). In pathophysiological conditions, over activation of RAAS leads to an increase in the concentration of Angiotensin II (AngII) and over activation of Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor (AT1R), resulting in vasoconstriction, sodium retention and change in myocyte growth. It causes cardiac remodeling in the heart which results in left ventricular hypertrophy, dilation and dysfunction, eventually leading to Heart Failure (HF). Inhibition of RAAS using angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) has shown to significantly reduce morbidity and mortality due to HF. ACEi have been shown to have higher drug withdrawal rates due to discomfort when compared to ARBs; therefore, ARBs are the preferred choice of physicians for the treatment of HF in combination with other anti-hypertensive agents. Currently, eight ARBs have been approved by FDA and are clinically used. Even though they bind to the same site of AT1R displacing AngII binding but clinical outcomes are significantly different. In this review, we described the clinical significance of each ARB in the treatment of HF and their clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuraijam Dhanachandra Singh
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Sadashiva S Karnik
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
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Verma A, Zhu P, Xu K, Du T, Liao S, Liang Z, Raizada MK, Li Q. Angiotensin-(1-7) Expressed From Lactobacillus Bacteria Protect Diabetic Retina in Mice. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:20. [PMID: 33344064 PMCID: PMC7735952 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.13.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose A multitude of animal studies substantiates the beneficial effects of Ang-(1–7), a peptide hormone in the protective axis of the renin angiotensin system, in diabetes and its associated complications including diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, the clinical application of Ang-(1–7) is limited due to unfavorable pharmacological properties. As emerging evidence implicates gut dysbiosis in pathogenesis of diabetes and supports beneficial effects of probiotics, we sought to develop probiotics-based expression and delivery system to enhance Ang-(1–7) and evaluate the efficacy of engineered probiotics expressing Ang-(1–7) in attenuation of DR in animal models. Methods Ang-(1–7) was expressed in the Lactobacillus species as a secreted fusion protein with a trans-epithelial carrier to allow uptake into circulation. To evaluate the effects of Ang-(1–7) expressed from Lactobacillus paracasei (LP), adult diabetic eNOS−/− and Akita mice were orally gavaged with either 1 × 109 CFU of LP secreting Ang-(1–7) (LP-A), LP alone or vehicle, 3 times/week, for 8 and 12 weeks, respectively. Results Ang-(1–7) is efficiently expressed from different Lactobacillus species and secreted into circulation in mice fed with LP-A. Oral administration of LP-A significantly reduced diabetes-induced loss of retinal vascular capillaries. LP-A treatment also prevented loss of retinal ganglion cells, and significantly decreased retinal inflammatory cytokine expression in both diabetic eNOS−/− and Akita mice. Conclusions These results provide proof-of-concept for feasibility and efficacy of using engineered probiotic species as live vector for delivery of Ang-(1–7) with enhanced bioavailability. Translational Relevance Probiotics-based delivery of Ang-(1–7) may hold important therapeutic potential for the treatment of DR and other diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrisha Verma
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Tao Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Shengquan Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Zhibing Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mohan K Raizada
- Physiology & Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Qiuhong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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ACE2: from protection of liver disease to propagation of COVID-19. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:3137-3158. [PMID: 33284956 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Twenty years ago, the discovery of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was an important breakthrough dramatically enhancing our understanding of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The classical RAS is driven by its key enzyme ACE and is pivotal in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid homeostasis. More recently, it has been recognised that the protective RAS regulated by ACE2 counterbalances many of the deleterious effects of the classical RAS. Studies in murine models demonstrated that manipulating the protective RAS can dramatically alter many diseases including liver disease. Liver-specific overexpression of ACE2 in mice with liver fibrosis has proved to be highly effective in antagonising liver injury and fibrosis progression. Importantly, despite its highly protective role in disease pathogenesis, ACE2 is hijacked by SARS-CoV-2 as a cellular receptor to gain entry to alveolar epithelial cells, causing COVID-19, a severe respiratory disease in humans. COVID-19 is frequently life-threatening especially in elderly or people with other medical conditions. As an unprecedented number of COVID-19 patients have been affected globally, there is an urgent need to discover novel therapeutics targeting the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and ACE2. Understanding the role of ACE2 in physiology, pathobiology and as a cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infection provides insight into potential new therapeutic strategies aiming to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection related tissue injury. This review outlines the role of the RAS with a strong focus on ACE2-driven protective RAS in liver disease and provides therapeutic approaches to develop strategies to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans.
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ACE2, angiotensin 1-7 and skeletal muscle: review in the era of COVID-19. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:3047-3062. [PMID: 33231620 PMCID: PMC7687025 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) is a multifunctional transmembrane protein recently recognised as the entry receptor of the virus causing COVID-19. In the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), ACE2 cleaves angiotensin II (Ang II) into angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7), which is considered to exert cellular responses to counteract the activation of the RAS primarily through a receptor, Mas, in multiple organs including skeletal muscle. Previous studies have provided abundant evidence suggesting that Ang 1-7 modulates multiple signalling pathways leading to protection from pathological muscle remodelling and muscle insulin resistance. In contrast, there is relatively little evidence to support the protective role of ACE2 in skeletal muscle. The potential contribution of endogenous ACE2 to the regulation of Ang 1-7-mediated protection of these muscle pathologies is discussed in this review. Recent studies have suggested that ACE2 protects against ageing-associated muscle wasting (sarcopenia) through its function to modulate molecules outside of the RAS. Thus, the potential association of sarcopenia with ACE2 and the associated molecules outside of RAS is also presented herein. Further, we introduce the transcriptional regulation of muscle ACE2 by drugs or exercise, and briefly discuss the potential role of ACE2 in the development of COVID-19.
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Freitas RA, Junior RRP, Justina VD, Bressan AFM, Bomfim GF, Carneiro FS, Giachini FR, Lima VV. Angiotensin (1-7)-attenuated vasoconstriction is associated with the Interleukin-10 signaling pathway. Life Sci 2020; 262:118552. [PMID: 33035583 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Angiotensin-1-7 [Ang-(1-7)] is an essential peptide of the renin-angiotensin system that promotes benefits modulating effects in different tissues. Similarly, interleukin-10 (IL-10) exhibits an immunomodulatory action on the vasculature. This study aimed to evaluate whether Ang-(1-7) levels attenuates vascular contractile response, mediated by IL-10-pathway (JAK1/STAT3/IL-10). MAIN METHODS Aortas from male mice C57BL/6J and knockout for IL-10 (IL-10-/-) were incubated with Ang-(1-7) [10 μM] or vehicle, during 5 min, 1 h, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h. Concentration-response curves to phenylephrine, western blotting, and flow cytometry analysis was performed to evaluate the contractile response, protein expression, and IL-10 levels, respectively. KEY FINDINGS Incubation with Ang-(1-7) produced a time-dependent increase in Janus kinases 1 (JAK1) expression, as well as increased expression and activity of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) protein. However, this effect was not observed in knockout animals for IL-10. After 12 h of Ang-(1-7) treatment, arteries from control mice displayed decreased vascular reactivity to phenylephrine, but this effect was not observed in the absence of endogenous IL-10. Additionally, incubation with Ang-(1-7) augments IL-10 levels after 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h of incubation. SIGNIFICANCE These results demonstrated the role of Ang-(1-7) in the IL-10 signaling pathway and its effects in the vascular contractility response. Thus, these findings suggest a new synergic action where Ang-(1-7) and IL-10 converge into a protective mechanism against vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raiany A Freitas
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | - Rinaldo R P Junior
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | - Vanessa D Justina
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | - Alecsander F M Bressan
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisele F Bomfim
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Fernando S Carneiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda R Giachini
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | - Victor V Lima
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil.
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Sriram K, Loomba R, Insel PA. Targeting the renin-angiotensin signaling pathway in COVID-19: Unanswered questions, opportunities, and challenges. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:29274-29282. [PMID: 33203679 PMCID: PMC7703541 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009875117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the renin-angiotensin signaling (RAS) pathway in COVID-19 has received much attention. A central mechanism for COVID-19 pathophysiology has been proposed: imbalance of angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE)1 and ACE2 (ACE2 being the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2] virus "receptor") that results in tissue injury from angiotensin II (Ang II)-mediated signaling. This mechanism provides a rationale for multiple therapeutic approaches. In parallel, clinical data from retrospective analysis of COVID-19 cohorts has revealed that ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) may be beneficial in COVID-19. These findings have led to the initiation of clinical trials using approved drugs that target the generation (ACEIs) and actions (ARBs) of Ang II. However, treatment of COVID-19 with ACEIs/ARBs poses several challenges. These include choosing appropriate inclusion and exclusion criteria, dose optimization, risk of adverse effects and drug interactions, and verification of target engagement. Other approaches related to the RAS pathway might be considered, for example, inhalational administration of ACEIs/ARBs (to deliver drugs directly to the lungs) and use of compounds with other actions (e.g., activation of ACE2, agonism of MAS1 receptors, β-arrestin-based Angiotensin receptor agonists, and administration of soluble ACE2 or ACE2 peptides). Studies with animal models could test such approaches and assess therapeutic benefit. This Perspective highlights questions whose answers could advance RAS-targeting agents as mechanism-driven ways to blunt tissue injury, morbidity, and mortality of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Rohit Loomba
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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Sriram K, Insel PA. A hypothesis for pathobiology and treatment of COVID-19: The centrality of ACE1/ACE2 imbalance. Br J Pharmacol 2020. [PMID: 32333398 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15082.10.1111/bph.15082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme2 is the cell surface binding site for the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19. We propose that an imbalance in the action of ACE1- and ACE2-derived peptides, thereby enhancing angiotensin II (Ang II) signalling is primary driver of COVID-19 pathobiology. ACE1/ACE2 imbalance occurs due to the binding of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2, reducing ACE2-mediated conversion of Ang II to Ang peptides that counteract pathophysiological effects of ACE1-generated ANG II. This hypothesis suggests several approaches to treat COVID-19 by restoring ACE1/ACE2 balance: (a) AT receptor antagonists; (b) ACE1 inhibitors (ACEIs); (iii) agonists of receptors activated by ACE2-derived peptides (e.g. Ang (1-7), which activates MAS1); (d) recombinant human ACE2 or ACE2 peptides as decoys for the virus. Reducing ACE1/ACE2 imbalance is predicted to blunt COVID-19-associated morbidity and mortality, especially in vulnerable patients. Importantly, approved AT antagonists and ACEIs can be rapidly repurposed to test their efficacy in treating COVID-19. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on The Pharmacology of COVID-19. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.21/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Lumpuy-Castillo J, Lorenzo-Almorós A, Pello-Lázaro AM, Sánchez-Ferrer C, Egido J, Tuñón J, Peiró C, Lorenzo Ó. Cardiovascular Damage in COVID-19: Therapeutic Approaches Targeting the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6471. [PMID: 32899833 PMCID: PMC7555368 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is usually more severe and associated with worst outcomes in individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular pathologies, including hypertension or atherothrombosis. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) can differentially infect multiple tissues (i.e., lung, vessel, heart, liver) in different stages of disease, and in an age- and sex-dependent manner. In particular, cardiovascular (CV) cells (e.g., endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes) could be directly infected and indirectly disturbed by systemic alterations, leading to hyperinflammatory, apoptotic, thrombotic, and vasoconstrictive responses. Until now, hundreds of clinical trials are testing antivirals and immunomodulators to decrease SARS-CoV-2 infection or related systemic anomalies. However, new therapies targeting the CV system might reduce the severity and lethality of disease. In this line, activation of the non-canonical pathway of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) could improve CV homeostasis under COVID-19. In particular, treatments with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARB) may help to reduce hyperinflammation and viral propagation, while infusion of soluble ACE2 may trap plasma viral particles and increase cardioprotective Ang-(1-9) and Ang-(1-7) peptides. The association of specific ACE2 polymorphisms with increased susceptibility of infection and related CV pathologies suggests potential genetic therapies. Moreover, specific agonists of Ang-(1-7) receptor could counter-regulate the hypertensive, hyperinflammatory, and hypercoagulable responses. Interestingly, sex hormones could also regulate all these RAAS components. Therefore, while waiting for an efficient vaccine, we suggest further investigations on the non-canonical RAAS pathway to reduce cardiovascular damage and mortality in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Lumpuy-Castillo
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Vascular pathology. Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias-Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz. Universidad Autónoma, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.-C.); (J.E.); (J.T.)
| | - Ana Lorenzo-Almorós
- Department of Internal Medicine. Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - Carlos Sánchez-Ferrer
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.S.-F.); (C.P.)
| | - Jesús Egido
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Vascular pathology. Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias-Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz. Universidad Autónoma, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.-C.); (J.E.); (J.T.)
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM) Network, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Tuñón
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Vascular pathology. Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias-Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz. Universidad Autónoma, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.-C.); (J.E.); (J.T.)
- Department of Cardiology. Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Concepción Peiró
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.S.-F.); (C.P.)
| | - Óscar Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Vascular pathology. Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias-Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz. Universidad Autónoma, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.-C.); (J.E.); (J.T.)
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM) Network, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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The Actin Bundling Protein Fascin-1 as an ACE2-Accessory Protein. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:255-263. [PMID: 32865675 PMCID: PMC7456754 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00951-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), an enzyme counterbalancing the deleterious effects of angiotensin type 1 receptor activation by production of vasodilatory peptides Angiotensin (Ang)-(1-9) and Ang-(1-7), is internalized and degraded in lysosomes following chronic Ang-II treatment. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in this effect remain unknown. In an attempt to identify the accessory proteins involved in this effect, we conducted a proteomic analysis in ACE2-transfected HEK293T cells. A single protein, fascin-1, was found to differentially interact with ACE2 after Ang-II treatment for 4 h. The interactions between fascin-1 and ACE2 were confirmed by confocal microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation. Overexpression of fascin-1 attenuates the effects of Ang-II on ACE2 activity. In contrast, downregulation of fascin-1 severely decreased ACE2 enzymatic activity. Interestingly, in brain homogenates from hypertensive mice, we observed a significant reduction of fascin-1, suggesting that the levels of this protein may change in cardiovascular diseases. In conclusion, we identified fascin-1 as an ACE2-accessory protein, interacting with the enzyme in an Ang-II dependent manner and contributing to the regulation of enzyme activity.
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Curran CS, Rivera DR, Kopp JB. COVID-19 Usurps Host Regulatory Networks. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1278. [PMID: 32922297 PMCID: PMC7456869 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 binds the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the cell surface and this complex is internalized. ACE2 serves as an endogenous inhibitor of inflammatory signals associated with four major regulator systems: the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), the complement system, the coagulation cascade, and the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS). Understanding the pathophysiological effects of SARS-CoV-2 on these pathways is needed, particularly given the current lack of proven, effective treatments. The vasoconstrictive, prothrombotic and pro-inflammatory conditions induced by SARS-CoV-2 can be ascribed, at least in part, to the activation of these intersecting physiological networks. Moreover, patients with immune deficiencies, hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, and kidney disease often have altered activation of these pathways, either due to underlying disease or to medications, and may be more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Certain characteristic COVID-associated skin, sensory, and central nervous system manifestations may also be linked to viral activation of the RAAS, complement, coagulation, and KKS pathways. Pharmacological interventions that target molecules along these pathways may be useful in mitigating symptoms and preventing organ or tissue damage. While effective anti-viral therapies are critically needed, further study of these pathways may identify effective adjunctive treatments and patients most likely to benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen S Curran
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Donna R Rivera
- Surveillance Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Chung MK, Karnik S, Saef J, Bergmann C, Barnard J, Lederman MM, Tilton J, Cheng F, Harding CV, Young JB, Mehta N, Cameron SJ, McCrae KR, Schmaier AH, Smith JD, Kalra A, Gebreselassie SK, Thomas G, Hawkins ES, Svensson LG. SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2: The biology and clinical data settling the ARB and ACEI controversy. EBioMedicine 2020; 58:102907. [PMID: 32771682 PMCID: PMC7415847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 enters cells by binding of its spike protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) have been reported to increase ACE2 expression in animal models, and worse outcomes are reported in patients with co-morbidities commonly treated with these agents, leading to controversy during the COVID-19 pandemic over whether these drugs might be helpful or harmful. METHODS Animal, in vitro and clinical data relevant to the biology of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), its interaction with the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) and SARS-CoV-2, and clinical studies were reviewed. FINDINGS AND INTERPRETATION SARS-CoV-2 hijacks ACE2to invade and damage cells, downregulating ACE2, reducing its protective effects and exacerbating injurious Ang II effects. However, retrospective observational studies do not show higher risk of infection with ACEI or ARB use. Nevertheless, study of the RAS and KKS in the setting of coronaviral infection may yield therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina K Chung
- Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, United States; Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, United States; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, United States; Case Western Reserve University, United States.
| | - Sadashiva Karnik
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, United States; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, United States; Case Western Reserve University, United States
| | - Joshua Saef
- Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, United States
| | - Cornelia Bergmann
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, United States; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, United States; Case Western Reserve University, United States
| | - John Barnard
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, United States
| | - Michael M Lederman
- Case Western Reserve University, United States; University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - John Tilton
- Case Western Reserve University, United States
| | - Feixiong Cheng
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, United States
| | - Clifford V Harding
- Case Western Reserve University, United States; University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - James B Young
- Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, United States; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, United States; Case Western Reserve University, United States
| | - Neil Mehta
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, United States; Case Western Reserve University, United States
| | - Scott J Cameron
- Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, United States; Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, United States; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, United States
| | - Keith R McCrae
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, United States; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, United States
| | - Alvin H Schmaier
- Case Western Reserve University, United States; University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jonathan D Smith
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, United States; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, United States; Case Western Reserve University, United States
| | - Ankur Kalra
- Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, United States
| | - Surafel K Gebreselassie
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, United States; Case Western Reserve University, United States
| | - George Thomas
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, United States; Case Western Reserve University, United States
| | - Edward S Hawkins
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, United States; Case Western Reserve University, United States
| | - Lars G Svensson
- Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, United States; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, United States; Case Western Reserve University, United States
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46
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Stoll D, Yokota R, Sanches Aragão D, Casarini DE. Both aldosterone and spironolactone can modulate the intracellular ACE/ANG II/AT1 and ACE2/ANG (1-7)/MAS receptor axes in human mesangial cells. Physiol Rep 2020; 7:e14105. [PMID: 31165585 PMCID: PMC6548847 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney is an important target of the renin‐ANG‐aldosterone system (RAAS). To date, several studies have demonstrated the existence of a local RAAS in various tissues, including the renal tissue. The mineralocorticoid aldosterone is known to play a critical role in the classical RAAS; however, its effect on mesangial cells (MCs) remains to be elucidated. Based on this, our aim was to investigate whether aldosterone stimulation can modulate the intracellular RAAS of immortalized human MCs by evaluating ANG‐converting enzyme (ACE)/ANG II/ANG II receptor type 1 (AT1) and ANG‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/ANG (1‐7)/MAS receptor axes. To realise this, protein expression, enzyme activity, and immunofluorescence were performed under aldosterone stimulation and in the presence of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist spironolactone (SPI). We observed that high doses of aldosterone increase ACE activity. The effect of aldosterone on the catalytic activity of ACE was completely abolished with the pretreatment of SPI suggesting that the aldosterone‐induced cell injuries through ANG II release were attenuated. Aldosterone treatment also decreased the expression of MAS receptor, but did not alter the expression or the catalytic activity of ACE 2 and ANG (1‐7) levels. Spironolactone modulated the localization of ANG II and AT1 receptor and decreased ANG (1‐7) and MAS receptor levels. Our data suggest that both aldosterone and the MR receptor antagonist can modulate both of these axes and that spironolactone can protect MCs from the damage induced by aldosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Stoll
- Escola Paulista de Medicina - Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Yokota
- Escola Paulista de Medicina - Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danielle Sanches Aragão
- Escola Paulista de Medicina - Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dulce E Casarini
- Escola Paulista de Medicina - Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
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47
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Devaux CA, Rolain JM, Raoult D. ACE2 receptor polymorphism: Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, hypertension, multi-organ failure, and COVID-19 disease outcome. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2020; 53:425-435. [PMID: 32414646 PMCID: PMC7201239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has emerged in Chinese people in December 2019 and has currently spread worldwide causing the COVID-19 pandemic with more than 150,000 deaths. In order for a SARS-CoV like virus circulating in wild life for a very long time to infect the index case-patient, a number of conditions must be met, foremost among which is the encounter with humans and the presence in homo sapiens of a cellular receptor allowing the virus to bind. Recently it was shown that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, binds to the human angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). This molecule is a peptidase expressed at the surface of lung epithelial cells and other tissues, that regulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Humans are not equal with respect to the expression levels of the cellular ACE2. Moreover, ACE2 polymorphisms were recently described in human populations. Here we review the most recent evidence that ACE2 expression and/or polymorphism could influence both the susceptibility of people to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the outcome of the COVID-19 disease. Further exploration of the relationship between the virus, the peptidase function of ACE2 and the levels of angiotensin II in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients should help to better understand the pathophysiology of the disease and the multi-organ failures observed in severe COVID-19 cases, particularly heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Devaux
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; CNRS, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Rolain
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
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48
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Sobczuk P, Czerwińska M, Kleibert M, Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska A. Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system-from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic applications. Heart Fail Rev 2020; 27:295-319. [PMID: 32472524 PMCID: PMC8739307 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-020-09977-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Few millions of new cancer cases are diagnosed worldwide every year. Due to significant progress in understanding cancer biology and developing new therapies, the mortality rates are decreasing with many of patients that can be completely cured. However, vast majority of them require chemotherapy which comes with high medical costs in terms of adverse events, of which cardiotoxicity is one of the most serious and challenging. Anthracyclines (doxorubicin, epirubicin) are a class of cytotoxic agents used in treatment of breast cancer, sarcomas, or hematological malignancies that are associated with high risk of cardiotoxicity that is observed in even up to 30% of patients and can be diagnosed years after the therapy. The mechanism, in which anthracyclines cause cardiotoxicity are not well known, but it is proposed that dysregulation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), one of main humoral regulators of cardiovascular system, may play a significant role. There is increasing evidence that drugs targeting this system can be effective in the prevention and treatment of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity what has recently found reflection in the recommendation of some scientific societies. In this review, we comprehensively describe possible mechanisms how anthracyclines affect RAAS and lead to cardiotoxicity. Moreover, we critically review available preclinical and clinical data on use of RAAS inhibitors in the primary and secondary prevention and treatment of cardiac adverse events associated with anthracycline-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Sobczuk
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Czerwińska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Kleibert
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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49
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Sriram K, Insel PA. A hypothesis for pathobiology and treatment of COVID-19: The centrality of ACE1/ACE2 imbalance. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4825-4844. [PMID: 32333398 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme2 is the cell surface binding site for the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19. We propose that an imbalance in the action of ACE1- and ACE2-derived peptides, thereby enhancing angiotensin II (Ang II) signalling is primary driver of COVID-19 pathobiology. ACE1/ACE2 imbalance occurs due to the binding of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2, reducing ACE2-mediated conversion of Ang II to Ang peptides that counteract pathophysiological effects of ACE1-generated ANG II. This hypothesis suggests several approaches to treat COVID-19 by restoring ACE1/ACE2 balance: (a) AT receptor antagonists; (b) ACE1 inhibitors (ACEIs); (iii) agonists of receptors activated by ACE2-derived peptides (e.g. Ang (1-7), which activates MAS1); (d) recombinant human ACE2 or ACE2 peptides as decoys for the virus. Reducing ACE1/ACE2 imbalance is predicted to blunt COVID-19-associated morbidity and mortality, especially in vulnerable patients. Importantly, approved AT antagonists and ACEIs can be rapidly repurposed to test their efficacy in treating COVID-19. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on The Pharmacology of COVID-19. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.21/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Sriram
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul A Insel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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50
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Bakhle YS. How ACE inhibitors transformed the renin-angiotensin system. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:2657-2665. [PMID: 32144755 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) now underlies the successful treatment of almost 50% of the patients in cardiovascular medicine, with serious possibilities of extension to diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and cancer. This clinical transformation started just over 50 years ago, with the unexpected identification of a bradykinin-potentiating peptide from snake venom, as a potent inhibitor of ACE which led to the development of the first synthetic inhibitor, captopril, followed by the angiotensin receptor blockers. This article analyses the transformation of the RAS into its different stages, from academic experiments to clinical use and back to the laboratory, identifying the critical events involved, both clinical and scientific. The analysis also assesses the contributions of chance, coincidence, and conviction that were crucial in this transformation. Although questions remain, the transformation of the RAS over the past five decades provides a success story for medicine, for pharmacology, and, most significantly, for patients.
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