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Blaise O, Duchesne C, Capuzzo E, Nahori MA, Fernandes J, Connor MG, Hamon MA, Pizarro-Cerda J, Lataillade JJ, McGuckin C, Rousseau A, Banzet S, Dussurget O, Frescaline N. Infected wound repair correlates with collagen I induction and NOX2 activation by cold atmospheric plasma. NPJ Regen Med 2024; 9:28. [PMID: 39358383 PMCID: PMC11447178 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-024-00372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a promising complement to tissue repair and regenerative medicine approaches. CAP has therapeutic potential in infected cutaneous wounds by mechanisms which remain enigmatic. Here, CAP is shown to activate phagocyte NADPH oxidase complex NOX2. CAP induced increased intracellular reactive oxygen species, alleviated by NOX2 inhibitors. Genetic and pharmacological inhibitions of NOX2 in macrophages and bioengineered skin infected with Staphylococcus aureus and treated with CAP reduced intracellular oxidants and increased bacterial survival. CAP triggered Rac activation and phosphorylation of p40phox and p47phox required for NOX2 assembly and activity. Furthermore, CAP induced collagen I expression by fibroblasts. Infection and healing kinetics showed that murine skin wounds infected with S. aureus and treated with CAP are characterized by decreased bacterial burden, increased length of neoepidermis and extracellular matrix formation. Collectively, our findings identify mechanisms triggered by CAP that subdue infection and result in enhanced repair following skin injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Océane Blaise
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Unité de Recherche Yersinia, Paris, France
- École Polytechnique, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7648, Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas, Palaiseau, France
| | - Constance Duchesne
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Unité de Recherche Yersinia, Paris, France
- École Polytechnique, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7648, Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas, Palaiseau, France
| | - Elena Capuzzo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Unité de Recherche Yersinia, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Anne Nahori
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, Paris, France
| | | | - Michael G Connor
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité Chromatine et Infection, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie A Hamon
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité Chromatine et Infection, Paris, France
| | - Javier Pizarro-Cerda
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Unité de Recherche Yersinia, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Antoine Rousseau
- École Polytechnique, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7648, Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas, Palaiseau, France
| | - Sébastien Banzet
- Centre de Transfusion Sanguine des Armées, Clamart, France
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, INSERM UMRS-MD 1197, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Olivier Dussurget
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Unité de Recherche Yersinia, Paris, France.
| | - Nadira Frescaline
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Unité de Recherche Yersinia, Paris, France.
- Centre de Transfusion Sanguine des Armées, Clamart, France.
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2
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Zhao Y, Mao W, Liu B, Wang YF, Zhang SY, Guo LL, Qian YH, Gong ZG, Zhao JM, Yang XL, Qu GG, Hasi SR, Bai YT, Cao JS. Preparation of ceftiofur-encapsulated hen-egg low-density lipoproteins and their antibacterial effects on intracellular Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134840. [PMID: 39217040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Hen egg low-density lipoprotein (heLDL), as alternative of serum-derived LDL, was used as drug delivery system of ceftiofur (CEF). The CEF-loaded hen egg low-density lipoprotein (CEF-heLDL) with complete apolipoprotein structure and high drug loading rate was synthesized, possesses suitable particle size. CEF-heLDL undergoes cellular uptake and colocalizes with lysosomes in vitro. An intracellular infection model of the bovine endometrial epithelial cells and a coeliac-induced inflammation model of mice by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were established, and significantly lower intracellular S. aureus levels of CEF-heLDL group than CEF-free group (P < 0.001) was observed. The antibacterial efficacy was sustained for 24 h. Up to 400 mg/kg of CEF-heLDL, 20 times the clinical practice, were intraperitoneally administrated, and no significant toxicity signs on mice were observed. HeLDLs is an effective, safe, and cheap drug carrier, and could also be used for transmembrane delivering other antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot City, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot City, China
| | - Wei Mao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot City, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot City, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot City, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot City, China
| | - Yong-Fei Wang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot City, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot City, China; Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010030, China
| | - Shuang-Yi Zhang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot City, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot City, China
| | - Li-Li Guo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot City, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot City, China
| | - Ying-Hong Qian
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot 010010, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Gong
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot City, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot City, China
| | - Jia-Min Zhao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot City, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot City, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot City, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot City, China
| | - Gang-Gang Qu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot City, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot City, China
| | - Su-Rong Hasi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot City, China.
| | - Yu-Ting Bai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot City, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot City, China.
| | - Jin-Shan Cao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot City, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot City, China.
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Piechowicz L, Kosznik-Kwaśnicka K, Jarzembowski T, Daca A, Necel A, Bonawenturczak A, Werbowy O, Stasiłojć M, Pałubicka A. Staphylococcus aureus Co-Infection in COVID-19 Patients: Virulence Genes and Their Influence on Respiratory Epithelial Cells in Light of Risk of Severe Secondary Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:10050. [PMID: 39337536 PMCID: PMC11431965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms251810050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 09/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Pandemics from viral respiratory tract infections in the 20th and early 21st centuries were associated with high mortality, which was not always caused by a primary viral infection. It has been observed that severe course of infection, complications and mortality were often the result of co-infection with other pathogens, especially Staphylococcus aureus. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it was also noticed that patients infected with S. aureus had a significantly higher mortality rate (61.7%) compared to patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 alone. Our previous studies have shown that S. aureus strains isolated from patients with COVID-19 had a different protein profile than the strains in non-COVID-19 patients. Therefore, this study aims to analyze S. aureus strains isolated from COVID-19 patients in terms of their pathogenicity by analyzing their virulence genes, adhesion, cytotoxicity and penetration to the human pulmonary epithelial cell line A549. We have observed that half of the tested S. aureus strains isolated from patients with COVID-19 had a necrotizing effect on the A549 cells. The strains also showed greater variability in terms of their adhesion to the human cells than their non-COVID-19 counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Piechowicz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa 25, 80-204 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kosznik-Kwaśnicka
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa 25, 80-204 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jarzembowski
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa 25, 80-204 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Daca
- Department of Physiopathology, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Necel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa 25, 80-204 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ada Bonawenturczak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Olesia Werbowy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Stasiłojć
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Pałubicka
- Specialist Hospital in Koscierzyna Sp. z o.o., Department of Laboratory and Microbiological Diagnostics, Koscierzyna, Alojzego Piechowskiego 36, 83-400 Koscierzyna, Poland
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4
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Deng Y, Zhang Y, Wu T, Niu K, Jiao X, Ma W, Peng C, Wu W. Complement C3 deposition restricts the proliferation of internalized Staphylococcus aureus by promoting autophagy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1400068. [PMID: 39310788 PMCID: PMC11412942 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1400068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Complement C3 (C3) is usually deposited spontaneously on the surfaces of invading bacteria prior to internalization, but the impact of C3 coating on cellular responses is largely unknown. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a facultative intracellular pathogen that subverts autophagy and replicates in both phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells. In the present study, we deposited C3 components on the surface of S. aureus by complement opsonization before cell infection and confirmed that C3-coatings remained on the surface of the bacteria after they have invaded the cells, suggesting S. aureus cannot escape or degrade C3 labeling. We found that the C3 deposition on S. aureus notably enhanced cellular autophagic responses, and distinguished these responses as xenophagy, in contrast to LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP). Furthermore, this upregulation was due to the recruitment of and direct interaction with autophagy-related 16-like 1 (ATG16L1), thereby resulting in autophagy-dependent resistance to bacterial growth within cells. Interestingly, this autophagic effect occurred only after C3 activation by enzymatic cleavage because full-length C3 without cleavage of the complement cascade reaction, although capable of binding to ATG16L1, failed to promote autophagy. These findings demonstrate the biological function of intracellular C3 upon bacterial infection in enhancing autophagy against internalized S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Yunke Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Niu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Jiao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenge Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxue Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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5
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Jia LJ, González K, Orasch T, Schmidt F, Brakhage AA. Manipulation of host phagocytosis by fungal pathogens and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:2216-2231. [PMID: 39187614 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01780-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
An important host defence mechanism against pathogens is intracellular killing, which is achieved through phagocytosis, a cellular process for engulfing and neutralizing extracellular particles. Phagocytosis results in the formation of matured phagolysosomes, which are specialized compartments that provide a hostile environment and are considered the end point of the degradative pathway. However, all fungal pathogens studied to date have developed strategies to manipulate phagosomal function directly and also indirectly by redirecting phagosomes from the degradative pathway to a non-degradative pathway with the expulsion and even transfer of pathogens between cells. Here, using the major human fungal pathogens Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Histoplasma capsulatum as examples, we discuss the processes involved in host phagosome-fungal pathogen interactions, with a focus on fungal evasion strategies. We also discuss recent approaches to targeting intraphagosomal pathogens, including the redirection of phagosomes towards degradative pathways for fungal pathogen eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Jie Jia
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany.
- Junior Research Group Phagosome Biology and Engineering, Leibniz-HKI, Jena, Germany.
| | - Katherine González
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Orasch
- Transfer Group Anti-infectives, Leibniz-HKI, Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Schmidt
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany.
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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6
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Tang H, Chu W, Xiong J, Wu H, Cheng L, Cheng L, Luo J, Yin H, Li J, Li J, Yang J, Li J. Seeking Cells, Targeting Bacteria: A Cascade-Targeting Bacteria-Responsive Nanosystem for Combating Intracellular Bacterial Infections. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311967. [PMID: 38712482 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Intracellular bacteria pose a great challenge to antimicrobial therapy due to various physiological barriers at both cellular and bacterial levels, which impede drug penetration and intracellular targeting, thereby fostering antibiotic resistance and yielding suboptimal treatment outcomes. Herein, a cascade-target bacterial-responsive drug delivery nanosystem, MM@SPE NPs, comprising a macrophage membrane (MM) shell and a core of SPE NPs. SPE NPs consist of phenylboronic acid-grafted dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (SP NPs) encapsulated with epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a non-antibiotic antibacterial component, via pH-sensitive boronic ester bonds are introduced. Upon administration, MM@SPE NPs actively home in on infected macrophages due to the homologous targeting properties of the MM shell, which is subsequently disrupted during cellular endocytosis. Within the cellular environment, SPE NPs expose and spontaneously accumulate around intracellular bacteria through their bacteria-targeting phenylboronic acid groups. The acidic bacterial microenvironment further triggers the breakage of boronic ester bonds between SP NPs and EGCG, allowing the bacterial-responsive release of EGCG for localized intracellular antibacterial effects. The efficacy of MM@SPE NPs in precisely eliminating intracellular bacteria is validated in two rat models of intracellular bacterial infections. This cascade-targeting responsive system offers new solutions for treating intracellular bacterial infections while minimizing the risk of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Wenlin Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jingdi Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Hongkun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Li Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jun Luo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Han Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jinlin Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Jiyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jiaojiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jianshu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
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7
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Wang S, Zhan J, Zhou X, He C, Wei P, Yi T. Design and Application of an In Situ Traceable Nitric Oxide Donor for Promoting the Healing of Wound Infections. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2400922. [PMID: 38800965 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Therapies for wound infections require medications with antibacterial and wound-healing functions. However, it remains a challenge to produce a single drug that can perform dual functions. Nitric oxide (NO), with its antibacterial and wound-healing activities, is an ideal solution to address this challenge. However, many controlled-release strategies for NO rely on external probes for tracing the release in situ, making it difficult to precisely assess the location and magnitude. To address this issue, this study describes a novel NO donor, DHU-NO1, capable of efficiently releasing NO under mild conditions (450 nm illumination). Simultaneously, DHU-NO1 generates the fluorophore Azure B (AZB), which enables direct, non-consumptive tracing of the NO release by monitoring the fluorescence and absorption changes in AZB. Given that NO can be conveniently traced, the amount of released NO can be controlled during biological applications, thereby allowing both functions of NO to be performed. When applied to the affected area, DHU-NO1, illuminated by both a simple light-emitting diode (LED) light source and natural light, achieves significant antibacterial effects against wound infections and promotes wound healing in mice. This study offers a novel and effective approach for treating wound infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jiexiang Zhan
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhou
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Chuanglong He
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Peng Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Tao Yi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
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8
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Long DR, Holmes EA, Lo HY, Penewit K, Almazan J, Hodgson T, Berger NF, Bishop ZH, Lewis JD, Waalkes A, Wolter DJ, Salipante SJ. Clinical and in vitro models identify distinct adaptations enhancing Staphylococcus aureus pathogenesis in human macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012394. [PMID: 38991026 PMCID: PMC11265673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a facultative intracellular pathogen of human macrophages, which facilitates chronic infection. The genotypes, pathways, and mutations influencing that phenotype remain incompletely explored. Here, we used two distinct strategies to ascertain S. aureus gene mutations affecting pathogenesis in macrophages. First, we analyzed isolates collected serially from chronic cystic fibrosis (CF) respiratory infections. We found that S. aureus strains evolved greater macrophage invasion capacity during chronic human infection. Bacterial genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified 127 candidate genes for which mutation was significantly associated with macrophage pathogenesis in vivo. In parallel, we passaged laboratory S. aureus strains in vitro to select for increased infection of human THP-1 derived macrophages, which identified 15 candidate genes by whole-genome sequencing. Functional validation of candidate genes using isogenic transposon mutant knockouts and CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) knockdowns confirmed virulence contributions from 37 of 39 tested genes (95%) implicated by in vivo studies and 7 of 10 genes (70%) ascertained from in vitro selection, with one gene in common to the two strategies. Validated genes included 17 known virulence factors (39%) and 27 newly identified by our study (61%), some encoding functions not previously associated with macrophage pathogenesis. Most genes (80%) positively impacted macrophage invasion when disrupted, consistent with the phenotype readily arising from loss-of-function mutations in vivo. This work reveals genes and mechanisms that contribute to S. aureus infection of macrophages, highlights differences in mutations underlying convergent phenotypes arising from in vivo and in vitro systems, and supports the relevance of S. aureus macrophage pathogenesis during chronic respiratory infection in CF. Additional studies will be needed to illuminate the exact mechanisms by which implicated mutations affect their phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R. Long
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Holmes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hsin-Yu Lo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kelsi Penewit
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jared Almazan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Taylor Hodgson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nova F. Berger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Zoe H. Bishop
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Janessa D. Lewis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Adam Waalkes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Wolter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Salipante
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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9
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Wu Y, Liu P, Mehrjou B, Chu PK. Interdisciplinary-Inspired Smart Antibacterial Materials and Their Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305940. [PMID: 37469232 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of antibiotics has saved millions of lives, but the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has become another problem in modern medicine. To avoid or reduce the overuse of antibiotics in antibacterial treatments, stimuli-responsive materials, pathogen-targeting nanoparticles, immunogenic nano-toxoids, and biomimetic materials are being developed to make sterilization better and smarter than conventional therapies. The common goal of smart antibacterial materials (SAMs) is to increase the antibiotic efficacy or function via an antibacterial mechanism different from that of antibiotics in order to increase the antibacterial and biological properties while reducing the risk of drug resistance. The research and development of SAMs are increasingly interdisciplinary because new designs require the knowledge of different fields and input/collaboration from scientists in different fields. A good understanding of energy conversion in materials, physiological characteristics in cells and bacteria, and bactericidal structures and components in nature are expected to promote the development of SAMs. In this review, the importance of multidisciplinary insights for SAMs is emphasized, and the latest advances in SAMs are categorized and discussed according to the pertinent disciplines including materials science, physiology, and biomimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzheng Wu
- Department of Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Department of Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Babak Mehrjou
- Department of Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Paul K Chu
- Department of Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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10
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Bivona D, Bonomo C, Colombini L, Bonacci PG, Privitera GF, Caruso G, Caraci F, Santoro F, Musso N, Bongiorno D, Iannelli F, Stefani S. Generation and Characterization of Stable Small Colony Variants of USA300 Staphylococcus aureus in RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophages. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:264. [PMID: 38534699 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13030264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Intracellular survival and immune evasion are typical features of staphylococcal infections. USA300 is a major clone of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), a community- and hospital-acquired pathogen capable of disseminating throughout the body and evading the immune system. Carnosine is an endogenous dipeptide characterized by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties acting on the peripheral (macrophages) and tissue-resident (microglia) immune system. In this work, RAW 264.7 murine macrophages were infected with the USA300 ATCC BAA-1556 S. aureus strain and treated with 20 mM carnosine and/or 32 mg/L erythromycin. Stable small colony variant (SCV) formation on blood agar medium was obtained after 48 h of combined treatment. Whole genome sequencing of the BAA-1556 strain and its stable derivative SCVs when combining Illumina and nanopore technologies revealed three single nucleotide differences, including a nonsense mutation in the shikimate kinase gene aroK. Gene expression analysis showed a significant up-regulation of the uhpt and sdrE genes in the stable SCVs compared with the wild-type, likely involved in adaptation to the intracellular milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalida Bivona
- Medical Molecular Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory (MMARLab), Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Carmelo Bonomo
- Medical Molecular Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory (MMARLab), Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Colombini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo G Bonacci
- Medical Molecular Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory (MMARLab), Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Grete F Privitera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Francesco Santoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Nicolò Musso
- Biochemical Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Dafne Bongiorno
- Medical Molecular Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory (MMARLab), Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Iannelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Stefani
- Medical Molecular Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory (MMARLab), Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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11
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Luo Y, Su L, Yang H, Geng A, Bai S, Zhou J. A disulfide molecule-vancomycin nanodrug delivery system efficiently eradicates intracellular bacteria. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:2334-2345. [PMID: 38327236 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02430j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Intracellular bacteria often lead to chronic and recurrent infections; however, most of the known antibiotics have poor efficacy against intracellular bacteria due to their poor cell membrane penetration efficiency into the cytosol. Here, a thiol-mediated nanodrug delivery system, named Van-DM NPs, was developed to improve vancomycin's penetration efficiency and intracellular antibacterial activities. Van-DM NPs were prepared through self-assembly of vancomycin (Van) and the disulfide molecule (DM) in NaOH buffer solution. On the one hand, the disulfide exchange reaction between Van-DM NPs and the bacterial surface enhances vancomycin accumulation in bacteria, increasing the local concentration of vancomycin. On the other hand, the disulfide exchange reaction between Van-DM NPs and the mammalian cell membrane triggered the translocation of Van-DM NPs across the mammalian cell membrane into the cell cytosol. These dual mechanisms promote antibacterial activities of vancomycin against both extracellular and intracellular bacteria S. aureus. Furthermore, in an intravenous S. aureus infection mouse model, Van-DM NPs exhibited high antibacterial capability and efficiently reduced the bacterial load in liver and spleen, where intracellular bacteria tend to reside. Altogether, the reported Van-DM NPs would be highly promising against intracellular pathogenic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China.
| | - Liu Su
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China.
| | - Hui Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China.
| | - Aizhen Geng
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China.
| | - Shumeng Bai
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China.
| | - Jie Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China.
- China Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
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12
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Yang N, Sun M, Wang H, Hu D, Zhang A, Khan S, Chen Z, Chen D, Xie S. Progress of stimulus responsive nanosystems for targeting treatment of bacterial infectious diseases. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 324:103078. [PMID: 38215562 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, due to insufficient concentration at the lesion site, low bioavailability and increasingly serious resistance, antibiotics have become less and less dominant in the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases. It promotes the development of efficient drug delivery systems, and is expected to achieve high absorption, targeted drug release and satisfactory therapy effects. A variety of endogenous stimulation-responsive nanosystems have been constructed by using special infection microenvironments (pH, enzymes, temperature, etc.). In this review, we firstly provide an extensive review of the current research progress in antibiotic treatment dilemmas and drug delivery systems. Then, the mechanism of microenvironment characteristics of bacterial infected lesions was elucidated to provide a strong theoretical basis for bacteria-targeting nanosystems design. In particular, the discussion focuses on the design principles of single-stimulus and dual-stimulus responsive nanosystems, as well as the use of endogenous stimulus-responsive nanosystems to deliver antimicrobial agents to target locations for combating bacterial infectious diseases. Finally, the challenges and prospects of endogenous stimulus-responsive nanosystems were summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niuniu Yang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health,Huazhong Agricultural University, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mengyuan Sun
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Huixin Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Danlei Hu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Aoxue Zhang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Suliman Khan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Shuyu Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health,Huazhong Agricultural University, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
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13
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Goormaghtigh F, Van Bambeke F. Understanding Staphylococcus aureus internalisation and induction of antimicrobial tolerance. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2024; 22:87-101. [PMID: 38180805 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2024.2303018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Staphylococcus aureus, a human commensal, is also one of the most common and serious pathogens for humans. In recent years, its capacity to survive and replicate in phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells has been largely demonstrated. In these intracellular niches, bacteria are shielded from the immune response and antibiotics, turning host cells into long-term infectious reservoirs. Moreover, neutrophils carry intracellular bacteria in the bloodstream, leading to systemic spreading of the disease. Despite the serious threat posed by intracellular S. aureus to human health, the molecular mechanisms behind its intracellular survival and subsequent antibiotic treatment failure remain elusive. AREA COVERED We give an overview of the killing mechanisms of phagocytes and of the impressive arsenal of virulence factors, toxins and stress responses deployed by S. aureus as a response. We then discuss the different barriers to antibiotic activity in this intracellular niche and finally describe innovative strategies to target intracellular persisting reservoirs. EXPERT OPINION Intracellular niches represent a challenge in terms of diagnostic and treatment. Further research using ad-hoc in-vivo models and single cell approaches are needed to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying intracellular survival and tolerance to antibiotics in order to identify strategies to eliminate these persistent bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Goormaghtigh
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Françoise Van Bambeke
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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14
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Bai S, Song J, Pu H, Yu Y, Song W, Chen Z, Wang M, Campbell-Valois FX, Wong WL, Cai Q, Wan M, Zhang C, Bai Y, Feng X. Chemical Biology Approach to Reveal the Importance of Precise Subcellular Targeting for Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus Eradication. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23372-23384. [PMID: 37838963 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, that may hide in intracellular vacuoles represent the most significant manifestation of bacterial persistence. They are critically associated with chronic infections and antibiotic resistance, as conventional antibiotics are ineffective against such intracellular persisters due to permeability issues and mechanistic reasons. Direct subcellular targeting of S. aureus vacuoles suggests an explicit opportunity for the eradication of these persisters, but a comprehensive understanding of the chemical biology nature and significance of precise S. aureus vacuole targeting remains limited. Here, we report an oligoguanidine-based peptidomimetic that effectively targets and eradicates intracellular S. aureus persisters in the phagolysosome lumen, and this oligomer was utilized to reveal the mechanistic insights linking precise targeting to intracellular antimicrobial efficacy. The oligomer has high cellular uptake via a receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway and colocalizes with S. aureus persisters in phagolysosomes as a result of endosome-lysosome interconversion and lysosome-phagosome fusion. Moreover, the observation of a bacterium's altered susceptibility to the oligomer following a modification in its intracellular localization offers direct evidence of the critical importance of precise intracellular targeting. In addition, eradication of intracellular S. aureus persisters was achieved by the oligomer's membrane/DNA dual-targeting mechanism of action; therefore, its effectiveness is not hampered by the hibernation state of the persisters. Such precise subcellular targeting of S. aureus vacuoles also increases the agent's biocompatibility by minimizing its interaction with other organelles, endowing excellent in vivo bacterial targeting and therapeutic efficacy in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Junfeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Huangsheng Pu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel NanoOptoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
- Nanhu Laser Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Yue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Wenwen Song
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Zhiyong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | | | - Wing-Leung Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qingyun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Muyang Wan
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yugang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Xinxin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
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15
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Lo HY, Long DR, Holmes EA, Penewit K, Hodgson T, Lewis JD, Waalkes A, Salipante SJ. Transposon sequencing identifies genes impacting Staphylococcus aureus invasion in a human macrophage model. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0022823. [PMID: 37676013 PMCID: PMC10580828 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00228-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a facultative intracellular pathogen in many host cell types, facilitating its persistence in chronic infections. The genes contributing to intracellular pathogenesis have not yet been fully enumerated. Here, we cataloged genes influencing S. aureus invasion and survival within human THP-1 derived macrophages using two laboratory strains (ATCC2913 and JE2). We developed an in vitro transposition method to produce highly saturated transposon mutant libraries in S. aureus and performed transposon insertion sequencing (Tn-Seq) to identify candidate genes with significantly altered abundance following macrophage invasion. While some significant genes were strain-specific, 108 were identified as common across both S. aureus strains, with most (n = 106) being required for optimal macrophage infection. We used CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) to functionally validate phenotypic contributions for a subset of genes. Of the 20 genes passing validation, seven had previously identified roles in S. aureus virulence, and 13 were newly implicated. Validated genes frequently evidenced strain-specific effects, yielding opposing phenotypes when knocked down in the alternative strain. Genomic analysis of de novo mutations occurring in groups (n = 237) of clonally related S. aureus isolates from the airways of chronically infected individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) revealed significantly greater in vivo purifying selection in conditionally essential candidate genes than those not associated with macrophage invasion. This study implicates a core set of genes necessary to support macrophage invasion by S. aureus, highlights strain-specific differences in phenotypic effects of effector genes, and provides evidence for selection of candidate genes identified by Tn-Seq analyses during chronic airway infection in CF patients in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yu Lo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dustin R. Long
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elizbeth A. Holmes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kelsi Penewit
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Taylor Hodgson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Janessa D. Lewis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Adam Waalkes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen J. Salipante
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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16
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Liu H, Liu X, Wang H, Ren J, Qu X. A Homing Missile-Like Nanotherapeutic with Single-Atom Catalytic Sites for In Situ Elimination of Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207510. [PMID: 37231552 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens hiding in host cells tolerate the innate immune system and high-dose antibiotics, resulting in recurrent infections that are difficult to treat. Herein, a homing missile-like nanotherapeutic (FeSAs@Sa.M) composed of a single-atom iron nanozyme (FeSAs) core coated with infected macrophage membrane (Sa.M) is developed for in situ elimination of intracellular methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Mechanically, the FeSAs@Sa.M initially binds to the extracellular MRSA via the bacterial recognition ability of the Sa.M component. Subsequently, the FeSAs@Sa.M can be transported to the intracellular MRSA-located regions in the host cell like a homing missile under the guidance of the extracellular MRSA to which it is attached, generating highly toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) for intracellular MRSA killing via the enzymatic activities of the FeSAs core. The FeSAs@Sa.M is far superior to FeSAs in killing intracellular MRSA, proposing a feasible strategy for treating intracellular infections by in situ generating ROS in bacterial residing regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xuemeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Jinsong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xiaogang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
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17
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Hachani A, Giulieri SG, Guérillot R, Walsh CJ, Herisse M, Soe YM, Baines SL, Thomas DR, Cheung SD, Hayes AS, Cho E, Newton HJ, Pidot S, Massey RC, Howden BP, Stinear TP. A high-throughput cytotoxicity screening platform reveals agr-independent mutations in bacteraemia-associated Staphylococcus aureus that promote intracellular persistence. eLife 2023; 12:e84778. [PMID: 37289634 PMCID: PMC10259494 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus infections are associated with high mortality rates. Often considered an extracellular pathogen, S. aureus can persist and replicate within host cells, evading immune responses, and causing host cell death. Classical methods for assessing S. aureus cytotoxicity are limited by testing culture supernatants and endpoint measurements that do not capture the phenotypic diversity of intracellular bacteria. Using a well-established epithelial cell line model, we have developed a platform called InToxSa (intracellular toxicity of S. aureus) to quantify intracellular cytotoxic S. aureus phenotypes. Studying a panel of 387 S. aureus bacteraemia isolates, and combined with comparative, statistical, and functional genomics, our platform identified mutations in S. aureus clinical isolates that reduced bacterial cytotoxicity and promoted intracellular persistence. In addition to numerous convergent mutations in the Agr quorum sensing system, our approach detected mutations in other loci that also impacted cytotoxicity and intracellular persistence. We discovered that clinical mutations in ausA, encoding the aureusimine non-ribosomal peptide synthetase, reduced S. aureus cytotoxicity, and increased intracellular persistence. InToxSa is a versatile, high-throughput cell-based phenomics platform and we showcase its utility by identifying clinically relevant S. aureus pathoadaptive mutations that promote intracellular residency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderrahman Hachani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Stefano G Giulieri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Romain Guérillot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Calum J Walsh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Marion Herisse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Ye Mon Soe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Sarah L Baines
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - David R Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Shane Doris Cheung
- Biological Optical Microscopy Platform, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Ashleigh S Hayes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Ellie Cho
- Biological Optical Microscopy Platform, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Hayley J Newton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Sacha Pidot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Ruth C Massey
- School of Microbiology, University College CorkCorkIreland
- School of Medicine, University College CorkCorkIreland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College CorkCorkIreland
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Benjamin P Howden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Timothy P Stinear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Doherty Institute, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
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18
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Polaske TJ, West KHJ, Zhao K, Widner DL, York JT, Blackwell HE. Chemical and biomolecular insights into the Staphylococcus aureus agr quorum sensing system: Current progress and ongoing challenges. Isr J Chem 2023; 63:e202200096. [PMID: 38765792 PMCID: PMC11101167 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a ubiquitous bacterium that has become a major threat to human health due to its extensive toxin production and tremendous capacity for antibiotic resistance (e.g., MRSA "superbug" infections). Amid a worsening antibiotic resistance crisis, new strategies to combat this deadly microbe that remove the selective pressure of traditional approaches are in high demand. S. aureus utilizes an accessory gene regulator (agr) quorum sensing network to monitor its local cellular population and trigger a devastating communal attack, like an invading horde, once a threshold cell density has been reached. The role of the agr system in a range of disease types is still being unraveled. Herein, we discuss the present-day biochemical understanding of agr along with unresolved details, describe its connection to the progression of infection, and review how chemical strategies have been implemented to study and intercept this signaling pathway. This research is illuminating the potential of agr as an anti-virulence target in S. aureus and should inform the study of similar, yet less studied, agr systems in related bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Polaske
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Korbin H. J. West
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Ke Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Danielle L. Widner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Jordan T. York
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Helen E. Blackwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706 USA
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19
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Wu K, Nie L, Nusantara AC, Woudstra W, Vedelaar T, Sigaeva A, Schirhagl R. Diamond Relaxometry as a Tool to Investigate the Free Radical Dialogue between Macrophages and Bacteria. ACS NANO 2023; 17:1100-1111. [PMID: 36630151 PMCID: PMC9878971 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although free radicals, which are generated by macrophages play a key role in antimicrobial activities, macrophages sometimes fail to kill Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) as bacteria have evolved mechanisms to withstand oxidative stress. In the past decades, several ROS-related staphylococcal proteins and enzymes were characterized to explain the microorganism's antioxidative defense system. Yet, time-resolved and site-specific free radical/ROS detection in bacterial infection were full of challenges. In this work, we utilize diamond-based quantum sensing for studying alterations of the free radical response near S. aureus in macrophages. To achieve this goal we used S. aureus-fluorescent nanodiamond conjugates and measured the spin-lattice relaxation (T1) of NV defects embedded in nanodiamonds. We observed an increase of intracellular free radical generation when macrophages were challenged with S. aureus. However, under a high intracellular oxidative stress environment elicited by lipopolysaccharides, a lower radical load was recorded on the bacteria surfaces. Moreover, by performing T1 measurements on the same particles at different times postinfection, we found that radicals were dominantly scavenged by S. aureus from 80 min postinfection under a high intracellular oxidative stress environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqi Wu
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Linyan Nie
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anggrek C. Nusantara
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Woudstra
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thea Vedelaar
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alina Sigaeva
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Feng W, Chittò M, Moriarty TF, Li G, Wang X. Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Eliminating Intracellular Bacteria. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2200311. [PMID: 36189899 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular survival of pathogenic bacteria requires a range of survival strategies and virulence factors. These infections are a significant clinical challenge, wherein treatment frequently fails because of poor antibiotic penetration, stability, and retention in host cells. Drug delivery systems (DDSs) are promising tools to overcome these shortcomings and enhance the efficacy of antibiotic therapy. In this review, the classification and the mechanisms of intracellular bacterial persistence are elaborated. Furthermore, the systematic design strategies applied to DDSs to eliminate intracellular bacteria are also described, and the strategies used for internalization, intracellular activation, bacterial targeting, and immune enhancement are highlighted. Finally, this overview provides guidance for constructing functionalized DDSs to effectively eliminate intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.,AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, 7270, Switzerland
| | - Marco Chittò
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, 7270, Switzerland
| | | | - Guofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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21
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In Silico Genome-Scale Analysis of Molecular Mechanisms Contributing to the Development of a Persistent Infection with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST239. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416086. [PMID: 36555727 PMCID: PMC9781258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing frequency of isolation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) limits the chances for the effective antibacterial therapy of staphylococcal diseases and results in the development of persistent infection such as bacteremia and osteomyelitis. The aim of this study was to identify features of the MRSAST239 0943-1505-2016 (SA943) genome that contribute to the formation of both acute and chronic musculoskeletal infections. The analysis was performed using comparative genomics data of the dominant epidemic S. aureus lineages, namely ST1, ST8, ST30, ST36, and ST239. The SA943 genome encodes proteins that provide resistance to the host's immune system, suppress immunological memory, and form biofilms. The molecular mechanisms of adaptation responsible for the development of persistent infection were as follows: amino acid substitution in PBP2 and PBP2a, providing resistance to ceftaroline; loss of a large part of prophage DNA and restoration of the nucleotide sequence of beta-hemolysin, that greatly facilitates the escape of phagocytosed bacteria from the phagosome and formation of biofilms; dysfunction of the AgrA system due to the presence of psm-mec and several amino acid substitutions in the AgrC; partial deletion of the nucleotide sequence in genomic island vSAβ resulting in the loss of two proteases of Spl-operon; and deletion of SD repeats in the SdrE amino acid sequence.
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22
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Kwon H, Yu KE, Cahill SV, Alder KD, Dussik CM, Kim S, Sharma L, Back J, Oh I, Lee FY. Concurrent targeting of glycolysis in bacteria and host cell inflammation in septic arthritis. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e15284. [PMID: 36354099 PMCID: PMC9728052 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202115284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular infiltration of bacteria into host cells complicates medical and surgical treatment of bacterial joint infections. Unlike soft tissue infections, septic arthritis and infection-associated inflammation destroy cartilage that does not regenerate once damaged. Herein, we show that glycolytic pathways are shared by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) proliferation and host inflammatory machinery in septic arthritis. MRSA readily penetrates host cells and induces proinflammatory cascades that persist after conventional antibiotic treatment. The glycolysis-targeting drug dimethyl fumarate (DMF) showed both bacteriostatic and anti-inflammatory effects by hindering the proliferation of intracellular MRSA and dampening excessive intraarticular inflammation. Combinatorial treatment with DMF and vancomycin further reduced the proliferation and re-emergence of intracellular MRSA. Combinatorial adjuvant administration of DMF with antibiotics alleviated clinical symptoms of septic arthritis by suppressing bacterial burden and curbing inflammation to protect cartilage and bone. Our results provide mechanistic insight into the regulation of glycolysis in the context of infection and host inflammation toward development of a novel therapeutic paradigm to ameliorate joint bioburden and destruction in septic arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk‐Kwon Kwon
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, School of MedicineYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Kristin E Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, School of MedicineYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
| | - Sean V Cahill
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, School of MedicineYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Kareme D Alder
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, School of MedicineYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryMayo ClinicRochesterMNUSA
| | - Christopher M Dussik
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, School of MedicineYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Department of Orthopaedics and RehabilitationUniversity of RochesterRochesterNYUSA
| | - Sang‐Hun Kim
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineYale School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Lokesh Sharma
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal MedicineYale School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Jungho Back
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, School of MedicineYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Irvin Oh
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, School of MedicineYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Francis Y Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, School of MedicineYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
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23
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Intracellular infection-responsive release of NO and peptides for synergistic bacterial eradication. J Control Release 2022; 352:87-97. [PMID: 36243236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria have the ability to invade and survive in host cells to form intracellular bacteria (ICBs), and challenges remain in the intracellular delivery of sufficient antibiotics to remove ICBs. Herein, antimicrobial peptide of epsilon-poly-l-lysine (ePL) and nitric oxide (NO) donors are integrated into nanoparticles (NPs) for ICB treatment without using any antibiotics. ePL was grafted with dodecyl alcohol through ethyl dichlorophosphate to prepare ePL-C12, followed by conjugation of nitrate-functionalized NO donors to obtain ePL-C12NO. PNO/C NPs were prepared from mixtures of ePL-C12NO and ePL-C12 and the optimal ePL-C12NO ratio was 7% in terms of bactericidal effect and macrophage toxicity. Once being engulfed by bacteria-infected macrophages (BIMs), NPs are disintegrated when encountering with ICB-secreted phosphatase, and the NP degradation accelerates intracellular NO release in response to the elevated glutathione levels in BIMs. The selective and abrupt release of NO and ePL with different antimicrobial mechanisms exhibits synergistic eradication of ICBs and no apparent toxicity to macrophages. ICB-infected mice show persistent weight loss and 100% of mortality rate after treatment with ePL-C12 NPs for 7 days, while PNO/C treatment causes entire survival of infected mice and full recovery of body weights to normal values. ICB-infected mice are also accompanied with apparent hepatomegaly and splenomegaly, which are only eliminated by PNO/C treatment without associated any pathological abnormality. PNO/C treatment reduces bacterial burdens in livers (2.45 log), spleens (2.16 log) and kidneys (3.46 log) and restores hepatic and renal function to normal levels. Thus, this study provides a feasible strategy to selectively release NO and cationic peptides in response to intracellular infection-derived signals, achieving synergistic eradication of ICBs and function restoration of the main tissues.
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24
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Afshar M, Møllebjerg A, Minero GA, Hollensteiner J, Poehlein A, Himmelbach A, Lange J, Meyer RL, Brüggemann H. Biofilm formation and inflammatory potential of Staphylococcus saccharolyticus: A possible cause of orthopedic implant-associated infections. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1070201. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1070201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus saccharolyticus, a coagulase-negative staphylococcal species, has some unusual characteristics for human-associated staphylococci, such as slow growth and its preference for anoxic culture conditions. This species is a relatively abundant member of the human skin microbiota, but its microbiological properties, as well as the pathogenic potential, have scarcely been investigated so far, despite being occasionally isolated from different types of infections including orthopedic implant-associated infections. Here, we investigated the growth and biofilm properties of clinical isolates of S. saccharolyticus and determined host cell responses. Growth assessments in anoxic and oxic conditions revealed strain-dependent outcomes, as some strains can also grow aerobically. All tested strains of S. saccharolyticus were able to form biofilm in a microtiter plate assay. Strain-dependent differences were determined by optical coherence tomography, revealing that medium supplementation with glucose and sodium chloride enhanced biofilm formation. Visualization of the biofilm by confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed the role of extracellular DNA in the biofilm structure. In addition to attached biofilms, S. saccharolyticus also formed bacterial aggregates at an early stage of growth. Transcriptome analysis of biofilm-grown versus planktonic cells revealed a set of upregulated genes in biofilm-embedded cells, including factors involved in adhesion, colonization, and competition such as epidermin, type I toxin-antitoxin system, and phenol-soluble modulins (beta and epsilon). To investigate consequences for the host after encountering S. saccharolyticus, cytokine profiling and host cell viability were assessed by infection experiments with differentiated THP-1 cells. The microorganism strongly triggered the secretion of the tested pro-inflammatory cyto- and chemokines IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha, determined at 24 h post-infection. S. saccharolyticus was less cytotoxic than Staphylococcus aureus. Taken together, the results indicate that S. saccharolyticus has substantial pathogenic potential. Thus, it can be a potential cause of orthopedic implant-associated infections and other types of deep-seated infections.
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25
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Rodrigues Lopes I, Alcantara LM, Silva RJ, Josse J, Vega EP, Cabrerizo AM, Bonhomme M, Lopez D, Laurent F, Vandenesch F, Mano M, Eulalio A. Microscopy-based phenotypic profiling of infection by Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates reveals intracellular lifestyle as a prevalent feature. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7174. [PMID: 36418309 PMCID: PMC9684519 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34790-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is increasingly recognized as a facultative intracellular pathogen, although the significance and pervasiveness of its intracellular lifestyle remain controversial. Here, we applied fluorescence microscopy-based infection assays and automated image analysis to profile the interaction of 191 S. aureus isolates from patients with bone/joint infections, bacteremia, and infective endocarditis, with four host cell types, at five times post-infection. This multiparametric analysis revealed that almost all isolates are internalized and that a large fraction replicate and persist within host cells, presenting distinct infection profiles in non-professional vs. professional phagocytes. Phenotypic clustering highlighted interesting sub-groups, including one comprising isolates exhibiting high intracellular replication and inducing delayed host death in vitro and in vivo. These isolates are deficient for the cysteine protease staphopain A. This study establishes S. aureus intracellular lifestyle as a prevalent feature of infection, with potential implications for the effective treatment of staphylococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Rodrigues Lopes
- grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342RNA & Infection Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Functional Genomics and RNA-based Therapeutics Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Laura Maria Alcantara
- grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342RNA & Infection Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Jorge Silva
- grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Functional Genomics and RNA-based Therapeutics Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jerome Josse
- grid.15140.310000 0001 2175 9188Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Elena Pedrero Vega
- grid.4711.30000 0001 2183 4846National Centre for Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Marina Cabrerizo
- grid.4711.30000 0001 2183 4846National Centre for Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Melanie Bonhomme
- grid.15140.310000 0001 2175 9188Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Daniel Lopez
- grid.4711.30000 0001 2183 4846National Centre for Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Frederic Laurent
- grid.15140.310000 0001 2175 9188Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France ,grid.413852.90000 0001 2163 3825Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Francois Vandenesch
- grid.15140.310000 0001 2175 9188Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France ,grid.413852.90000 0001 2163 3825Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Miguel Mano
- grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Functional Genomics and RNA-based Therapeutics Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Eulalio
- grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342RNA & Infection Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal ,grid.7311.40000000123236065Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal ,grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Wakao S, Oguma Y, Kushida Y, Kuroda Y, Tatsumi K, Dezawa M. Phagocytosing differentiated cell-fragments is a novel mechanism for controlling somatic stem cell differentiation within a short time frame. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:542. [PMID: 36203068 PMCID: PMC9537123 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04555-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells undergo cytokine-driven differentiation, but this process often takes longer than several weeks to complete. A novel mechanism for somatic stem cell differentiation via phagocytosing ‘model cells’ (apoptotic differentiated cells) was found to require only a short time frame. Pluripotent-like Muse cells, multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and neural stem cells (NSCs) phagocytosed apoptotic differentiated cells via different phagocytic receptor subsets than macrophages. The phagocytosed-differentiated cell-derived contents (e.g., transcription factors) were quickly released into the cytoplasm, translocated into the nucleus, and bound to promoter regions of the stem cell genomes. Within 24 ~ 36 h, the cells expressed lineage-specific markers corresponding to the phagocytosed-differentiated cells, both in vitro and in vivo. At 1 week, the gene expression profiles were similar to those of the authentic differentiated cells and expressed functional markers. Differentiation was limited to the inherent potential of each cell line: triploblastic-, adipogenic-/chondrogenic-, and neural-lineages in Muse cells, MSCs, and NSCs, respectively. Disruption of phagocytosis, either by phagocytic receptor inhibition via small interfering RNA or annexin V treatment, impeded differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Together, our findings uncovered a simple mechanism by which differentiation-directing factors are directly transferred to somatic stem cells by phagocytosing apoptotic differentiated cells to trigger their rapid differentiation into the target cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Wakao
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Yo Oguma
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kushida
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Kuroda
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuki Tatsumi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.,Regenerative Medicine Division, Analytical Research Department, Technology Development Unit, Life Science Institute, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Dezawa
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
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27
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Hommes JW, Surewaard BGJ. Intracellular Habitation of Staphylococcus aureus: Molecular Mechanisms and Prospects for Antimicrobial Therapy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1804. [PMID: 36009351 PMCID: PMC9405036 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections pose a global health threat, especially with the continuous development of antibiotic resistance. As an opportunistic pathogen, MRSA infections have a high mortality rate worldwide. Although classically described as an extracellular pathogen, many studies have shown over the past decades that MRSA also has an intracellular aspect to its infectious cycle, which has been observed in vitro in both non-professional as well as professional phagocytes. In vivo, MRSA has been shown to establish an intracellular niche in liver Kupffer cells upon bloodstream infection. The staphylococci have evolved various evasion strategies to survive the antimicrobial environment of phagolysosomes and use these compartments to hide from immune cells and antibiotics. Ultimately, the host cells get overwhelmed by replicating bacteria, leading to cell lysis and bacterial dissemination. In this review, we describe the different intracellular aspects of MRSA infection and briefly mention S. aureus evasion strategies. We discuss how this intracellular niche of bacteria may assist in antibiotic tolerance development, and lastly, we describe various new antibacterial strategies that target the intracellular bacterial niche.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bas G. J. Surewaard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;
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28
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Garcia-Moreno M, Jordan PM, Günther K, Dau T, Fritzsch C, Vermes M, Schoppa A, Ignatius A, Wildemann B, Werz O, Löffler B, Tuchscherr L. Osteocytes Serve as a Reservoir for Intracellular Persisting Staphylococcus aureus Due to the Lack of Defense Mechanisms. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:937466. [PMID: 35935196 PMCID: PMC9355688 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.937466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic staphylococcal osteomyelitis can persist for long time periods causing bone destruction. The ability of Staphylococcus aureus to develop chronic infections is linked to its capacity to invade and replicate within osteoblasts and osteocytes and to switch to a dormant phenotype called small colony variants. Recently, osteocytes were described as a main reservoir for this pathogen in bone tissue. However, the mechanisms involved in the persistence of S. aureus within these cells are still unknown. Here, we investigated the interaction between S. aureus and osteoblasts or osteocytes during infection. While osteoblasts are able to induce a strong antimicrobial response and eliminate intracellular S. aureus, osteocytes trigger signals to recruit immune cells and enhance inflammation but fail an efficient antimicrobial activity to clear the bacterial infection. Moreover, we found that extracellular signals from osteocytes enhance intracellular bacterial clearance by osteoblasts. Even though both cell types express Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, the main TLR responsible for S. aureus detection, only osteoblasts were able to increase TLR2 expression after infection. Additionally, proteomic analysis indicates that reduced intracellular bacterial killing activity in osteocytes is related to low antimicrobial peptide expression. Nevertheless, high levels of lipid mediators and cytokines were secreted by osteocytes, suggesting that they can contribute to inflammation. Taken together, our results demonstrate that osteocytes contribute to severe inflammation observed in osteomyelitis and represent the main niche for S. aureus persistence due to their poor capacity for intracellular antimicrobial response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul M. Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Günther
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Therese Dau
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Fritzsch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Monika Vermes
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Astrid Schoppa
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Britt Wildemann
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Bettina Löffler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Lorena Tuchscherr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Lorena Tuchscherr,
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Ibrahim ES, Ohlsen K. The Old Yellow Enzyme OfrA Fosters Staphylococcus aureus Survival via Affecting Thiol-Dependent Redox Homeostasis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:888140. [PMID: 35656003 PMCID: PMC9152700 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.888140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Old yellow enzymes (OYEs) are widely found in the bacterial, fungal, and plant kingdoms but absent in humans and have been used as biocatalysts for decades. However, OYEs’ physiological function in bacterial stress response and infection situations remained enigmatic. As a pathogen, the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus adapts to numerous stress conditions during pathogenesis. Here, we show that in S. aureus genome, two paralogous genes (ofrA and ofrB) encode for two OYEs. We conducted a bioinformatic analysis and found that ofrA is conserved among all publicly available representative staphylococcal genomes and some Firmicutes. Expression of ofrA is induced by electrophilic, oxidative, and hypochlorite stress in S. aureus. Furthermore, ofrA contributes to S. aureus survival against reactive electrophilic, oxygen, and chlorine species (RES, ROS, and RCS) via thiol-dependent redox homeostasis. At the host–pathogen interface, S. aureusΔofrA has defective survival in macrophages and whole human blood and decreased staphyloxanthin production. Overall, our results shed the light onto a novel stress response strategy in the important human pathogen S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eslam S Ibrahim
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Knut Ohlsen
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Alagboso FI, Mannala GK, Walter N, Docheva D, Brochhausen C, Alt V, Rupp M. Rifampicin restores extracellular organic matrix formation and mineralization of osteoblasts after intracellular Staphylococcus aureus infection. Bone Joint Res 2022; 11:327-341. [PMID: 35604422 PMCID: PMC9130678 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.115.bjr-2021-0395.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Bone regeneration during treatment of staphylococcal bone infection is challenging due to the ability of Staphylococcus aureus to invade and persist within osteoblasts. Here, we sought to determine whether the metabolic and extracellular organic matrix formation and mineralization ability of S. aureus-infected human osteoblasts can be restored after rifampicin (RMP) therapy. Methods The human osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells infected with S. aureus EDCC 5055 strain and treated with 8 µg/ml RMP underwent osteogenic stimulation for up to 21 days. Test groups were Saos-2 cells + S. aureus and Saos-2 cells + S. aureus + 8 µg/ml RMP, and control groups were uninfected untreated Saos-2 cells and uninfected Saos-2 cells + 8 µg/ml RMP. Results The S. aureus-infected osteoblasts showed a significant number of intracellular bacteria colonies and an unusual higher metabolic activity (p < 0.005) compared to uninfected osteoblasts. Treatment with 8 µg/ml RMP significantly eradicated intracellular bacteria and the metabolic activity was comparable to uninfected groups. The RMP-treated infected osteoblasts revealed a significantly reduced amount of mineralized extracellular matrix (ECM) at seven days osteogenesis relative to uninfected untreated osteoblasts (p = 0.007). Prolonged osteogenesis and RMP treatment at 21 days significantly improved the ECM mineralization level. Ultrastructural images of the mineralized RMP-treated infected osteoblasts revealed viable osteoblasts and densely distributed calcium crystal deposits within the extracellular organic matrix. The expression levels of prominent bone formation genes were comparable to the RMP-treated uninfected osteoblasts. Conclusion Intracellular S. aureus infection impaired osteoblast metabolism and function. However, treatment with low dosage of RMP eradicated the intracellular S. aureus, enabling extracellular organic matrix formation and mineralization of osteoblasts at later stage. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(5):327–341.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca I Alagboso
- Laboratory for Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gopala K Mannala
- Laboratory for Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nike Walter
- Laboratory for Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Denitsa Docheva
- Laboratory for Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Department of Musculoskeletal Tissue Regeneration, Orthopaedic Hospital Koenig-Ludwig-Haus, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Volker Alt
- Laboratory for Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Markus Rupp
- Laboratory for Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Akoua-Koffi C, Kacou N’Douba A, Djaman JA, Herrmann M, Schaumburg F, Niemann S. Staphylococcus schweitzeri—An Emerging One Health Pathogen? Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040770. [PMID: 35456820 PMCID: PMC9026344 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Staphylococcus aureus-related complex is formed by the Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus schweitzeri, Staphylococcus argenteus, Staphylococcus roterodami and Staphylococcus singaporensis. Within this complex, S. schweitzeri is the only species mainly found in African wildlife, but it is rarely detected as a colonizer in humans or as a contaminant of fomites. The few detections in humans are most likely spillover events after contact with wildlife. However, since S. schweitzeri can be misidentified as S. aureus using culture-based routine techniques, it is likely that S. schweitzeri is under-reported in humans. The low number of isolates in humans, though, is consistent with the fact that the pathogen has typical animal adaptation characteristics (e.g., growth kinetics, lack of immune evasion cluster and antimicrobial resistance); however, evidence from selected in vitro assays (e.g., host cell invasion, cell activation, cytotoxicity) indicate that S. schweitzeri might be as virulent as S. aureus. In this case, contact with animals colonized with S. schweitzeri could constitute a risk for zoonotic infections. With respect to antimicrobial resistance, all described isolates were found to be susceptible to all antibiotics tested, and so far no data on the development of spontaneous resistance or the acquisition of resistance genes such the mecA/mecC cassette are available. In summary, general knowledge about this pathogen, specifically on the potential threat it may incur to human and animal health, is still very poor. In this review article, we compile the present state of scientific research, and identify the knowledge gaps that need to be filled in order to reliably assess S. schweitzeri as an organism with global One Health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Akoua-Koffi
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bouaké, Bouaké P.O. Box BP 1174, Côte d’Ivoire;
- Department of Biology, Université Alassane Ouattara de Bouaké, Bouaké P.O. Box BP V18, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Adèle Kacou N’Douba
- Training and Research Unit of Medical Sciences, Félix Houphouët-Boigny University, Abidjan P.O. Box BP 44, Côte d’Ivoire;
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angré, Abidjan P.O. Box BP 1530, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Joseph Allico Djaman
- Training and Research Unit of Biosciences, Félix Houphouët Boigny University, Abidjan P.O. Box BP V 34, Côte d’Ivoire;
| | - Mathias Herrmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (M.H.); (F.S.)
| | - Frieder Schaumburg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (M.H.); (F.S.)
| | - Silke Niemann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (M.H.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-251-835-5369
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Herb M, Gluschko A, Farid A, Krönke M. When the Phagosome Gets Leaky: Pore-Forming Toxin-Induced Non-Canonical Autophagy (PINCA). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:834321. [PMID: 35372127 PMCID: PMC8968195 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.834321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages remove bacteria from the extracellular milieu via phagocytosis. While most of the engulfed bacteria are degraded in the antimicrobial environment of the phagolysosome, several bacterial pathogens have evolved virulence factors, which evade degradation or allow escape into the cytosol. To counter this situation, macrophages activate LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), a highly bactericidal non-canonical autophagy pathway, which destroys the bacterial pathogens in so called LAPosomes. Moreover, macrophages can also target intracellular bacteria by pore-forming toxin-induced non-canonical autophagy (PINCA), a recently described non-canonical autophagy pathway, which is activated by phagosomal damage induced by bacteria-derived pore-forming toxins. Similar to LAP, PINCA involves LC3 recruitment to the bacteria-containing phagosome independently of the ULK complex, but in contrast to LAP, this process does not require ROS production by Nox2. As last resort of autophagic targeting, macrophages activate xenophagy, a selective form of macroautophagy, to recapture bacteria, which evaded successful targeting by LAP or PINCA through rupture of the phagosome. However, xenophagy can also be hijacked by bacterial pathogens for their benefit or can be completely inhibited resulting in intracellular growth of the bacterial pathogen. In this perspective, we discuss the molecular differences and similarities between LAP, PINCA and xenophagy in macrophages during bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Herb
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Gluschko
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alina Farid
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Krönke
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Bonn-Cologne, Germany
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Feng W, Li G, Kang X, Wang R, Liu F, Zhao D, Li H, Bu F, Yu Y, Moriarty TF, Ren Q, Wang X. Cascade-Targeting Poly(amino acid) Nanoparticles Eliminate Intracellular Bacteria via On-Site Antibiotic Delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109789. [PMID: 35066925 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular bacteria in latent or dormant states tolerate high-dose antibiotics. Fighting against these opportunistic bacteria has been a long-standing challenge. Herein, the design of a cascade-targeting drug delivery system (DDS) that can sequentially target macrophages and intracellular bacteria, exhibiting on-site drug delivery, is reported. The DDS is fabricated by encapsulating rifampicin (Rif) into mannose-decorated poly(α-N-acryloyl-phenylalanine)-block-poly(β-N-acryloyl-d-aminoalanine) nanoparticles, denoted as Rif@FAM NPs. The mannose units on Rif@FAM NPs guide the initial macrophage-specific uptake and intracellular accumulation. After the uptake, the detachment of mannose in acidic phagolysosome via Schiff base cleavage exposes the d-aminoalanine moieties, which subsequently steer the NPs to escape from lysosomes and target intracellular bacteria through peptidoglycan-specific binding, as evidenced by the in situ/ex situ co-localization using confocal, flow cytometry, and transmission electron microscopy. Through the on-site Rif delivery, Rif@FAM NPs show superior in vitro and in vivo elimination efficiency than the control groups of free Rif or the DDSs lacking the macrophages- or bacteria-targeting moieties. Furthermore, Rif@FAM NPs remodel the innate immune response of the infected macrophages by upregulating M1/M2 polarization, resulting in a reinforced antibacterial capacity. Therefore, this biocompatible DDS enabling macrophages and bacteria targeting in a cascade manner provides a new outlook for the therapy of intracellular pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Guofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxu Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Ruibai Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Oncology of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Haofei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Fanqiang Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yingjie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | | | - Qun Ren
- Empa, the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen, 9014, Switzerland
| | - Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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One Health, One Hive: A scoping review of honey bees, climate change, pollutants, and antimicrobial resistance. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0242393. [PMID: 35171904 PMCID: PMC8849492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change and increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) together threaten the last 50 years of public health gains. Honey bees are a model One Health organism to investigate interactions between climate change and AMR. The objective of this scoping review was to examine the range, extent, and nature of published literature on the relationship between AMR and honey bees in the context of climate change and environmental pollutants. The review followed systematic search methods and reporting guidelines. A protocol was developed a priori in consultation with a research librarian. Resulting Boolean search strings were used to search Embase® via Ovid®, MEDLINE®, Scopus®, AGRICOLA™ and Web of Science™ databases. Two independent reviewers conducted two-stage screening on retrieved articles. To be included, the article had to examine honey bees, AMR, and either climate change or environmental pollution. Data, in accordance with Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines, were extracted from relevant articles and descriptively synthesized in tables, figures, and narrative form. A total of 22 articles met the inclusion criteria, with half of all articles being published in the last five years (n = 11/22). These articles predominantly investigated hive immunocompetence and multi-drug resistance transporter downregulation (n = 11/22), susceptibility to pests (n = 16/22), especially American foulbrood (n = 9/22), and hive product augmentation (n = 3/22). This review identified key themes and gaps in the literature, including the need for future interdisciplinary research to explore the link between AMR and environmental change evidence streams in honey bees. We identified three potential linkages between pollutive and climatic factors and risk of AMR. These interconnections reaffirm the necessity of a One Health framework to tackle global threats and investigate complex issues that extend beyond honey bee research into the public health sector. It is integral that we view these “wicked” problems through an interdisciplinary lens to explore long-term strategies for change.
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35
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Cheung GYC, Bae JS, Otto M. Pathogenicity and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus. Virulence 2021; 12:547-569. [PMID: 33522395 PMCID: PMC7872022 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1878688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 161.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequent worldwide causes of morbidity and mortality due to an infectious agent. This pathogen can cause a wide variety of diseases, ranging from moderately severe skin infections to fatal pneumonia and sepsis. Treatment of S. aureus infections is complicated by antibiotic resistance and a working vaccine is not available. There has been ongoing and increasing interest in the extraordinarily high number of toxins and other virulence determinants that S. aureus produces and how they impact disease. In this review, we will give an overview of how S. aureus initiates and maintains infection and discuss the main determinants involved. A more in-depth understanding of the function and contribution of S. aureus virulence determinants to S. aureus infection will enable us to develop anti-virulence strategies to counteract the lack of an anti-S. aureus vaccine and the ever-increasing shortage of working antibiotics against this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Y. C. Cheung
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Justin S. Bae
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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36
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Gunn NJ, Zelmer AR, Kidd SP, Solomon LB, Roscioli E, Yang D, Atkins GJ. A Human Osteocyte Cell Line Model for Studying Staphylococcus aureus Persistence in Osteomyelitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:781022. [PMID: 34805001 PMCID: PMC8597899 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.781022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious osteomyelitis associated with periprosthetic joint infections is often recalcitrant to treatment and has a high rate of recurrence. In the case of Staphylococcus aureus, the most common pathogen in all forms of osteomyelitis, this may be attributed in part to residual intracellular infection of host cells, yet this is not generally considered in the treatment strategy. Osteocytes represent a unique cell type in this context due to their abundance, their formation of a syncytium throughout the bone that could facilitate bacterial spread and their relative inaccessibility to professional immune cells. As such, there is potential value in studying the host-pathogen interactions in the context of this cell type in a replicable and scalable in vitro model. Here, we examined the utility of the human osteosarcoma cell line SaOS2 differentiated to an osteocyte-like stage (SaOS2-OY) as an intracellular infection model for S. aureus. We demonstrate that S. aureus is capable of generating stable intracellular infections in SaOS2-OY cells but not in undifferentiated, osteoblast-like SaOS2 cells (SaOS2-OB). In SaOS2-OY cells, S. aureus transitioned towards a quasi-dormant small colony variant (SCV) growth phenotype over a 15-day post-infection period. The infected cells exhibited changes in the expression of key immunomodulatory mediators that are consistent with the infection response of primary osteocytes. Thus, SaOS2-OY is an appropriate cell line model that may be predictive of the interactions between S. aureus and human osteocytes, and this will be useful for studying mechanisms of persistence and for testing the efficacy of potential antimicrobial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Gunn
- Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Anja R Zelmer
- Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stephen P Kidd
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Research Centre for Infectious Disease, School of Biological Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lucian B Solomon
- Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Eugene Roscioli
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Dongqing Yang
- Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gerald J Atkins
- Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Further Insight into the Mechanism of Human PMN Lysis following Phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0088821. [PMID: 34704790 PMCID: PMC8549732 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00888-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen that can cause a variety of diseases ranging from mild superficial skin infections to life-threatening conditions like necrotizing pneumonia, endocarditis, and septicemia. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs; neutrophils in particular herein) are essential for host defense against S. aureus infections, and the microbe is phagocytosed readily. Most ingested bacteria are killed, but some S. aureus strains—such as the epidemic USA300 strain—have an enhanced ability to cause PMN lysis after phagocytosis. Although progress has been made, the mechanism for lysis after phagocytosis of S. aureus remains incompletely determined. Here, we tested the hypothesis that disruption of phagosome integrity and escape of S. aureus from the PMN phagosome into the cytoplasm precedes PMN lysis. We used USA300 wild-type and isogenic deletion strains to evaluate and/or verify the role of selected S. aureus molecules in this cytolytic process. Compared to the wild-type USA300 strain, Δagr, Δhla, ΔlukGH, and Δpsm strains each caused significantly less lysis of human PMNs 3 h and/or 6 h after phagocytosis, consistent with previous studies. Most notably, confocal microscopy coupled with selective permeabilization assays demonstrated that phagosome membrane integrity is largely maintained prior to PMN lysis after S. aureus phagocytosis. We conclude that PMN lysis does not require escape of S. aureus from the phagosome to the cytoplasm and that these are independent phenomena. The findings are consistent with the ability of S. aureus (via selected molecules) to trigger lysis of human PMNs by an undetermined signaling mechanism. IMPORTANCES. aureus strain USA300 has the ability to cause rapid lysis of human neutrophils after phagocytosis. Although this phenomenon likely contributes to the success of USA300 as a human pathogen, our knowledge of the mechanism remains incomplete. Here, we used a selective permeabilization assay coupled with confocal microscopy to demonstrate that USA300 is contained within human neutrophil phagosomes until the point of host cell lysis. Thus, consistent with a process in macrophages, S. aureus fails to escape into the neutrophil cytoplasm prior to cytolysis.
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Wang M, Fan Z, Han H. Autophagy in Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:750222. [PMID: 34692566 PMCID: PMC8529010 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.750222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an invasive, facultative intracellular pathogen that can colonize niches in various host organisms, making it difficult for the host immune system to completely eliminate. Host autophagy is an intracellular clearance pathway involved in degrading S. aureus. Whereas the accessory gene regulatory system of S. aureus that controls virulence factors could resist the host immune defenses by evading and even utilizing autophagy. This article reviews the interaction between autophagy and S. aureus, providing insights on how to use these mechanisms to improve S. aureus infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyao Fan
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongbing Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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39
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Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus employs the cysteine protease staphopain A to induce host cell death in epithelial cells. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009874. [PMID: 34473800 PMCID: PMC8443034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen, which can invade and survive in non-professional and professional phagocytes. Uptake by host cells is thought to contribute to pathogenicity and persistence of the bacterium. Upon internalization by epithelial cells, cytotoxic S. aureus strains can escape from the phagosome, replicate in the cytosol and induce host cell death. Here, we identified a staphylococcal cysteine protease to induce cell death after translocation of intracellular S. aureus into the host cell cytoplasm. We demonstrated that loss of staphopain A function leads to delayed onset of host cell death and prolonged intracellular replication of S. aureus in epithelial cells. Overexpression of staphopain A in a non-cytotoxic strain facilitated intracellular killing of the host cell even in the absence of detectable intracellular replication. Moreover, staphopain A contributed to efficient colonization of the lung in a mouse pneumonia model. In phagocytic cells, where intracellular S. aureus is exclusively localized in the phagosome, staphopain A did not contribute to cytotoxicity. Our study suggests that staphopain A is utilized by S. aureus to exit the epithelial host cell and thus contributes to tissue destruction and dissemination of infection. Staphylococcus aureus is an antibiotic-resistant pathogen that emerges in hospital and community settings and can cause a variety of diseases ranging from skin abscesses to lung inflammation and blood poisoning. The bacterium can asymptomatically colonize the upper respiratory tract and skin of humans and take advantage of opportune conditions, like immunodeficiency or breached barriers, to cause infection. Although S. aureus was not regarded as intracellular bacterium, it can be internalized by human cells and subsequently exit the host cells by induction of cell death, which is considered to cause tissue destruction and spread of infection. The bacterial virulence factors and underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the intracellular lifestyle of S. aureus remain largely unknown. We identified a bacterial cysteine protease to contribute to host cell death of epithelial cells mediated by intracellular S. aureus. Staphopain A induced killing of the host cell after translocation of the pathogen into the cell cytosol, while bacterial proliferation was not required. Further, the protease enhanced survival of the pathogen during lung infection. These findings reveal a novel, intracellular role for the bacterial protease staphopain A.
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40
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The intracellular phase of extracellular respiratory tract bacterial pathogens and its role on pathogen-host interactions during infection. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2021; 34:197-205. [PMID: 33899754 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW An initial intracellular phase of usually extracellular bacterial pathogens displays an important strategy to hide from the host's immune system and antibiotics therapy. It helps the bacteria, including bacterial pathogens of airway diseases, to persist and eventually switch to a typical extracellular infection. Several infectious diseases of the lung are life-threatening and their control is impeded by intracellular persistence of pathogens. Thus, molecular adaptations of the pathogens to this niche but also the host's response and potential targets to interfere are of relevance. Here we discuss examples of historically considered extracellular pathogens of the respiratory airway where the intracellular survival and proliferation is well documented, including infections by Staphylococcus aureus, Bordetella pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and others. RECENT FINDINGS Current studies focus on bacterial factors contributing to adhesion, iron acquisition, and intracellular survival as well as ways to target them for combatting the bacterial infections. SUMMARY The investigation of common and specific mechanisms of pathogenesis and persistence of these bacteria in the host may contribute to future investigations and identifications of relevant factors and/or bacterial mechanisms to be blocked to treat or improve prevention strategies.
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Raineri EJM, Altulea D, van Dijl JM. Staphylococcal trafficking and infection - from 'nose to gut' and back. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 46:6321165. [PMID: 34259843 PMCID: PMC8767451 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic human pathogen, which is a leading cause of infections worldwide. The challenge in treating S. aureus infection is linked to the development of multidrug-resistant strains and the mechanisms employed by this pathogen to evade the human immune defenses. In addition, S. aureus can hide asymptomatically in particular ‘protective’ niches of the human body for prolonged periods of time. In the present review, we highlight recently gained insights in the role of the human gut as an endogenous S. aureus reservoir next to the nasopharynx and oral cavity. In addition, we address the contribution of these ecological niches to staphylococcal transmission, including the roles of particular triggers as modulators of the bacterial dissemination. In this context, we present recent advances concerning the interactions between S. aureus and immune cells to understand their possible roles as vehicles of dissemination from the gut to other body sites. Lastly, we discuss the factors that contribute to the switch from colonization to infection. Altogether, we conclude that an important key to uncovering the pathogenesis of S. aureus infection lies hidden in the endogenous staphylococcal reservoirs, the trafficking of this bacterium through the human body and the subsequent immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa J M Raineri
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dania Altulea
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Vozza EG, Mulcahy ME, McLoughlin RM. Making the Most of the Host; Targeting the Autophagy Pathway Facilitates Staphylococcus aureus Intracellular Survival in Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667387. [PMID: 34220813 PMCID: PMC8242348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of Staphylococcus aureus as a human commensal and an opportunistic pathogen relies on its ability to adapt to several niches within the host. The innate immune response plays a key role in protecting the host against S. aureus infection; however, S. aureus adeptness at evading the innate immune system is indisputably evident. The “Trojan horse” theory has been postulated to describe a mechanism by which S. aureus takes advantage of phagocytes as a survival niche within the host to facilitate dissemination of S. aureus to secondary sites during systemic infection. Several studies have determined that S. aureus can parasitize both professional and non-professional phagocytes by manipulating the host autophagy pathway in order to create an intracellular survival niche. Neutrophils represent a critical cell type in S. aureus infection as demonstrated by the increased risk of infection among patients with congenital neutrophil disorders. However, S. aureus has been repeatedly shown to survive intracellularly within neutrophils with evidence now supporting a pathogenic role of host autophagy. By manipulating this pathway, S. aureus can also alter the apoptotic fate of the neutrophil and potentially skew other important signalling pathways for its own gain. Understanding these critical host-pathogen interactions could lead to the development of new host directed therapeutics for the treatment of S. aureus infection by removing its intracellular niche and restoring host bactericidal functions. This review discusses the current findings surrounding intracellular survival of S. aureus within neutrophils, the pathogenic role autophagy plays in this process and considers the therapeutic potential for targeting this immune evasion mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio G Vozza
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michelle E Mulcahy
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rachel M McLoughlin
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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43
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Kwon HK, Lee I, Yu KE, Cahill SV, Alder KD, Lee S, Dussik CM, Back J, Choi J, Song L, Kyriakides TR, Lee FY. Dual therapeutic targeting of intra-articular inflammation and intracellular bacteria enhances chondroprotection in septic arthritis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf2665. [PMID: 34172438 PMCID: PMC8232912 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf2665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections involving joints and vital organs represent a challenging clinical problem because of the two concurrent therapeutic goals of bacterial eradication and tissue preservation. In the case of septic arthritis, permanent destruction of articular cartilage by intense host inflammation is commonly seen even after successful treatment of bacterial infection. Here, we provide scientific evidence of a novel treatment modality that can protect articular cartilage and enhanced eradication of causative bacteria in septic arthritis. Locally delivered cell-penetrating antibiotics such as rifampicin effectively eradicate intracellular reservoirs of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus within joint cells. Furthermore, mitigation of intra-articular inflammation by targeting the NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-, leucine-rich repeat- and pyrin domain-containing 3) inflammasome protects articular cartilage from damage in a murine model of knee septic arthritis. Together, concurrent mitigation of intra-articular inflammation and local adjuvant targeting of intracellular bacteria represents a promising new therapeutic strategy for septic arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk-Kwon Kwon
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, 800 Howard Ave., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Inkyu Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, 800 Howard Ave., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Kristin E Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, 800 Howard Ave., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Sean V Cahill
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, 800 Howard Ave., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Kareme D Alder
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, 800 Howard Ave., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Saelim Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, 800 Howard Ave., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Christopher M Dussik
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, 800 Howard Ave., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - JungHo Back
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, 800 Howard Ave., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Jeongjoon Choi
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave., New Haven, CT 06536, USA
| | - Lee Song
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Themis R Kyriakides
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Francis Y Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, 800 Howard Ave., New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is both a commensal and a pathogenic bacterium for humans. Its ability to induce severe infections is based on a wide range of virulence factors. S. aureus community-acquired pneumonia (SA-CAP) is rare and severe, and the contribution of certain virulence factors in this disease has been recognized over the past 2 decades. First, the factors involved in metabolism adaptation are crucial for S. aureus survival in the lower respiratory tract, and toxins and enzymes are required for it to cross the pulmonary epithelial barrier. S. aureus subsequently faces host defense mechanisms, including the epithelial barrier, but most importantly the immune system. Here, again, S. aureus uses myriad virulence factors to successfully escape from the host's defenses and takes advantage of them. The impact of S. aureus virulence, combined with the collateral damage caused by an overwhelming immune response, leads to severe tissue damage and adverse clinical outcomes. In this review, we summarize step by step all of the S. aureus factors implicated in CAP and described to date, and we provide an outlook for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Pivard
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Karen Moreau
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - François Vandenesch
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des agents infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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45
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Siegmund A, Afzal MA, Tetzlaff F, Keinhörster D, Gratani F, Paprotka K, Westermann M, Nietzsche S, Wolz C, Fraunholz M, Hübner CA, Löffler B, Tuchscherr L. Intracellular persistence of Staphylococcus aureus in endothelial cells is promoted by the absence of phenol-soluble modulins. Virulence 2021; 12:1186-1198. [PMID: 33843450 PMCID: PMC8043190 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1910455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A large proportion of clinical S. aureus isolates that carry an inactive Agr system are associated with persistent infection that is difficult to treat. Once S. aureus is inside the bloodstream, it can cross the endothelial barrier and invade almost every organ in the human body. Endothelial cells can either be lysed by this pathogen or they serve as a niche for its intracellular long-term survival. Following phagocytosis, several vesicles such as phagosomes and autophagosomes, target intracellular S. aureus for elimination. S. aureus can escape from these vesicles into the host cytoplasm through the activation of phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs) αβ. Thereafter, it replicates and lyses the host cell to disseminate to adjacent tissues. Herein we demonstrate that staphylococcal strains which lack the expression of PSMs employ an alternative pathway to better persist within endothelial cells. The intracellular survival of S. aureus is associated with the co-localization of the autophagy marker LC3. In cell culture infection models, we found that the absence of psmαβ decreased the host cell lysis and increased staphylococcal long-term survival. This study explains the positive selection of agr-negative strains that lack the expression of psmαβ in chronic infection due to their advantage in surviving and evading the clearance system of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Siegmund
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Muhammad Awais Afzal
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller Universität, Jena, Germany
| | - Felix Tetzlaff
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller Universität, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniela Keinhörster
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fabio Gratani
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Paprotka
- Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Westermann
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sandor Nietzsche
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Christiane Wolz
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Fraunholz
- Biocenter, Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian A Hübner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller Universität, Jena, Germany
| | - Bettina Löffler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Lorena Tuchscherr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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46
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Tosetti B, Ward B, Grumme D, Herb M, Schramm M, Utermöhlen O, Heukamp LC, Krönke M, Krut O. NOX2 Deficiency Permits Sustained Survival of S. aureus in Macrophages and Contributes to Severity of Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:633629. [PMID: 33868252 PMCID: PMC8044967 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.633629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the crucial role of professional phagocytes for the clearance of S. aureus infections is well-established, several studies indicate an adverse role of leukocytes in the dissemination of S. aureus during infection. Since only little is known about macrophages in this context, we analyzed the role of macrophages, and in particular reactive oxygen species deficiency, for the seeding of S. aureus metastases. Infection of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) with S. aureus revealed that NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2-) deficient, but not NOX1- or NOX4-deficient, BMDM failed to clear intracellular S. aureus. Despite of larger intracellular bacterial burden, NOX2-deficient BMDM showed significantly improved survival. Intravenous injection of mice with in vitro-infected BMDMs carrying intracellular viable S. aureus led to higher bacterial loads in kidney and liver of mice compared to injection with plain S. aureus. An even higher frequency of liver abscesses was observed in mice infected with S. aureus-loaded nox2 -/- BMDM. Thus, the improved intracellular survival of S. aureus and improved viability of NOX2-deficient BMDM is associated with an aggravated metastatic dissemination of S. aureus infection. A combination of vancomycin and the intracellularly active antibiotic rifampicin led to complete elimination of S. aureus from liver within 48 h, which was not achieved with vancomycin treatment alone, underscoring the impact of intracellular S. aureus on the course of disease. The results of our study indicate that intracellular S. aureus carried by macrophages are sufficient to establish a systemic infection. This suggests the inclusion of intracellularly active antibiotics in the therapeutic regimen of invasive S. aureus infections, especially in patients with NADPH oxidase deficiencies such as chronic granulomatous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Tosetti
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Beate Ward
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniela Grumme
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marc Herb
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Schramm
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Olaf Utermöhlen
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Martin Krönke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Oleg Krut
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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47
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Kunz TC, Rühling M, Moldovan A, Paprotka K, Kozjak-Pavlovic V, Rudel T, Fraunholz M. The Expandables: Cracking the Staphylococcal Cell Wall for Expansion Microscopy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:644750. [PMID: 33796486 PMCID: PMC8008081 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.644750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion Microscopy (ExM) is a novel tool improving the resolution of fluorescence microscopy by linking the sample into a hydrogel that gets physically expanded in water. Previously, we have used ExM to visualize the intracellular Gram-negative pathogens Chlamydia trachomatis, Simkania negevensis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Gram-positive bacteria have a rigid and thick cell wall that impedes classic expansion strategies. Here we developed an approach, which included a series of enzymatic treatments resulting in isotropic 4× expansion of the Gram-positive pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. We further demonstrate the suitability of the technique for imaging of planktonic bacteria as well as endocytosed, intracellular bacteria at a spatial resolution of approximately 60 nm with conventional confocal laser scanning microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias C Kunz
- Department of Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Rühling
- Department of Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Adriana Moldovan
- Department of Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Paprotka
- Department of Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vera Kozjak-Pavlovic
- Department of Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Department of Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Fraunholz
- Department of Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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48
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The Phosphoarginine Phosphatase PtpB from Staphylococcus aureus Is Involved in Bacterial Stress Adaptation during Infection. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030645. [PMID: 33799337 PMCID: PMC8001253 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus continues to be a public health threat, especially in hospital settings. Studies aimed at deciphering the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie pathogenesis, host adaptation, and virulence are required to develop effective treatment strategies. Numerous host-pathogen interactions were found to be dependent on phosphatases-mediated regulation. This study focused on the analysis of the role of the low-molecular weight phosphatase PtpB, in particular, during infection. Deletion of ptpB in S. aureus strain SA564 significantly reduced the capacity of the mutant to withstand intracellular killing by THP-1 macrophages. When injected into normoglycemic C57BL/6 mice, the SA564 ΔptpB mutant displayed markedly reduced bacterial loads in liver and kidney tissues in a murine S. aureus abscess model when compared to the wild type. We also observed that PtpB phosphatase-activity was sensitive to oxidative stress. Our quantitative transcript analyses revealed that PtpB affects the transcription of various genes involved in oxidative stress adaptation and infectivity. Thus, this study disclosed first insights into the physiological role of PtpB during host interaction allowing us to link phosphatase-dependent regulation to oxidative bacterial stress adaptation during infection.
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49
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Internal cell-penetrating peptide-mediated internalization enables a chimeric lysin to target intracellular pathogens. Int J Pharm 2021; 599:120449. [PMID: 33711472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens pose serious challenges to the public health worldwide. Lysin, peptidoglycan hydrolase from phage, is promising alternative to conventional antibiotics because of its high bactericidal activity and low risk of resistance. However, most proteinaceous lysins cannot penetrate the mammalian cell membrane because of size exclusion. Previously, we reported a broad-spectrum chimeric lysin, ClyR, with a cysteine, histidine-dependent amidohydrolase/peptidase catalytic domain from PlyC lysin and an SH-3b cell-wall binding domain from PlySs2 lysin. Herein, we further report that a novel internal cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) is predicted in the junction region of the two constitutive domains of ClyR, mediated by which ClyR can be internalized by epithelial cells through caveolin-dependent endocytosis to target intracellular pathogens. Residues K153, P154, R169, and R188 of the internal CPP were found to be essential for ClyR-mediated internalization and intracellular killing. RNA-seq analysis further showed that there are minor differences in transcript and metabolic profiles from epithelial cells exposed to 100 μg/ml ClyR for 24 h. Taken together, our findings demonstrate a novel mechanism of internalization by ClyR, providing new insights into the rational designing of the next-generation lysins to target both extracellular and intracellular pathogens.
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50
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Soe YM, Bedoui S, Stinear TP, Hachani A. Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus and host cell death pathways. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13317. [PMID: 33550697 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major opportunistic human pathogen that is globally prevalent. Although S. aureus and humans may have co-evolved to the point of commensalism, the bacterium is equipped with virulence factors causing devastating infections. The adoption of an intracellular lifestyle by S. aureus is an important facet of its pathogenesis. Occupying a privileged intracellular compartment permits evasion from the bactericidal actions of host immunity and antibiotics. However, this localization exposes S. aureus to cell-intrinsic processes comprising autophagy, metabolic challenges and clearance mechanisms orchestrated by host programmed cell death pathways (PCDs), including apoptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis. Mounting evidence suggests that S. aureus deploys pathoadaptive mechanisms that modulate the expression of its virulence factors to prevent elimination through PCD pathways. In this review, we critically analyse the current literature on the interplay between S. aureus virulence factors with the key, intertwined nodes of PCD. We discuss how S. aureus adaptation to the human host plays an essential role in the evasion of PCD, and we consider future directions to study S. aureus-PCD interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Mon Soe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy P Stinear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Abderrahman Hachani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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