1
|
Carbine KA, LeCheminant JD, Kelley TA, Kapila-Ramirez A, Hill K, Masterson T, Christensen E, Larson MJ. The impact of exercise on food-related inhibitory control- do calories, time of day, and BMI matter? Evidence from an event-related potential (ERP) study. Appetite 2024; 200:107514. [PMID: 38838592 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
A growing body of research suggests exercise improves inhibitory control functions. We tested if exercise-related inhibitory control benefits extend to food-related inhibitory control and differ by calorie content, time of day, and weight status. One hundred thirty-eight individuals were pseudo-randomly assigned to a morning or evening group. Each subject participated in two lab sessions where they completed questionnaires (rest session) or walked on a treadmill at 3.8mph (exercise session) for 45 min. After each session, participants completed both a high-calorie and low-calorie go/no-go task while N2 and P3 event-related potentials (ERP), both neural indicators of inhibitory control, were measured. Participants also rated food images for valence and arousal. While N2 and P3 difference amplitudes were larger to high-calorie than low-calorie foods, neither exercise nor time of day affected results. Individuals had faster response times after exercise without decreases in accuracy. Arousal and valence for high-calorie foods were lower after exercise and lower for all foods after morning compared to evening exercise. In a subset of individuals with obesity and normal-weight individuals, individuals with obesity had larger N2 difference amplitudes after morning exercise, while normal-weight individuals had larger P3 difference amplitudes to high-calorie foods after exercise. Results suggest moderate exercise did not affect food-related inhibitory control generally, although morning exercise may be beneficial in improving early recruitment of food-related inhibitory control in individuals with obesity. Moderate exercise, particularly in the morning, may also help manage increased attention allocated to food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaylie A Carbine
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA, 90747, USA.
| | - James D LeCheminant
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, & Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Tracy A Kelley
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA, 90747, USA
| | - Anita Kapila-Ramirez
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA, 90747, USA
| | - Kyle Hill
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Kansas City, MO, 64106, USA
| | - Travis Masterson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Edward Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, & Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Michael J Larson
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA; Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Raza GS, Kaya Y, Stenbäck V, Sharma R, Sodum N, Mutt SJ, Gagnon DD, Tulppo M, Järvelin MR, Herzig KH, Mäkelä KA. Effect of Aerobic Exercise and Time-Restricted Feeding on Metabolic Markers and Circadian Rhythm in Mice Fed with the High-Fat Diet. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2300465. [PMID: 38389173 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
SCOPE Diet and exercise are significant players in obesity and metabolic diseases. Time-restricted feeding (tRF) has been shown to improve metabolic responses by regulating circadian clocks but whether it acts synergically with exercise remains unknown. It is hypothesized that forced exercise alone or combined with tRF alleviates obesity and its metabolic complications. METHODS AND RESULTS Male C57bl6 mice are fed with high-fat or a control diet for 12 weeks either ad libitum or tRF for 10 h during their active period. High-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice are divided into exercise (treadmill for 1 h at 12 m min-1 alternate days for 9 weeks and 16 m min-1 daily for the following 3 weeks) and non-exercise groups. tRF and tRF-Ex significantly decreased body weight, food intake, and plasma lipids, and improved glucose tolerance. However, exercise reduced only body weight and plasma lipids. tRF and tRF-Ex significantly downregulated Fasn, Hmgcr, and Srebp1c, while exercise only Hmgcr. HFD feeding disrupted clock genes, but exercise, tRF, and tRF-Ex coordinated the circadian clock genes Bmal1, Per2, and Rev-Erbα in the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscles. CONCLUSION HFD feeding disrupted clock genes in the peripheral organs while exercise, tRF, and their combination restored clock genes and improved metabolic consequences induced by high-fat diet feeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Shere Raza
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Biocenter of Oulu, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5, Oulu, 90220, Finland
| | - Yağmur Kaya
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Istanbul Kent University, Istanbul, 34406, Turkey
| | - Ville Stenbäck
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Biocenter of Oulu, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5, Oulu, 90220, Finland
| | - Ravikant Sharma
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Biocenter of Oulu, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5, Oulu, 90220, Finland
| | - Nalini Sodum
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Biocenter of Oulu, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5, Oulu, 90220, Finland
| | - Shivaprakash Jagalur Mutt
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75123, Sweden
| | - Dominique D Gagnon
- Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Seminaarinkatu 15, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
- Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki Mäkelänkatu, Helsinki, 00550, Finland
| | - Mikko Tulppo
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Biocenter of Oulu, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5, Oulu, 90220, Finland
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, SW72AZ, UK
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Biocenter of Oulu, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5, Oulu, 90220, Finland
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Pediatric Institute, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, 60-572, Poland
| | - Kari A Mäkelä
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Biocenter of Oulu, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5, Oulu, 90220, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Su Y, Li H, Jiang S, Li Y, Li Y, Zhang G. The relationship between nighttime exercise and problematic smartphone use before sleep and associated health issues: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:590. [PMID: 38395834 PMCID: PMC10893754 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Physical exercise has the potential to mitigate addictive behaviors and relevant health issues. However, the nighttime exercise has not been studied regarding this research topic. This study aims to explore the association between nocturnal physical exercise and problematic smartphone use before sleep, as well as related health issues. METHODS To explore the association between nighttime physical exercise and problematic smartphone use before sleep as well as related health issues, we conducted a cross-sectional survey among 1,334 college students. Their daily exercise behaviors (including timeframe, rationale, frequency, and duration), smartphone use before sleep, sleep quality, smartphone addiction, anxiety, and depression were measured by questionnaires. The associations were assessed using generalized linear models. RESULTS Our findings indicate that nearly 70% of participants chose to perform exercise at nighttime. Among these individuals who exercised at nighttime, the frequency and duration of nighttime exercise were significantly associated with decreased probabilities of smartphone use before sleep. Additionally, the frequency and duration of nighttime exercise were associated with lower levels of smartphone addiction and anxiety disorders. CONCLUSION Nighttime Exercise behaviors can effectively reduce sleep delays caused by problematic smartphone use before bedtime. These findings contribute to understanding the potential effects of nighttime exercise on problematic smartphone use and relevant health issues. Future research should employ more precise methodologies to examine these associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Su
- Institute of Sport Science, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Physical Education, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Hansen Li
- Institute of Sport Science, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sijia Jiang
- College of Physical Education, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaqi Li
- Institute of Sport Science, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun Li
- Institute of Sport Science, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Institute of Sport Science, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
- International College, Krirk University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Morales-Palomo F, Moreno-Cabañas A, Alvarez-Jimenez L, Mora-Gonzalez D, Ortega JF, Mora-Rodriguez R. Efficacy of morning versus afternoon aerobic exercise training on reducing metabolic syndrome components: A randomized controlled trial. J Physiol 2023. [PMID: 38015017 DOI: 10.1113/jp285366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A supervised intense aerobic exercise program improves the health of individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, it is unclear whether the timing of training within the 24 h day would influence those health benefits. The present study aimed to determine the influence of morning vs. afternoon exercise on body composition, cardiometabolic health and components of MetS. One hundred thirty-nine individuals with MetS were block randomized into morning (AMEX; n = 42) or afternoon (PMEX; n = 59) exercise training groups, or a non-training control group (Control; n = 38). Exercise training was comprised of 48 supervised high-intensity interval sessions distributed over 16 weeks. Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness (assessed byV ̇ O 2 max ${\dot V_{{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}{\mathrm{max}}}}$ ), maximal fat oxidation (FOmax ), blood pressure and blood metabolites were assessed before and after the intervention. Compared with the non-training Control, both exercise groups improved similarly body composition (-0.7% fat loss; P = 0.002), waist circumference (-2.1 cm; P < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (-3.8 mmHg; P = 0.004) andV ̇ O 2 max ${\dot V_{{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}{\mathrm{max}}}}$ (3.5 mL kg-1 min-1 ; P < 0.001) with no differences between training groups. AMEX, in comparison with PMEX, reduced systolic blood pressure (-4% vs. -1%; P = 0.019), plasma fasting insulin concentration (-12% vs. -5%; P = 0.001) and insulin resistance (-14% vs. -4%; P = 0.006). Furthermore, MetS Z score was further reduced in the AMEX compared to PMEX (-52% vs. -19%; P = 0.021) after training. In summary, high-intensity aerobic exercise training in the morning in comparison to training in the afternoon is somewhat more efficient at reducing cardiometabolic risk factors (i.e. systolic blood pressure and insulin sensitivity). KEY POINTS: The effect of exercise time of day on health promotion is an area that has gained interest in recent years; however, large-scale, randomized-control studies are scarce. People with metabolic syndrome (MetS) are at risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases and reductions in this risk with exercise training can be precisely gauged using a compound score sensitive to subtle evolution in each MetS component (i.e. Z score). Supervised aerobic exercise for 16 weeks (morning and afternoon), without dietary restriction, improved cardiorespiratory and metabolic fitness, body composition and mean arterial pressure compared to a non-exercise control group. However, training in the morning, without changes in exercise dose or intensity, reduced systolic blood pressure and insulin resistance further compared to when training in the afternoon. Thus, high-intensity aerobic exercise training in the morning is somewhat more efficient in improving the health of individuals with metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Morales-Palomo
- Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Alfonso Moreno-Cabañas
- Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise, and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | - Diego Mora-Gonzalez
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Occupational therapy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Juan F Ortega
- Exercise Physiology Lab at Toledo, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Martínez-Montoro JI, Benítez-Porres J, Tinahones FJ, Ortega-Gómez A, Murri M. Effects of exercise timing on metabolic health. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13599. [PMID: 37416977 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome is associated with major health and socioeconomic consequences. Currently, physical exercise, together with dietary interventions, is the mainstay of the treatment of obesity and related metabolic complications. Although exercise training includes different modalities, with variable intensity, duration, volume, or frequency, which may have a distinct impact on several characteristics related to metabolic syndrome, the potential effects of exercise timing on metabolic health are yet to be fully elucidated. Remarkably, promising results with regard to this topic have been reported in the last few years. Similar to other time-based interventions, including nutritional therapy or drug administration, time-of-day-based exercise may become a useful approach for the management of metabolic disorders. In this article, we review the role of exercise timing in metabolic health and discuss the potential mechanisms that could drive the metabolic-related benefits of physical exercise performed in a time-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Ignacio Martínez-Montoro
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma Bionand, Málaga, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Benítez-Porres
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma Bionand, Málaga, Spain
- Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma Bionand, Málaga, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Ortega-Gómez
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma Bionand, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mora Murri
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA)-Plataforma Bionand, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Heart Area Clinical Management Unit, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ma T, Bennett T, Lee CD, Wicklow M. The diurnal pattern of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and obesity: a cross-sectional analysis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:2638-2647. [PMID: 37661938 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is obesity-protective. However, the optimal time of the day to engage in MVPA for weight management is controversial. This study is designed to investigate the influence of the diurnal pattern of MVPA on the association between MVPA and obesity. METHODS A total of 5285 participants in the 2003 to 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were cross-sectionally analyzed. The diurnal pattern of objectively measured MVPA was classified into three clusters by K-means clustering analysis: morning (n = 642); midday (n = 2456); and evening (n = 2187). The associations of MVPA level and the diurnal pattern with obesity were tested. RESULTS A strong linear association between MVPA and obesity was found in the morning group, whereas a weaker curvilinear association between MVPA and obesity was observed in the midday and evening groups, respectively. Among those who met the physical activity guidelines, the adjusted means for BMI were 25.9 (95% CI: 25.2-26.6), 27.6 (95% CI: 27.1-28.1), and 27.2 (95% CI: 26.8-27.7) kg/m2 in the morning, midday, and evening groups, respectively, and for waist circumference were 91.5 (95% CI: 89.4-93.6), 95.8 (95% CI: 94.7-96.9), and 95.0 (95% CI: 93.9-96.1) cm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The diurnal pattern of MVPA influences the association between MVPA and obesity. The promising role of morning MVPA for weight management warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu Ma
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Health Sciences Department, Franklin Pierce University, Rindge, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Thomas Bennett
- Health Sciences Department, Franklin Pierce University, Rindge, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Chong-Do Lee
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Mairead Wicklow
- Health Sciences Department, Franklin Pierce University, Rindge, New Hampshire, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bruggisser F, Knaier R, Roth R, Wang W, Qian J, Scheer FAJL. Best Time of Day for Strength and Endurance Training to Improve Health and Performance? A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:34. [PMID: 37208462 PMCID: PMC10198889 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00577-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current recommendations for physical exercise include information about the frequency, intensity, type, and duration of exercise. However, to date, there are no recommendations on what time of day one should exercise. The aim was to perform a systematic review with meta-analysis to investigate if the time of day of exercise training in intervention studies influences the degree of improvements in physical performance or health-related outcomes. METHODS The databases EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and SPORTDiscus were searched from inception to January 2023. Eligibility criteria were that the studies conducted structured endurance and/or strength training with a minimum of two exercise sessions per week for at least 2 weeks and compared exercise training between at least two different times of the day using a randomized crossover or parallel group design. RESULTS From 14,125 screened articles, 26 articles were included in the systematic review of which seven were also included in the meta-analyses. Both the qualitative synthesis and the quantitative synthesis (i.e., meta-analysis) provide little evidence for or against the hypothesis that training at a specific time of day leads to more improvements in performance-related or health-related outcomes compared to other times. There was some evidence that there is a benefit when training and testing occur at the same time of day, mainly for performance-related outcomes. Overall, the risk of bias in most studies was high. CONCLUSIONS The current state of research provides evidence neither for nor against a specific time of the day being more beneficial, but provides evidence for larger effects when there is congruency between training and testing times. This review provides recommendations to improve the design and execution of future studies on this topic. REGISTRATION PROSPERO (CRD42021246468).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Bruggisser
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Knaier
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ralf Roth
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jingyi Qian
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mode WJA, Slater T, Pinkney MG, Hough J, James RM, Varley I, James LJ, Clayton DJ. Effects of Morning Vs. Evening exercise on appetite, energy intake, performance and metabolism, in lean males and females. Appetite 2023; 182:106422. [PMID: 36539157 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is an important component of a weight management strategy. However, little is known about whether circadian variations in physiological and behavioural processes can influence the appetite and energy balance responses to exercise performed at different times of the day. This study compared the effects of morning and evening exercise on appetite, post-exercise energy intake, and voluntary performance. In randomised, counterbalanced order, 16 healthy males and females (n = 8 each) completed two trials, performing morning exercise at 10:30 (AMEx) or evening exercise at 18:30 (PMEx). Exercise consisted of 30 min steady-state cycling (60% V˙ O2peak), and a 15-min performance test. A standardised meal (543 ± 86 kcal) was consumed 2-h before exercise and ad-libitum energy intake was assessed 15 min after exercise, with subjective appetite measured throughout. Absolute ad-libitum energy intake was 152 ± 126 kcal greater during PMEx (P < 0.001), but there was no differences in subjective appetite between trials immediately pre-exercise, or immediately before the post-exercise meal (P ≥ 0.060). Resting energy expenditure (P < 0.01) and carbohydrate oxidation (P < 0.05) were greater during AMEx, but there were no differences in substrate oxidation or energy expenditure during exercise (P ≥ 0.155). Exercise performance was not different between trials (P = 0.628). In conclusion, acute morning and evening exercise prompt similar appetite responses, but post-exercise ad-libitum energy intake is greater following evening exercise. These findings demonstrate discordant responses between subjective appetite and ad-libitum energy intake but suggest that exercise might offset circadian variations in appetite. Longer-term studies are required to determine how exercise timing affects adherence and weight management outcomes to exercise interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT04742530, February 8, 2021.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J A Mode
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Tommy Slater
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mollie G Pinkney
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - John Hough
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ruth M James
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ian Varley
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Lewis J James
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - David J Clayton
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Guo J, Gelfand SB, Hennessy E, Aqeel MM, Eicher-Miller HA, Richards EA, Lin L, Bhadra A, Delp EJ. Cluster Analysis to Find Temporal Physical Activity Patterns Among US Adults. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.01.23.23284777. [PMID: 36747782 PMCID: PMC9901066 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.23.23284777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) is known to be a risk factor for obesity and chronic diseases such as diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Few attempts have been made to pattern the time of physical activity while incorporating intensity and duration in order to determine the relationship of this multi-faceted behavior with health. In this paper, we explore a distance-based approach for clustering daily physical activity time series to estimate temporal physical activity patterns among U.S. adults (ages 20-65) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2006 (NHANES). A number of distance measures and distance-based clustering methods were investigated and compared using various metrics. These metrics include the Silhouette and the Dunn Index (internal criteria), and the associations of the clusters with health status indicators (external criteria). Our experiments indicate that using a distance-based cluster analysis approach to estimate temporal physical activity patterns through the day, has the potential to describe the complexity of behavior rather than characterizing physical activity patterns solely by sums or labels of maximum activity levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Guo
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Saul B Gelfand
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Erin Hennessy
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University Boston MA, USA
| | - Marah M Aqeel
- Department of Nutrition Science Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Luotao Lin
- Department of Nutrition Science Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Anindya Bhadra
- Department of Statistics Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Edward J Delp
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Beaulieu K, Bin Hudayb A, Alhussain M, Finlayson G, Alkahtani S. Impact of exercise timing on perceived appetite and food reward in early and late chronotypes: An exploratory study in a male Saudi sample. Appetite 2023; 180:106364. [PMID: 36343870 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
There is very limited evidence on the influence of diurnal exercise timing on appetite control, and none on food reward or how an individual's chronotype could moderate such effects. We examined the impact of acute exercise timing on perceived appetite and food reward in young Saudi adults with early or late chronotypes. Forty-five young adults (23 ± 4 years; BMI = 25.1 ± 4.0 kg/m2) completed the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) and were divided into early (score = 59 ± 5) or late (score = 41 ± 6) chronotypes. Participants attended the laboratory after ≥4 h fast on two occasions for an AM (8:00-10:00) and PM (17:00-19:00) 30-min moderate-intensity cycling bout in a randomized counterbalanced order. Appetite ratings and food reward (Arab Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire) were measured before and after exercise. An acute exercise-induced decrease in hunger was found, which appeared to be dependent upon diurnal timing and chronotype, with hunger being more suppressed after AM exercise in the early chronotypes and after PM exercise in the late chronotypes. There was greater wanting for low-fat sweet foods after AM exercise relative to PM exercise, whereas there was greater wanting for high-fat sweet food and sweet relative to savoury food after PM exercise compared to AM exercise. These preliminary findings suggest that diurnal timing of exercise impacts food preferences, and that chronotype may influence the appetite response to an exercise bout at different times of day.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Beaulieu
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Abdulrahman Bin Hudayb
- Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Sport Sciences and Physical Activity, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Alhussain
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Graham Finlayson
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Shaea Alkahtani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Sport Sciences and Physical Activity, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Brooker PG, Gomersall SR, King NA, Leveritt MD. The efficacy of morning versus evening exercise for weight loss: A randomized controlled trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31:83-95. [PMID: 36502286 PMCID: PMC10108225 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of morning versus evening exercise on weight loss, cardiometabolic health, and components of energy balance. METHODS A total of 100 inactive adults with overweight or obesity were randomized to morning exercise (AMEx; 06:00-09:00), evening exercise (PMEx; 16:00-19:00), or wait-list control (CON). AMEx and PMEx were prescribed 250 min·wk-1 of self-paced aerobic exercise for 12 weeks. Anthropometry and body composition, physical activity, and dietary intake were assessed at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. Cardiorespiratory fitness (V̇O2 peak), resting metabolic rate, and blood markers were assessed at baseline and 12 weeks. Body composition and V̇O2 peak were also measured at 3- and 6-month follow-up. RESULTS AMEx and PMEx lost weight during the intervention (mean [SD], AMEx, -2.7 [2.5] kg, p < 0.001; PMEx, -3.1 [3.4] kg, p < 0.001). V̇O2 peak significantly increased in both intervention groups, and these changes were different from CON (AMEx, +4.7 mL·kg-1 ·min-1 , p = 0.034; PMEx, +4.2 mL·kg-1 ·min-1 , p = 0.045). There were no between-group differences for resting metabolic rate or physical activity. At 12 weeks, total energy intake was significantly reduced in both AMEx and PMEx versus CON (AMEx, -3974 kJ, p < 0.001; PMEx, -3165 kJ, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Adults with overweight and obesity experience modest weight loss in response to an exercise program, but there does not appear to be an optimal time to exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paige G Brooker
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health & Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sjaan R Gomersall
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health & Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health & Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Neil A King
- School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael D Leveritt
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health & Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu H, Liu S, Wang K, Zhang T, Yin L, Liang J, Yang Y, Luo J. Time-Dependent Effects of Physical Activity on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adults: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14194. [PMID: 36361072 PMCID: PMC9655086 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Physical activity is an important non-drug-related method to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases, but how exercise duration affects the cardiovascular metabolic risk factors in adults remains uncertain. This review systematically examines the time-dependent effects of physical activity on cardiovascular risk factors in adults and aims to further the understanding of the temporal therapeutics of exercise. METHODS Following the PRISMA guidelines, the PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and CNKI databases were systematically searched for relevant scientific studies from January 2000 to June 2022. RESULTS A total of 16 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review. The sample size ranged from 11-275 participants who were diagnosed with obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM), and Coronary Heart Disease (CAD), while the subjects in four studies did not report any metabolic or cardiovascular disease. Four studies conducted trials of acute exercise interventions, while the remaining intervention periods ranged from 12 days to 12 weeks. The exercise interventions included aerobic training, resistance training, aerobic training that was combined with resistance training, compound exercise, and high-intensity interval exercise, and the training frequency varied from 2-5 times/week. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this review found some evidence that the cardiovascular risk factors in adults may be time-dependent in response to physical activity. However, it is limited by the small sample size for each of the outcomes and several methodological issues, leading to poor comparability between studies. A randomized controlled trial with a larger sample size is supposed to be designed for the relevant population to completely test whether synchronizing the exercise time point in the day with the individual's circadian rhythm can amplify the benefits of the exercise for improving cardiovascular health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiong Luo
- Research Centre for Exercise Detoxification, College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Creasy SA, Wayland L, Panter SL, Purcell SA, Rosenberg R, Willis EA, Shiferaw B, Grau L, Breit MJ, Bessesen DH, Melanson EL, Catenacci VA. Effect of Morning and Evening Exercise on Energy Balance: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:816. [PMID: 35215466 PMCID: PMC8877501 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of randomizing adults with overweight and obesity (BMI 25-40 kg/m2) to morning (06:00-10:00) or evening (15:00-19:00) aerobic exercise. Participants completed four exercise sessions per week in the morning (AM, n = 18) or evening (PM, n = 15). The exercise program was 15 weeks and progressed from 70 to 80% heart rate maximum and 750-2000 kcal/week. Bodyweight, body composition, total daily energy expenditure (TDEE), energy intake (EI), sleep, sedentary behavior (SB), non-exercise physical activity (NEPA), and maximal aerobic capacity were assessed at baseline and week 15. Study retention was 94% and adherence to the supervised exercise program was ≥90% in both groups. Weight change was -0.9 ± 2.8 kg and -1.4 ± 2.3 kg in AM and PM, respectively. AM and PM increased TDEE (AM: 222 ± 399 kcal/day, PM: 90 ± 150 kcal/day). EI increased in AM (99 ± 198 kcal/day) and decreased in PM (-21 ± 156 kcal/day) across the intervention. It is feasible to randomize adults with overweight and obesity to morning or evening aerobic exercise with high levels of adherence. Future trials are needed to understand how the timing of exercise affects energy balance and body weight regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seth A. Creasy
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (S.L.P.); (S.A.P.); (R.R.); (M.J.B.); (D.H.B.); (E.L.M.); (V.A.C.)
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Liza Wayland
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Shelby L. Panter
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (S.L.P.); (S.A.P.); (R.R.); (M.J.B.); (D.H.B.); (E.L.M.); (V.A.C.)
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Sarah A. Purcell
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (S.L.P.); (S.A.P.); (R.R.); (M.J.B.); (D.H.B.); (E.L.M.); (V.A.C.)
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Rebecca Rosenberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (S.L.P.); (S.A.P.); (R.R.); (M.J.B.); (D.H.B.); (E.L.M.); (V.A.C.)
| | - Erik A. Willis
- Center for Health Promotion Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Bethelhem Shiferaw
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (B.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Laura Grau
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (B.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Matthew J. Breit
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (S.L.P.); (S.A.P.); (R.R.); (M.J.B.); (D.H.B.); (E.L.M.); (V.A.C.)
| | - Daniel H. Bessesen
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (S.L.P.); (S.A.P.); (R.R.); (M.J.B.); (D.H.B.); (E.L.M.); (V.A.C.)
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
- Division of Endocrinology, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Edward L. Melanson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (S.L.P.); (S.A.P.); (R.R.); (M.J.B.); (D.H.B.); (E.L.M.); (V.A.C.)
- Eastern Colorado VA Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Division of Geriatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Victoria A. Catenacci
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (S.L.P.); (S.A.P.); (R.R.); (M.J.B.); (D.H.B.); (E.L.M.); (V.A.C.)
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Coletta AM, Playdon MC, Baron KG, Wei M, Kelley K, Vaklavas C, Beck A, Buys SS, Chipman J, Ulrich CM, Walker D, White S, Oza S, Zingg RW, Hansen PA. The association between time-of-day of habitual exercise training and changes in relevant cancer health outcomes among cancer survivors. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258135. [PMID: 34637457 PMCID: PMC8509995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship between time-of-day of exercise training and changes in relevant cancer health outcomes among cancer survivors. METHODS Retrospective analysis of data collected from 2016-2019 from a hospital-based exercise oncology program. Descriptive statistics were calculated for demographic, clinical, and exercise timing characteristics (e.g. AM, PM, or mix) among survivors with available data for exercise training time (n = 233). For the total sample and a breast cancer sub-analysis, univariate analysis of covariance, adjusted for age, was carried out by exercise training time, for change in the following outcomes collected during the program's assessment sessions: cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular endurance (human performance variables), physical function, anthropometrics, self-reported fatigue, and quality of life (QoL). Change in body mass index (BMI) and body weight was included in the breast cancer analysis. RESULTS Overall, 37.3% of survivors habitually engaged in AM exercise (e.g. ≥ 75% AM training), 34.3% in PM exercise, and 28.3% in a mix of AM and PM exercise training throughout the program. Median time in the program was 17 weeks. Significant improvements in most human performance and physical function variables were observed in the total sample regardless of exercise training time-of-day. Among breast cancer survivors, PM but not AM or mixed was associated with improvements in fitness, and lower-body muscular endurance and function. Mixed exercise timing was linked with greater increase in waist circumference (total sample: 3.02cm, 95%CI 1.55, 4.49; breast cancer: 3.57cm 95%CI 0.96, 6.18), body weight (breast cancer: 1.6kg, 95%CI 0.3, 2.8) and BMI (breast cancer: 0.6kg/m2, 95%CI 0.1, 1.0). AM and PM exercise, but not mixed, was associated with improvements in fatigue and QoL. CONCLUSION Time-of-day of exercise training may differentially impact changes in human performance and physical function variables. Mixed exercise training time may result in less favorable outcomes related of weight management variables among cancer survivors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M. Coletta
- Department of Health & Kinesiology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Mary C. Playdon
- Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Kelly G. Baron
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Mei Wei
- Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Kristen Kelley
- Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Christos Vaklavas
- Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Anna Beck
- Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Saundra S. Buys
- Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Chipman
- Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Department of Population Health Sciences, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Cornelia M. Ulrich
- Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Department of Population Health Sciences, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Darren Walker
- Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Shelley White
- Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Sonal Oza
- Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Rebecca W. Zingg
- Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Pamela A. Hansen
- Huntsman Cancer Institute at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Blankenship JM, Rosenberg RC, Rynders CA, Melanson EL, Catenacci VA, Creasy SA. Examining the Role of Exercise Timing in Weight Management: A Review. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:967-978. [PMID: 34034354 PMCID: PMC8591839 DOI: 10.1055/a-1485-1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Many adults cite exercise as a primary strategy for losing weight, yet exercise alone is modestly effective for weight loss and results in variable weight loss responses. It is possible that some of the variability in weight loss may be explained by the time of day that exercise is performed. Few studies have directly compared the effects of exercise performed at different times of the day (i. e., morning versus evening exercise). Results from these existing studies are mixed with some studies demonstrating superior weight and fat mass loss from morning exercise, while other studies have found that evening exercise may be better for weight management. Exercise timing may alter modifiable lifestyle behaviors involved in weight management, such as non-exercise physical activity, energy intake, and sleep. The purpose of this review is to summarize evidence for and against time-of-day dependent effects of exercise on weight management. Although limited, we also review studies that have examined the effect of exercise timing on other lifestyle behaviors linked to body weight regulation. While exercise at any time of day is beneficial for health, understanding whether there is an optimal time of day to exercise may advance personalized treatment paradigms for weight management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Blankenship
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Corey A. Rynders
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Edward L. Melanson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- Department of Geriatrics, VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, CO
| | - Victoria A. Catenacci
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Seth A. Creasy
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Creasy SA, Hibbing PR, Cotton E, Lyden K, Ostendorf DM, Willis EA, Pan Z, Melanson EL, Catenacci VA. Temporal patterns of physical activity in successful weight loss maintainers. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:2074-2082. [PMID: 34127805 PMCID: PMC8388061 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00877-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Individuals successful at weight loss maintenance engage in high amounts of physical activity (PA). Understanding how and when weight loss maintainers accumulate PA within a day and across the week may inform PA promotion strategies and recommendations for weight management. METHODS We compared patterns of PA in a cohort of weight loss maintainers (WLM, n = 28, maintaining ≥13.6 kg weight loss for ≥1 year, BMI 23.6 ± 2.3 kg/m2), controls without obesity (NC, n = 30, BMI similar to current BMI of WLM, BMI 22.8 ± 1.9 kg/m2), and controls with overweight/obesity (OC, n = 26, BMI similar to pre-weight loss BMI of WLM, 33.6 ± 5.1 kg/m2). PA was assessed during 7 consecutive days using the activPALTM activity monitor. The following variables were quantified; sleep duration, sedentary time (SED), light-intensity PA (LPA), moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (MVPA), and steps. Data were examined to determine differences in patterns of PA across the week and across the day using mixed effect models. RESULTS Across the week, WLM engaged in ≥60 min of MVPA on 73% of days, significantly more than OC (36%, p < 0.001) and similar to NC (59%, p = 0.10). Across the day, WLM accumulated more MVPA in the morning (i.e., within 3 h of waking) compared to both NC and OC (p < 0.01). WLM engaged in significantly more MVPA accumulated in bouts ≥10 min compared to NC and OC (p < 0.05). Specifically, WLM engaged in more MVPA accumulated in bouts of ≥60 min compared to NC and OC (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS WLM engage in high amounts of MVPA (≥60 min/d) on more days of the week, accumulate more MVPA in sustained bouts, and accumulate more MVPA in the morning compared to controls. Future research should investigate if these distinct patterns of PA help to promote weight loss maintenance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seth A. Creasy
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO,Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Paul R. Hibbing
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Eleanor Cotton
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Kate Lyden
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| | - Danielle M. Ostendorf
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO,Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Erik A. Willis
- Center for Health Promotion Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC,Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Zhaoxing Pan
- Biostatistics Core, Research Institute of Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Edward L. Melanson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO,Eastern Colorado VA Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Aurora, CO,Division of Geriatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Victoria A. Catenacci
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO,Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Veronda AC, Kline CE, Irish LA. The impact of circadian timing on energy balance: an extension of the energy balance model. Health Psychol Rev 2021; 16:161-203. [PMID: 34387140 DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2021.1968310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A significant proportion of the population is classified as having overweight or obesity. One framework which has attempted to explain biobehavioral mechanisms influencing the development of overweight and obesity is the energy balance model. According to this model, the body continually attempts to balance energy intake with energy expenditure. When energy intake and energy expenditure become imbalanced, there is an increase in homeostatic and allostatic pressure, generally to either increase energy intake or decrease energy expenditure, so as to restore energy homeostasis.Recent research has indicated that circadian aspects of energy intake and energy expenditure may influence energy balance. This paper provides a narrative review of existing evidence of the role of circadian timing on components of energy balance. Research on the timing of food intake, physical activity, and sleep indicates that unhealthy timing is likely to increase risk of weight gain. Public health guidelines focus on how much individuals eat and sleep, what foods are consumed, and the type and frequency of exercise, but the field of circadian science has begun to demonstrate that when these behaviors occur may also influence overweight and obesity prevention and treatment efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison C Veronda
- Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Christopher E Kline
- Department of Health and Human Development, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Leah A Irish
- Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.,Sanford Center for Biobehavioral Research, Sanford Research, Fargo, ND, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sustaining Regular Exercise During Weight Loss Maintenance: The Role of Consistent Exercise Timing. J Phys Act Health 2021; 18:1253-1260. [PMID: 34391207 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2021-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercising at a consistent versus variable time of day cross-sectionally relates to greater moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among weight loss maintainers. This study evaluated the relationships between exercise timing and both MVPA levels and habit strength, as well as stability in exercise timing, over 1 year among maintainers in the National Weight Control Registry. METHODS Participants (n = 709) completed questionnaires assessing exercise timing, MVPA, and exercise automaticity (a measure of habit) at baseline and 1-year follow-up. At each assessment, participants were labeled temporally consistent exercisers if >50% of their exercise sessions per week occurred in one time window: early morning, late morning, afternoon, or evening. Participants exercising consistently during the same window at both assessments were labeled as having stable patterns. RESULTS Temporally consistent exercise at baseline, regardless of its specific time, related to greater MVPA over time (Ps< .05). Approximately half of temporally consistent exercisers at baseline exhibited stable patterns. Early morning exercise and greater exercise automaticity at baseline predicted stable patterns (Ps< .005). Temporally consistent exercise, especially during the early morning, related to greater automaticity across time (Ps< .01). CONCLUSIONS Consistent exercise timing may help maintainers accrue more MVPA. Consistent early morning exercise was most strongly related to exercise automaticity and routine stability.
Collapse
|
19
|
Teo SYM, Kanaley JA, Guelfi KJ, Dimmock JA, Jackson B, Fairchild TJ. Effects of diurnal exercise timing on appetite, energy intake and body composition: A parallel randomized trial. Appetite 2021; 167:105600. [PMID: 34284064 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of diurnal exercise timing on appetite, energy intake and body composition in individuals with overweight or obesity. METHODS Forty sedentary, individuals with overweight or obesity (17 males, 23 females; age: 51 ± 13 years; BMI: 30.9 ± 4.2 kg/m2) were randomly allocated to complete a 12-week supervised multi-modal exercise training program performed either in the morning (amEX) or evening (pmEX). Outcome measures included appetite in response to a standardised test meal, daily energy intake (EI), body weight and body composition. Measures of dietary behaviour were assessed at baseline and post-intervention, along with habitual physical activity, sleep quality and sleep quantity. Significance was set at p ≤ .05 and Hedge's g effect sizes were calculated. RESULTS Regardless of timing, exercise training increased perceived fullness (AUC; g = 0.82-1.67; both p < .01), decreased daily EI (g = 0.73-0.93; both p < .01) and body-fat (g = 0.29-0.32; both p <. 01). The timing of exercise did not change the daily EI or body-fat response to training (all p ≥ .27), however, perceived fullness increased in the amEX group (p ≤ .01). DISINHIBITION: (g = 0.35-1.95; p ≤ .01) and Hunger (g = 0.05-0.4; p = .02) behaviours decreased following exercise training, with Disinhibition demonstrating greater improvements in the pmEX group (p = .01). Objective and subjective sleep quantity increased with training (all p ≤ .01), but sleep quality was not reported to change. CONCLUSIONS Multi-modal exercise training improved body composition and some appetite outcomes, although changes were inconsistent and largely independent of exercise-timing. In the absence of dietary manipulation, the effect of diurnal exercise timing on appetite and body composition appear trivial compared to the overall benefits of exercise participation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Y M Teo
- Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Australia; The Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Australia.
| | - Jill A Kanaley
- Department of Nutrition & Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, USA.
| | - Kym J Guelfi
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia.
| | | | - Ben Jackson
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Australia.
| | - Timothy J Fairchild
- Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Australia; The Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Beaulieu K, Blundell JE, van Baak MA, Battista F, Busetto L, Carraça EV, Dicker D, Encantado J, Ermolao A, Farpour-Lambert N, Pramono A, Woodward E, Bellicha A, Oppert JM. Effect of exercise training interventions on energy intake and appetite control in adults with overweight or obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2021; 22 Suppl 4:e13251. [PMID: 33949089 PMCID: PMC8365695 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review examined the impact of exercise training interventions on energy intake (EI) and appetite control in adults with overweight/obesity (≥18 years including older adults). Articles were searched up to October 2019. Changes in EI, fasting appetite sensations, and eating behavior traits were examined with random effects meta-analysis, and other outcomes were synthesized qualitatively. Forty-eight articles were included (median [range] BMI = 30.6 [27.0-38.4] kg/m2 ). Study quality was rated as poor, fair, and good in 39, seven, and two studies, respectively. Daily EI was assessed objectively (N = 4), by self-report (N = 22), with a combination of the two (N = 4) or calculated from doubly labeled water (N = 1). In studies rated fair/good, no significant changes in pre-post daily EI were found and a small but negligible (SMD < 0.20) postintervention difference when compared with no-exercise control groups was observed (five study arms; MD = 102 [1, 203] kcal). There were negligible-to-small pre-post increases in fasting hunger and dietary restraint, decrease in disinhibition, and some positive changes in satiety and food reward/preferences. Within the limitations imposed by the quality of the included studies, exercise training (median duration of 12 weeks) leads to a small increase in fasting hunger and a small change in average EI only in studies rated fair/good. Exercise training may also reduce the susceptibility to overconsumption (PROSPERO: CRD42019157823).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Beaulieu
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Research Group (ACEB), School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - John E Blundell
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Research Group (ACEB), School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Marleen A van Baak
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Battista
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Busetto
- Obesity Management Task Force (OMTF), European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), Teddington, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Eliana V Carraça
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Desporto, CIDEFES, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dror Dicker
- Obesity Management Task Force (OMTF), European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), Teddington, UK.,Department of Internal Medicine D, Hasharon Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jorge Encantado
- APPsyCI - Applied Psychology Research Center Capabilities & Inclusion, ISPA - University Institute, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andrea Ermolao
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Nathalie Farpour-Lambert
- Obesity Management Task Force (OMTF), European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), Teddington, UK.,Obesity Prevention and Care Program Contrepoids, Service of Therapeutic Education for Chronic Diseases, Department of Community Medicine, Primary Care and Emergency, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Adriyan Pramono
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Euan Woodward
- Obesity Management Task Force (OMTF), European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), Teddington, UK
| | - Alice Bellicha
- INSERM, Nutrition and obesities: systemic approaches, NutriOmics, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,UFR SESS-STAPS, University Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Jean-Michel Oppert
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital, Department of Nutrition, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Aqeel M, Guo J, Lin L, Gelfand S, Delp E, Bhadra A, Richards EA, Hennessy E, Eicher-Miller HA. Temporal physical activity patterns are associated with obesity in U.S. adults. Prev Med 2021; 148:106538. [PMID: 33798532 PMCID: PMC8489165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Few attempts have been made to incorporate multiple aspects of physical activity (PA) to classify patterns linked with health. Temporal PA patterns integrating time and activity counts were created to determine their association with health status. Accelerometry data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2006 was used to pattern PA counts and time of activity from 1999 adults with one weekday of activity. Dynamic time warping and kernel k-means clustering partitioned 4 participant clusters representing temporal PA patterns. Multivariate regression models determined associations between clusters and health status indicators and obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Cluster 1 with a temporal PA pattern of the lowest activity counts reaching 4.8e4 cph from 6:00-23:00 was associated with higher body mass index (BMI) (β = 2.5 ± 0.6 kg/m2, 95% CI: 1.0, 4.1), higher waist circumference (WC) (β = 6.4 ± 1.3 cm, 95% CI: 2.8, 10.0), and higher odds of obesity (OR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.3, 4.4) compared with Cluster 3 with activity counts reaching 9.6e4-1.2e5 cph between 16:00-21:00. Cluster 1 was also associated with higher BMI (β = 1.5 ± 0.5 kg/m2, 95% CI: 0.1, 2.8) and WC (β = 3.6 ± 1.3 cm, 95% CI: 0.1, 7.0) compared to Cluster 4 with activity counts reaching 9.6e4 cph between 8:00-11:00. A Temporal PA pattern with the lowest PA counts had significantly higher mean BMI and WC compared to temporal PA patterns of higher activity counts performed early (8:00-11:00) or late (16:00-21:00) throughout the day. Temporal PA patterns appear to meaningfully link to health status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marah Aqeel
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Luotao Lin
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Saul Gelfand
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Edward Delp
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Anindya Bhadra
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | | | - Erin Hennessy
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Saidi O, Colin E, Rance M, Doré E, Pereira B, Duché P. Effect of morning versus evening exercise training on sleep, physical activity, fitness, fatigue and quality of life in overweight and obese adults. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:1537-1548. [PMID: 34128447 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1935988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This study compares the effectiveness of a 12-week moderate exercise training program (METP), performed in the morning versus the evening, on sleep, physical activity, physical fitness, sleepiness, fatigue and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in overweight and obese patients. Sedentary and inactive overweight/obese adults (n = 36) were included in METP and randomized into two groups: morning group (GM) and evening group (GE). Twenty-eight participants successfully completed METP (3 × 90 min exercise session per week for 12 weeks, completion rates >80%). Sleep, physical activity, and bedtime temperature were measured using accelerometry and infrared tympanic temperature during 3 separate weeks of the study (Week1, Week6, and Week12). Participants also took part in baseline and endpoint assessments including physical fitness as well as subjective physical activity, chronotype, sleep quality, sleepiness, fatigue and HRQoL. METP did not impact objective sleep quality differently between the two groups (morning vs evening). Bedtime and mid-sleep were advanced when METP was done in the morning whereas they were delayed when METP was practiced in the early evening (p = .003). Beside this finding, no valuable differences between the two groups were noted in all the remaining measures. METP resulted in improvements of body composition, cardiorespiratory and muscular endurance, as well as a favorable impact on subjective sleep quality, diurnal sleepiness, fatigue and HRQoL in both groups (all p < .05). Evening METP could be an effective alternative for overweight/obese adults when morning METP is not possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Saidi
- Laboratory of Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Center for Research in Human Nutrition Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Laboratory Physical Activity Impact on Health (IAPS), Toulon University, Toulon, France
| | - Etienne Colin
- Laboratory of Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Center of Resources, Expertise and Performance in Sports (CREPS), Bellerivesur-Allier, France
| | - Mélanie Rance
- Center of Resources, Expertise and Performance in Sports (CREPS), Bellerivesur-Allier, France
| | - Eric Doré
- Laboratory of Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Center for Research in Human Nutrition Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Biostatistics Unit (DRCI), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pascale Duché
- Laboratory Physical Activity Impact on Health (IAPS), Toulon University, Toulon, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Weitzer J, Castaño‐Vinyals G, Aragonés N, Gómez‐Acebo I, Guevara M, Amiano P, Martín V, Molina‐Barceló A, Alguacil J, Moreno V, Suarez‐Calleja C, Jiménez‐Moleón JJ, Marcos‐Gragera R, Papantoniou K, Pérez‐Gómez B, Llorca J, Ascunce N, Gil L, Gracia‐Lavedan E, Casabonne D, Lope V, Pollán M, Kogevinas M. Effect of time of day of recreational and household physical activity on prostate and breast cancer risk (MCC-Spain study). Int J Cancer 2021; 148:1360-1371. [PMID: 32976649 PMCID: PMC7891656 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence indicates that exercise performed at different times of the day may affect circadian rhythms and circadian disruption has been linked to breast and prostate cancer. We examined in a population-based case-control study (MCC-Spain) if the time-of-day when physical activity is done affects prostate and breast cancer risk. Lifetime recreational and household physical activity was assessed by in-person interviews. Information on time-of-day of activity (assessed approximately 3 years after the assessment of lifetime physical activity and confounders) was available for 781 breast cancer cases, 865 population female controls, 504 prostate cases and 645 population male controls from 10 Spanish regions, 2008-2013. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for different activity timings compared to inactive subjects using unconditional logistic regression adjusting for confounders. Early morning (8-10 am) activity was associated with a protective effect compared to no physical activity for both breast (OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.48-1.15) and prostate cancer (OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.44-1.20); meta-OR for the two cancers combined 0.74 (95%CI = 0.53-1.02). There was no effect observed for breast or prostate cancer for late morning to afternoon activity while a protective effect was also observed for evening activity only for prostate cancer (OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.45-1.24). Protective effects of early morning activity were more pronounced for intermediate/evening chronotypes for both cancers. This is the first population-based investigation identifying a differential effect of timing of physical activity on cancer risk with more pronounced effects for morning hour activity. Our results, if confirmed, may improve current physical activity recommendations for cancer prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Weitzer
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)BarcelonaSpain
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public HealthMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Gemma Castaño‐Vinyals
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)BarcelonaSpain
- ISGlobalBarcelonaSpain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Nuria Aragonés
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
- Public Health Division, Department of HealthEpidemiology SectionMadridSpain
| | - Inés Gómez‐Acebo
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
- Universidad de Cantabria—IDIVALSantanderSpain
| | - Marcela Guevara
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
- Navarra Public Health InstitutePamplonaSpain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA)PamplonaSpain
| | - Pilar Amiano
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
- Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, Public Health Division of GipuzkoaBiodonostia Health Research InstituteDonostia‐San SebastianSpain
| | - Vicente Martín
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
- The Research Group in Gene—Environment and Health Interactions (GIIGAS)/Institut of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de LeónLeónSpain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical SciencesArea of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de LeónLeónSpain
| | | | - Juan Alguacil
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
- Environmental Epidemiology and Neuroscience LaboratoryRENSMA, Huelva UniversityHuelvaSpain
| | - Victor Moreno
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, IDIBELLHospitalet de LlobregatSpain
- Catalan Institute of OncologyHospitalet de LlobregatSpain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | | | - José Juan Jiménez‐Moleón
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of MedicineUniversity of Granada & Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada ibs.GRANADAGranadaSpain
| | - Rafael Marcos‐Gragera
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
- Research Group on Statistics, Econometrics and Health (GRECS)University of GironaGironaSpain
- Unitat d'Epidemiologia i Registre de Càncer de Girona (UERCG), Pla Director d'Oncologia, Institut Català d'Oncologia, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), Universitat de GironaGironaSpain
| | - Kyriaki Papantoniou
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public HealthMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Beatriz Pérez‐Gómez
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
- Environmental and Cancer Epidemiology Unit, National Center of EpidemiologyInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases Unit, National Centre for EpidemiologyCarlos III Institute of HealthMadridSpain
| | - Javier Llorca
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
- Universidad de Cantabria—IDIVALSantanderSpain
| | - Nieves Ascunce
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
- Navarra Public Health InstitutePamplonaSpain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA)PamplonaSpain
| | - Leire Gil
- Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, Public Health Division of GipuzkoaBiodonostia Health Research InstituteDonostia‐San SebastianSpain
| | | | - Delphine Casabonne
- Unit of Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology in Infections and Cancer (UNIC‐Molecular)Hospitalet de LlobregatSpain
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, IDIBELLHospitalet de LlobregatSpain
- Catalan Institute of OncologyHospitalet de LlobregatSpain
| | - Virginia Lope
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
- Environmental and Cancer Epidemiology Unit, National Center of EpidemiologyInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
- GEICAM Spanish Breast Cancer GroupMadridSpain
| | - Marina Pollán
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
- Environmental and Cancer Epidemiology Unit, National Center of EpidemiologyInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Manolis Kogevinas
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)BarcelonaSpain
- ISGlobalBarcelonaSpain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)MadridSpain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute)BarcelonaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fillon A, Beaulieu K, Miguet M, Bailly M, Finlayson G, Julian V, Masurier J, Pereira B, Duclos M, Boirie Y, Thivel D. Delayed meal timing after exercise is associated with reduced appetite and energy intake in adolescents with obesity. Pediatr Obes 2020; 15:e12651. [PMID: 32372568 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the beneficial effects of exercise on appetite might depend on its timing during the day or relative to a meal, this remains poorly explored in youth. OBJECTIVES To examine the importance of meal timing (+30 vs +90 minutes) after performing exercise on energy intake, appetite and food reward in adolescents with obesity. METHODS Eighteen adolescents with obesity randomly completed three conditions: (a) lunch (12:00 pm) set 30 minutes after a rest session (11:00 am); (b) lunch (12:00 pm) set 30 minutes after an exercise session (11:00 am)(MEAL-30); (c) lunch (01:00 pm) set 90 minutes after an exercise session (11:00 am)(MEAL-90). Lunch and dinner ad libitum energy intake was assessed, food reward (LFPQ) assessed before and after lunch, and before dinner, appetite sensations were assessed at regular intervals. RESULTS Energy intake was lower at MEAL-90 than MEAL-30 and CON at lunch (P < .05 and P < .01, respectively) and lunch + dinner combined (P < .001). A decrease in intake (g) of protein, fat and carbohydrate was observed. Post-exercise hunger was lower on MEAL-90 compared with CON. No condition effects were found at lunch for food reward. CONCLUSIONS Delaying the timing of the meal after exercise might help affect energy balance by decreasing ad libitum energy intake without increasing hunger and by improving satiety in adolescents with obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Fillon
- AME2P, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,UGECAM Nutrition Obesity Ambulatory Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Maud Miguet
- AME2P, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mélina Bailly
- AME2P, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | | - Julie Masurier
- UGECAM Nutrition Obesity Ambulatory Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Biostatistics Unit (DRCI), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Martine Duclos
- AME2P, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yves Boirie
- AME2P, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David Thivel
- AME2P, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Schumacher LM, Thomas JG, Raynor HA, Rhodes RE, Bond DS. Consistent Morning Exercise May Be Beneficial for Individuals With Obesity. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2020; 48:201-208. [PMID: 32658039 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review explores the hypothesis that a consistent exercise time, especially consistent morning exercise, improves exercise adherence and weight management for individuals with overweight or obesity. We discuss data supporting this premise, identify limitations of current research, and outline directions for future research on exercise timing to more robustly evaluate our thesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah M Schumacher
- Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital/Brown Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI
| | - J Graham Thomas
- Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital/Brown Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI
| | - Hollie A Raynor
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN
| | - Ryan E Rhodes
- School of Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education/Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dale S Bond
- Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital/Brown Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pazzianotto-Forti EM, Moreno MA, Plater E, Baruki SBS, Rasera-Junior I, Reid WD. Impact of Physical Training Programs on Physical Fitness in People With Class II and III Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Phys Ther 2020; 100:963-978. [PMID: 32211862 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzaa045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical training, regardless of the presence of concurrent weight loss, provides numerous health benefits for individuals who are overweight and obese and have or are at risk for cardiovascular disease. PURPOSE The purpose of this review was to identify different types of physical training programs (aerobic, resistance, or combined), with or without counseling/diet modifications, and their impact on physical fitness in individuals who have class II and III obesity. DATA SOURCES Medline and Medline In-Process, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Web of Science, LILACS, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, and PubMed were searched up to June 2017. STUDY SELECTION This review had the following inclusion criteria: body mass index of ≥35 kg/m2 and age 18 years or older; supervised physical training program; randomized controlled trial; physical fitness outcome (muscular strength, muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance, and/or flexibility); in English or Portuguese; and available full-text article. DATA EXTRACTION Three reviewers independently extracted data, assessed study risk of bias using the Cochrane tool, and discussed disagreements until consensus was reached. DATA SYNTHESIS Of the 9460 identified articles, 26 were included and 8 were used in a meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed improvements in walking speed and maximal oxygen uptake but not knee extension strength in the intervention groups. The Cochrane risk-of-bias score indicated that the majority of the data were from randomized controlled trials with a low or unclear risk of bias. LIMITATIONS The large variability of outcomes and interventions made comparisons difficult. CONCLUSIONS A combination of aerobic exercise and resistance exercise, in addition to diet modifications, may improve cardiovascular and muscular endurance in individuals with class II and III obesity. However, conclusions must be interpreted with caution because of the heterogeneity in interventions and outcome measures among the studies and an unclear risk of bias in several studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eli Maria Pazzianotto-Forti
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Rodovia do Açucar, Km 156, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo 13.400-911, Brazil
| | | | - Emma Plater
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Silvia Beatriz Serra Baruki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Methodist University of Piracicaba; Faculty of Physical Education, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul,Corumbá, Brazil
| | - Irineu Rasera-Junior
- Bariatric Surgery Clinic, Hospital dos Fornecedores de Cana de Piracicaba, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - W Darlene Reid
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Interdivisional Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto; and KITE-Toronto Rehab-University Health Network
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fillon A, Mathieu ME, Boirie Y, Thivel D. Appetite control and exercise: Does the timing of exercise play a role? Physiol Behav 2020; 218:112733. [PMID: 31707067 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevention and management of chronic diseases, particularly overweight and obesity, relies on multidisciplinary strategies mainly combining dietary approaches with physical activity. Recently, the timing of exercise (time of the day as well as delay/position relative to a meal) has been suggested as an important parameter to consider when prescribing physical activity. Some studies have for instance shown the interest of the timing of exercise on the glycemia, sleep and body composition regulation. However, the impact of exercise-timing on appetite control and energy intake remains unclear. This is why, the present paper questions whether physical exercise, depending on its timing during the day and related to a meal, can affect energy intake, appetite sensations and food reward. Although evidences remain actually limited, exercising during the morning; and particularly close to lunch, might have a better impact on overall energy balance through reduced subsequent energy intake, without leading to compensatory intakes at the following meals. Importantly, dealing with the timing of exercise to optimize energy balance (and affect energy intake and appetite) does not only require to consider its time during the day (morning vs. afternoon or evening), but also and maybe mainly its order/position (pre vs. post) and delay regarding meals. While the actual literature remains limited in this area, the present paper tends to highlight the importance of considering the timing of exercise to optimize our impact on the overall energy balance, and to encourage the elaboration of further studies to better understand and determine the potential effect of this timing of exercise, in order to find the best combination between the different exercise characteristics, intensity, duration, modality, to empower these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Fillon
- Clermont Auvergne University, EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Clermont-Ferrand, France; University Clermont Auvergne, INRA, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; UGECAM Nutrition Obesity Ambulatory Hostipal, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - M E Mathieu
- School of Kinesiology and physical activity sciences, University of Montreal, 2100 Edouard-Montpetit, Montreal H3C 3J7, Canada; Sainte-Justine UHC Research Center, 5757 Decelles, Montreal H3T 1C5, Canada.
| | - Y Boirie
- University Clermont Auvergne, INRA, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; University Clermont Auvergne, CRNH Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Nutrition Clinique, CSO CALORIS, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - D Thivel
- Clermont Auvergne University, EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Clermont-Ferrand, France; University Clermont Auvergne, CRNH Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Presby DM, Checkley LA, Jackman MR, Higgins JA, Jones KL, Giles ED, Houck JA, Webb PG, Steig AJ, Johnson GC, Rudolph MC, MacLean PS. Regular exercise potentiates energetically expensive hepatic de novo lipogenesis during early weight regain. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 317:R684-R695. [PMID: 31553623 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00074.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is a potent facilitator of long-term weight loss maintenance (WLM), whereby it decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure beyond the cost of the exercise bout. We have previously shown that exercise may amplify energy expenditure through energetically expensive nutrient deposition. Therefore, we investigated the effect of exercise on hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) during WLM and relapse to obesity. Obese rats were calorically restricted with (EX) or without (SED) treadmill exercise (1 h/day, 6 days/wk, 15 m/min) to induce and maintain weight loss. After 6 wk of WLM, subsets of WLM-SED and WLM-EX rats were allowed ad libitum access to food for 1 day to promote relapse (REL). An energy gap-matched group of sedentary, relapsing rats (REL-GM) were provided a diet matched to the positive energy imbalance of the REL-EX rats. During relapse, exercise increased enrichment of hepatic DN-derived lipids and induced hepatic molecular adaptations favoring DNL compared with the gap-matched controls. In the liver, compared with both REL-SED and REL-GM rats, REL-EX rats had lower hepatic expression of genes required for cholesterol biosynthesis; greater hepatic expression of genes that mediate very low-density lipoprotein synthesis and secretion; and greater mRNA expression of Cyp27a1, which encodes an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of bile acids. Altogether, these data provide compelling evidence that the liver has an active role in exercise-mediated potentiation of energy expenditure during early relapse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Presby
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - L Allyson Checkley
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Matthew R Jackman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Janine A Higgins
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Erin D Giles
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Julie A Houck
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Patricia G Webb
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Amy J Steig
- Center for Human Nutrition at the University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ginger C Johnson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael C Rudolph
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Paul S MacLean
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Center for Human Nutrition at the University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Willis EA, Creasy SA, Honas JJ, Melanson EL, Donnelly JE. The effects of exercise session timing on weight loss and components of energy balance: midwest exercise trial 2. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 44:114-124. [PMID: 31289334 PMCID: PMC6925313 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0409-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background/objectives Circadian physiology has been linked to body weight regulation and obesity. To date, few studies have assessed the association between exercise timing and weight related outcomes. The aim of this secondary analysis was to explore the impact of exercise timing (i.e., 24 h clock time of exercise session) on weight loss and components of energy balance. Subjects/methods Overweight/obese (BMI 25.0–39.9 kg/m2), physically inactive, young adults (~51% female) completed a 10-month supervised exercise program (400 or 600 kcal/session for 5 days/week) or served as non-exercise controls (CON). Participants were categorized based on the time of day in which they completed exercise sessions (Early-Ex: >50% of sessions completed between 7:00 and 11:59 am; (n = 21), Late-Ex: >50% of sessions completed between 3:00 and 7:00 pm; (n = 25), Sporadic-Ex: <50% of sessions completed in any time category; (n = 24), and CON; (n = 18)). Body weight, energy intake (EI; digital photography), and non-exercise physical activity (NEPA; accelerometer) were assessed at baseline, 3.5, 7, and 10 months. Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE; doubly labeled water), was assessed at baseline and 10 months. Results At month 10, weight loss was significantly greater in both Early-EX (−7.2 ± 1.2%; p < 0.001) and Sporadic-EX (− 5.5 ± 1.2%; p = 0.01) vs CON (+0.5 ± 1.0%), and Early-EX vs Late-EX (−2.1 ± 1.0%; p < 0.001). There were no between group differences for change in TDEE, EI, and non-exercise energy expenditure (P > 0.05). A significant group × time interaction (p = 0.02) was observed for NEPA (counts/min), however, after adjusting for multiple comparisons, group effects were no longer significant. Conclusions Despite minimal differences in components of energy balance, Early-EX lost significantly more weight compared with Late-Ex. Although the mechanisms are unclear, the timing of exercise may be important for body weight regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Willis
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Division of Epidemiology and Genetics, Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Seth A Creasy
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Aurora, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jeffery J Honas
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Edward L Melanson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Aurora, Aurora, CO, USA.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Eastern Colorado VA Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Joseph E Donnelly
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Brooker PG, Gomersall SR, King NA, Leveritt MD. The feasibility and acceptability of morning versus evening exercise for overweight and obese adults: A randomized controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2019; 14:100320. [PMID: 30705992 PMCID: PMC6348200 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The time of day that people exercise could have an influence on the efficacy of exercise for weight loss, via differences in adherence and/or physiological adaptations. However, there is currently no evidence to support an optimal time of day for exercise to maximise efficacy. PURPOSE To examine the feasibility and acceptability of prescribed morning and evening exercise. METHODS Twenty inactive, overweight adults aged 18-60 years were recruited for a 12-week intervention and randomized to one of three groups using a 2:2:1 random allocation ratio: i) morning exercise (AM; n = 9); ii) evening exercise (PM; n = 7); or iii) waitlist control (CON; n = 4). Exercise groups were prescribed self-paced walking or running on a treadmill to achieve a weekly total of 250 min. Feasibility and acceptability data were collected, and physiological and behavioural outcomes associated with energy balance were measured at baseline, mid- and post-intervention. RESULTS Attrition was low (n = 2 dropped out), with high measurement completion rates (>80%). The intervention groups had high adherence rates to exercise sessions (94% and 87% for the AM and PM groups, respectively). No adverse events resulting from the intervention were reported. Both intervention groups displayed improvements to their cardiometabolic risk profile; cardiorespiratory fitness improved by 5.2 ± 4.7, and 4.6 ± 4.5 mL kg-1.min-1 and body fat percentage reduced by 1.2 ± 1.4, and -0.6 ± 1.2% for AM and PM groups, respectively. CONCLUSION This feasibility study provides evidence that morning and evening exercise interventions are feasible, and also provides justification for a large-scale randomized controlled trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12616000457448p, 7/4/2016).
Collapse
Key Words
- 3-FU, 3-month follow-up
- 6-FU, 6-month follow-up
- AM, morning exercise
- BL, baseline
- BMI, body mass index
- CON, control
- DXA, dual x-ray absorptiometry
- Energy balance
- Exercise
- Feasibility
- LFPQ, Leeds food preference questionnaire
- MARCA, Multimedia activity recall for children and adults
- MEQ, morningness-eveningness questionnaire
- MVPA, moderate-vigorous physical activity
- PAL, physical activity level
- PM, evening exercise
- PSQI, Pittsburgh sleep quality index
- RMR, resting metabolic rate
- RPE, ratings of perceived exertion
- Randomized controlled trial
- TFEQ, three-factor eating questionnaire
- Time of day
- VAS, visual analogue scale
- VO2peak, peak oxygen uptake
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paige G. Brooker
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sjaan R. Gomersall
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Neil A. King
- School of Exercise & Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael D. Leveritt
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Reid RER, Thivel D, Mathieu ME. Understanding the potential contribution of a third "T" to FITT exercise prescription: the case of timing in exercise for obesity and cardiometabolic management in children. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:911-914. [PMID: 30875478 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Currently, exercise prescription relies heavily on parameters included in the FITT principle: frequency, intensity, time (duration), and type of exercise. In this paper, the benefits of including timing (FITT+T), referring to when exercise is performed in relation to meal-time, is discussed. Current research indicates that timing is outcome-specific. Total energy and lipid intakes, and postprandial hypertriglyceridemia can be reduced when exercise is performed pre-meal, while glycemic control is improved with post-meal exercise. Although findings indicate that timing can aid in obesity management and cardiometabolic-risk reduction, most research involves adult subjects and acute investigations. Some research with children, concerning the effect of timing on appetite, indicates that pre-meal exercise helps regulate energy balance, but also identifies key differences in response compared with adults. Overall, current findings support the benefits of timing, but research is required to establish guidelines that are specific to the pediatric population and their health-related goals, while incorporating other FITT components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E R Reid
- a Department of Kinesiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - David Thivel
- b Metabolic Adaptation to Exercise Under PhyioPathological condition Laboratory (AME2P), Center for Human Nutrition Research (CRNH Auvergne), Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie-Eve Mathieu
- a Department of Kinesiology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.,c Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|