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Gholap AD, Pardeshi SR, Hatvate NT, Dhorkule N, Sayyad SF, Faiyazuddin M, Khalid M. Environmental implications and nanotechnological advances in octocrylene-enriched sunscreen formulations: A comprehensive review. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142235. [PMID: 38705416 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a major contributor to skin aging, cancer, and other detrimental health effects. Sunscreens containing FDA-approved UV filters, like avobenzone, offer protection but suffer from photodegradation and potential phototoxicity. Encapsulation, antioxidants, and photostabilizers are strategies employed to combat these drawbacks. Octocrylene, an organic UV filter, utilizes nanotechnology to enhance sun protection factor (SPF). This review examines recent literature on octocrylene-enriched sunscreens, exploring the interplay between environmental impact, nanotechnological advancements, and clinical trial insights. A critical focus is placed on the environmental consequences of sunscreen use, particularly the potential hazards UV filters pose to marine ecosystems. Research in the Mediterranean Sea suggests bacterial sensitivity to these filters, raising concerns about their integration into the food chain. This review aims to guide researchers in developing effective strategies for photostabilization of UV filters. By combining encapsulation, photostabilizers, and antioxidants, researchers can potentially reduce phototoxic effects and contribute to developing more environmentally friendly sunscreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol D Gholap
- St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar, 401404, Maharashtra, India; Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrutvahini College of Pharmacy, Sangamner, 422608, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sagar R Pardeshi
- St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar, 401404, Maharashtra, India
| | - Navnath T Hatvate
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Marathwada Campus, Jalna, Maharashtra, 431203, India
| | - Nilesh Dhorkule
- St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar, 401404, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sadikali F Sayyad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrutvahini College of Pharmacy, Sangamner, 422608, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Md Faiyazuddin
- School of Pharmacy, Al-Karim University, Katihar, Bihar, 854106, India; Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Sunway Centre for Electrochemical Energy and Sustainable Technology (SCEEST), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan University, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401 India; Chitkara Centre for Research and Development, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh 174103, India.
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Couteau C, Philippe A, Galharret JM, Metay E, Coiffard L. UV filters in everyday cosmetic products, a comparative study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:2976-2986. [PMID: 38079041 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31330-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Today, UV filters are found as contaminants in a variety of biological fluids and environment, e.g. in vegetable crops and surface water. This is because UV filters are widely used in everyday products. In this context, we focused this study on cosmetic products, in order to assess the importance of this source of contamination. The study of 742 cosmetic products, excluding actual sunscreen products, but including hygiene, personal care and make-up products and perfumes revealed that the most common UV filters present are butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (90 products or 12.1% of products tested), octyl methoxycinnamate (75 products or 10.1% of products tested), octocrylene (62 products or 8.3% of products tested), octyl salicylate (43 products or 5.8% of products tested) and titanium dioxide (33 products or 4.4% of products tested). Very few UV filters are found in the hygiene products (only in 12 shampoos/conditioners and in 2 shower gels) and deodorants and toothpastes are completely free of them. Conversely, make-up and perfumes are frequently formulated with at least one UV filter. Seventy-five of the two hundred and forty-four (or 30.7%) skincare products studied contained at least one UV filter. 49.1 of the makeup products studied and 74.3% of perfumes contained it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Couteau
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Nantes, 9 rue Bias, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Anne Philippe
- Université de Nantes - Laboratoire de Mathématiques Jean Leray, UMR CNRS 6629, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 cedex 3, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Michel Galharret
- Université de Nantes - Laboratoire de Mathématiques Jean Leray, UMR CNRS 6629, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 cedex 3, Nantes, France
| | - Emilie Metay
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Nantes, 9 rue Bias, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Laurence Coiffard
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Nantes, 9 rue Bias, 44000, Nantes, France.
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3
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Stoffmonographie für Octocrylen – HBM-Werte für die Metaboliten 2-Cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylsäure (CPAA) und 2-(Carboxymethyl)butyl 2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylat (Dinor-OC-Carbonsäure, DOCCA) im Urin der Allgemeinbevölkerung. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2023; 66:1304-1314. [PMID: 37917172 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-023-03785-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
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4
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Cowden AM, Whittock AL, Holt EL, Stavros VG, Wills M. Synthesis and characterisation of novel composite sunscreens containing both avobenzone and octocrylene motifs. RSC Adv 2023; 13:17017-17027. [PMID: 37293474 PMCID: PMC10245224 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02252h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Avobenzone and octocrylene are popular sunscreen active ingredients. Experiments that probe the stability of avobenzone in binary mixtures with octocrylene are presented, together with the synthesis of a class of novel composite sunscreens that were designed by covalently linking avobenzone and octocrylene groups. Spectroscopy, both steady-state and time-resolved, of the fused molecules was performed to investigate the stability of the new molecules and their potential function as ultraviolet filters. Computational results are detailed for truncated versions of a subset of the molecules to reveal the energy states underlying the absorption processes of this new class of sunscreen. The results indicate that the combination of elements of the two sunscreen molecules into one molecule creates a derivative with good stability to UV light in ethanol and in which the main degradation pathway of the avobenzone component in acetonitrile is reduced. Derivatives containing p-chloro substituents are particularly stable to UV light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Cowden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- Molecular Analytical Science Centre for Doctoral Training, Senate House, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Abigail L Whittock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- Analytical Science Centre for Doctoral Training, Senate House, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Emily L Holt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | - Martin Wills
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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Fidanzi C, Iannone M, Tonini G, Romanelli M, Dini V, Janowska A. An adult with allergic contact dermatitis from octocrylene in a sunscreen. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Medici A, Saviano L, Siciliano A, Libralato G, Guida M, Previtera L, Di Fabio G, Zarrelli A. Octocrylene: From Sunscreens to the Degradation Pathway during Chlorination Processes: Formation of Byproducts and Their Ecotoxicity Assessment. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27165286. [PMID: 36014525 PMCID: PMC9415856 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Octocrylene is an organic sunscreen whose main action is to absorb UVB radiation and short UVA wavelengths; it is used in various cosmetic products in order to provide an adequate sun-protection factor or to protect the cosmetic formulations themselves from UV radiation. This filter is believed to be a possible endocrine disruptor and is also questioned due to its allergic and/or photoallergic potential. However, it continues to be widely used, and it has been found in various environments, not least those of swimming pools, where it is evidently released by consumers, to the point that it is now considered an emerging micropollutant. The present investigation presents the possible chemical fate of octocrylene in the typical chlorination conditions of wastewater or swimming pools. A total of 11 disinfection byproducts were identified, and 6 were identified for the first time, and separated by HPLC. These products were identified through careful mass spectrometry studies and 1D and 2D NMR experiments. A formation mechanism has been proposed that justifies the chemical structures of all of the compounds identified. The ecotoxicological assessment of octocrylene and their products was carried out by employing Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Brachionus plicatilis and Aliivibrio fischeri as bioindicators. The ecotoxicity results reveal that toxic byproducts might be generated during the oxidation process, increasing the potential risk to the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Medici
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Saviano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Siciliano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Libralato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Lucio Previtera
- Associazione Italiana per la Promozione delle Ricerche su Ambiente e Salute Umana, 82030 Dugenta, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Fabio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Armando Zarrelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Vicinale Cupa Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-674472
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Abstract
Sensitive skin is characterized by symptoms such as stinging and tingling in response to stimuli that usually do not cause unpleasant sensations. Epidemiological studies show that individuals with sensitive skin are more prone to developing skin allergies, although the link between both conditions is unknown. Aiming to evaluate the presence of allergens in facial-skin products for sensitive skin, a pool of 88 cosmetic products from international brands marketed in pharmacies and parapharmacies was analyzed. A list of allergens identified in product labels was compiled and grouped according to their function. Fragrances were the most common allergens, followed by skin-conditioning agents, surfactants, and preservatives. Fragrances presenting the highest use percentages were linalool, benzyl alcohol, geraniol, and citronellol. Overall, the majority of cosmetic formulations were absent of fragrance allergens, being present only in 7% of products. Other allergens were found in most products (95%). This finding should be interpreted with caution, since many of these compounds are rare sensitizers and studies demonstrating their risk for individuals with sensitive skin are lacking. With this study, useful information for health professionals is provided to support their advice and to help consumers choosing cosmetic products.
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Sunscreen filter octocrylene is a potential obesogen by acting as a PPARγ partial agonist. Toxicol Lett 2022; 355:141-149. [PMID: 34864131 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Octocrylene (OC) is an extensively prescribed organic ultraviolet B filter used in sunscreen products. Due to its extensive use, a significant level of OC is detected in marine and freshwater environments. Notably, the bioaccumulation of OC in aquatic biota may affect human health. In this study, the effect of OC on metabolism was investigated using the adipogenesis model of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs). OC promoted adiponectin production during adipogenesis in hBM-MSCs compared to the vehicle-treated control (EC50, 29.6 μM). In target identification, OC directly bound to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ (Ki, 37.8 μM). OC-bound PPARγ also significantly recruited nuclear receptor coactivator proteins SRC-1 (EC50, 54.1 μM) and SRC-2 (EC50, 58.6 μM). In the molecular docking simulation study, the optimal ligand-binding mode of OC suggested that OC is a PPARγ partial agonist. A competitive analysis with a PPARγ full agonist pioglitazone revealed that OC acted as a PPARγ partial agonist. OC altered the gene transcription profile of lipid-metabolism associated enzymes in normal human keratinocytes, primarily exposed human cells after the application of sunscreens. In conclusion, OC is a potential metabolic disrupting obesogen.
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Xie BB, Tang XF, Liu XY, Chang XP, Cui G. Mechanistic photophysics and photochemistry of unnatural bases and sunscreen molecules: insights from electronic structure calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:27124-27149. [PMID: 34849517 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03994f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photophysics and photochemistry are basic subjects in the study of light-matter interactions and are ubiquitous in diverse fields such as biology, energy, materials, and environment. A full understanding of mechanistic photophysics and photochemistry underpins many recent advances and applications. This contribution first provides a short discussion on the theoretical calculation methods we have used in relevant studies, then we introduce our latest progress on the mechanistic photophysics and photochemistry of two classes of molecular systems, namely unnatural bases and sunscreens. For unnatural bases, we disclose the intrinsic driving forces for the ultrafast population to reactive triplet states, impacts of the position and degree of chalcogen substitutions, and the effects of complex environments. For sunscreen molecules, we reveal the photoprotection mechanisms that dissipate excess photon energy to the surroundings by ultrafast internal conversion to the ground state. Finally, relevant theoretical challenges and outlooks are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Xie
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, 1108 Gengwen Road, Hangzhou 311231, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Xiu-Fang Tang
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, 1108 Gengwen Road, Hangzhou 311231, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Xiang-Yang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068, China
| | - Xue-Ping Chang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, P. R. China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China.
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10
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Roh J, Cheng H. Ultraviolet filter, fragrance and preservative allergens in New Zealand sunscreens. Australas J Dermatol 2021; 63:e21-e25. [PMID: 34751433 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Allergic contact dermatitis, photoallergic contact dermatitis and irritant reactions to sunscreens are common reasons for dermatology consultation. Patch testing for contact allergy relies on up-to-date knowledge of allergen exposures. The aim of this study was to investigate contact allergens and photoallergens in sunscreens commercially sold on the shelves of supermarkets and pharmacies in New Zealand. METHODS A comprehensive market data review of suppliers' websites was performed from March to August 2019 to obtain a list of the commonly sold sunscreens in our region. Ingredients were collated and analysed according to International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI) names. Ultraviolet (UV) filters, preservatives and fragrances were included for analysis. Place of sale and cost of sunscreens were also recorded. RESULTS Ninety-five sunscreens were analysed: 36% sold in supermarkets, 43% in pharmacies and the remainder available in both. The most frequent UV filters were butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (contained in 70% of products) followed by octocrylene (63%) and homosalate (50%). The common photoallergen benzophenone 3 was found in 19% of products. Phenoxyethanol was the most common preservative (68%) followed by disodium EDTA (30%) and propylparaben (26%). Two sunscreens contained methylisothiazolinone. Sixty-one per cent contained at least one fragrance, the most frequent being limonene (17%) and linalool (13%). There was an average of 1.1 New Zealand baseline series allergens per product (range 0 to 6, standard deviation 1.27). CONCLUSION Common allergens including those with high sensitising potential were frequently found in New Zealand sunscreen. Knowledge of ingredients used by manufacturers is useful in dermatological assessment of skin contact reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Roh
- Department of General Medicine, Waitematā District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Harriet Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand.,Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Marmgren V, Mowitz M, Zimerson E, Hindsén M, Bruze M. Contact allergy to fragrance mix I and its components in individuals with photocontact allergy to ketoprofen. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:660-670. [PMID: 34414573 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contact allergy to fragrance mix I (FM I) is over-represented in patients photoallergic to ketoprofen. The prevalence of contact allergy to two components of FM I, cinnamal and cinnamyl alcohol, in ketoprofen-photoallergic patients is higher than in dermatitis patients. OBJECTIVE To explore the prevalence of contact allergy to FM I and its individual components in patients with photocontact allergy to ketoprofen, and to compare with a dermatitis and the general population. METHODS Data on patch and photopatch tests performed between 2009-2018 were collected. Ketoprofen-photoallergic patients were compared with dermatitis patients and published data on the general population regarding the prevalence and the distribution of contact allergy to FM I and its components. RESULTS A higher prevalence of contact allergy to cinnamyl alcohol compared with cinnamal (23.3% vs 10.0%), and eugenol compared with isoeugenol (23.3% vs 6.7%), was observed in ketoprofen-photoallergic patients, while the relationship was the opposite in the dermatitis group (0.7% vs 1.05%; 0.4% vs 0.9%). The overall prevalence of contact allergy to several components of FM I was significantly higher in ketoprofen-photoallergic patients. CONCLUSIONS Contact allergy to FM I and many of its components is over-represented in patients photoallergic to ketoprofen compared with dermatitis patients and the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Marmgren
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Dermatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Mowitz
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Erik Zimerson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Monica Hindsén
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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12
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Pesqué D, March-Rodriguez Á, Dahlin J, Isaksson M, Pujol RM, Giménez-Arnau E, Giménez-Arnau AM. Bikini textile contact dermatitis: A Sherlockian approach revealing 2.4-dichlorophenol as a potential textile contact allergen. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:679-685. [PMID: 34291473 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different textile constituents may act as allergens and/or irritants and provoke textile contact dermatitis (TCD). OBJECTIVES To report a case of TCD caused by ethylene glycol monododecyl ether and 2.4-dichlorophenol, present in a bikini. METHODS A woman presented with an eczematous, pruritic rash in the area of the bikini straps and back. Patch testing was performed with the European baseline, textile, sunscreen, and photo-patch series, the bikini "as is", and ethanol and acetone extracts of the bikini. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) of the extracts and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis were used to elucidate the culprit agents. RESULTS Positive reactions were found to the bikini "as is" and to the ethanol and acetone extracts. Patch testing with TLC strips showed a strong reaction to spots-fractions 3 and 4. GC-MS was performed to identify substances in each fraction and those suspected to be skin sensitisers were patch tested. On day (D) 4 positive reactions to ethylene glycol monododecyl ether (irritant reaction) and 2.4-dichlorophenol (++) were observed. CONCLUSION A myriad of chemical compounds can be found in clothing. Ethylene glycol monododecyl ether and 2.4-dichlorophenol were identified as the potential culprits of this bikini TCD. HIGHLIGHTS We have combined chemical analyses (thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) to study a case of textile contact dermatitis. As such, the presence of a myriad of chemical compounds was found in a bikini, suggesting that clothing in general may become impregnated or contaminated by a wide range of external substances that may be harmful to the skin. Textile contact dermatitis could in this case be attributed to ethylene glycol monododecyl ether (CAS No. 4536-30-5) and 2.4-dichlorophenol (CAS No. 120-83-2), the latter not yet previously described as a textile contact allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pesqué
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar- Institut Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Álvaro March-Rodriguez
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar- Institut Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jakob Dahlin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marléne Isaksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ramon M Pujol
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar- Institut Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Giménez-Arnau
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, University of Strasbourg, Institute of Chemistry, CNRS UMR 7177, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ana M Giménez-Arnau
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar- Institut Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
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Meng Q, Yeung K, Chan KM. Toxic effects of octocrylene on zebrafish larvae and liver cell line (ZFL). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 236:105843. [PMID: 34010734 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Octocrylene (OC) is a broad-spectrum ultraviolet-absorbing chemical used in sunscreen and other personal care products. Its health effects are a concern because it has been detected in water, fish, humans, and food chains. In vivo and in vitro investigations were performed in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae and a zebrafish liver cell line (ZFL), respectively, to understand the potential risks and molecular mechanisms of OC toxicity. The 96-h median lethal concentration (LC50) of OC was determined to be 251.8 μM in larvae and 5.5 μM in ZFL cells. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that OC induced the expression of genes for CYPs (CYP1A, CYP3A65), estrogen receptors (ERα, ERβ1, GPER), vitellogenin (VTG1), and sex determination (BRCA2, CYP19A, DMRT1, SOX9A), both in vitro and in vivo. A whole-transcriptome sequencing method was used to evaluate the gene expression profile of larvae exposed to OC. OC was found to mediate the biosynthesis of estrogens (such as estriol) and affect the antioxidant pathway (glutathione transferases and peroxisome). These findings clarify the toxic effects and molecular mechanisms of OC and support banning its use in cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Meng
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Karen Yeung
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - King Ming Chan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong.
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14
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Singh A, Čížková M, Bišová K, Vítová M. Exploring Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids (MAAs) as Safe and Natural Protective Agents against UV-Induced Skin Damage. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050683. [PMID: 33925517 PMCID: PMC8145676 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to harmful ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can induce many chronic or acute skin disorders in humans. To protect themselves, many people have started to apply cosmetic products containing UV-screening chemicals alone or together with physical sunblocks, mainly based on titanium–dioxide (TiO2) or zinc-oxide (ZnO2). However, it has now been shown that the use of chemical and physical sunblocks is not safe for long-term application, so searches for the novel, natural UV-screening compounds derived from plants or bacteria are gaining attention. Certain photosynthetic organisms such as algae and cyanobacteria have evolved to cope with exposure to UVR by producing mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). These are promising substitutes for chemical sunscreens containing commercially available sunblock filters. The use of biopolymers such as chitosan for joining MAAs together or with MAA-Np (nanoparticles) conjugates will provide stability to MAAs similar to the mixing of chemical and physical sunscreens. This review critically describes UV-induced skin damage, problems associated with the use of chemical and physical sunscreens, cyanobacteria as a source of MAAs, the abundance of MAAs and their biotechnological applications. We also narrate the effectiveness and application of MAAs and MAA conjugates on skin cell lines.
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Foubert K, Dendooven E, Theunis M, Naessens T, Ivanova B, Pieters L, Gilissen L, Huygens S, De Borggraeve W, Lambert J, Goossens A, Aerts O. The presence of benzophenone in sunscreens and cosmetics containing the organic UV filter octocrylene: A laboratory study. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:69-77. [PMID: 33763894 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reason why patients photosensitized to the drug ketoprofen (KP) may develop severe photoallergic skin reactions to octocrylene (OCT), an organic ultraviolet filter in sunscreens and cosmetics, remains largely unknown. OCT can be synthesized by using unsubstituted benzophenone (BP), a possible human carcinogen. OBJECTIVES To verify if, and to what extent, BP residues are present in OCT-containing consumer products. METHODS The raw material of OCT and 39 skincare products, of which 28 contain OCT, were chemically analysed for the presence of BP by means of liquid chromatography. RESULTS In the OCT raw material and in all 28 OCT-containing products the presence of BP could be demonstrated, mostly in concentrations above 10 ppm (0.001%), whereas a majority of OCT-free products (8/11, 73%) did not contain BP. Moreover, BP concentrations significantly increased, in a time- and temperature-dependent manner, likely due to the additional degradation of OCT. CONCLUSIONS Photoallergic contact dermatitis from OCT in patients photosensitized to KP might rely on residual BP impurities. Toxicological and ecological studies that evaluate the safety of OCT might also need to consider the concomitant presence of BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenn Foubert
- Research Group Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ella Dendooven
- Research Group Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Antwerp (UZA), Edegem, Belgium.,Research Group Immunology, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mart Theunis
- Research Group Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tania Naessens
- Research Group Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Boryana Ivanova
- Research Group Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Luc Pieters
- Research Group Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Gilissen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sara Huygens
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Julien Lambert
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Antwerp (UZA), Edegem, Belgium.,Research Group Immunology, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - An Goossens
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olivier Aerts
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Antwerp (UZA), Edegem, Belgium.,Research Group Immunology, Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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17
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Phototoxic and Photoallergic Contact Reactions. Contact Dermatitis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Guesmi A, Ohlund L, Sleno L. In vitro metabolism of sunscreen compounds by liquid chromatography/high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8679. [PMID: 31782973 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Exposure to UV light can induce adverse effects on human health, such as photo-aging, immunosuppression, and cancer. Sunscreens are used to prevent the absorption of UV rays, but certain UV-filtering compounds have been shown to disrupt endocrine systems or act as carcinogens. To assess the effects of the exposure to such compounds, it is important to study the pathways by which they are biotransformed in the body. METHODS Liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS/MS) was employed to evaluate the oxidative metabolism and, specifically, the formation of reactive metabolites of six active ingredients commonly used in sunscreen formulations: oxybenzone, avobenzone, homosalate, octisalate, octocrylene, and octinoxate. In vitro incubations were performed with human and rat liver microsomes in the presence of β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and glutathione. An LC/HRMS/MS method was developed to identify metabolites employing a biphenyl reversed-phase column for separating parent molecules, metabolites, and glutathione (GSH) adducts. RESULTS Each tested compound resulted in the formation of several metabolites, including at least one GSH adduct. Compounds containing ester groups were hydrolyzed, and some metabolites of the free acid forms were also detected. High-resolution MS/MS data was crucial for the structural elucidation of metabolites and GSH adducts. Fragmentation pathways were proposed for all parent compounds, as well as each described metabolite and adduct. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study will help better understand the metabolism and detoxification pathways of these xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Guesmi
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Downtown Station, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Leanne Ohlund
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Downtown Station, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lekha Sleno
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Downtown Station, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Rolls S, Owen E, Bertram CG, Bourke JF, Buckley DA, Chowdhury MMU, Cooper SM, Ghaffar SA, Green CM, Hughes TM, Johnston GA, Reckling CM, Thompson DA, Wakelin SH, Wilkinson M, Stone NM. What is in? What is out? Updating the British Society for Cutaneous Allergy facial series. Br J Dermatol 2020; 184:151-155. [PMID: 32282055 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) to cosmetics is widely reported. To ensure we are accurately diagnosing ACD, patch test series should be continually reviewed to identify relevant and emerging allergens and highlight those that are outdated. The current British Society for Cutaneous Allergy (BSCA) facial series recommends 26 allergens and was last modified in 2012. OBJECTIVES To review and update the BSCA facial series. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the results from 12 UK and Ireland patch test centres' facial series from January 2016 to December 2017. We recorded the number of allergens tested in each centre and the detection rate for each allergen. Using a 0·3% positive rate as the inclusion threshold, we established which allergens in the BSCA facial series had positive patch test rates < 0·3% and > 0·3%. Allergens not in the BSCA facial series that had a positive patch test rate > 0·3% were identified. RESULTS Overall, 4224 patients were patch tested to the facial series. The number of allergens included in individual centres' facial series ranged from 24 to 66, with a total of 103 allergens tested across all centres. Twelve of the 26 allergens in the BSCA facial series had a positive patch test rate < 0·3% and 14 had a rate > 0·3%. Twenty-five allergens not recommended in the BSCA facial series had a positive patch test rate > 0·3%. CONCLUSIONS This audit has highlighted the significant variation in practice that exists among patch test centres, despite a recommended facial series. The BSCA facial series has been updated and now contains 24 allergens. Fifteen allergens remain, 11 allergens have been dropped and nine new allergens have been added.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rolls
- Royal Gwent and Nevill Hall Hospitals, Newport, UK
| | - E Owen
- Royal Gwent and Nevill Hall Hospitals, Newport, UK
| | | | - J F Bourke
- South Infirmary Victoria University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - T M Hughes
- Royal Gwent and Nevill Hall Hospitals, Newport, UK
| | | | | | - D A Thompson
- Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - S H Wakelin
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - M Wilkinson
- Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - N M Stone
- Royal Gwent and Nevill Hall Hospitals, Newport, UK
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Suleiman M, Schröder C, Kuhn M, Simon A, Stahl A, Frerichs H, Antranikian G. Microbial biofilm formation and degradation of octocrylene, a UV absorber found in sunscreen. Commun Biol 2019; 2:430. [PMID: 31799432 PMCID: PMC6874559 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0679-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Octocrylene is a widely used synthetic UV absorber of sunscreens and found in several environments. Ecological consequences of the accumulation of UV filters are widely discussed. This is the first report revealing the microbial potential to transform octocrylene. A microbial community comprising four bacterial species was enriched from a landfill site using octocrylene as carbon source. From these microorganisms Mycobacterium agri and Gordonia cholesterolivorans were identified as most potent applying a new "reverse discovery" approach. This relies on the possibility that efficient strains that are already isolated and deposited can be identified through enrichment cultures. These strains formed massive biofilms on the octocrylene droplets. GC-MS analysis after cultivation for 10 days with M. agri revealed a decrease in octocrylene concentration of 19.1%. LC-MS/MS analysis was utilized in the detection and quantification of transformation products of octocrylene. M. agri thus represents an ideal candidate for bioremediation studies with octocrylene and related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Suleiman
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carola Schröder
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Kuhn
- Beiersdorf Aktiengesellschaft, 20245 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Simon
- Central Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alina Stahl
- Central Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heike Frerichs
- Central Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Garabed Antranikian
- Institute of Technical Microbiology, Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), 21073 Hamburg, Germany
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Hiller J, Klotz K, Meyer S, Uter W, Hof K, Greiner A, Göen T, Drexler H. Systemic availability of lipophilic organic UV filters through dermal sunscreen exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 132:105068. [PMID: 31470219 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical UV filters are common components in sunscreens and cosmetic products and used to protect the skin against harmful effects of sunlight like sunburn. However, the effectiveness of sunscreens in the prevention of skin cancer is in some parts still controversial. Meanwhile, questions about negative effects of the chemical UV filters on human health arise and request an effective risk assessment. Real-life exposure data in humans after application of these products are still rare. Thus, we explored whether and to what extent UV filters are absorbed through the skin into the human body. MATERIAL AND METHODS Plasma and urine samples from 20 healthy volunteers were collected before, during and after a real-life exposure scenario (1st application: 2 mg/cm2; 2nd and 3rd (after 2 and 4 h): 1 mg/cm2 each) using a commercial sunscreen formulation for one day. These samples were analyzed for their content of the currently prominent UV filters octocrylene and avobenzone as well as 2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylic acid (CDAA) as the main octocrylene metabolite by using different liquid chromatography electrospray-ionization tandem mass spectrometric procedures. RESULTS Following dermal sunscreen exposure, avobenzone, octocrylene and CDAA reached concentrations up to 11 μg/L, 25 μg/L and 1352 μg/L in plasma. In urine detection rates of avobenzone and octocrylene were low while CDAA showed a high detection rate and reached up to 5207 μg/g creatinine. Kinetic models could be fitted for octocrylene and CDAA in plasma and CDAA in urine. Concentration peaks were reached between 10 and 16 h after first application and half-life periods were in the range of 1.5 to 2 days. The lipophilic UV filter octocrylene and its metabolite CDAA showed a much slower elimination than other more hydrophilic UV filters. Concordantly, the metabolite CDAA in particular showed a markedly increased renal excretion over the whole sampling period and indicated high internal exposure to OC. DISCUSSION Real-life sunscreen usage leads to considerable bioavailability of organic UV filters and their metabolites which is rarely seen for other environmental exposures. A combined monitoring of the parent compound and its metabolites is important to fully address internal exposure to the UV filter in humans. Considering the kinetic profiles a prolonged systemic release due to depot formation in skin and a potential accumulation through multi-day exposure is presumed. High in-vivo loads call for a critical toxicological assessment of the UV filters and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hiller
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Katrin Klotz
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Meyer
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Waldstr. 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Waldstr. 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Hof
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Annette Greiner
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Göen
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Hans Drexler
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Henkestr. 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Chang XP, Fang YG, Cui G. QM/MM Studies on the Photophysical Mechanism of a Truncated Octocrylene Model. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:8823-8831. [PMID: 31550143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b07280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Methyl 2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacrylate (MCDPA) shares the same molecular skeleton with octocrylene (OCR) that is one of the most common molecules used in commercially available sunscreens. However, its excited-state relaxation mechanism is unclear. Herein, we have used the QM(CASPT2//CASSCF)/MM method to explore spectroscopic properties, geometric and electronic structures, relevant conical intersections and crossing points, and excited-state relaxation paths of MCDPA in methanol solution. We found that in the Franck-Condon (FC) region, the V(1ππ*) state is energetically lower than the V'(1ππ*) state only by 2.8 kcal/mol and is assigned to experimentally observed maximum absorption band. From these two initially populated singlet states, there exist three nonradiative relaxation paths to repopulate the S0 state. In the first one, when the V(1ππ*) state is populated in the FC region, the system diabatically evolves along the V(1ππ*) state into its minimum where the internal conversion to S0 occurs. In the second one, the V'(1ππ*) state is populated in the FC region and the system adiabatically overcomes a barrier of ca. 3.0 kcal/mol to approach the V(1ππ*) minimum eventually leading to a V(1ππ*)-to-S0 internal conversion. In the third one, the V'(1ππ*) state first hops via the intersystem crossing to the T2 state, which then decays through the internal conversion to the T1 state. The T1 state is finally converted to the S0 state via the T1/S0 crossing point. Our present work contributes to understanding the photophysics of OCR and its variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ping Chang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Xinyang Normal University , Xinyang 464000 , P. R. China
| | - Ye-Guang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P. R. China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry , Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875 , P. R. China
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Berardesca E, Zuberbier T, Sanchez Viera M, Marinovich M. Review of the safety of octocrylene used as an ultraviolet filter in cosmetics. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 33 Suppl 7:25-33. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Berardesca
- Phillip Frost Dept. of Dermatology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami USA
| | - T. Zuberbier
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | | | - M. Marinovich
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences University of Milan Italy
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Holt EL, Stavros VG. Applications of ultrafast spectroscopy to sunscreen development, from first principles to complex mixtures. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2019.1663062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Holt
- Molecular Analytical Science Centre for Doctoral Training, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Tanahashi T, Sasaki K, Numata M, Matsunaga K. Three cases of photoallergic contact dermatitis induced by the ultraviolet absorber benzophenone that occurred after dermatitis due to ketoprofen‐Investigation of cosensitization with other ultraviolet absorbers and patient background. JOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS IMMUNOLOGY AND ALLERGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cia2.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazumi Sasaki
- Biological Resource Center National Institute of Technology and Evaluation Tokyo Japan
| | - Mitsuru Numata
- Biological Resource Center National Institute of Technology and Evaluation Tokyo Japan
| | - Kayoko Matsunaga
- Department of Integrative Medical Science for Allergic Disease Fujita Health University School of Medicine Aichi Japan
- SSCI‐Net Aichi Japan
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Delaunay J, Chassain K, Sarre M, Avenel‐Audran M. A drug not recognized as a photosensitizer? Contact Dermatitis 2019; 81:143-144. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Prunk Zdravković T, Zdravković B, Zdravković M, Dariš B, Lunder M, Ferk P. In-vitro study of the influence of octocrylene on a selected metastatic melanoma cell line. GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2019; 154:197-204. [DOI: 10.23736/s0392-0488.17.05616-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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30
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Urinary metabolites of the UV filter octocrylene in humans as biomarkers of exposure. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:1227-1238. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02408-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Gonçalo M. Phototoxic and Photoallergic Reactions. Contact Dermatitis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_18-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Gonçalo M. Photopatch Testing. Contact Dermatitis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_29-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ibbotson S. Drug and chemical induced photosensitivity from a clinical perspective. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:1885-1903. [PMID: 30283959 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00011e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Drug photosensitivity is a relatively common occurrence and a range of mechanisms may be involved. Some of these mechanisms will be discussed, including the most common, that of drug phototoxicity. Different types of photosensitivity are addressed with respect to clinical presentation, mechanisms and additionally the contribution to our understanding through clinically directed investigations and regulatory requirements. Repeated controlled therapeutic use of drug phototoxicity, with psoralen-UVA (PUVA) photochemotherapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT) will also be discussed. Finally, the potential for drug-induced photocarcinogenesis will also be covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Ibbotson
- Photobiology Unit, Dermatology Department, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK.
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Muñiz-González AB, Martínez-Guitarte JL. Effects of single exposure and binary mixtures of ultraviolet filters octocrylene and 2-ethylhexyl 4-(dimethylamino) benzoate on gene expression in the freshwater insect Chironomus riparius. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:35501-35514. [PMID: 30350147 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3516-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet filters are used extensively in the production of many personal care and industrial products. These products can inadvertently pollute the environment through recreational activities. They have been associated with endocrine disruption in vertebrates but their effects in invertebrates are poorly understood. Chironomus riparius is a species of the dipteran order, with aquatic larvae that are frequently used in toxicity tests. Previously, we showed that octocrylene (OC) and 2-ethylhexyl 4-(dimethylamino) benzoate (OD-PABA) differentially affected the mRNA levels of the ecdysone receptor and Hsp70 genes. For a better understanding of their mode of action, transcriptional activity by real-time PCR was analyzed in fourth instar larvae exposed to OC, OD-PABA, or a binary mixture of both. We studied 16 genes related to the endocrine system, stress, the immune system, and biotransformation mechanisms to elucidate the putative interactions between these compounds. No response was observed for the genes involved in biotransformation, suggesting that enzymes other than cytochromes P450 and glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) could get involved in transformation of these compounds. Similarly, no response was observed for endocrine-related genes while the stress gene HYOU1 was inhibited by OD-PABA, suggesting an effect in response to hypoxia. In addition, no significant interactions were observed following exposure to a binary mixture of these compounds. Overall, the results suggest a weak, acute response in different metabolic pathways and a lack of interaction between the compounds. Finally, new genes are identified in this organism, opening the possibility to analyze new cellular pathways as targets of toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Belén Muñiz-González
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Departamento de Física Matemática y de Fluidos, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - José-Luis Martínez-Guitarte
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Departamento de Física Matemática y de Fluidos, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Facultad de Ciencias, UNED, Paseo de la Senda del Rey 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Qiu X, Li Y, Qian Y, Wang J, Zhu S. Long-Acting and Safe Sunscreens with Ultrahigh Sun Protection Factor via Natural Lignin Encapsulation and Synergy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 1:1276-1285. [PMID: 34996231 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yong Qian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Shiping Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 47L, Canada
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, P. R. China
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Gunia-Krzyżak A, Słoczyńska K, Popiół J, Koczurkiewicz P, Marona H, Pękala E. Cinnamic acid derivatives in cosmetics: current use and future prospects. Int J Cosmet Sci 2018; 40:356-366. [PMID: 29870052 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamic acid derivatives are widely used in cosmetics and possess various functions. This group of compounds includes both naturally occurring and synthetic substances. On the basis of the Cosmetic Ingredient Database (CosIng) and available literature, this review summarizes their functions in cosmetics, including their physicochemical and biological properties as well as reported adverse effects. A perfuming function is typical of many derivatives of cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, dihydrocinnamyl alcohol and cinnamic acid itself; these substances are commonly used in cosmetics all over the world. Some of them show allergic and photoallergic potential, resulting in restrictions in maximum concentrations and/or a requirement to indicate the presence of some substances in the list of ingredients when their concentrations exceed certain fixed values in a cosmetic product. Another important function of cinnamic acid derivatives in cosmetics is UV protection. Ester derivatives such as ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (octinoxate), isoamyl p-methoxycinnamte (amiloxiate), octocrylene and cinoxate are used in cosmetics all over the world as UV filters. However, their maximum concentrations in cosmetic products are restricted due to their adverse effects, which include contact and a photocontact allergies, phototoxic contact dermatitis, contact dermatitis, estrogenic modulation and generation of reactive oxygen species. Other rarely utilized functions of cinnamic acid derivatives are as an antioxidant, in skin conditioning, hair conditioning, as a tonic and in antimicrobial activities. Moreover, some currently investigated natural and synthetic derivatives of cinnamic acid have shown skin lightening and anti-ageing properties. Some of them may become new cosmetic ingredients in the future. In particular, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, which is currently indexed as a skin-conditioning cosmetics ingredient, has been widely tested in vitro and in vivo as a new drug candidate for the treatment of hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gunia-Krzyżak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków, Poland
| | - K Słoczyńska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków, Poland
| | - J Popiół
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków, Poland
| | - P Koczurkiewicz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków, Poland
| | - H Marona
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków, Poland
| | - E Pękala
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków, Poland
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Blum KM, Haglund P, Gao Q, Ahrens L, Gros M, Wiberg K, Andersson PL. Mass fluxes per capita of organic contaminants from on-site sewage treatment facilities. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 201:864-873. [PMID: 29567470 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study is the first attempt to quantify environmental fluxes per capita of organic contaminants discharged from on-site sewage treatment facilities (OSSFs) in affected recipients. Five sites were monitored around the River Fyris in Sweden: three mainly affected by OSSFs and two mainly affected by municipal sewage treatment plants (STPs). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine environmental concentrations of 30 anthropogenic contaminants, including organophosphorus compounds, rubber and plastic additives, UV stabilizers, fragrances, surfactant ingredients and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Uni- and multivariate statistical analysis of the most frequently detected contaminants showed that median fluxes per capita of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, and n-butylbenzene sulfonamide were similar at OSSF and STP sites, but the mass fluxes per capita of tris-(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, 2-(methylthio)benzothiazole, and galaxolide, were significantly lower (∼2-3-fold) at OSSF sites than at STP sites (Mann-Whitney, α = 0.05). Differences between these sites were larger in samples collected in summer and autumn than in samples collected in winter. Deviations likely originated from differences in fate processes and distances between source and sampling sites. Further studies are needed to characterize mass fluxes per capita of contaminants in waters that directly receive discharges from OSSFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Blum
- Dept. of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Peter Haglund
- Dept. of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Qiuju Gao
- Dept. of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Dept. of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Meritxell Gros
- Dept. of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Dept. of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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Rato M, Gil F, Monteiro AF, Parente J. Fenofibrate photoallergy – relevance of patch and photopatch testing. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 78:413-414. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Rato
- Dermatology Department, Hospital de Santarém EPEAvenida Bernardo Santareno 2005-177 Santarém Portugal
| | - Francisco Gil
- Dermatology Department, Hospital de Santarém EPEAvenida Bernardo Santareno 2005-177 Santarém Portugal
| | - Ana F. Monteiro
- Dermatology Department, Hospital de Santarém EPEAvenida Bernardo Santareno 2005-177 Santarém Portugal
| | - Joana Parente
- Dermatology Department, Hospital de Santarém EPEAvenida Bernardo Santareno 2005-177 Santarém Portugal
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Vosough M, Hassanbeigi Z, Salemi A. Determination of ultraviolet filter compounds in environmental water samples using membrane-protected micro-solid-phase extraction. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:2401-2410. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Vosough
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran; Tehran Iran
| | - Zahra Hassanbeigi
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran; Tehran Iran
| | - Amir Salemi
- Environmental Sciences Research Institute; Shahid Beheshti University; Tehran Iran
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40
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Lawrence KP, Gacesa R, Long PF, Young AR. Molecular photoprotection of human keratinocytes in vitro by the naturally occurring mycosporine-like amino acid palythine. Br J Dermatol 2018; 178:1353-1363. [PMID: 29131317 PMCID: PMC6032870 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) induces molecular and genetic changes in the skin, which result in skin cancer, photoageing and photosensitivity disorders. The use of sunscreens is advocated to prevent such photodamage; however, most formulations contain organic and inorganic UVR filters that are nonbiodegradable and can damage fragile marine ecosystems. Mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs) are natural UVR‐absorbing compounds that have evolved in marine species for protection against chronic UVR exposure in shallow‐water habitats. Objectives To determine if palythine, a photostable model MAA, could offer protection against a range of UVR‐induced damage biomarkers that are important in skin cancer and photoageing. Methods HaCaT human keratinocytes were used to assess the photoprotective potential of palythine using a number of end points including cell viability, DNA damage (nonspecific, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and oxidatively generated damage), gene expression changes (linked to inflammation, photoageing and oxidative stress) and oxidative stress. The antioxidant mechanism was investigated using chemical quenching and Nrf2 pathway activation assays. Results Palythine offered statistically significant protection (P < 0·005) against all end points tested even at extremely low concentrations (0·3% w/v). Additionally, palythine was found to be a potent antioxidant, reducing oxidatively generated stress, even when added after exposure. Conclusions Palythine is an extremely effective multifunctional photoprotective molecule in vitro that has potential to be developed as a natural and biocompatible alternative to currently approved UVR filters. What's already known about this topic? Mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs) are photoprotective molecules found in marine organisms but there are few data on their ability to protect skin cells from the adverse effects of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) is concerned about the potential adverse health and ecotoxic effects of eight of 16 commonly used sunscreen filters in Europe. The Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme has expressed similar concerns.
What does this study add? Palythine, an MAA extracted from an edible seaweed, affords photoprotection against a wide range of adverse effects in HaCaT keratinocytes exposed to solar simulating and ultraviolet A radiation. Of note is protection against two types of DNA photolesions; cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydroguanine. Palythine is also a potent antioxidant that offers protection even when added after UVR exposure.
What is the translational message? MAAs should be considered for development as natural biocompatible sunscreens that may address the concerns of the ECHA and EEAP.
Linked Comment: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.16598. https://goo.gl/Uqv3dl
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Lawrence
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - R Gacesa
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - P F Long
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - A R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, U.K
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41
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Romita P, Foti C, Hansel K, Stingeni L. Photo-contact allergy to octocrylene: a decreasing trend? Contact Dermatitis 2018; 78:224-225. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Romita
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Dermatological Clinic; University of Bari; 70124 Bari Italy
| | - Caterina Foti
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Dermatological Clinic; University of Bari; 70124 Bari Italy
| | - Katharina Hansel
- Clinical, Allergological and Venereological Dermatology Section, Department of Medicine; University of Perugia; 06129 Perugia Italy
| | - Luca Stingeni
- Clinical, Allergological and Venereological Dermatology Section, Department of Medicine; University of Perugia; 06129 Perugia Italy
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Tippavajhala VK, de Oliveira Mendes T, Martin AA. In Vivo Human Skin Penetration Study of Sunscreens by Confocal Raman Spectroscopy. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:753-760. [PMID: 28983836 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0852-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This research work mainly deals with the application of confocal Raman spectroscopic technique to study in vivo human skin penetration of sunscreen products, as there are a lot of controversies associated with their skin penetration. Healthy human volunteers were tested for penetration of two commercial sunscreen products into their volar forearm skin for a period of 2 h. Measurements were taken before and after application of these sunscreen products. All the confocal Raman spectra were pre-processed and then subjected to multivariate two-dimensional principal component analysis and classical least squares analysis to determine the skin penetration of these sunscreens in comparison to the "sunscreen product spectrum" which was considered as the control. Score plots of principal component analysis of confocal Raman spectra indicated clear separation between the spectra before and after application of sunscreen products. Loading plots showed the maximum differences in the spectral region from 1590 to 1626 cm-1 where the characteristic peak of the pure sunscreen products was observed. Classical least squares analysis has shown a significant penetration to a depth of 10 μm in the volar forearm skin of healthy human volunteers for both these sunscreen products. The results confirm that the penetration of these tested sunscreen products was restricted to stratum corneum and also prove that confocal Raman spectroscopy is a simple, fast, nondestructive, and noninvasive semi-quantitative analytical technique for these studies.
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Zaid AN, Jaradat N, Darwish S, Nairat S, Shamlawi R, Hamad Y, Hussein F, Issa L. Assessment of the general quality of sunscreen products available in Palestine and method verification of the sun protection factor using Food and Drug Administration guidelines. J Cosmet Dermatol 2018; 17:1122-1129. [PMID: 29377413 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sunlight exposure affects all skin types causing skin tanning, burns or even skin cancer. Sunscreens were invented to prevent these outcomes by scattering or absorbing the UV light. AIMS This study aimed to verify the effectiveness of Mansur method in SPF measurement and to find out how much reliable the labeled sun protection factor (SPF) value for the products that are imported to Palestine knowing that they are considered as cosmetics and they don't undergo tests by the Ministry Of Health (MOH). MATERIALS In this research, sun protection factor (SPF) was determined for 16 commercially available sunscreen products using Mansur equation which was also validated; moreover sunscreen classification, product phase determination and pH measurement were also done. RESULTS Sun protection factor values were mostly 50, 43.75% of the analyzed samples were close to the labeled SPF, 31.25% were under the labeled value, and 25% SPF value above the labeled value. All samples exhibited a pH close to skin pH. 62% of them were found to be O/W. Cosmetic companies and importers should focus on pediatric sunscreens, since only 12.5% are pediatric sunscreens. CONCLUSIONS Ministry Of Health should ask prove about the quality of an SPF value of sunscreens for final registration of these products. More instructions should be available on the label regarding the proper use especially, if they are not water proof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Naser Zaid
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Nidal Jaradat
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Saja Darwish
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Sura Nairat
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Rawan Shamlawi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Yasmeen Hamad
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Fatema Hussein
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Linda Issa
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
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Abstract
Drug-induced photosensitivity reactions are significant adverse effects. Ketoprofen is one of the most common drugs that can cause skin rash in sun-exposed areas. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ketoprofen, are often used for a variety of symptoms, including pain and fever. An understanding of the presentation and clinical course of ketoprofen-induced photosensitivity is necessary to correctly diagnose and manage this condition. Ketoprofen-induced photosensitivity reactions usually present as photoallergic dermatitis, which is a cell-mediated immune process. The benzophenone moiety in ketoprofen plays a major role in ketoprofen's ability to act as a photosensitizer. Several agents, such as fenofibrate and octocrylene have been found to be associated with aggravation of ketoprofen-induced photoallergic dermatitis or cross-photosensitization, and these reactions result from structural similarities with ketoprofen. Treatment of ketoprofen-induced photoallergic dermatitis includes discontinuation of ketoprofen, topical or systemic corticosteroids and avoidance of sun exposure and agents known to exacerbate dermatitis. In conclusion, photoallergic dermatitis is a significant adverse effect of ketoprofen. Some agents known to worsen dermatitis may be found in sun protection products (notably, octocrylene in sunscreen). Educating the patient to avoid these products is critical to treatment. Since NSAIDs, such as ketoprofen, are used commonly for a variety of illnesses, drug-induced photoallergic dermatitis should be high on the differential in individuals using these medications who present with acute onset of a rash in sun-exposed areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Yvonne Loh
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Philip R Cohen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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45
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Bury D, Belov VN, Qi Y, Hayen H, Volmer DA, Brüning T, Koch HM. Determination of Urinary Metabolites of the Emerging UV Filter Octocrylene by Online-SPE-LC-MS/MS. Anal Chem 2017; 90:944-951. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bury
- Institute
for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident
Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz
1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Vladimir N. Belov
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (MPI BPC), Facility for Synthetic Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yulin Qi
- Institute
of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße
30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dietrich A. Volmer
- Institute
of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute
for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident
Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz
1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Holger M. Koch
- Institute
for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident
Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz
1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
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Haisma MS, Schuttelaar ML. Contact urticaria caused by the ultraviolet absorber octocrylene in sunscreens. Contact Dermatitis 2017; 77:254-256. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marjolijn S. Haisma
- Department of Dermatology; University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen; 9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Marie L. Schuttelaar
- Department of Dermatology; University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen; 9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands
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47
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Uter W, Lessmann H, Geier J. Is octocrylene a frequent contact allergen? Contact Dermatitis 2017; 77:127-128. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Holger Lessmann
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK); University Medicine Göttingen; 37075 Göttingen Germany
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Stability Study of Sunscreens with Free and Encapsulated UV Filters Contained in Plastic Packaging. Pharmaceutics 2017; 9:pharmaceutics9020019. [PMID: 28561775 PMCID: PMC5489936 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics9020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sunscreens play a fundamental role in skin cancer prevention and in protection against photo-aging. UV filters are often photo-unstable, especially in relation to their vehicles and, being lipophilic substances, they are able to interact with plastic packaging. Finally, UV filter stability can be significantly affected by the routine use of the product at high temperatures. This work aims to study the stability of sunscreen formulations in polyethylene packaging. Butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane and octocrylene, both in a free form and as encapsulated filters were chosen as UV filters. Stability evaluations were performed both in the packaging and on the formulations. Moreover, a further two non-destructive techniques, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and a multiple light scattering technique, were also used to evaluate the stability of the formulation. Results demonstrated clearly that all of the pack underwent significant changes in its elastic/plastic behavior and in external color after solar irradiation. From the evaluation of the extractable profile of untreated and treated packaging material an absorption of 2-phenoxyethanol and octocrylene were shown. In conclusion, the results highlighted clearly that a reduction of the UV filter in the formulation packed in high-density polyethylene/low-density polyethylene (HDPE/LDPE) material can occur over time, reducing the protective effect of the product when applied to the skin.
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49
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Ruszkiewicz JA, Pinkas A, Ferrer B, Peres TV, Tsatsakis A, Aschner M. Neurotoxic effect of active ingredients in sunscreen products, a contemporary review. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:245-259. [PMID: 28959646 PMCID: PMC5615097 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sunscreen application is the main strategy used to prevent the maladies inflicted by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Despite the continuously increasing frequency of sunscreen use worldwide, the prevalence of certain sun exposure-related pathologies, mainly malignant melanoma, is also on the rise. In the past century, a variety of protective agents against UV exposure have been developed. Physical filters scatter and reflect UV rays and chemical filters absorb those rays. Alongside the evidence for increasing levels of these agents in the environment, which leads to indirect exposure of wildlife and humans, recent studies suggest a toxicological nature for some of these agents. Reviews on the role of these agents in developmental and endocrine impairments (both pathology and related mechanisms) are based on both animal and human studies, yet information regarding the potential neurotoxicity of these agents is scant. In this review, data regarding the neurotoxicity of several organic filters: octyl methoxycinnamate, benzophenone-3 and −4, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, 3-benzylidene camphor and octocrylene, and two allowed inorganic filters: zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, is presented and discussed. Taken together, this review advocates revisiting the current safety and regulation of specific sunscreens and investing in alternative UV protection technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Ruszkiewicz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Adi Pinkas
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Beatriz Ferrer
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Tanara V Peres
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Aristides Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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50
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Yap FHX, Chua HC, Tait CP. Active sunscreen ingredients in Australia. Australas J Dermatol 2017; 58:e160-e170. [DOI: 10.1111/ajd.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francis HX Yap
- Department of Dermatology; Royal Perth Hospital; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Hock C Chua
- Department of Dermatology; Fiona Stanley Hospital; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Clare P Tait
- Department of Dermatology; Royal Perth Hospital; Perth Western Australia Australia
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