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Arismendi I, Gregory SV, Bateman DS, Penaluna BE. Shrinking sizes of trout and salamanders are unexplained by climate warming alone. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13614. [PMID: 38871823 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Decreases in body sizes of animals related to recent climate warming can affect population persistence and stability. However, direct observations of average sizes over time and their interrelationships with underlying density-dependent and density-independent processes remain poorly understood owing to the lack of appropriate long-term datasets. We measured body size of two species common to headwater streams in coastal and Cascades ecoregions of the Pacific Northwest of North America over multiple decades, comparing old-growth and managed forests. We found consistent decreases in median length of Coastal Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii, but a coexisting species, the Coastal Giant Salamander Dicamptodon tenebrosus, appears to be more resilient to size changes over time. Based on observed trends, adult trout have decreased in length by 6-13% over the last 30 years. Length decreased more in larger compared to smaller animals, suggesting that these effects reflect changes in growth trajectories. Results from a model-selection approach that included hydroclimatic and biological information as covariates in one of our study ecoregions demonstrated that stream temperature alone did not explain observed length reductions. Rather, a combination of density-dependent (animal abundances) and local density-independent factors (temperature, habitat, and streamflow) explained observed patterns of size. Continued decreases in size could lead to trophic cascades, biodiversity loss, or in extreme cases, species extirpation. However, the intricate links between density-independent and density-dependent factors in controlling population-level processes in streams need further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Arismendi
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Nash Hall 104, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Stanley V Gregory
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, Nash Hall 104, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Douglas S Bateman
- Department of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management, College of Forestry, Oregon State University, 210A Snell Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Brooke E Penaluna
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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2
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Ranius T, Gibbons P, Lindenmayer D. Habitat requirements of deadwood-dependent invertebrates that occupy tree hollows. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 38856004 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Tree hollows support a specialised species-rich fauna. We review the habitat requirements of saproxylic (= deadwood dependent) invertebrates which occupy tree hollows. We focus on studies quantifying relationships between species occurrence patterns and characteristics of tree hollows, hollow trees, and the surrounding landscape. We also explore the processes influencing species occurrence patterns by reviewing studies on the spatio-temporal dynamics of populations, including their dispersal and genetic structure. Our literature search in the database Scopus identified 52 relevant publications, all of which were studies from Europe. The dominant taxonomic group studied was beetles. Invertebrates in hollow trees were often more likely to be recorded in trees with characteristics reflecting a large amount of resources or a stable and warm microclimate, such as a large diameter, large amounts of wood mould (= loose material accumulated in the hollows mainly consisting of decaying wood), a high level of sun exposure, and with entrance holes that are large and either at a low or high height, and in dry hollows, with entrances not directed upwards. A stable microclimate is probably a key factor why some species of saproxylic invertebrates are confined to tree hollows. Other factors that are different in comparison to downed dead wood is the fact that hollows at a given height from the ground provide shelter from ground-living predators, that hollows persist for longer, and that the content of nutrients might be enhanced by the accumulation of dead leaves, insect frass, and remains from dead insects. Several studies have identified a positive relationship between species occupancy per tree and the amount of habitat in the surrounding landscape, with a variation in the spatial scale at which characteristics of the surrounding landscape had the strongest effect over spatial scales from 200 to 3000 m. We found empirical support for the extinction threshold hypothesis, which predicts that the frequency of species presence per tree is greater if a certain number of trees are aggregated into a few large clusters of hollow trees rather than distributed among many small clusters. Observed thresholds in species occurrence patterns can be explained by colonisation-extinction dynamics, with species occupancy per tree influenced by variation in rates of immigration. Consistent with this assumption, field studies suggest that dispersal rate and range can be low for invertebrates occupying tree hollows, although higher in a warmer climate. For one species in which population dynamics has been studied over 25 years (Osmoderma eremita), the observed population dynamics have characteristics of a "habitat-tracking metapopulation", as local extinctions from trees occur possibly because those trees become unsuitable as well as due to stochastic processes in small populations. The persistence of invertebrate fauna confined to tree hollows may be improved by prolonging the standing life of existing hollow trees. It is also important to recruit new generations of hollow trees, preferably close to existing larger groups of hollow trees. Thus, the spatio-temporal dynamics of hollow trees is crucial for the invertebrate fauna that rely upon them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ranius
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Philip Gibbons
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Frank Fenner Building 141, Linnaeus Way, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
| | - David Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Frank Fenner Building 141, Linnaeus Way, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
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3
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Vázquez-González C, Castagneyrol B, Muiruri EW, Barbaro L, Abdala-Roberts L, Barsoum N, Fründ J, Glynn C, Jactel H, McShea WJ, Mereu S, Mooney KA, Morillas L, Nock CA, Paquette A, Parker JD, Parker WC, Roales J, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schuldt A, Verheyen K, Weih M, Yang B, Koricheva J. Tree diversity enhances predation by birds but not by arthropods across climate gradients. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14427. [PMID: 38698677 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Tree diversity can promote both predator abundance and diversity. However, whether this translates into increased predation and top-down control of herbivores across predator taxonomic groups and contrasting environmental conditions remains unresolved. We used a global network of tree diversity experiments (TreeDivNet) spread across three continents and three biomes to test the effects of tree species richness on predation across varying climatic conditions of temperature and precipitation. We recorded bird and arthropod predation attempts on plasticine caterpillars in monocultures and tree species mixtures. Both tree species richness and temperature increased predation by birds but not by arthropods. Furthermore, the effects of tree species richness on predation were consistent across the studied climatic gradient. Our findings provide evidence that tree diversity strengthens top-down control of insect herbivores by birds, underscoring the need to implement conservation strategies that safeguard tree diversity to sustain ecosystem services provided by natural enemies in forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Vázquez-González
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, España
| | | | - Evalyne W Muiruri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Luc Barbaro
- Dynafor, INRAE-INPT, University of Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Luis Abdala-Roberts
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Nadia Barsoum
- Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey, UK
| | - Jochen Fründ
- Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Animal Network Ecology, Department of Biology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carolyn Glynn
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hervé Jactel
- BIOGECO, University of Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux, France
| | - William J McShea
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, Virginia, USA
| | - Simone Mereu
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, Italy
| | - Kailen A Mooney
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Lourdes Morillas
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Sevilla, C/ Professor García González s/n, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Charles A Nock
- College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alain Paquette
- Center for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - John D Parker
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Front Royal, Maryland, USA
| | - William C Parker
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | - Javier Roales
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Andreas Schuldt
- Forest Nature Conservation, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kris Verheyen
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Ghent University, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Martin Weih
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bo Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Biodiversity, Jingdezhen University, Jingdezhen, China
| | - Julia Koricheva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
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Scridel D, Anderle M, Capelli F, Forti A, Bettega C, Alessandrini C, Del Mar Delgado M, Pedrotti L, Partel P, Bogliani G, Pedrini P, Brambilla M. Coping with unpredictable environments: fine-tune foraging microhabitat use in relation to prey availability in an alpine species. Oecologia 2024; 204:845-860. [PMID: 38594420 PMCID: PMC11062978 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-024-05530-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Microhabitat utilisation holds a pivotal role in shaping a species' ecological dynamics and stands as a crucial concern for effective conservation strategies. Despite its critical importance, microhabitat use has frequently been addressed as static, centering on microhabitat preference. Yet, a dynamic microhabitat use that allows individuals to adjust to fine-scale spatio-temporal prey fluctuations, becomes imperative for species thriving in challenging environments. High-elevation ecosystems, marked by brief growing seasons and distinct abiotic processes like snowmelt, winds, and solar radiation, feature an ephemeral distribution of key resources. To better understand species' strategies in coping with these rapidly changing environments, we delved into the foraging behaviour of the white-winged snowfinch Montifringilla nivalis, an emblematic high-elevation passerine. Through studying microhabitat preferences during breeding while assessing invertebrate prey availability, we unveiled a highly flexible microhabitat use process. Notably, snowfinches exhibited specific microhabitat preferences, favoring grass and melting snow margins, while also responding to local invertebrate availability. This behaviour was particularly evident in snow-associated microhabitats and less pronounced amid tall grass. Moreover, our investigation underscored snowfinches' fidelity to foraging sites, with over half located within 10 m of previous spots. This consistent use prevailed in snow-associated microhabitats and high-prey-density zones. These findings provide the first evidence of dynamic microhabitat use in high-elevation ecosystems and offer further insights into the crucial role of microhabitats for climate-sensitive species. They call for multi-faceted conservation strategies that go beyond identifying and protecting optimal thermal buffering areas in the face of global warming to also encompass locations hosting high invertebrate densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Scridel
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy.
- Museo delle Scienze di Trento (MUSE), Ufficio Ricerca e Collezioni, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, 38122, Trento, Italy.
| | - Matteo Anderle
- Museo delle Scienze di Trento (MUSE), Ufficio Ricerca e Collezioni, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, 38122, Trento, Italy
- Institute for Alpine Environment, Eurac Research, viale Druso 1, 39100, Drususallee Bolzano/Bozen, Italy
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Milan University, via Celoria 26, 20123, Milan, Italy
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15/Technikerstrasse 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Federico Capelli
- Museo delle Scienze di Trento (MUSE), Ufficio Ricerca e Collezioni, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, 38122, Trento, Italy
| | - Alessandro Forti
- Museo delle Scienze di Trento (MUSE), Ufficio Ricerca e Collezioni, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, 38122, Trento, Italy
| | - Chiara Bettega
- Museo delle Scienze di Trento (MUSE), Ufficio Ricerca e Collezioni, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, 38122, Trento, Italy
| | - Corrado Alessandrini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Milan University, via Celoria 26, 20123, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Del Mar Delgado
- Biodiversity Research Institute (IMIB, CSIC-Oviedo University, Principality of Asturias), Campus Mieres, Mieres (Asturias), Spain
| | - Luca Pedrotti
- Stelvio National Park, via de Simoni 42, 23032, Bormio, Italy
| | - Piergiovanni Partel
- Ente Parco Naturale Paneveggio-Pale di San Martino, località Castelpietra 2, 38054, Primiero San Martino di Castrozza, Trento, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bogliani
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, via Ferrata 1, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Pedrini
- Museo delle Scienze di Trento (MUSE), Ufficio Ricerca e Collezioni, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3, 38122, Trento, Italy
| | - Mattia Brambilla
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Milan University, via Celoria 26, 20123, Milan, Italy
- CRC Ge.S.Di.Mont, Milan University, sede di Edolo, via Morino 8, 25048, Edolo, BS, Italy
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Vázquez-González C, Villa-Galaviz E, Reyes-Hernández M, Perez-Niño B, Quijano-Medina T, Parra-Tabla V, Mooney KA, Abdala-Roberts L. Temporal variation in tree diversity effects on birds and its implications for top-down control of insect herbivores in a tropical system. Oecologia 2024; 204:603-612. [PMID: 38393366 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-024-05514-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Tree diversity promotes predator abundance and diversity, but evidence linking these effects to increased predation pressure on herbivores remains limited. In addition, tree diversity effects on predators can vary temporally as a function of environmental variation, or due to contrasting responses by different predator types. In a multi-year study, we assessed temporal variation in tree diversity effects on bird community abundance, diversity, and predation rates as a whole and by functional group based on feeding guild (omnivores vs. insectivores) and migratory status (migrant vs. resident). To this end, we conducted bird point counts in tree monocultures and polycultures and assessed attacks on clay caterpillars four times over a 2-year period in a tree diversity experiment in Yucatan, Mexico. Tree diversity effects on the bird community varied across surveys, with positive effects on bird abundance and diversity in most but not all surveys. Tree diversity had stronger and more consistent effects on omnivorous and resident birds than on insectivorous and migratory species. Tree diversity effects on attack rates also varied temporally but patterns did not align with variation in bird abundance or diversity. Thus, while we found support for predicted increases in bird abundance, diversity, and predation pressure with tree diversity, these responses exhibited substantial variation over time and the former two were uncoupled from patterns of predation pressure, as well as contingent on bird functional traits. These results underscore the need for long-term studies measuring responses by different predator functional groups to better understand tree diversity effects on top-down control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Vázquez-González
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apartado de Correos 28, 36080, Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain
| | - Edith Villa-Galaviz
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Apartado Postal 4-116, Itzimná, 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Martha Reyes-Hernández
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Apartado Postal 4-116, Itzimná, 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Biiniza Perez-Niño
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Apartado Postal 4-116, Itzimná, 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Teresa Quijano-Medina
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Apartado Postal 4-116, Itzimná, 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Víctor Parra-Tabla
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Apartado Postal 4-116, Itzimná, 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Kailen A Mooney
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Luis Abdala-Roberts
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Apartado Postal 4-116, Itzimná, 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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6
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Huang Q, Xu J, Wong JP, Radeloff VC, Songer M. Prioritizing global tall forests toward the 30 × 30 goals. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2023; 37:e14135. [PMID: 37377172 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The Global Deal for Nature sets an ambitious goal to protect 30% of Earth's land and ocean by 2030. The 30 × 30 initiative is a way to allocate conservation resources and extend protection to conserve vulnerable and underprotected ecosystems while reducing carbon emissions to combat climate change. However, most prioritization methods for identifying high-value conservation areas are based on thematic attributes and do not consider vertical habitat structure. Global tall forests represent a rare vertical habitat structure that harbors high species richness in various taxonomic groups and is associated with large amounts of aboveground biomass. Global tall forests should be prioritized when planning global protected areas toward reaching the 30 × 30 goals. We examined the spatial distribution of global tall forests based on the Global Canopy Height 2020 product. We defined global tall forests as areas with the average canopy height above 3 thresholds (20, 25, and 30 m). We quantified the spatial distribution and protection level of global tall forests in high-protection zones, where the 30 × 30 goals are being met or are within reach, and low-protection zones, where there is a low chance of reaching 30 × 30 goals. We quantified the protection level by computing the percentage of global tall forest area protected based on the 2017 World Database on Protected Areas. We also determined the global extent and protection level of undisturbed, mature, tall forests based on the 2020 Global Intact Forest Landscapes mask. In most cases, the percentage of protection decreased as forest height reached the top strata. In the low-protection zones, <30% of forests were protected in almost all tall forest strata. In countries such as Brazil, tall forests had a higher percentage of protection (consistently >30%) compared to forests of lower height, presenting a more effective conservation model than in countries such as the United States, where forest protection was almost uniformly <30% across height strata. Our results show an urgent need to target forest conservation in the greatest height strata, particularly in high-protection areas, where most global tall forests are found. Vegetation vertical structure can inform the decision-making process toward the 30 × 30 goals because it can be used to identify areas of high conservation value for biodiversity protection which also contribute to carbon sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyu Huang
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, USA
| | - Jin Xu
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, USA
| | - Jesse Pan Wong
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, USA
- Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Volker C Radeloff
- Forest and Wildlife Ecology Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Melissa Songer
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, USA
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Barbaro L, Froidevaux JSP, Valdés-Correcher E, Calatayud F, Tillon L, Sourdril A. COVID-19 shutdown revealed higher acoustic diversity and vocal activity of flagship birds in old-growth than in production forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:166328. [PMID: 37611710 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 shutdown has caused a quasi-experimental situation for ecologists in Spring 2020, providing an unprecedented release in acoustic space for avian soundscapes due to the lowest technophony levels experienced for decades. We conducted large-scale passive acoustic monitoring in 68 forest stands during and after the shutdown to compare their acoustic diversity under different management regimes. We designed a before-after sampling scheme of 18 paired stands to evaluate the short-term effect of shutdown on diel and nocturnal acoustic diversity of forest soundscapes. We assessed whether old-growth preserves hosted higher acoustic diversity and vocal activity of flagship specialist birds than production stands during the shutdown, and whether the effect of management was mediated by landscape fragmentation and distance to roads. We derived acoustic richness and vocal activity of flagship specialist birds by systematically performing 15-min long aural listening to identify species vocalizations from all recorded stands. The end of the COVID-19 shutdown led to a rapid decrease in diel and nocturnal biophony and acoustic diversity. During the shutdown, we found significantly higher biophony and acoustic diversity in old-growth preserves than in production stands. Bird acoustic richness and vocalizations of the two most frequent flagship specialists, Dendrocoptes medius and Phylloscopus sibilatrix, were also both higher in old-growth stands. Interestingly, this positive effect of old-growth stands on forest soundscapes suggested that they could potentially attenuate traffic noise, because the distance to roads decreased acoustic diversity and biophony only outside old-growth preserves. Similarly, flagship bird richness increased with old-growth cover in the surrounding landscape while edge density had a negative effect on both acoustic diversity and flagship birds. We suggest that enhancing the old-growth preserve network implemented across French public forests would provide a connected frame of acoustic sanctuaries mitigating the ever-increasing effect of technophony on the acoustic diversity of temperate forest soundscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Barbaro
- Dynafor, INRAE-INPT, University of Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France; CESCO, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.
| | - Jérémy S P Froidevaux
- CESCO, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne University, Paris, France; University of Stirling, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Stirling, UK; University of Bristol, School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | - Laurent Tillon
- ONF, Direction des Forêts et des Risques Naturels, Paris, France
| | - Anne Sourdril
- Dynafor, INRAE-INPT, University of Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France; Ladyss, CNRS, University Paris Ouest-Nanterre, Nanterre, France
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McGinn KA, Zuckerberg B, Pauli JN, Zulla CJ, Berigan WJ, Wilkinson ZA, Barry JM, Keane JJ, Gutiérrez RJ, Peery MZ. Older forests function as energetic and demographic refugia for a climate-sensitive species. Oecologia 2023; 202:831-844. [PMID: 37642742 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05442-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
More frequent and extreme heat waves threaten climate-sensitive species. Structurally complex, older forests can buffer these effects by creating cool microclimates, although the mechanisms by which forest refugia mitigate physiological responses to heat exposure and subsequent population-level consequences remain relatively unexplored. We leveraged fine-scale movement data, doubly labeled water, and two decades of demographic data for the California spotted owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis) to (1) assess the role of older forest characteristics as potential energetic buffers for individuals and (2) examine the subsequent value of older forests as refugia for a core population in the Sierra Nevada and a periphery population in the San Bernardino Mountains. Individuals spent less energy moving during warmer sampling periods and the presence of tall canopies facilitated energetic conservation during daytime roosting activities. In the core population, where tall-canopied forest was prevalent, temperature anomalies did not affect territory occupancy dynamics as warmer sites were both less likely to go extinct and less likely to become colonized, suggesting a trade-off between foraging opportunities and temperature exposure. In the peripheral population, sites were more likely to become unoccupied following warm summers, presumably because of less prevalent older forest conditions. While individuals avoided elevated energetic expenditure associated with temperature exposure, behavioral strategies to conserve energy may have diverted time and energy from reproduction or territory defense. Conserving older forests, which are threatened due to fire and drought, may benefit individuals from energetic consequences of exposure to stressful thermal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A McGinn
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA.
| | - Benjamin Zuckerberg
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Jonathan N Pauli
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Ceeanna J Zulla
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - William J Berigan
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Zachary A Wilkinson
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Josh M Barry
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - John J Keane
- U.S. Forest Service - Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, CA, USA
| | - R J Gutiérrez
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - M Zachariah Peery
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
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Pradhan K, Ettinger AK, Case MJ, Hille Ris Lambers J. Applying climate change refugia to forest management and old-growth restoration. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:3692-3706. [PMID: 37029763 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies highlight the potential of climate change refugia (CCR) to support the persistence of biodiversity in regions that may otherwise become unsuitable with climate change. However, a key challenge in using CCR for climate resilient management lies in how CCR may intersect with existing forest management strategies, and subsequently influence how landscapes buffer species from negative impacts of warming climate. We address this challenge in temperate coastal forests of the Pacific Northwestern United States, where declines in the extent of late-successional forests have prompted efforts to restore old-growth forest structure. One common approach for doing so involves selectively thinning forest stands to enhance structural complexity. However, dense canopy is a key forest feature moderating understory microclimate and potentially buffering organisms from climate change impacts, raising the possibility that approaches for managing forests for old-growth structure may reduce the extent and number of CCR. We used remotely sensed vegetation indices to identify CCR in an experimental forest with control and thinned (restoration) treatments, and explored the influence of biophysical variables on buffering capacity. We found that remotely sensed vegetation indices commonly used to identify CCR were associated with understory temperature and plant community composition, and thus captured aspects of landscape buffering that might instill climate resilience and be of interest to management. We then examined the interaction between current restoration strategies and CCR, and found that selective thinning for promoting old-growth structure had only very minor, if any, effects on climatic buffering. In all, our study demonstrates that forest management approaches aimed at restoring old-growth structure through targeted thinning do not greatly decrease buffering capacity, despite a known link between dense canopy and CCR. More broadly, this study illustrates the value of using remote sensing approaches to identify CCR, facilitating the integration of climate change adaptation with other forest management approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavya Pradhan
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Janneke Hille Ris Lambers
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Plant Ecology, Institute of Integrative Biology, d-USYS, Zürich, Switzerland
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10
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Hightower JN, Crawford DL, Thogmartin WE, Aldinger KR, Swarthout SB, Buehler DA, Confer J, Friis C, Larkin JL, Lowe JD, Piorkowski M, Rohrbaugh RW, Rosenberg KV, Smalling C, Wood PB, Vallender R, Roth AM. Change in climatically suitable breeding distributions reduces hybridization potential between
Vermivora
warblers. DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N. Hightower
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Conservation Biology University of Maine Orono Maine USA
| | | | - Wayne E. Thogmartin
- US Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center La Crosse Wisconsin USA
| | - Kyle R. Aldinger
- West Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit West Virginia University Morgantown West Virginia USA
| | | | - David A. Buehler
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - John Confer
- Department of Biology Ithaca College Ithaca New York USA
| | - Christian Friis
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Jeffery L. Larkin
- Department of Biology Indiana University of Pennsylvania Indiana Pennsylvania USA
| | - James D. Lowe
- Conservation Science Program Cornell Lab of Ornithology Ithaca New York USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Petra B. Wood
- West Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit West Virginia University Morgantown West Virginia USA
| | | | - Amber M. Roth
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Conservation Biology University of Maine Orono Maine USA
- School of Forest Resources University of Maine Orono Maine USA
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11
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Piovesan G, Cannon CH, Liu J, Munné-Bosch S. Ancient trees: irreplaceable conservation resource for ecosystem restoration. Trends Ecol Evol 2022; 37:1025-1028. [PMID: 36272865 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ancient trees contribute multifaceted ecosystem benefits to old-growth forests, rewilding, and human cultural landscapes. As such, we call for international efforts to preserve these hubs of diversity and resilience. A global coalition utilizing advanced technologies and community scientists to discover, protect, and propagate ancient trees is needed before they disappear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Piovesan
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Università Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | | | - Jiajia Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Research Institute in Biodiversity (IrBio), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Flesch AD. Landcover change and habitat quality mediate impacts of temperature and precipitation on population dynamics of a threatened aridland predator. Anim Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. D. Flesch
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
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13
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Speed JDM, Evankow AM, Petersen TK, Ranke PS, Nilsen NH, Turner G, Aagaard K, Bakken T, Davidsen JG, Dunshea G, Finstad AG, Hassel K, Husby M, Hårsaker K, Koksvik JI, Prestø T, Vange V. A regionally coherent ecological fingerprint of climate change, evidenced from natural history collections. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9471. [PMID: 36340816 PMCID: PMC9627063 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change has dramatic impacts on ecological systems, affecting a range of ecological factors including phenology, species abundance, diversity, and distribution. The breadth of climate change impacts on ecological systems leads to the occurrence of fingerprints of climate change. However, climate fingerprints are usually identified across broad geographical scales and are potentially influenced by publication biases. In this study, we used natural history collections spanning over 250 years, to quantify a range of ecological responses to climate change, including phenology, abundance, diversity, and distributions, across a range of taxa, including vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, and fungi, within a single region, Central Norway. We tested the hypotheses that ecological responses to climate change are apparent and coherent at a regional scale, that longer time series show stronger trends over time and in relation to temperature, and that ecological responses change in trajectory at the same time as shifts in temperature. We identified a clear regional coherence in climate signal, with decreasing abundances of limnic zooplankton (on average by 7691 individuals m-3 °C-1) and boreal forest breeding birds (on average by 1.94 territories km-2 °C-1), and earlier plant flowering phenology (on average 2 days °C-1) for every degree of temperature increase. In contrast, regional-scale species distributions and species diversity were largely stable. Surprisingly, the effect size of ecological response did not increase with study duration, and shifts in responses did not occur at the same time as shifts in temperature. This may be as the long-term studies include both periods of warming and temperature stability, and that ecological responses lag behind warming. Our findings demonstrate a regional climate fingerprint across a long timescale. We contend that natural history collections provide a unique window on a broad spectrum of ecological responses at timescales beyond most ecological monitoring programs. Natural history collections are thus an essential source for long-term ecological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. M. Speed
- Department of Natural HistoryNTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Ann M. Evankow
- Department of Natural HistoryNTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Natural History MuseumUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Tanja K. Petersen
- Department of Natural HistoryNTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Peter S. Ranke
- Department of Natural HistoryNTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)TrondheimNorway
| | - Nellie H. Nilsen
- Department of Natural HistoryNTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Grace Turner
- Department of Natural HistoryNTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Kaare Aagaard
- Department of Natural HistoryNTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Torkild Bakken
- Department of Natural HistoryNTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Jan G. Davidsen
- Department of Natural HistoryNTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Glenn Dunshea
- Department of Natural HistoryNTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Anders G. Finstad
- Department of Natural HistoryNTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)TrondheimNorway
| | - Kristian Hassel
- Department of Natural HistoryNTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Magne Husby
- Department of Natural HistoryNTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Section of ScienceNord UniversityLevangerNorway
| | - Karstein Hårsaker
- Department of Natural HistoryNTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Jan Ivar Koksvik
- Department of Natural HistoryNTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Tommy Prestø
- Department of Natural HistoryNTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Vibekke Vange
- Department of Natural HistoryNTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
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14
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Kim H, McComb BC, Frey SJK, Bell DM, Betts MG. Forest microclimate and composition mediate long-term trends of breeding bird populations. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:6180-6193. [PMID: 36065828 PMCID: PMC9825929 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is contributing to biodiversity redistributions and species declines. However, cooler microclimate conditions provided by old-growth forest structures compared with surrounding open or younger forests have been hypothesized to provide thermal refugia for species that are sensitive to climate warming and dampen the negative effects of warming on population trends of animals (i.e., the microclimate buffering hypothesis). In addition to thermal refugia, the compositional and structural diversity of old-growth forest vegetation itself may provide resources to species that are less available in forests with simpler structure (i.e., the insurance hypothesis). We used 8 years of breeding bird abundance data from a forested watershed, accompanied with sub-canopy temperature data, and ground- and LiDAR-based vegetation data to test these hypotheses and identify factors influencing bird population changes from 2011 to 2018. After accounting for imperfect detection, we found that for 5 of 20 bird species analyzed, abundance trends tended to be less negative or neutral at sites with cooler microclimates, which supports the microclimate buffering hypothesis. Negative effects of warming on two species were also reduced in locations with greater forest compositional diversity supporting the insurance hypothesis. We provide the first empirical evidence that complex forest structure and vegetation diversity confer microclimatic advantages to some animal populations in the face of climate change. Conservation of old-growth forests, or their characteristics in managed forests, could help slow the negative effects of climate warming on some breeding bird populations via microclimate buffering and possibly insurance effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hankyu Kim
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, College of ForestryOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, College of Agricultural and Life SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Brenda C. McComb
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, College of ForestryOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
- Forest Biodiversity Research Network, College of ForestryOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Sarah J. K. Frey
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, College of ForestryOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
- Forest Biodiversity Research Network, College of ForestryOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - David M. Bell
- Pacific Northwest Research StationUSDA Forest ServiceCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Matthew G. Betts
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, College of ForestryOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
- Forest Biodiversity Research Network, College of ForestryOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
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15
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Jones FA, Hadley AS, Bonner K, Zahawi RA, Robinson WD, Kormann U, Betts MG. Elevated inbreeding in Heliconia tortuosa is determined by tropical forest stand age, isolation, and loss of hummingbird functional diversity. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:4465-4477. [PMID: 35808851 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Forest conversion and habitat loss are major threats to biological diversity. Forest regeneration can mitigate the negative effects of old growth forest loss on species diversity, but less is known about the extent to which forest loss reduces genetic diversity in remnant populations and whether secondary forests play a role in the maintenance of genetic diversity. We quantified genetic diversity in a tropical hummingbird-pollinated understory herb, Heliconia tortuosa, across a landscape mosaic of primary and secondary forest regrowth. Using microsatellite genotypes from >850 adult and juvenile plants within 33 forest patches and extensive bird surveys, we examined the effect of contemporary and historical landscape features including forest age (primary vs. secondary forest), stand isolation, and pollinator assemblages on genetic diversity and levels of inbreeding in H. tortuosa. We found that inbreeding was up to 3x higher in secondary forest, and this effect was amplified with reductions in primary forest in the surrounding landscape through reduced observed heterozygosity in isolated fragments. Inbreeding in forest patches was negatively correlated with the local frequency of specialist long-distance foraging traplining hummingbirds. Traplining hummingbirds therefore appear to facilitate mating among unrelated plants - an inference we tested using empirically parameterized simulations. Higher levels of inbreeding in H. tortuosa are therefore associated with reduced functional diversity of hummingbirds in secondary forests and forest patches isolated from primary forests. Our findings suggest a cryptic consequence of primary forest loss and secondary forest regeneration through the disruption of mutualistic interactions resulting in the erosion of genetic diversity in a common understory plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Andrew Jones
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Adam S Hadley
- Forest Biodiversity Research Network, Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kaitlin Bonner
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.,Department of Biology, St. John Fisher College, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Rakan A Zahawi
- School of Life Sciences and Lyon Arboretum, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.,Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador
| | - W Douglas Robinson
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Urs Kormann
- Forest Biodiversity Research Network, Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.,Division of Forest Sciences, School of Agricultural, Forest & Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Zollikofen, Switzerland.,Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Matthew G Betts
- Forest Biodiversity Research Network, Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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16
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Agriculture and climate change are reshaping insect biodiversity worldwide. Nature 2022; 605:97-102. [PMID: 35444282 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04644-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Several previous studies have investigated changes in insect biodiversity, with some highlighting declines and others showing turnover in species composition without net declines1-5. Although research has shown that biodiversity changes are driven primarily by land-use change and increasingly by climate change6,7, the potential for interaction between these drivers and insect biodiversity on the global scale remains unclear. Here we show that the interaction between indices of historical climate warming and intensive agricultural land use is associated with reductions of almost 50% in the abundance and 27% in the number of species within insect assemblages relative to those in less-disturbed habitats with lower rates of historical climate warming. These patterns are particularly evident in the tropical realm, whereas some positive responses of biodiversity to climate change occur in non-tropical regions in natural habitats. A high availability of nearby natural habitat often mitigates reductions in insect abundance and richness associated with agricultural land use and substantial climate warming but only in low-intensity agricultural systems. In such systems, in which high levels (75% cover) of natural habitat are available, abundance and richness were reduced by 7% and 5%, respectively, compared with reductions of 63% and 61% in places where less natural habitat is present (25% cover). Our results show that insect biodiversity will probably benefit from mitigating climate change, preserving natural habitat within landscapes and reducing the intensity of agriculture.
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17
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Gilhen-Baker M, Roviello V, Beresford-Kroeger D, Roviello GN. Old growth forests and large old trees as critical organisms connecting ecosystems and human health. A review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2022; 20:1529-1538. [PMID: 35002589 PMCID: PMC8728480 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01372-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Old forests containing ancient trees are essential ecosystems for life on earth. Mechanisms that happen both deep in the root systems and in the highest canopies ensure the viability of our planet. Old forests fix large quantities of atmospheric CO2, produce oxygen, create micro-climates and irreplaceable habitats, in sharp contrast to young forests and monoculture forests. The current intense logging activities induce rapid, adverse effects on our ecosystems and climate. Here we review large old trees with a focus on ecosystem preservation, climate issues, and therapeutic potential. We found that old forests continue to sequester carbon and fix nitrogen. Old trees control below-ground conditions that are essential for tree regeneration. Old forests create micro-climates that slow global warming and are irreplaceable habitats for many endangered species. Old trees produce phytochemicals with many biomedical properties. Old trees also host particular fungi with untapped medicinal potential, including the Agarikon, Fomitopsis officinalis, which is currently being tested against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Large old trees are an important part of our combined cultural heritage, providing people with aesthetic, symbolic, religious, and historical cues. Bringing their numerous environmental, oceanic, ecological, therapeutic, and socio-cultural benefits to the fore, and learning to appreciate old trees in a holistic manner could contribute to halting the worldwide decline of old-growth forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Gilhen-Baker
- Faculty of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Georgian State Teaching University of Physical Education and Sport, 49, Chavchavadze avenue, 0162 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Valentina Roviello
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni N. Roviello
- Istituto Di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, IBB - CNR Mezzocannone Site and Headquarters, 80134 Naples, Italy
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18
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Jurgens LJ, Ashlock LW, Gaylord B. Facilitation alters climate change risk on rocky shores. Ecology 2021; 103:e03596. [PMID: 34813668 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A huge fraction of global biodiversity resides within biogenic habitats that ameliorate physical stresses. In most cases, details of how physical conditions within facilitative habitats respond to external climate forcing remain unknown, hampering climate change predictions for many of the world's species. Using intertidal mussel beds as a model system, we characterize relationships among external climate conditions and within-microhabitat heat and desiccation conditions. We use these data, along with physiological tolerances of two common inhabitant taxa (the isopod Cirolana harfordi and the porcelain crab Petrolisthes cinctipes), to examine the magnitude of climate risk inside and outside biogenic habitat, applying an empirically derived model of evaporation to simulate mortality risk under a high-emissions climate-warming scenario. We found that biogenic microhabitat conditions responded so weakly to external climate parameters that mortality risk was largely unaffected by climate warming. In contrast, outside the biogenic habitat, desiccation drove substantial mortality in both species, even at temperatures 4.4-8.6°C below their hydrated thermal tolerances. These findings emphasize the importance of warming-exacerbated desiccation to climate-change risk and the role of biogenic habitats in buffering this less-appreciated stressor. Our results suggest that, when biogenic habitats remain intact, climate warming may have weak direct effects on organisms within them. Instead, risk to such taxa is likely to be indirect and tightly coupled with the fate of habitat-forming populations. Conserving and restoring biogenic habitats that offer climate refugia could therefore be crucial to supporting biodiversity in the face of climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Jurgens
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, 2099 Westshore Road, Bodega Bay, California, 94923, USA
| | - Lauren W Ashlock
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, 109 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, Vermont, 05405, USA
| | - Brian Gaylord
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, 2099 Westshore Road, Bodega Bay, California, 94923, USA
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19
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Jenkins JMA, Lesmeister DB, Forsman ED, Dugger KM, Ackers SH, Andrews LS, Gremel SA, Hollen B, McCafferty CE, Pruett MS, Reid JA, Sovern SG, Wiens JD. Conspecific and congeneric interactions shape increasing rates of breeding dispersal of northern spotted owls. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02398. [PMID: 34212458 PMCID: PMC9285767 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Breeding dispersal, the movement from one breeding territory to another, is rare for philopatric species that evolved within relatively stable environments, such as the old-growth coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest. Although dispersal is not inherently maladaptive, the consequences of increased dispersal on population dynamics in populations whose historical dispersal rates are low could be significant, particularly for a declining species. We examined rates and possible causes of breeding dispersal based on a sample of 4,118 northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) monitored in seven study areas over 28 yr, 1990-2017, in Oregon and Washington, USA. Using a multistate mark-resight analysis, we investigated the potential impacts of an emergent congeneric competitor (barred owl Strix varia) and forest alteration (extrinsic factors), and social and individual conditions (intrinsic factors) on 408 successive and 1,372 nonsuccessive dispersal events between years. The annual probability of breeding dispersal increased for individual owls that had also dispersed in the previous year and decreased for owls on territories with historically high levels of reproduction. Intrinsic factors including pair status, prior reproductive success, and experience at a site, were also associated with breeding dispersal movements. The percent of monitored owls dispersing each year increased from ˜7% early in the study to ˜25% at the end of the study, which coincided with a rapid increase in numbers of invasive and competitively dominant barred owls. We suggest that the results presented here can inform spotted owl conservation efforts as we identify factors contributing to changing rates of demographic parameters including site fidelity and breeding dispersal. Our study further shows that increasing rates of breeding dispersal associated with population declines contribute to population instability and vulnerability of northern spotted owls to extinction, and the prognosis is unlikely to change unless active management interventions are undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianna M. A. Jenkins
- U.S. Forest ServicePacific Northwest Research Station3200 SW Jefferson WayCorvallisOregon97331USA
| | - Damon B. Lesmeister
- U.S. Forest ServicePacific Northwest Research Station3200 SW Jefferson WayCorvallisOregon97331USA
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeOregon State University104 Nash HallCorvallisOregon97331‐3803USA
| | - Eric D. Forsman
- U.S. Forest ServicePacific Northwest Research Station3200 SW Jefferson WayCorvallisOregon97331USA
| | - Katie M. Dugger
- U.S. Geological SurveyOregon Cooperative Wildlife Research UnitDepartment of Fisheries and WildlifeOregon State University104 Nash HallCorvallisOregon97331‐3803USA
| | - Steven H. Ackers
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeOregon State University104 Nash HallCorvallisOregon97331‐3803USA
| | - L. Steven Andrews
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeOregon State University104 Nash HallCorvallisOregon97331‐3803USA
| | - Scott A. Gremel
- U.S. National Park ServiceOlympic National Park600 East Park AvenuePort AngelesWashingtonUSA
| | - Bruce Hollen
- Bureau of Land ManagementOregon State Office1220 SW 3rd AvenuePortlandOregon97204USA
| | - Chris E. McCafferty
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeOregon State University104 Nash HallCorvallisOregon97331‐3803USA
| | - M. Shane Pruett
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeOregon State University104 Nash HallCorvallisOregon97331‐3803USA
| | - Janice A. Reid
- U.S. Forest ServicePacific Northwest Research Station3200 SW Jefferson WayCorvallisOregon97331USA
| | - Stan G. Sovern
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeOregon State University104 Nash HallCorvallisOregon97331‐3803USA
| | - J. David Wiens
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center3200 SW Jefferson WayCorvallisOregon97331USA
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20
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Reiner R, Zedrosser A, Zeiler H, Hackländer K, Corlatti L. Forests buffer the climate-induced decline of body mass in a mountain herbivore. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:3741-3752. [PMID: 33993622 PMCID: PMC8361913 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is known to affect key life-history traits, such as body mass, reproduction, and survival in many species. Animal populations inhabiting mountain habitats are adapted to extreme seasonal environmental conditions but are also expected to be especially vulnerable to climate change. Studies on mountain ungulates typically focus on populations or sections of populations living above the tree line, whereas populations inhabiting forested habitats are largely understudied. Here, we investigate whether forested areas can mitigate the impact of climatic change on life-history traits by evaluating the interactive effects of temperature and habitat characteristics on body mass variation in the Alpine chamois Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra. We examined data of 20,573 yearling chamois collected from 1993 to 2019 in 28 mountain ranges in the Austrian Eastern Alps, characterized by different proportion of forest cover. Our results show that the temporal decline of chamois body mass is less pronounced in areas with greater proportion of forest cover. For chamois living in forest habitats only, no significant temporal change in body mass was detected. Variation in body mass was affected by the interaction between density and snow cover, as well as by the interaction between spring temperatures and forest cover, supporting the role of forests as thermal buffer against the effects of increasing temperatures on life-history traits in a mountain ungulate. In turn, this study suggests a buffering effect of forests against climate change impacts. Assessments of the consequences of climate change on the life-history traits and population dynamics of mountain-dwelling species should thus consider the plasticity of the species with respect to the use and availability of different habitat types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Reiner
- Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game ManagementUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
- Berchtesgaden National ParkBerchtesgadenGermany
| | - Andreas Zedrosser
- Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game ManagementUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental HealthUniversity of South‐Eastern NorwayBø i TelemarkNorway
| | | | - Klaus Hackländer
- Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game ManagementUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Luca Corlatti
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology and ManagementUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
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21
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Williams JJ, Newbold T. Vertebrate responses to human land use are influenced by their proximity to climatic tolerance limits. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J. Williams
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment University College London London UK
| | - Tim Newbold
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment University College London London UK
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22
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Sabatini FM, Keeton WS, Lindner M, Svoboda M, Verkerk PJ, Bauhus J, Bruelheide H, Burrascano S, Debaive N, Duarte I, Garbarino M, Grigoriadis N, Lombardi F, Mikoláš M, Meyer P, Motta R, Mozgeris G, Nunes L, Ódor P, Panayotov M, Ruete A, Simovski B, Stillhard J, Svensson J, Szwagrzyk J, Tikkanen O, Vandekerkhove K, Volosyanchuk R, Vrska T, Zlatanov T, Kuemmerle T. Protection gaps and restoration opportunities for primary forests in Europe. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco M. Sabatini
- Institut für Biologie Martin‐Luther‐Universität Halle‐Wittenberg Halle Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Germany
- Geography Department Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - William S. Keeton
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources University of Vermont Burlington VT USA
| | - Marcus Lindner
- Resilience Programme European Forest Institute Bonn Germany
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha 6 – Suchdol Czech Republic
| | | | - Jürgen Bauhus
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institut für Biologie Martin‐Luther‐Universität Halle‐Wittenberg Halle Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Germany
| | - Sabina Burrascano
- Department of Environmental Biology Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | | | - Inês Duarte
- Centre for Applied Ecology “Professor Baeta Neves” (CEABN) InBIO School of Agriculture University of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal
| | - Matteo Garbarino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA) University of Torino Grugliasco Italy
| | | | - Fabio Lombardi
- Department of Agraria Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria – Feo Di Vito Reggio Calabria Italy
| | - Martin Mikoláš
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha 6 – Suchdol Czech Republic
- PRALES Rosina Slovakia
| | - Peter Meyer
- Northwest German Forest Research Institute Göttingen Germany
| | - Renzo Motta
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA) University of Torino Grugliasco Italy
| | - Gintautas Mozgeris
- Agriculture Academy Institute of Forest Management and Wood Science Vytautas Magnus University Akademija Lithuania
| | - Leónia Nunes
- Centre for Applied Ecology “Professor Baeta Neves” (CEABN) InBIO School of Agriculture University of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal
- CITAB Centre of the Research and Technology of Agro‐Environmental and Biological Science University of Trás‐os‐Montes and Alto Douro Vila Real Portugal
| | - Péter Ódor
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary
| | | | | | - Bojan Simovski
- Hans Em Faculty of Forest Sciences Landscape Architecture and Environmental Engineering Department of Botany and Dendrology Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje Skopje North Macedonia
| | - Jonas Stillhard
- Forest Resources and Management Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Johan Svensson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | - Jerzy Szwagrzyk
- Department of Forest Biodiversity University of Agriculture in Krakow Krakow Poland
| | | | | | | | - Tomas Vrska
- Silva Tarouca Research Institute Brno Czech Republic
| | - Tzvetan Zlatanov
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Tobias Kuemmerle
- Geography Department Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
- Integrative Research Institute on Transformation in Human‐Environment Systems Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
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23
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Lindenmayer DB, Lane P, Westgate MJ, Scheele BC, Crane M, Florance D, Crane C, Smith D. Long‐term mammal and nocturnal bird trends are influenced by vegetation type, weather and climate in temperate woodlands. AUSTRAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David B. Lindenmayer
- Sustainable Farms Fenner School of Environment & Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory2601 Australia
- Threatened Species Recovery Hub National Environmental Science Program Fenner School of Environment & Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Peter Lane
- Sustainable Farms Fenner School of Environment & Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory2601 Australia
| | - Martin J. Westgate
- Sustainable Farms Fenner School of Environment & Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory2601 Australia
| | - Ben C. Scheele
- Threatened Species Recovery Hub National Environmental Science Program Fenner School of Environment & Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Mason Crane
- Sustainable Farms Fenner School of Environment & Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory2601 Australia
| | - Daniel Florance
- Sustainable Farms Fenner School of Environment & Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory2601 Australia
- Threatened Species Recovery Hub National Environmental Science Program Fenner School of Environment & Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Clare Crane
- Sustainable Farms Fenner School of Environment & Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory2601 Australia
| | - David Smith
- Sustainable Farms Fenner School of Environment & Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory2601 Australia
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24
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Daskalova GN, Myers-Smith IH, Bjorkman AD, Blowes SA, Supp SR, Magurran AE, Dornelas M. Landscape-scale forest loss as a catalyst of population and biodiversity change. Science 2020; 368:1341-1347. [PMID: 32554591 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba1289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Global biodiversity assessments have highlighted land-use change as a key driver of biodiversity change. However, there is little empirical evidence of how habitat transformations such as forest loss and gain are reshaping biodiversity over time. We quantified how change in forest cover has influenced temporal shifts in populations and ecological assemblages from 6090 globally distributed time series across six taxonomic groups. We found that local-scale increases and decreases in abundance, species richness, and temporal species replacement (turnover) were intensified by as much as 48% after forest loss. Temporal lags in population- and assemblage-level shifts after forest loss extended up to 50 years and increased with species' generation time. Our findings that forest loss catalyzes population and biodiversity change emphasize the complex biotic consequences of land-use change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergana N Daskalova
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, Scotland.
| | - Isla H Myers-Smith
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, Scotland
| | - Anne D Bjorkman
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shane A Blowes
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle (Salle), Germany
| | - Sarah R Supp
- Data Analytics Program, Denison University, Granville, OH 43023, USA
| | - Anne E Magurran
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, Scotland
| | - Maria Dornelas
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, Scotland
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25
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Recent Australian wildfires made worse by logging and associated forest management. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:898-900. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Kovács B, Tinya F, Németh C, Ódor P. Unfolding the effects of different forestry treatments on microclimate in oak forests: results of a 4-yr experiment. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02043. [PMID: 31758609 PMCID: PMC7900960 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A stable below-canopy microclimate of forests is essential for their biodiversity and ecosystem functionality. Forest management necessarily modifies the buffering capacity of woodlands. However, the specific effects of different forestry treatments on site conditions, the temporal recovery after the harvests, and the reason for the contrasts between treatments are still poorly understood. The effects of four different forestry treatments (clear-cutting, retention tree group, preparation cutting, and gap-cutting) on microclimatic variables were studied within a field experiment in a managed oak-dominated stand in Hungary, before (2014) and after (2015-2017) the interventions by complete block design with six replicates. From the first post-treatment year, clear-cuts differed the most from the uncut control due to the increased irradiance and heat load. Means and variability of air and soil temperature increased, air became dryer along with higher soil moisture levels. Retention tree groups could effectively ameliorate the extreme temperatures but not the mean values. Preparation cutting induced slight changes from the original buffered and humid forest microclimate. Despite the substantially more incoming light, gap-cutting could retain the cool and humid air conditions and showed the highest increase in soil moisture after the interventions. For most microclimate variables, we could not observe any obvious trend within 3 yr. However, soil temperature variability decreased with time in clear-cuts, while soil moisture difference continuously increased in gap- and clear-cuts. Based on multivariate analyses, the treatments separated significantly based mainly on the temperature maxima and variability. We found that (1) the effect sizes among treatment levels were consistent throughout the years, (2) the climatic recovery time for variables appears to be far more than 3 yr, and (3) the applied silvicultural methods diverged mainly among the temperature maxima. Based on our study, the spatially heterogeneous and fine-scaled treatments of continuous cover forestry (gap-cutting, selection systems) are recommended. By applying these practices, the essential structural elements creating buffered microclimate could be more successfully maintained. Thus, forestry interventions could induce less pronounced alterations in environmental conditions for forest-dwelling organism groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Kovács
- MTA Centre for Ecological ResearchInstitute of Ecology and BotanyAlkotmány út 2‐4VácrátótH‐2163Hungary
- MTA Centre for Ecological ResearchGINOP Sustainable Ecosystems Research GroupKlebelsberg Kuno utca 3TihanyH‐8237Hungary
- Department of Plant Systematics, Ecology and Theoretical BiologyEötvös Loránd UniversityPázmány Péter sétány 1/CBudapestH‐1117Hungary
| | - Flóra Tinya
- MTA Centre for Ecological ResearchInstitute of Ecology and BotanyAlkotmány út 2‐4VácrátótH‐2163Hungary
| | - Csaba Németh
- MTA Centre for Ecological ResearchGINOP Sustainable Ecosystems Research GroupKlebelsberg Kuno utca 3TihanyH‐8237Hungary
| | - Péter Ódor
- MTA Centre for Ecological ResearchInstitute of Ecology and BotanyAlkotmány út 2‐4VácrátótH‐2163Hungary
- MTA Centre for Ecological ResearchGINOP Sustainable Ecosystems Research GroupKlebelsberg Kuno utca 3TihanyH‐8237Hungary
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27
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Williams JJ, Newbold T. Local climatic changes affect biodiversity responses to land use: A review. DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J. Williams
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research University College London London UK
| | - Tim Newbold
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research University College London London UK
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28
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Betts MG, Gutiérrez Illán J, Yang Z, Shirley SM, Thomas CD. Synergistic Effects of Climate and Land-Cover Change on Long-Term Bird Population Trends of the Western USA: A Test of Modeled Predictions. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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29
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Northrup JM, Rivers JW, Yang Z, Betts MG. Synergistic effects of climate and land-use change influence broad-scale avian population declines. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:1561-1575. [PMID: 30810257 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Climate and land-use changes are expected to be the primary drivers of future global biodiversity loss. Although theory suggests that these factors impact species synergistically, past studies have either focused on only one in isolation or have substituted space for time, which often results in confounding between drivers. Tests of synergistic effects require congruent time series on animal populations, climate change and land-use change replicated across landscapes that span the gradient of correlations between the drivers of change. Using a unique time series of high-resolution climate (measured as temperature and precipitation) and land-use change (measured as forest change) data, we show that these drivers of global change act synergistically to influence forest bird population declines over 29 years in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Nearly half of the species examined had declined over this time. Populations declined most in response to loss of early seral and mature forest, with responses to loss of early seral forest amplified in landscapes that had warmed over time. In addition, birds declined more in response to loss of mature forest in areas that had dried over time. Climate change did not appear to impact populations in landscapes with limited habitat loss, except when those landscapes were initially warmer than the average landscape. Our results provide some of the first empirical evidence of synergistic effects of climate and land-use change on animal population dynamics, suggesting accelerated loss of biodiversity in areas under pressure from multiple global change drivers. Furthermore, our findings suggest strong spatial variability in the impacts of climate change and highlight the need for future studies to evaluate multiple drivers simultaneously to avoid potential misattribution of effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Northrup
- Forest Biodiversity Research Network, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - James W Rivers
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Zhiqiang Yang
- Forest Biodiversity Research Network, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- USDA Forest Service, RMRS Research Station, Ogden, Utah
| | - Matthew G Betts
- Forest Biodiversity Research Network, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
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30
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Lesmeister DB, Sovern SG, Davis RJ, Bell DM, Gregory MJ, Vogeler JC. Mixed‐severity wildfire and habitat of an old‐forest obligate. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Damon B. Lesmeister
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Stan G. Sovern
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Raymond J. Davis
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - David M. Bell
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Matthew J. Gregory
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Jody C. Vogeler
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
- Natural Resources Ecology Lab Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
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31
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Abstract
The Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) ended clearcutting of old-growth forest on federal land across western Washington, Oregon, and California in the early 1990s. We provide a test of how this dramatic change affected bird populations—a commonly used biodiversity indicator. Although the NWFP greatly reduced losses of older forests to logging, losses to wildfire have increased, and declines in birds associated with older forests have amplified. The area of early-seral ecosystems with broadleaf trees stabilized on federal land, but declines continue for some associated species. Creation of early-seral vegetation may be justified in some landscapes where wildfires are mostly suppressed, but should not impede development of older forests, the gradual recovery of which remains critical for the long-term success of the NWFP. The Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) initiated one of the most sweeping changes to forest management in the world, affecting 10 million hectares of federal land. The NWFP is a science-based plan incorporating monitoring and adaptive management and provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the influence of policy. We used >25 years of region-wide bird surveys, forest data, and land-ownership maps to test this policy’s effect on biodiversity. Clearcutting decreased rapidly, and we expected populations of older-forest–associated birds to stabilize on federal land, but to continue declining on private industrial lands where clearcutting continued. In contrast, we expected declines in early-seral–associated species on federal land because of reduced anthropogenic disturbance since the NWFP. Bayesian hierarchical models revealed that bird species’ population trends tracked changes in forest composition. However, against our expectations, declines of birds associated with older forests accelerated. These declines are partly explained by losses of older forests due to fire on federal land and continued clearcutting elsewhere. Indeed, the NWFP anticipated that reversing declines of older forests would take time. Overall, the early-seral ecosystem area was stable, but declined in two ecoregions—the Coast Range and Cascades—along with early-seral bird populations. Although the NWFP halted clearcutting on federal land, this has so far been insufficient to reverse declines in older-forest–associated bird populations. These findings underscore the importance of continuing to prioritize older forests under the NWFP and ensuring that the recently proposed creation of early-seral ecosystems does not impede the conservation and development of older-forest structure.
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32
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Lindenmayer DB, Lane P, Crane M, Florance D, Foster CN, Ikin K, Michael D, Sato CF, Scheele BC, Westgate MJ. Weather effects on birds of different size are mediated by long-term climate and vegetation type in endangered temperate woodlands. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:675-685. [PMID: 30431211 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Species occurrence is influenced by a range of factors including habitat attributes, climate, weather, and human landscape modification. These drivers are likely to interact, but their effects are frequently quantified independently. Here, we report the results of a 13-year study of temperate woodland birds in south-eastern Australia to quantify how different-sized birds respond to the interacting effects of: (a) short-term weather (rainfall and temperature in the 12 months preceding our surveys), (b) long-term climate (average rainfall and maximum and minimum temperatures over the period 1970-2014), and (c) broad structural forms of vegetation (old-growth woodland, regrowth woodland, and restoration plantings). We uncovered significant interactions between bird body size, vegetation type, climate, and weather. High short-term rainfall was associated with decreased occurrence of large birds in old-growth and regrowth woodland, but not in restoration plantings. Conversely, small bird occurrence peaked in wet years, but this effect was most pronounced in locations with a history of high rainfall, and was actually reversed (peak occurrence in dry years) in restoration plantings in dry climates. The occurrence of small birds was depressed-and large birds elevated-in hot years, except in restoration plantings which supported few large birds under these circumstances. Our investigation suggests that different mechanisms may underpin contrasting responses of small and large birds to the interacting effects of climate, weather, and vegetation type. A diversity of vegetation cover is needed across a landscape to promote the occurrence of different-sized bird species in agriculture-dominated landscapes, particularly under variable weather conditions. Climate change is predicted to lead to widespread drying of our study region, and restoration plantings-especially currently climatically wet areas-may become critically important for conserving bird species, particularly small-bodied taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment & Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Threatened Species Recovery Hub, National Environmental Science Program, Fenner School of Environment & Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Sustainable Farms, Fenner School of Environment & Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Peter Lane
- Fenner School of Environment & Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Mason Crane
- Fenner School of Environment & Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Sustainable Farms, Fenner School of Environment & Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Daniel Florance
- Fenner School of Environment & Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Sustainable Farms, Fenner School of Environment & Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Claire N Foster
- Fenner School of Environment & Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Karen Ikin
- Fenner School of Environment & Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Damian Michael
- Fenner School of Environment & Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Chloe F Sato
- Fenner School of Environment & Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ben C Scheele
- Fenner School of Environment & Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Threatened Species Recovery Hub, National Environmental Science Program, Fenner School of Environment & Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Martin J Westgate
- Fenner School of Environment & Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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33
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Lindenmayer DB, Lane P, Foster CN, Westgate MJ, Sato C, Ikin K, Crane M, Michael D, Florance D, Scheele BC. Do migratory and resident birds differ in their responses to interacting effects of climate, weather and vegetation? DIVERS DISTRIB 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David B. Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
- Threatened Species Recovery Hub, National Environmental Science Program, Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
- Sustainable Farms, Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Peter Lane
- Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Claire N. Foster
- Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Martin J. Westgate
- Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Chloe Sato
- Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Karen Ikin
- Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Mason Crane
- Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
- Sustainable Farms, Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Damian Michael
- Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
- Threatened Species Recovery Hub, National Environmental Science Program, Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Daniel Florance
- Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
- Sustainable Farms, Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Ben C. Scheele
- Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
- Threatened Species Recovery Hub, National Environmental Science Program, Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
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34
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Regos A, Imbeau L, Desrochers M, Leduc A, Robert M, Jobin B, Brotons L, Drapeau P. Hindcasting the impacts of land-use changes on bird communities with species distribution models of Bird Atlas data. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 28:1867-1883. [PMID: 30055061 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Habitat loss and degradation induced by human development are among the major threats to biodiversity worldwide. In this study, we tested our ability to predict the response of bird communities (128 species) to land-use changes in southern Quebec (~483,100 km2 ) over the last 30 yr (between 1984-1989 and 2010-2014) by using species distribution models (299,302 occurrences in 30,408 locations) from a hindcasting perspective. Results were grouped by functional guilds to infer potential impacts on ecosystem services, and to relate model transferability (i.e., ability of our models to be generalized to other times and scales) to specific functional and life-history traits. Overall, our models were able to accurately predict, both in space and time, habitat suitability for 69% of species, especially for granivorous, nonmigrant, tree-nesting species, and species that are tied to agricultural areas under intensive use. These findings indicate that model transferability depends upon specific functional and life-history traits, providing further evidence that species' ecologies affect the ability of models to accurately predict bird distributions. Declining bird species were mostly short-distance migrants that were associated with open habitats (agricultural and nonproductive forest) with aerial insectivorous or granivorous diets, which may be related to agricultural intensification and land abandonment. Land-use changes were positive for some forest bird species that were mainly associated with mixed and deciduous forests, generalist diets and tree-nesting strategies. Yet cavity-nesting birds have suffered substantial reductions in their distributions, suggesting that cumulative effects of intensive logging and wildfires on mature forests pose a threat for forest-specialist species. Habitat suitability changes predicted by our coarse-scale species distribution models partially agreed with the long-term trends reported by the North American Breeding Bird Survey. Our findings confirm land-use change as a key driving force for shaping bird communities in southern Quebec, together with the need to explicitly incorporate it into global change scenarios that better inform decision-makers on conservation and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Regos
- Departamento de Zooloxía, Xenética e Antropoloxía Fisica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources (CIBIO/InBIO), ECOCHANGE Group, Campus Agrario de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Louis Imbeau
- Centre d'étude de la forêt, Institut de Recherche sur les Forêts (IRF), Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), 445 boulevard de l' Université, Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, J9X 5E4, Canada
| | - Mélanie Desrochers
- Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Centre d'étude de la forêt, 141 Avenue Président-Kennedy, Montréal, Québec, H2X 1Y4, Canada
| | - Alain Leduc
- Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Centre d'étude de la forêt, 141 Avenue Président-Kennedy, Montréal, Québec, H2X 1Y4, Canada
| | - Michel Robert
- Service canadien de la faune, Environnement et changement climatique Canada, 801-1550, avenue d'Estimauville, Québec, Québec, G1J 0C3, Canada
| | - Benoît Jobin
- Service canadien de la faune, Environnement et changement climatique Canada, 801-1550, avenue d'Estimauville, Québec, Québec, G1J 0C3, Canada
| | - Lluís Brotons
- Forest Sciences Centre of Catalonia (CEMFOR-CTFC), InForest Joint Research Unit (CSIC-CTFC-CREAF), Solsona, Spain
- Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Pierre Drapeau
- Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Centre d'étude de la forêt, 141 Avenue Président-Kennedy, Montréal, Québec, H2X 1Y4, Canada
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Review of Ecosystem Level Impacts of Emerald Ash Borer on Black Ash Wetlands: What Does the Future Hold? FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9040179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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