1
|
Fjaeldstad AW. Using Cooking Schools to Improve the Pleasure of Food and Cooking in Patients Experiencing Smell Loss. Foods 2024; 13:1821. [PMID: 38928763 PMCID: PMC11202556 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Smell loss affects around 15-20% of the population, with a major effect on the quality of life. The most common complaint is the impairment of the eating experience, with around 90% of patients reporting this issue. A study conducted at a specialised Taste and Smell Clinic investigated if food and cooking can positively affect the enjoyment of food, subjective cooking skills, and quality of life in patients with smell loss. The 49 participants in the study received a 5-week cooking school course that focused on emphasizing the other senses to regain the enjoyment of food. Participants gained more confidence in cooking, and their quality of life improved significantly. Positively evaluated recipes were adjusted based on feedback and published as free e-books in Danish, German, and English. Eating and cooking are multisensory experiences, and the perception of food depends on the complex interaction of senses and surroundings. If the olfactory input is reduced or absent, both the enjoyment and cooking experience can be negatively affected. Therefore, focusing on food and cooking can have a positive impact on patients with smell loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wieck Fjaeldstad
- Flavour Clinic, University Clinic for Flavour, Balance and Sleep, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Regional Hospital Gødstrup, Hospitalsparken 15, 7400 Herning, Denmark;
- Flavour Institute, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Center for Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing, Linacre College, University of Oxford, Stoke House, Oxford OX3 9BX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chung HJ, Lim HS, Lee K, Choi HS, Jeong J, Shin HA, Kim CH, Chang JH. Incidence of Olfactory Dysfunction and Associated Factors: A Nationwide Cohort Study From South Korea. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2023; 102:NP499-NP505. [PMID: 34121478 DOI: 10.1177/01455613211012906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Olfactory dysfunction, a reduced or complete loss of the ability to smell, is gaining attention because of its substantial impact on an individual's quality of life and the possibility that it is an important sign of underlying disease. However, olfactory dysfunction is underdiagnosed in the general population due to diagnostic difficulty and unpredictable prognosis. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of clinically diagnosed olfactory dysfunction in South Korea by using well-organized, nationwide, population-based cohort data, and the associations between olfactory dysfunction and risk of neurodegenerative disorders. METHODS We investigated the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort for patients diagnosed with olfactory dysfunction according to the International Classification of Diseases. Annual and overall incidence and prevalence of olfactory dysfunction during 2003 to 2013 and patient characteristics were analyzed. Based on those identified patients who were later diagnosed with neurodegenerative disorder, hazard ratios (HRs) of sociodemographic factors and comorbidities associated with neurodegenerative disorder were evaluated using a Cox proportional hazard regression model. RESULTS In total, 6296 patients were clinically diagnosed with olfactory dysfunction during the study period (524.67 patients/year). The prevalence increased annually and was higher in female patients. The incidence of neurodegenerative disorders among patients with olfactory dysfunction was 4.2% within the study period. Multivariate cox regression analysis of the patients (n = 249) revealed that diabetes mellitus (HR = 1.976) and depression (HR = 2.758) were significant risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Olfactory dysfunction is underdiagnosed in South Korea, but it is clinically important considering the possibility of presymptom of neurodegenerative disorders. In clinical practice, we should consider its association with neurodegenerative disorders and possibly other systemic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jin Chung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Hyun Seon Lim
- Research and Analysis Team, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Kyuin Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Hyun Seung Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Junhui Jeong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Hyang Ae Shin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute for Human Natural Defense System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Chang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shrestha S, Zhu X, Kamath V, Sullivan KJ, Deal JA, Sharrett AR, Schneider ALC, Palta P, Gottesman RF, Windham BG, Mosley TH, Griswold ME, Chen H. Factors Associated with Poor Olfaction and Olfactory Decline in Older Adults in the ARIC Neurocognitive Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:3641. [PMID: 37630831 PMCID: PMC10459162 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory function has significant implications for human health, but few risk factors for olfactory decline have been identified. We examined the factors associated with olfactory status and decline over five years in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Neurocognitive Study. A 12-item odor identification test was used to assess olfaction in 6053 participants in 2011-2013 (ARIC visit 5, mean age: 75.6, 41% male, 23% Black race) and in 3235 participants in 2016-2017 (visit 6). We used Poisson regression models to examine cross-sectional associations of a range of potential factors with the total odor identification errors (mean errors: 2.8 ± 2.4) in visit 5 participants. We used mixed-effect Poisson regression to examine associations with olfactory decline between visits 5 and 6. We also examined associations with visit 5 anosmia prevalence (847 cases, 14%) and incident anosmia between the two visits (510 cases, 16%) using Poisson models. Older age, male sex, lower education, Black race, APOE ε4 alleles, and diabetes were associated with higher odor identification errors and higher anosmia prevalence, and greater physical activity and hypertension with better olfaction. Age, male sex, lower education, Black race, APOE ε4 allele, and vitamin B12 levels were associated with incident anosmia over 5 years. Older age was associated with faster olfactory decline. Future studies with longer follow-ups are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Shrestha
- The Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Xiaoqian Zhu
- The Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Vidyulata Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kevin J. Sullivan
- The Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Deal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - A. Richey Sharrett
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andrea L. C. Schneider
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Priya Palta
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rebecca F. Gottesman
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - B. Gwen Windham
- The Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Thomas H. Mosley
- The Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Michael E. Griswold
- The Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Honglei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Velluzzi F, Deledda A, Lombardo M, Fosci M, Crnjar R, Grossi E, Sollai G. Application of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to Elucidate the Connections among Smell, Obesity with Related Metabolic Alterations, and Eating Habit in Patients with Weight Excess. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020206. [PMID: 36837824 PMCID: PMC9959568 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a severe health problem linked to an increased risk of comorbidity and mortality and its etiopathogenesis includes genetic, epigenetic, microbiota composition, and environmental factors, such as dietary habits. The olfactory system plays an important role in controlling food intake and meal size, influencing body weight and energy balance. This study aims to identify the connection between olfactory function and clinical and nutritional aspects related to weight excess in a group of 68 patients with overweight or obesity. All participants underwent the evaluation of olfactory function, anthropometric data (weight, height, BMI, waist circumference), clinical data (hypertension, disglycemia, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome), and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (Mediterranean Diet Score). A fourth-generation artificial neural network data mining approach was used to uncover trends and subtle associations between variables. Olfactory tests showed that 65% of patients presented hyposmia. A negative correlation was found between olfactory scores and systolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and triglycerides levels, but a positive correlation was found between olfactory scores and the Mediterranean diet score. The methodology of artificial neural networks and the semantic connectivity map "Auto-Contractive Map" highlighted the underlying scheme of the connections between the variables considered. In particular, hyposmia was linked to obesity and related metabolic alterations and the male sex. The female sex was connected with normosmia, higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and normal values of blood pressure, lipids, and glucose levels. These results highlight an inverse correlation between olfactory skills and BMI and show that a normosmic condition, probably because of greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet, seems to protect not only from an excessive increase in body weight but also from associated pathological conditions such as hypertension and metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Velluzzi
- Obesity Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University Hospital of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Deledda
- Obesity Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University Hospital of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Mauro Lombardo
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Fosci
- Obesity Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University Hospital of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberto Crnjar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Enzo Grossi
- Autism Research Unit, Villa Santa Maria Foundation, 22038 Tavernerio, Italy
| | - Giorgia Sollai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-070-6754160
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mozzanica F, Ferrulli A, Vujosevic S, Montuori A, Cardella A, Preti A, Ambrogi F, Schindler A, Terruzzi I, Ottaviani F, Luzi L. Olfactory disfunction and diabetic complications in type 2 diabetic patients: a pilot study. Endocrine 2022; 75:760-767. [PMID: 34628556 PMCID: PMC8501919 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-021-02897-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Scarce information on the prevalence and characteristics of olfactory disfunction (OD) in type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients are available. The aims of this study were (1) to assess the olfactory function in T2D patients and to compare it with a control group of individuals without T2D, and (2) to evaluate the differences in OD within T2D patients according to the presence of diabetic complications. METHODS A group of 39 T2D patients and a control group of 39 healthy individuals were enrolled. Each subject underwent an evaluation of the olfactory performance using the Sniffing Olfactory Screening Test (SOST) and completed a questionnaire assessing the subjective perception of olfaction. According to the presence of diabetic complications, the group of T2D patients was divided into two subgroups. Non-parametric tests and regression analysis were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS No differences in the subjective perception of olfaction were demonstrated among T2D patients (with and without complications) and controls. A significant difference for the SOST score was demonstrated among the different groups. In particular, OD was more frequent in T2D patients than in controls. In addition, OD was far more frequent in T2D patients with complications. Regression analysis did not demonstrate any significant association between OD and clinical/demographic characteristics of T2D patients. CONCLUSION T2D patients were more frequently affected by OD. The subgroup analysis suggested a possible relationship between OD and diabetic complications since patients with T2D diabetic complications demonstrated lower olfactory abilities than controls subjects and T2D patients without diabetic complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mozzanica
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Anna Ferrulli
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stela Vujosevic
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Eye Clinic, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Arianna Cardella
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Preti
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Ambrogi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Schindler
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical sciences "L. Sacco", Luigi Sacco University Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ileana Terruzzi
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Ottaviani
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Livio Luzi
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hosein W, Henkin RI. Therapeutic diminution of Interleukin-10 with intranasal theophylline administration in hyposmic patients. Am J Otolaryngol 2022; 43:103375. [PMID: 35124402 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2022.103375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine changes in nasal mucus Interleukin-10 (IL-10) before and after intranasal theophylline treatment in hyposmic patients, and the relationship of these changes to orally administered theophylline treatment. DESIGN IL-10 was measured in nasal mucus samples of 17 normal subjects and 39 patients with hyposmia of multiple etiologies by use of a sensitive spectrophotometric ELISA assay. Hyposmia is defined clinically by standardized evaluation of impaired olfactometry, as well as subjectively self reported by the patient. RESULTS Prior to treatment, IL-10 levels in nasal mucus were increased in hyposmic patients compared to controls. Following intranasal theophylline administration, over half of treated patients experienced a decrease of nasal mucus IL-10 toward control levels, correlated with a significant improvement in taste and smell function. Patients who increased with intranasal administration, similar to previously reported oral administration, showed no significant improvement in taste or smell function. CONCLUSIONS Nasal mucus IL-10 decreased in patients treated with intranasal theophylline. Mechanisms of action include phosphodiesterase and nuclear factor kappa-B inhibition, correlated with an improvement in both olfaction and gustation. IL-10 is induced by therapeutic and systemic administration of theophylline as with oral dosage, but reduced by lower and localized treatment.
Collapse
|
7
|
Li J, Li M, Zhang J, Song Y. Associations between taste and smell alterations and diabetes-related comorbidities among US adults: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2011-2014. Acta Diabetol 2022; 59:429-433. [PMID: 35022837 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-021-01825-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mingyue Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, 1050 Wishard Blvd, RG 6118, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yiqing Song
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, 1050 Wishard Blvd, RG 6118, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen M, Wang J, Zhou S, Zhang C, Deng D, Liu F, Luo W, Zhu J, Yu Y. Brain Structure as a Correlate of Odor Identification and Cognition in Type 2 Diabetes. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:773309. [PMID: 35237139 PMCID: PMC8882582 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.773309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It has been reported that type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is associated with olfactory identification (OI) impairments and cognitive decline. However, the relationship between OI impairments and cognitive decline is largely unknown in T2DM patients.Methods: Sixty-eight T2DM patients and 68 healthy controls underwent 3D-T1 MRI scans, olfactory and cognitive assessments. The cortical thickness of olfaction-related brain regions, olfactory and cognitive scores were compared between groups. Correlation analyses were carried out among cognition, olfaction, and cortical thickness of olfaction-related brain regions.Results: First, the cognitive and olfactory test scores of T2DM patients were lower than healthy subjects. Second, higher olfactory scores were associated with increased cortical thickness in the left parahippocampal gyrus and bilateral insula in T2DM. Third, higher olfactory scores were associated with higher cognitive performance in T2DM. Fourth, some cognitive performances were related to cortical thickness in the left parahippocampal gyrus and left insula in T2DM.Conclusion: These findings indicated that olfactory dysfunction may be useful for future applications that attempt to predict cognitive decline or develop tailored therapies in T2DM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Chen
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shanlei Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cun Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Datong Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fujun Liu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Radiology, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, China
| | - Jiajia Zhu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Yongqiang Yu Jiajia Zhu
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Yongqiang Yu Jiajia Zhu
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Motor and non-motor circuit disturbances in early Parkinson disease: which happens first? Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:115-128. [PMID: 34907352 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00542-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
For the last two decades, pathogenic concepts in Parkinson disease (PD) have revolved around the toxicity and spread of α-synuclein. Thus, α-synuclein would follow caudo-rostral propagation from the periphery to the central nervous system, first producing non-motor manifestations (such as constipation, sleep disorders and hyposmia), and subsequently impinging upon the mesencephalon to account for the cardinal motor features before reaching the neocortex as the disease evolves towards dementia. This model is the prevailing theory of the principal neurobiological mechanism of disease. Here, we scrutinize the temporal evolution of motor and non-motor manifestations in PD and suggest that, even though the postulated bottom-up mechanisms are likely to be involved, early involvement of the nigrostriatal system is a key and prominent pathophysiological mechanism. Upcoming studies of detailed clinical manifestations with newer neuroimaging techniques will allow us to more closely define, in vivo, the role of α-synuclein aggregates with respect to neuronal loss during the onset and progression of PD.
Collapse
|
10
|
Faour M, Magnan C, Gurden H, Martin C. Olfaction in the context of obesity and diabetes: Insights from animal models to humans. Neuropharmacology 2021; 206:108923. [PMID: 34919903 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory system is at the crossroad between sensory processing and metabolic sensing. In addition to being the center of detection and identification of food odors, it is a sensor for most of the hormones and nutrients responsible for feeding behavior regulation. The consequences of modifications in body homeostasis, nutrient overload and alteration of this brain network in the pathological condition of food-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes are still not elucidated. The aim of this review was first to use both humans and animal studies to report on the current knowledge of the consequences of obesity and type 2 diabetes on odorant threshold and olfactory perception including identification discrimination and memory. We then discuss how olfactory processing can be modified by an alteration of the metabolic homeostasis of the organism and available elements on pharmacological treatments that regulate olfaction. We focus on data within the olfactory system but also on the interactions between the olfactory system and other brain networks impacted by metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Faour
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | | | - Hirac Gurden
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Claire Martin
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Machine Learning Refutes Loss of Smell as a Risk Indicator of Diabetes Mellitus. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10214971. [PMID: 34768493 PMCID: PMC8584618 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Because it is associated with central nervous changes, and olfactory dysfunction has been reported with increased prevalence among persons with diabetes, this study addressed the question of whether the risk of developing diabetes in the next 10 years is reflected in olfactory symptoms. In a cross-sectional study, in 164 individuals seeking medical consulting for possible diabetes, olfactory function was evaluated using a standardized clinical test assessing olfactory threshold, odor discrimination, and odor identification. Metabolomics parameters were assessed via blood concentrations. The individual diabetes risk was quantified according to the validated German version of the “FINDRISK” diabetes risk score. Machine learning algorithms trained with metabolomics patterns predicted low or high diabetes risk with a balanced accuracy of 63–75%. Similarly, olfactory subtest results predicted the olfactory dysfunction category with a balanced accuracy of 85–94%, occasionally reaching 100%. However, olfactory subtest results failed to improve the prediction of diabetes risk based on metabolomics data, and metabolomics data did not improve the prediction of the olfactory dysfunction category based on olfactory subtest results. Results of the present study suggest that olfactory function is not a useful predictor of diabetes.
Collapse
|
12
|
Cattaneo C, Mameli C, D'Auria E, Zuccotti G, Pagliarini E. The Influence of Common Noncommunicable Diseases on Chemosensory Perception and Clinical Implications in Children and Adolescents. Adv Nutr 2021; 13:234-247. [PMID: 34535793 PMCID: PMC8803496 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An increased incidence of noninfectious chronic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and allergies, has been noted in the last century, especially in the last 2 to 3 generations. Evidence suggested that the interrelation among these chronic conditions in pediatric age (e.g., children and adolescents aged 4-16 y) is complex and still unknown, reinforcing the interest of pediatricians in these diseases. Of interest is the need to better understand the link between these pathologies and sensory perception, since the chemical senses of taste and smell, together with chemesthesis, are reported to have a role in food choices and may provide a novel target for intervention in the treatment of these pathologies. This review aims to explore the current evidence on the link between these chronic conditions and chemosensory perception (i.e., taste and smell). In addition, the putative role that chemosensory perception may have on food choices and eating behavior of children and adolescents affected by these diseases are highlighted. Furthermore, the review addresses the unexplored issues that need to be investigated in this area. The literature data search suggested that no clear relation between taste and smell perception and the aforementioned diseases in young population yet exists. However, some possible trends have been highlighted in the adult population, in whom the duration of disease might have affected the relation. There is a need for further, high-quality, hypothesis-led research, with robust measures of taste and smell functions as the primary outcomes, to strengthen or deny this evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Mameli
- Department of Pediatrics, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Enza D'Auria
- Department of Pediatrics, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ella Pagliarini
- Sensory and Consumer Science Lab (SCS_Lab), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Guzmán-Ruiz MA, Jiménez A, Cárdenas-Rivera A, Guerrero-Vargas NN, Organista-Juárez D, Guevara-Guzmán R. Regulation of Metabolic Health by an "Olfactory-Hypothalamic Axis" and Its Possible Implications for the Development of Therapeutic Approaches for Obesity and T2D. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1727-1743. [PMID: 33813677 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory system is responsible for the reception, integration and interpretation of odors. However, in the last years, it has been discovered that the olfactory perception of food can rapidly modulate the activity of hypothalamic neurons involved in the regulation of energy balance. Conversely, the hormonal signals derived from changes in the metabolic status of the body can also change the sensitivity of the olfactory system, suggesting that the bidirectional relationship established between the olfactory and the hypothalamic systems is key for the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. In the first part of this review, we describe the possible mechanisms and anatomical pathways involved in the modulation of energy balance regulated by the olfactory system. Hence, we propose a model to explain its implication in the maintenance of the metabolic homeostasis of the organism. In the second part, we discuss how the olfactory system could be involved in the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type two diabetes and, finally, we propose the use of intranasal therapies aimed to regulate and improve the activity of the olfactory system that in turn will be able to control the neuronal activity of hypothalamic centers to prevent or ameliorate metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Alaide Guzmán-Ruiz
- Laboratorio Sensorial, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Edificio A, 4º piso, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Adriana Jiménez
- Laboratorio Sensorial, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Edificio A, 4º piso, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alfredo Cárdenas-Rivera
- Centro de Investigación en Bioingeniería, Universidad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Lima, Perú
| | - Natalí N Guerrero-Vargas
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Diana Organista-Juárez
- Laboratorio Sensorial, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Edificio A, 4º piso, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rosalinda Guevara-Guzmán
- Laboratorio Sensorial, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Edificio A, 4º piso, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ekström I, Larsson M, Rizzuto D, Fastbom J, Bäckman L, Laukka EJ. Predictors of Olfactory Decline in Aging: A Longitudinal Population-Based Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 75:2441-2449. [PMID: 32886741 PMCID: PMC7662159 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory dysfunction is common in aging and associated with dementia and mortality. However, longitudinal studies tracking change in olfactory ability are scarce. We sought to identify predictors of interindividual differences in rate of olfactory identification change in aging. METHOD Participants were 1780 individuals, without dementia at baseline and with at least 2 olfactory assessments over 12 years of follow-up (mean age = 70.5 years; 61.9% female), from the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (SNAC-K). Odor identification was assessed with the Sniffin' Sticks. We estimated the impact of demographic, health, and genetic factors on rate of olfactory change with linear mixed effect models. RESULTS Advancing age, manufacturing profession, history of cerebrovascular disease, higher cardiovascular disease burden, diabetes, slower walking speed, higher number of medications, and the APOE ε4 allele were associated with accelerated odor identification decline (ps < .014). Multi-adjusted analyses showed unique associations of age, diabetes, and ε4 to olfactory decline (ps < .017). In 1531 participants who remained free of dementia (DSM IV criteria) during follow-up, age, cardiovascular disease burden, and diabetes were associated with accelerated decline (ps < .011). Of these, age and diabetes remained statistically significant in the multi-adjusted model (ps < .001). CONCLUSION Demographic, vascular, and genetic factors are linked to rate of decline in odor identification in aging. Although some olfactory loss may be an inevitable part of aging, our results highlight the importance of vascular factors for the integrity of the olfactory system, even in the absence of dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Ekström
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Maria Larsson
- Gösta Ekman Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Debora Rizzuto
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Sweden.,Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Sweden
| | - Johan Fastbom
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Lars Bäckman
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Erika J Laukka
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Sweden.,Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Delgado-Losada ML, Bouhaben J, Delgado-Lima AH. Development of the Spanish Version of Sniffin's Sticks Olfactory Identification Test: Normative Data and Validity of Parallel Measures. Brain Sci 2021; 11:216. [PMID: 33578970 PMCID: PMC7916642 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sniffin' Sticks Olfactory Identification Test is a tool for measurement of olfactory performance developed in Germany and validated in several countries. This research aims to develop the Spanish version of the Sniffin' Sticks Olfactory Identification Test and obtain normative values for the Spanish population. The parameters are free recall and subjective intensity of odorants are included. The influence of possible demographic covariates such as sex, age, smoking, or educational level are analyzed, and the items that best discriminate are studied. In addition, the internal structure validity of the blue and purple versions is studied as a parallel measure, and a cultural adaptation of the purple version is carried out. For this, three independent samples of normosmic healthy volunteers were studied. To obtain normative values, the sample was of 417 participants (18-89 years). For the internal structure validity study of both versions, the sample was 226 (18-70 years), and for familiarity of the purple version, the sample was 75 participants (21-79 years). Results indicated that men and women and smokers and non-smokers perform equally. However, differences were found as age progresses, being more pronounced after 60 years old in all three measurements of the identification test. This research also provides the items that best discriminate in the blue version and a cultural adaptation for the purple version. In conclusion, the Sniffin' Sticks Odor Identification Test is a suitable tool for olfactory assessment in the Spanish population. The instrument has been expanded with two new scores, and normative data as a function of age are provided. Its parallel version also seems appropriate for testing, as items have been culturally adapted and evidence of internal structure validity for both versions is reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Luisa Delgado-Losada
- Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy Department, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; (J.B.); (A.H.D.-L.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Spanish Validation for Olfactory Function Testing Using the Sniffin' Sticks Olfactory Test: Threshold, Discrimination, and Identification. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10120943. [PMID: 33297359 PMCID: PMC7762307 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10120943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The assessment of olfactory function is becoming increasingly relevant, especially in cases of cognitive decline (i.e., neurodegenerative diseases), where olfactory alterations may be relevant as potential early biomarkers. The Sniffin' Sticks Olfactory Test, developed in Germany and validated in several countries, is an objective measure of olfactory performance. This study aims to validate this test in a Spanish sample. This study included 209 healthy normosmic volunteers (154 females and 55 males) aged between 20 to 79 years (mean age = 50.11 ± 15.18 years) as the normative sample. From this group, 22 participants were retested in order to obtain test-retest reliability evidence. Odor familiarity for descriptors in the olfactory identification test was also studied on an independent healthy sample (n = 69), and required cultural modifications were applied. Results indicate that men and women, as well as smokers and non-smokers, performed equally in every test. However, significant differences were found between age groups in every score. The general trend is that olfactory function progressively decreases as a function of age, the elderly group (+60 years) being the one with the lowest scores. In conclusion, this normative data, in addition to the test's cultural modifications, allows the Sniffin' Sticks Olfactory Test to be administered on a Spanish population.
Collapse
|
17
|
Besnard P, Christensen JE, Bernard A, Simoneau-Robin I, Collet X, Verges B, Burcelin R. Identification of an oral microbiota signature associated with an impaired orosensory perception of lipids in insulin-resistant patients. Acta Diabetol 2020; 57:1445-1451. [PMID: 32676702 PMCID: PMC7591415 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-020-01567-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Type 2 diabetes leads to multiple sensory dysfunctions affecting notably the gustatory sensitivity. Although this sensory defect, by impacting food choices, might lead to unhealthy eating behavior, underlying mechanisms remains poorly studied. We have recently reported that the composition of microbiota in contact with circumvallate gustatory papillae might affect the orosensory perception of lipids in lean and normoglycemic obese subjects. This finding has prompted us to explore whether such a phenomenon also occurs in diabetic obese patients. METHODS The composition of microbiota surrounding the circumvallate papillae was analyzed in combination with the linoleic acid perception thresholds in male insulin-resistant patients and weight-matched healthy controls. Two complementary comparisons were performed: (1) controls vs diabetic and (2) diabetic low-lipid tasters versus diabetic high-lipid tasters. RESULTS Despite subtle modifications in the oral microbiota composition, comparison of orosensory lipid perception in controls and diabetic subjects did not lead to discriminating data due to the large inter-individual variability of linoleic acid perception thresholds. In contrast, specific bacterial signatures were found by comparing diabetic low- and high-lipid tasters leading to differential molecular pathways. Surprisingly, a lower fatty taste perception was mainly found in patients treated with metformin and/or statins, suggesting a possible side effect of these antidiabetic and/or hypolipidemic drugs on taste acuity. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data show that the diabetic patients with defective fatty taste detection are characterized by a specific microbiota metabolism at the circumvallate papillae levels, this occurrence seeming amplified by drugs commonly used to counteract the damaging metabolic effects of T2D. Trial registration for original previous studies: ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT02028975.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Besnard
- UMR 1231 Lipides/Nutrition/Cancer INSERM/Univ Bourgogne-Franche Comté/AgroSup Dijon, 21000, Dijon, France.
- Physiologie de La Nutrition, AgroSup Dijon, 26 Bd Dr Petitjean, 21000, Dijon, France.
| | | | - Arnaud Bernard
- UMR 1231 Lipides/Nutrition/Cancer INSERM/Univ Bourgogne-Franche Comté/AgroSup Dijon, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Isabelle Simoneau-Robin
- UMR 1231 Lipides/Nutrition/Cancer INSERM/Univ Bourgogne-Franche Comté/AgroSup Dijon, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Xavier Collet
- UMR 1048 INSERM/Univ Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Verges
- UMR 1231 Lipides/Nutrition/Cancer INSERM/Univ Bourgogne-Franche Comté/AgroSup Dijon, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Rémy Burcelin
- UMR 1048 INSERM/Univ Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31000, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chachlaki K, Prevot V. Nitric oxide signalling in the brain and its control of bodily functions. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:5437-5458. [PMID: 31347144 PMCID: PMC7707094 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a versatile molecule that plays key roles in the development and survival of mammalian species by endowing brain neuronal networks with the ability to make continual adjustments to function in response to moment-to-moment changes in physiological input. Here, we summarize the progress in the field and argue that NO-synthetizing neurons and NO signalling in the brain provide a core hub for integrating sensory- and homeostatic-related cues, control key bodily functions, and provide a potential target for new therapeutic opportunities against several neuroendocrine and behavioural abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Chachlaki
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainJean‐Pierre Aubert Research Centre, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- School of MedicineUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
- CHU LilleFHU 1,000 days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainJean‐Pierre Aubert Research Centre, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- School of MedicineUniversity of LilleLilleFrance
- CHU LilleFHU 1,000 days for HealthLilleFrance
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Han L, Chen C, Lu X, Song Y, Zhang Z, Zeng C, Chiu R, Li L, Xu M, He C, Zhang W, Duan S. Alterations of 5-hydroxymethylcytosines in circulating cell-free DNA reflect retinopathy in type 2 diabetes. Genomics 2020; 113:79-87. [PMID: 33221518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular complication that may cause severe visual impairment and blindness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Early detection of DR will expand the range of potential treatment options and enable better control of disease progression. Epigenetic dysregulation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of microvascular complications in patients with T2DM. We sought to explore the diagnostic value of 5-hydroxymethylcytosines (5hmC) in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) for DR, taking advantage of a highly sensitive technique, the 5hmC-Seal. The genome-wide 5hmC profiles in cfDNA samples from 35 patients diagnosed with DR and 35 age-, gender-, diabetic duration-matched T2DM controls were obtained using the 5hmC-Seal, followed by a case-control analysis and external validation. The genomic distribution of 5hmC in cfDNA from patients with DR reflected potential gene regulatory relevance, showing co-localization with histone modification marks for active expression (e.g., H3K4me1). A three-gene signature (MESP1, LY6G6D, LINC01556) associated with DR was detected using the elastic net regularization on the multivariable logistic regression model, showing high accuracy to distinguish patients with DR from T2DM controls (AUC [area under curve] = 91.4%; 95% CI [confidence interval], 84.3- 98.5%), achieving a sensitivity of 88.6% and a specificity of 91.4%. In an external testing set, the 5hmC model detected 5 out of 6 DR patients and predicted 7 out of 8 non-DR patients with other microvascular complications. Circulating cfDNA from patients with DR contained 5hmC information that could be exploited for DR detection. As a novel non-invasive approach, the 5hmC-Seal holds the promise to be an integrated part of patient care and surveillance tool for T2DM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Han
- Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China; Department of Global Health, Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chang Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xingyu Lu
- Shanghai Epican Genetech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqun Song
- Shanghai Epican Genetech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chang Zeng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rudyard Chiu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Miao Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Institute for Biophysical Dynamics; and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Insititute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China.
| | - Shiwei Duan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lietzau G, Nyström T, Wang Z, Darsalia V, Patrone C. Western Diet Accelerates the Impairment of Odor-Related Learning and Olfactory Memory in the Mouse. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3590-3602. [PMID: 33054173 PMCID: PMC7645872 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction could be an early indicator of cognitive decline in type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, whether obesity affects olfaction in people with T2D is unclear. This question needs to be addressed, because most people with T2D are obese. Importantly, whether different contributing factors leading to obesity (e.g., different components of diet or gain in weight) affect specific olfactory functions and underlying mechanisms is unknown. We examined whether two T2D-inducing obesogenic diets, one containing a high proportion of fat (HFD) and one with moderate fat and high sugar (Western diet, WD), affect odor detection/discrimination, odor-related learning, and olfactory memory in the mouse. We also investigated whether the diets impair adult neurogenesis, GABAergic interneurons, and neuroblasts in the olfactory system. Here, we further assessed olfactory cortex volume and cFos expression-based neuronal activity. The WD-fed mice showed declined odor-related learning and olfactory memory already after 3 months of diet intake (p = 0.046), although both diets induced similar hyperglycemia and weight gain compared to those of standard diet-fed mice (p = 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respectively) at this time point. Eight months of HFD and WD diminished odor detection (p = 0.016 and p = 0.045, respectively), odor-related learning (p = 0.015 and p = 0.049, respectively), and olfactory memory. We observed no changes in the investigated cellular mechanisms. We show that the early deterioration of olfactory parameters related to learning and memory is associated with a high content of sugar in the diet rather than with hyperglycemia or weight gain. This finding could be exploited for understanding, and potentially preventing, cognitive decline/dementia in people with T2D. The mechanisms behind this finding remain to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Lietzau
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 118-83, Sweden
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk 80-210, Poland
| | - Thomas Nyström
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 118-83, Sweden
| | - Zhida Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Vladimer Darsalia
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 118-83, Sweden
| | - Cesare Patrone
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 118-83, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Schlosser RJ, Smith TL, Mace JC, Alt J, Beswick DM, Mattos JL, Payne S, Ramakrishnan VR, Soler ZM. Factors driving olfactory loss in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis: a case control study. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2020; 10:7-14. [PMID: 31899859 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory dysfunction (OD) in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is common. It is likely that numerous factors such as sex, race, age, allergies, asthma, smoking, and other comorbidities play a role in CRS-related OD. In order to determine which aspects of OD are due solely to CRS and which are associated with other confounders, control populations are needed to allow appropriate risk assessments. METHODS Prospective, multi-institutional enrollment of patients with CRS and control subjects without CRS was performed. Demographic information, comorbidities, and olfactory testing (Sniffin' Sticks) of threshold (T), discrimination (D), and identification (I) scores (TDI) was collected. RESULTS A total of 224 patients with CRS and 164 control subjects were enrolled. Olfaction was worse in CRS patients compared to controls (mean ± standard deviation (SD) TDI = 22.4 ± 9.5 vs 28.8 ± 7.0, respectively, p < 0.001). Only 27% of CRS patients were normosmic compared to 49% of controls (p < 0.001). When stratifying by nasal polyp (NP) status, CRSwNP patients had significant impairments in TDI, T, D, and I compared to controls with mean differences of 11.2, 3.3, 3.5, and 4.4 points, respectively (all p < 0.001). In contrast, CRSsNP patients only had impaired T when compared to controls with a mean difference of 2.2 points (p < 0.001). Multivariate modeling of TDI scoring showed that OD was driven by polyps, asthma, diabetes, and age. CRSsNP was not independently associated with worse TDI scores. CONCLUSION OD in CRS patients is multifactorial. Independent drivers appear to be polyp status, asthma, diabetes, and age. OD in patients with CRSsNP is similar to controls with the exception of impaired thresholds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodney J Schlosser
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Timothy L Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR
| | - Jess C Mace
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR
| | - Jeremiah Alt
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Daniel M Beswick
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - Jose L Mattos
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Spencer Payne
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Vijay R Ramakrishnan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - Zachary M Soler
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gore MR. Association of olfactory neuropathy spectrum disorder and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: A Report of a case. Clin Case Rep 2020; 8:1638-1641. [PMID: 32983467 PMCID: PMC7495843 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.2976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory neuropathy spectrum disorder is characterized by hyposmia or anosmia and hypoplastic or absent olfactory bulbs. There may be an association between olfactory neuropathy spectrum disorder and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R. Gore
- Department of OtolaryngologyState University of New York Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNew YorkUSA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lechien JR, Ducarme M, Place S, Chiesa-Estomba CM, Khalife M, De Riu G, Vaira LA, de Terwangne C, Machayekhi S, Marchant A, Journe F, Saussez S. Objective Olfactory Findings in Hospitalized Severe COVID-19 Patients. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080627. [PMID: 32752123 PMCID: PMC7460289 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigate the prevalence of the self-reported and objective sudden loss of smell (SLS) in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS Severe COVID-19 patients with self-reported SLS were recruited at hospitalization discharge. Epidemiological and clinical data were collected. The Sino-nasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22) was used to evaluate rhinological complaints. Subjective olfactory and gustatory functions were assessed with the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHNES). Objective SLS was evaluated using psychophysical tests. Potential associations between olfactory evaluation and the clinical outcomes (duration of hospitalization; admission biology; one month serology (IgG), and chest computed tomography findings) were studied. RESULTS Forty-seven patients completed the study (25 females). Subjectively, eighteen (38.3%) individuals self-reported subjective partial or total SLS. Among them, only three and four were anosmic and hyposmic, respectively (38.9%). Considering the objective evaluation in the entire cohort, the prevalence of SLS was 21.3%. Elderly patients and those with diabetes had lower objective olfactory evaluation results than young and non-diabetic individuals. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of SLS in severe COVID-19 patients appears to be lower than previously estimated in mild-to-moderate COVID-19 forms. Future comparative studies are needed to explore the predictive value of SLS for COVID-19 severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerome R. Lechien
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), F92150 Paris, France; (J.R.L.); (C.M.C.-E.); (M.K.)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), B7000 Mons, Belgium;
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), F92150 Paris, France
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Morgane Ducarme
- Department of Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, B7000 Hornu, Belgium;
| | - Sammy Place
- Department of Internal Medicine, EpiCURA Hospital, B7000 Baudour, Belgium;
| | - Carlos M. Chiesa-Estomba
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), F92150 Paris, France; (J.R.L.); (C.M.C.-E.); (M.K.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Hospital Universitario Donostia, 00685 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Mohamad Khalife
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), F92150 Paris, France; (J.R.L.); (C.M.C.-E.); (M.K.)
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, EpiCURA Hospital, B7000 Baudour, Belgium
| | - Giacomo De Riu
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.D.R.); (L.A.V.)
| | - Luigi Angelo Vaira
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.D.R.); (L.A.V.)
| | | | - Shahram Machayekhi
- Department of Intensive Care, EpiCURA Hospital, B7000 Hornu, Belgium; (C.d.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, B1000 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Fabrice Journe
- Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), B7000 Mons, Belgium;
| | - Sven Saussez
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), F92150 Paris, France; (J.R.L.); (C.M.C.-E.); (M.K.)
- Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), B7000 Mons, Belgium;
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-485-716-053
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jiménez A, Organista-Juárez D, Torres-Castro A, Guzmán-Ruíz MA, Estudillo E, Guevara-Guzmán R. Olfactory Dysfunction in Diabetic Rats is Associated with miR-146a Overexpression and Inflammation. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:1781-1790. [PMID: 32405762 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with cognitive decline and dementia. Both neurodegenerative conditions are characterized by olfactory dysfunction (OD) which is also observed in diabetic patients. Diabetes and neurodegeneration display altered miRNAs expression; therefore, the study of miRNAs in the diabetic olfactory system is important in order to know the mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration induced by T2D. In this work we evaluated the expression of miRs206, 451, 146a and 34a in the olfactory bulb (OB) of T2D rats and its association with OD. T2D induction was performed by administering streptozotocin to neonatal rats. The olfactory function was evaluated after reaching the adulthood by employing the buried pellet and social recognition tests. After 18 weeks, animals were sacrificed to determinate miRNAs and protein expression in the OB. T2D animals showed a significant increase in the latency to find the odor stimulus in the buried pellet test and a significant reduction in the interest to investigate the novel juvenile subjects in the social recognition test, indicating OD. In miRNAs analysis we observed a significant increase of miR-146a expression in the OB of T2D rats when compared to controls. This increase in miR-146a correlated with the overexpression of IL-1β in the OB of T2D rats. The present results showed that OD in T2D rats is associated with IL-1β mediated-inflammation and miR-146a overexpression, suggesting that high levels of IL-1β could trigger miR-146a upregulation as a negative feedback of the inflammatory response in the OB of T2D rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Jiménez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Diana Organista-Juárez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Areli Torres-Castro
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.,, IMSS Hospital General Regional 1 Dr. Carlos Mac Gregor Sánchez Navarro, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mara A Guzmán-Ruíz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Enrique Estudillo
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular IFC/UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez,", Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rosalinda Guevara-Guzmán
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Olfactory Memory in Depression: State and Trait Differences between Bipolar and Unipolar Disorders. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10030189. [PMID: 32214029 PMCID: PMC7139478 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10030189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Changes in olfactory recognition memory may constitute sensory markers in depression. Significant differences may exist between unipolar and bipolar depression. Our study compares olfactory memory between control, unipolar, and bipolar patients in depressed and euthymic states in order to identify potential markers of depression. Methods: 176 participants were recruited in 5 groups: depressed bipolar (DB), euthymic bipolar (EB), depressed unipolar (DU), euthymic unipolar (EU), and controls (HC). The participants had a standardized clinical and olfactory assessment (olfactory memory, evaluation of pleasantness, intensity, familiarity, and emotional aspect of smells). Results: DU, DB, and EU patients had a deficit in olfactory memory compared to HC. DB patients had lower capacity to recognize new odors. DB and DU patients had more limited detection of unfamiliar odors than HC. DB patients rated odors as less pleasant compared to the other groups. All groups had lower hedonic ratings than HC. DB patients had lower emotional ratings than EU patients. Conclusions: Olfactory memory is impaired in depressive states, thus constituting a state marker of depression. Impairments in olfactory memory persist after remission of bipolar depression, thus constituting a possible trait marker of bipolarity. Hedonic rating differentiates unipolar from bipolar depression. This is the first study that identifies a sensory marker differentiating between unipolar and bipolar depression.
Collapse
|
26
|
Kaya KS, Mazı EE, Demir ST, Tetik F, Tuna M, Turgut S. Relationship between progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus and olfactory function. Am J Otolaryngol 2020; 41:102365. [PMID: 31806250 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2019.102365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the literature, diabetes mellitus was mentioned as one of the etiologic factors of olfactory disorder. However, association between olfactory dysfunction and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine if there is any correlation between olfactory dysfunction and complications of diabetes mellitus. METHODS The study population included eighty-five (85) patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (56 females and 29 males, mean age 55.4 ± 9.4 years). The routine laboratory and ophthalmoscope examinations were used in the study. The Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center odor test was performed to all patients. Patients were grouped (normal, anosmia, mild hyposmia, moderate hyposmia, severe hyposmia) in respect to olfactory function. RESULT Distribution of the patients was 34.1% male (29) and 65.9% female (56). Mean Hemoglobin A1c value was 9.0 ± 2.7. The distribution of complications was 38.8% nephropathy, 25.9% retinopathy, 24.7% microalbuminuria. In Odor Test classification, statistically significant difference was not detected in nephropathy, retinopathy and microalbuminuria ratios (p = 0.523, p = 0.057, p = 0.993). CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that in odor test classification, statistically significant difference was not detected between the patients with complications (nephropathy, retinopathy, and microalbuminuria) and the patients without complications.
Collapse
|
27
|
Kim SJ, Windon MJ, Lin SY. The association between diabetes and olfactory impairment in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2019; 4:465-475. [PMID: 31637288 PMCID: PMC6793600 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence suggests that olfactory impairment (OI) may be a degenerative neurologic complication of diabetes; however, the association is not yet well established. The objective of this work was to systematically review existing literature on the association between diabetes and OI in adults, with meta‐analysis of evaluable studies. Methods A literature search encompassing 358 abstracts from the last 75 years in PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane was performed. English‐language articles investigating adults with diabetes and OI in comparison to control groups with original data and ≥7 subjects were included. The Newcastle‐Ottawa scale was applied for quality assessment. Two investigators independently reviewed all articles. For meta‐analysis, the odds ratio of OI in diabetes compared with control groups was calculated using the fixed effects model. Results The initial search yielded 358 abstracts, from which 21 articles were reviewed and 11 articles (n = 6,747) were included. Studies included were case‐control (64%) or cross‐sectional (36%) with evidence level 3b. On the Newcastle‐Ottawa scale, the mean quality assessment score for case‐control and cross‐sectional studies was 7.4 (maximum of 9) and 7.0 (maximum of 10), respectively. A statistically significant association between diabetes and olfaction compared with controls was found in 6 (55%) of the 11 articles. Four studies were eligible for meta‐analysis, which yielded an overall odds of having OI with diabetes as 1.58 times more likely than in control groups (95% CI [1.16, 2.16]; I2 = 10.3%). Conclusions The reviewed studies support a significant association between diabetes and OI. Further studies are warranted to characterize this association. Level of Evidence 3a
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Joo Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland U.S.A
| | - Melina J Windon
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland U.S.A
| | - Sandra Y Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Karimi E, Abbasi S, Abbasi N. Thymol polymeric nanoparticle synthesis and its effects on the toxicity of high glucose on OEC cells: involvement of growth factors and integrin-linked kinase. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:2513-2532. [PMID: 31440034 PMCID: PMC6664260 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s214454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Nowadays, the drug delivery system is important in the treatment of diseases. Purpose A polymeric nanoparticle modified by oleic acid (NPMO) as a Thymol (Thy) drug release system was synthesized from Thymbra spicata and its neurotrophic and angiogenic effects on rat’s olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) in normal (NG) and high glucose (HG) conditions were studied. Methods The NPMO was characterized by using different spectroscopy methods, such as infrared, HNMR, CNMR, gel permeation chromatography, dynamic light scattering, and atomic force microscopy. Load and releasing were investigated by HPLC. The toxicity against OECs diet-induced by MTT assay. ROS and generation of nitric oxide (NO) were evaluated using dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein and Griess method, respectively. The expression of protein integrin-linked kinase (ILK), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and nerve growth factor (NGF) were evaluated by Western blotting. Results ThyNPMO is desirable for transferring drug as a carrier. The amount of Thy and extract (E) loaded on NPMO estimated at 43±2.5% and 41±1.8%, respectively. Then, 65% and 63% of the drug load were released, respectively. Thy, ThyNPMO, E, and ENPMO prevented HG-induced OECs cell death (EC50 33±1.5, 22±0.9, 35±1.8, and 25±1.1 μM, respectively). Incubation with Thy, ThyNPMO, E ,and ENPMO at high concentrations increased cell death with LC50 105±3.5, 82±2.8, 109±4.3, and 86±3.4 μM, respectively in HG states. Conclusion OECs were protected by ThyNPMO and ENPMO in protective concentrations by reducing the amount of ROS and NO, maintaining ILK, reducing VEGF, and increasing BDNF and NGF. The mentioned mechanisms were totally reversed at high concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Karimi
- Department of Chemistry, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran.,Biotechnology and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Shahryar Abbasi
- Department of Chemistry, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
| | - Naser Abbasi
- Biotechnology and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhang Z, Zhang B, Wang X, Zhang X, Yang QX, Qing Z, Zhang W, Zhu D, Bi Y. Olfactory Dysfunction Mediates Adiposity in Cognitive Impairment of Type 2 Diabetes: Insights From Clinical and Functional Neuroimaging Studies. Diabetes Care 2019; 42:1274-1283. [PMID: 31221697 DOI: 10.2337/dc18-2584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Large numbers of people with type 2 diabetes are obese. However, changes in cognition and related brain function in obese people with diabetes have not been characterized. Here, we investigated cognition, olfactory function, and odor-induced brain alterations in these patients and therapeutic effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1Ras) on their psychological behavior and olfactory networks. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Cognitive, olfactory, and odor-induced brain activation assessments were administered to 35 obese and 35 nonobese people with type 2 diabetes and 35 control subjects matched for age, sex, and education. Among them, 20 obese individuals with diabetes with inadequate glycemic control and metformin monotherapy received GLP-1Ra treatment for 3 months and were reassessed for metabolic, cognitive, olfactory, and neuroimaging changes. RESULTS Obese subjects with diabetes demonstrated lower general cognition and olfactory threshold scores, decreased left hippocampal activation, and disrupted seed-based functional connectivity with right insula compared with nonobese subjects with diabetes. Negative associations were found between adiposity and episodic memory and between fasting insulin and processing speed test time in diabetes. Mediation analyses showed that olfactory function and left hippocampus activation mediated these correlations. With 3-month GLP-1Ra treatment, obese subjects with diabetes exhibited improved Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score, olfactory test total score, and enhanced odor-induced right parahippocampus activation. CONCLUSIONS Obese subjects with type 2 diabetes showed impaired cognition and dysfunctional olfaction and brain networks, the latter of which mediated adiposity in cognitive impairment of diabetes. GLP-1Ras ameliorated cognitive and olfactory abnormalities in obese subjects with diabetes, providing new perspectives for early diagnosis and therapeutic approaches for cognitive decrements in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing X Yang
- Center for NMR Research, Department of Radiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA.,George M. Leader Foundation Alzheimer's Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Zhao Qing
- Department of Radiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Dalong Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Bi
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yang QH, Zhang Y, Zhang XM, Li XR. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy and non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in Asian T2DM patients: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:302-311. [PMID: 30809489 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.02.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the pooled prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR), proliferative DR (PDR) and nonproliferative DR (NPDR) in Asian type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. METHODS We performed a systematic search online search using PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and China WeiPu Library to identify eligible studies that reported the prevalence of DR, PDR and NPDR in Asian T2DM patients. Effect size (ES) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to evaluate the prevalence of DR, PDR and NPDR in Asian T2DM patients, respectively. RESULTS There were 41 references and 48 995 T2DM patients involved in this study. The prevalence of DR, PDR, and NPDR was 28%, 6%, and 27% in T2DM patients, respectively; while the prevalence of PDR and NPDR in DR patients was 17% and 83%, respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that prevalence of DR in T2DM patients from Singaporean, Indian, South Korean, Malaysian, Asian, and Chinese was 33%, 42%, 16%, 35%, 21% and 25%, respectively. In T2DM patients with NPDR from Indian, South Korean, Malaysian, Asian, Chinese, higher prevalence was found than that in PDR patients (45% vs 17%, 13% vs 3%, 30% vs 5%, 23% vs 2% and 22% vs 3%), as well as in DR patients (74% vs 26%, 81% vs 19%, 86% vs 14%, 92% vs 8% and 85% vs 15%). The prevalence of PDR in T2DM from India was higher than patients from other locations of Asia, and the same results were also observed in NPDR patients. CONCLUSION In either T2DM Asian patients or DR patients, NPDR is more common than PDR. Based on our results, we should pay more attention to NPDR screening and management in T2DM patients, and we also recommend suitable interventions to prevent its progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Hui Yang
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Eye Institute & Tianjin Medical University School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Eye Institute & Tianjin Medical University School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xiao-Min Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Eye Institute & Tianjin Medical University School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Li
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Eye Institute & Tianjin Medical University School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin 300384, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Leem J, Shim HM, Cho H, Park JH. Octanoic acid potentiates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and expression of glucokinase through the olfactory receptor in pancreatic β-cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:278-284. [PMID: 29885841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) are G protein-coupled receptors that mediate olfactory chemosensation, leading to the perception of smell. ORs are expressed in many tissues, but their functions are largely unknown. Here, we show that the olfactory receptor Olfr15 is highly and selectively expressed in both mouse pancreatic β-cells and MIN6 cells. In addition, octanoic acid (OA), a medium-chain fatty acid, potentiates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). The OA-induced enhancement of GSIS was inhibited by Olfr15 knockdown. Treatment with a PLC inhibitor or an Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptor (IP3R) antagonist also blocked the OA-induced enhancement of GSIS. These results suggest that OA potentiates GSIS via Olfr15 though the PLC-IP3 pathway. Furthermore, long-term treatment with OA increased cellular glucose uptake in MIN6 cells by up-regulating the expression of glucokinase (GK). Moreover, this process was blocked by an IP3R antagonist and a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK) inhibitor. Similarly, OA stimulated GK promoter activity, while either Olfr15 or CaMKIV knockdown blocked the stimulatory effect of OA on GK promoter activity. These results suggest that long-term treatment of OA induces GK promoter activity via Olfr15 through the IP3-CaMKK/CaMKIV pathway. In islets from type 2 diabetic mice, the expression level of Olfr15 and the OA-induced enhancement of GSIS were strongly reduced. Collectively, our results highlight the crucial role of the olfactory receptor Olfr15 in potentiating GSIS in pancreatic β-cells, suggesting that Olfr15 may be an important therapeutic target in type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaechan Leem
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, 42472, South Korea
| | - Hae-Min Shim
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Hochan Cho
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, 41931, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea; Institute for Medical Science, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang Z, Zhang B, Wang X, Zhang X, Yang QX, Qing Z, Lu J, Bi Y, Zhu D. Altered Odor-Induced Brain Activity as an Early Manifestation of Cognitive Decline in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes 2018; 67:994-1006. [PMID: 29500313 DOI: 10.2337/db17-1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is reported to be associated with olfactory dysfunction and cognitive decline. However, whether and how olfactory neural circuit abnormalities involve cognitive impairment in diabetes remains uncovered. This study thus aimed to investigate olfactory network alterations and the associations of odor-induced brain activity with cognitive and metabolic parameters in type 2 diabetes. Participants with normal cognition, including 51 patients with type 2 diabetes and 41 control subjects without diabetes, underwent detailed cognitive assessment, olfactory behavior tests, and odor-induced functional MRI measurements. Olfactory brain regions showing significantly different activation between the two groups were selected for functional connectivity analysis. Compared with the control subjects, patients with diabetes demonstrated significantly lower olfactory threshold score, decreased brain activation, and disrupted functional connectivity in the olfactory network. Positive associations of the disrupted functional connectivity with decreased neuropsychology test scores and reduced pancreatic function were observed in patients with diabetes. Notably, the association between pancreatic function and executive function was mediated by olfactory behavior and olfactory functional connectivity. Our results suggested the alteration of olfactory network is present before clinically measurable cognitive decrements in type 2 diabetes, bridging the gap between the central olfactory system and cognitive decline in diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Radiology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing X Yang
- Department of Radiology, Center for NMR Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
- George M. Leader Foundation Alzheimer's Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Zhao Qing
- Department of Radiology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaming Lu
- Department of Radiology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Bi
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Dalong Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Holt RIG. Reducing the burden of diabetes complications. Diabet Med 2018; 35:7. [PMID: 29226583 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R I G Holt
- Diabetic Medicine University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| |
Collapse
|