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Hochheiser IV, Geyer M. Insights into reproduction-regulating NOD-like receptors. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024:10.1038/s41594-024-01383-7. [PMID: 39333373 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias Geyer
- Institute of Structural Biology, University of Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, Bonn, Germany.
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2
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Sundaram B, Tweedell RE, Prasanth Kumar S, Kanneganti TD. The NLR family of innate immune and cell death sensors. Immunity 2024; 57:674-699. [PMID: 38599165 PMCID: PMC11112261 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors, also known as nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs), are a family of cytosolic pattern recognition receptors that detect a wide variety of pathogenic and sterile triggers. Activation of specific NLRs initiates pro- or anti-inflammatory signaling cascades and the formation of inflammasomes-multi-protein complexes that induce caspase-1 activation to drive inflammatory cytokine maturation and lytic cell death, pyroptosis. Certain NLRs and inflammasomes act as integral components of larger cell death complexes-PANoptosomes-driving another form of lytic cell death, PANoptosis. Here, we review the current understanding of the evolution, structure, and function of NLRs in health and disease. We discuss the concept of NLR networks and their roles in driving cell death and immunity. An improved mechanistic understanding of NLRs may provide therapeutic strategies applicable across infectious and inflammatory diseases and in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurugan Sundaram
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Rebecca E Tweedell
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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3
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Kumar V, Stewart JH. cGLRs Join Their Cousins of Pattern Recognition Receptor Family to Regulate Immune Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1828. [PMID: 38339107 PMCID: PMC10855445 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize danger signals such as PAMPs/MAMPs and DAMPs to initiate a protective immune response. TLRs, NLRs, CLRs, and RLRs are well-characterized PRRs of the host immune system. cGLRs have been recently identified as PRRs. In humans, the cGAS/STING signaling pathway is a part of cGLRs. cGAS recognizes cytosolic dsDNA as a PAMP or DAMP to initiate the STING-dependent immune response comprising type 1 IFN release, NF-κB activation, autophagy, and cellular senescence. The present article discusses the emergence of cGLRs as critical PRRs and how they regulate immune responses. We examined the role of cGAS/STING signaling, a well-studied cGLR system, in the activation of the immune system. The following sections discuss the role of cGAS/STING dysregulation in disease and how immune cross-talk with other PRRs maintains immune homeostasis. This understanding will lead to the design of better vaccines and immunotherapeutics for various diseases, including infections, autoimmunity, and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA;
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4
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Zhang T, Xing F, Qu M, Yang Z, Liu Y, Yao Y, Xing N. NLRP2 in health and disease. Immunology 2024; 171:170-180. [PMID: 37735978 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
NLR family pyrin domain containing 2 (NLRP2) is a novel member of the Nod-like receptor (NLR) family. However, our understanding of NLRP2 has long been ambiguous. NLRP2 may have a role in the innate immune response, but its 'specific' functions remain controversial. Although NLRP2 can initiate inflammasome and promote inflammation, it can also downregulate inflammatory signals. Additionally, NLRP2 has been reported to function in the reproductive system and shows high expression in the placenta. However, the exact role of NLRP2 in the reproductive system is unclear. Here, we highlight the most current progress on NLRP2 in inflammasome activation, effector function and regulation of nuclear factor-κB. And we discuss functions of NLRP2 in inflammatory diseases, reproductive disorders and the potential implication of NLRP2 in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Fei Xing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province International Joint Laboratory of Pain, Cognition and Emotion, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Mingcui Qu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhihu Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yafei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yongchao Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Na Xing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province International Joint Laboratory of Pain, Cognition and Emotion, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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5
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Yi W, Hu M, Shi L, Li T, Bai C, Sun F, Ma H, Zhao Z, Yan S. Whole genome sequencing identified genomic diversity and candidated genes associated with economic traits in Northeasern Merino in China. Front Genet 2024; 15:1302222. [PMID: 38333624 PMCID: PMC10851152 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1302222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Northeast Merino (NMS) is a breed developed in Northeast China during the 1960s for wool and meat production. It exhibits excellent traits such as high wool yield, superior meat quality, rapid growth rate, robust disease resistance, and adaptability to cold climates. However, no studies have used whole-genome sequencing data to investigate the superior traits of NMS. Methods: In this study, we investigated the population structure, genetic diversity, and selection signals of NMS using whole-genome sequencing data from 20 individuals. Two methods (integrated haplotype score and composite likelihood ratio) were used for selection signal analysis, and the Fixation Index was used to explore the selection signals of NMS and the other two breeds, Mongolian sheep and South African meat Merino. Results: The results showed that NMS had low inbreeding levels, high genomic diversity, and a pedigree of both Merino breeds and Chinese local breeds. A total length of 14.09 Mb genomic region containing 287 genes was detected using the two methods. Further exploration of the functions of these genes revealed that they are mainly concentrated in wool production performance (IRF2BP2, MAP3K7, and WNT3), meat production performance (NDUFA9, SETBP1, ZBTB38, and FTO), cold resistance (DNAJC13, LPGAT1, and PRDM16), and immune response (PRDM2, GALNT8, and HCAR2). The selection signals of NMS and the other two breeds annotated 87 and 23 genes, respectively. These genes were also mainly focused on wool and meat production performance. Conclusion: These results provide a basis for further breeding improvement, comprehensive use of this breed, and a reference for research on other breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Yi
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyue Hu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lulu Shi
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ting Li
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunyan Bai
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fuliang Sun
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Huihai Ma
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, China
| | - Zhongli Zhao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, China
| | - Shouqing Yan
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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6
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Zhang T, Aipire A, Li Y, Guo C, Li J. Antigen cross-presentation in dendric cells: From bench to bedside. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115758. [PMID: 37866002 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-presentation (XPT) is an adaptation of the cellular process in which dendritic cells (DCs) present exogenous antigens on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules for recognition of the cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells, resulting in immunity or tolerance. Recent advances in DCs have broadened our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of XPT and strengthened their application in tumor immunotherapy. In this review, we summarized the known mechanisms of XPT, including the receptor-mediated internalization of exogenous antigens, endosome escape, engagement of the other XPT-related proteins, and adjuvants, which significantly enhance the XPT capacity of DCs. Consequently, various strategies to enhance XPT can be adopted and optimized to improve outcomes of DC-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Adila Aipire
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Yijie Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Changying Guo
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.
| | - Jinyao Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China.
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Gao C, Cai X, Lymbery AJ, Ma L, Li C. The evolution of NLRC3 subfamily genes in Sebastidae teleost fishes. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:683. [PMID: 37964222 PMCID: PMC10648357 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09785-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With more than 36,000 valid fish species, teleost fishes constitute the most species-rich vertebrate clade and exhibit extensive genetic and phenotypic variation, including diverse immune defense strategies. NLRC3 subfamily genes, which are specific to fishes, play vital roles in the immune system of teleosts. The evolution of teleosts has been impacted by several whole-genome duplication (WGD) events, which might be a key reason for the expansions of the NLRC3 subfamily, but detailed knowledge of NLRC3 subfamily evolution in the family Sebastidae is still limited. RESULTS Phylogenetic inference of NLRC3 subfamily protein sequences were conducted to evaluate the orthology of NLRC3 subfamily genes in black rockfish (Sebastes schlegilii), 13 other fish species from the families Sebastidae, Serranidae, Gasterosteidae and Cyclopteridae, and three species of high vertebrates (bird, reptile and amphibian). WGD analyses were used to estimate expansions and contractions of the NLRC3 subfamily, and patterns of expression of NLRC3 subfamily genes in black rockfish following bacterial infections were used to investigate the functional roles of these genes in the traditional and mucosal immune system of the Sebastidae. Different patterns of gene expansions and contractions were observed in 17 fish and other species examined, and one and two whole-genome duplication events were observed in two members of family Sebastidae (black rockfish and honeycomb rockfish, Sebastes umbrosus), respectively. Subsequently, 179 copy numbers of NLRC3 genes were found in black rockfish and 166 in honeycomb rockfish. Phylogenetic analyses corroborated the conservation and evolution of NLRC3 orthologues between Sebastidae and other fish species. Finally, differential expression analyses provided evidence of the immune roles of NLRC3 genes in black rockfish during bacterial infections and gene ontology analysis also indicated other functional roles. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize that NLRC3 genes have evolved a variety of different functions, in addition to their role in the immune response, as a result of whole genome duplication events during teleost diversification. Importantly, this study had underscored the importance of sampling across taxonomic groups, to better understand the evolutionary patterns of the innate immunity system on which complex immunological novelties arose. Moreover, the results in this study could extend current knowledge of the plasticity of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbin Gao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, 266109, Qingdao, China
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 6150, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Xin Cai
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, 266109, Qingdao, China
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 6150, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Alan J Lymbery
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 6150, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Le Ma
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 6150, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Chao Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, 266109, Qingdao, China.
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8
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Chou WC, Jha S, Linhoff MW, Ting JPY. The NLR gene family: from discovery to present day. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:635-654. [PMID: 36973360 PMCID: PMC11171412 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00849-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian NLR gene family was first reported over 20 years ago, although several genes that were later grouped into the family were already known at that time. Although it is widely known that NLRs include inflammasome receptors and/or sensors that promote the maturation of caspase 1, IL-1β, IL-18 and gasdermin D to drive inflammation and cell death, the other functions of NLR family members are less well appreciated by the scientific community. Examples include MHC class II transactivator (CIITA), a master transcriptional activator of MHC class II genes, which was the first mammalian NBD-LRR-containing protein to be identified, and NLRC5, which regulates the expression of MHC class I genes. Other NLRs govern key inflammatory signalling pathways or interferon responses, and several NLR family members serve as negative regulators of innate immune responses. Multiple NLRs regulate the balance of cell death, cell survival, autophagy, mitophagy and even cellular metabolism. Perhaps the least discussed group of NLRs are those with functions in the mammalian reproductive system. The focus of this Review is to provide a synopsis of the NLR family, including both the intensively studied and the underappreciated members. We focus on the function, structure and disease relevance of NLRs and highlight issues that have received less attention in the NLR field. We hope this may serve as an impetus for future research on the conventional and non-conventional roles of NLRs within and beyond the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Chou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sushmita Jha
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
| | - Michael W Linhoff
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Okin D, Kagan JC. Inflammasomes as regulators of non-infectious disease. Semin Immunol 2023; 69:101815. [PMID: 37506489 PMCID: PMC10527946 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are cytoplasmic organelles that stimulate inflammation upon cellular detection of infectious or non-infectious stress. While much foundational work has focused on the infection-associated aspects of inflammasome activities, recent studies have highlighted the role of inflammasomes in non-infectious cellular and organismal functions. Herein, we discuss the evolution of inflammasome components and highlight characteristics that permit inflammasome regulation of physiologic processes. We focus on emerging data that highlight the importance of inflammasome proteins in the regulation of reproduction, development, and malignancy. A framework is proposed to contextualize these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Okin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Id-Lahoucine S, Casellas J, Suárez-Vega A, Fonseca PAS, Schenkel FS, Sargolzaei M, Cánovas A. Unravelling transmission ratio distortion across the bovine genome: identification of candidate regions for reproduction defects. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:383. [PMID: 37422635 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological mechanisms affecting gametogenesis, embryo development and postnatal viability have the potential to alter Mendelian inheritance expectations resulting in observable transmission ratio distortion (TRD). Although the discovery of TRD cases have been around for a long time, the current widespread and growing use of DNA technologies in the livestock industry provides a valuable resource of large genomic data with parent-offspring genotyped trios, enabling the implementation of TRD approach. In this research, the objective is to investigate TRD using SNP-by-SNP and sliding windows approaches on 441,802 genotyped Holstein cattle and 132,991 (or 47,910 phased) autosomal SNPs. RESULTS The TRD was characterized using allelic and genotypic parameterizations. Across the whole genome a total of 604 chromosomal regions showed strong significant TRD. Most (85%) of the regions presented an allelic TRD pattern with an under-representation (reduced viability) of carrier (heterozygous) offspring or with the complete or quasi-complete absence (lethality) for homozygous individuals. On the other hand, the remaining regions with genotypic TRD patterns exhibited the classical recessive inheritance or either an excess or deficiency of heterozygote offspring. Among them, the number of most relevant novel regions with strong allelic and recessive TRD patterns were 10 and 5, respectively. In addition, functional analyses revealed candidate genes regulating key biological processes associated with embryonic development and survival, DNA repair and meiotic processes, among others, providing additional biological evidence of TRD findings. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed the importance of implementing different TRD parameterizations to capture all types of distortions and to determine the corresponding inheritance pattern. Novel candidate genomic regions containing lethal alleles and genes with functional and biological consequences on fertility and pre- and post-natal viability were also identified, providing opportunities for improving breeding success in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Id-Lahoucine
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Joaquim Casellas
- Departament de Ciència Animal I Dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aroa Suárez-Vega
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Pablo A S Fonseca
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Flavio S Schenkel
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mehdi Sargolzaei
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Select Sires, Inc, Plain City, OH, 43064, USA
| | - Angela Cánovas
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Wu J, Fang S, Feng P, Cai C, Zhang L, Yang L. Changes in expression levels of Nod-like receptors in the spleen of ewes. Anim Reprod 2023; 20:e20220093. [PMID: 37228386 PMCID: PMC10205055 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2022-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain receptors (NOD-like receptors, NLRs) have critical effects on interfaces of the immune and reproductive systems, and the spleen plays a key role in both innate and adaptive immune functions. It is hypothesized that NLR family participates in maternal splenic immune regulation during early pregnancy in sheep. In this study, maternal spleens were collected on day 16 of the estrous cycle, and days 13, 16 and 25 of gestation (n = 6 for each group) in ewes. Expression of NLR family, including NOD1, NOD2, class II transactivator (CIITA), NLR family apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, Leucine rich repeat and Pyrin domain containing 1 (NLRP1), NLRP3 and NLRP7, was analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis. The results revealed that expression levels of NOD1, NOD2, CIITA and NLRP3 were downregulated at days 13 and 16 of pregnancy, but expression of NLRP3 was increased at day 25 of pregnancy. In addition, expression values of NAIP and NLRP7 mRNA and proteins were improved at days 16 and 25 of pregnancy, and NLRP1 was peaked at days 13 and 16 of pregnancy in the maternal spleen. Furthermore, NOD2 and NLRP7 proteins were limited to the capsule, trabeculae and splenic cords. In summary, early pregnancy changes expression of NLR family in the maternal spleen, which may be related with the maternal splenic immunomodulation during early pregnancy in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxuan Wu
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Shengya Fang
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Pengfei Feng
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Chunjiang Cai
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Leying Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
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Chuphal B, Rai U, Roy B. Teleost NOD-like receptors and their downstream signaling pathways: A brief review. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 3:100056. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2022.100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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13
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Zhu X, Mu K, Wan Y, Zhang L. Evolutionary history of the NLR gene families across lophotrochozoans. Gene 2022; 843:146807. [PMID: 35964873 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
NOD-like receptor (NLR) genes are critical innate immune receptors in animals and plants. Lophotrochozoans represent one of the most species-rich superphyla that includes molluscs, segmented worms, flatworms, bryozoans, and other invertebrates, which is crucial to our understanding of immune system evolution in bilaterians. However, NLRs have not been systematically described in lophotrochozoans. We annotated 185 NLRs in 29 lophotrochozoan genomes, and analyzed their domain organization, phylogenetic distribution, molecular evolution, and gene expression. We found that all the 24 molluscan genomes studied encoded no more than three NLRs. None of these molluscan NLRs represented an inducible expression pattern under the infection of eight pathogens; some molluscan NLRs showed developmental stage-specific expression patterns. Instead, 29 molluscan incomplete NLR (incNLR) genes, encoding for proteins absent in the NACHT domain were upregulated under pathogen infection. We also documented the species-specific expansion of NLRs in the clades Polychaeta and Pteriidae. Our study revealed that gene duplication, domain shuffling, gene loss, and novel expression pattern played important roles in the molecular evolution of NLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China; CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Kang Mu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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14
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Røyrvik EC, Husebye ES. The genetics of autoimmune Addison disease: past, present and future. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:399-412. [PMID: 35411072 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00653-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune Addison disease is an endocrinopathy that is fatal if not diagnosed and treated in a timely manner. Its rarity has hampered unbiased studies of the predisposing genetic factors. A 2021 genome-wide association study, explaining up to 40% of the genetic susceptibility, has revealed new disease loci and reproduced some of the previously reported associations, while failing to reproduce others. Credible risk loci from both candidate gene and genome-wide studies indicate that, like one of its most common comorbidities, type 1 diabetes mellitus, Addison disease is primarily caused by aberrant T cell behaviour. Here, we review the current understanding of the genetics of autoimmune Addison disease and its position in the wider field of autoimmune disorders. The mechanisms that could underlie the effects on the adrenal cortex are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen C Røyrvik
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Eystein S Husebye
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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15
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Kocher TD, Behrens KA, Conte MA, Aibara M, Mrosso HDJ, Green ECJ, Kidd MR, Nikaido M, Koblmüller S. New Sex Chromosomes in Lake Victoria Cichlid Fishes (Cichlidae: Haplochromini). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:804. [PMID: 35627189 PMCID: PMC9141883 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
African cichlid fishes harbor an extraordinary diversity of sex-chromosome systems. Within just one lineage, the tribe Haplochromini, at least 6 unique sex-chromosome systems have been identified. Here we focus on characterizing sex chromosomes in cichlids from the Lake Victoria basin. In Haplochromis chilotes, we identified a new ZW system associated with the white blotch color pattern, which shows substantial sequence differentiation over most of LG16, and is likely to be present in related species. In Haplochromis sauvagei, we found a coding polymorphism in amh that may be responsible for an XY system on LG23. In Pundamilia nyererei, we identified a feminizing effect of B chromosomes together with XY- and ZW-patterned differentiation on LG23. In Haplochromis latifasciatus, we identified a duplication of amh that may be present in other species of the Lake Victoria superflock. We further characterized the LG5-14 XY system in Astatotilapia burtoni and identified the oldest stratum on LG14. This species also showed ZW differentiation on LG2. Finally, we characterized an XY system on LG7 in Astatoreochromis alluaudi. This report brings the number of distinct sex-chromosome systems in haplochromine cichlids to at least 13, and highlights the dynamic evolution of sex determination and sex chromosomes in this young lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Kocher
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (K.A.B.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Kristen A. Behrens
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (K.A.B.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Matthew A. Conte
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (K.A.B.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Mitsuto Aibara
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan; (M.A.); (M.N.)
| | - Hillary D. J. Mrosso
- Mwanza Fisheries Research Center, Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute (TAFIRI), Mwanza P.O. Box 475, Tanzania;
| | - Elizabeth C. J. Green
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78041, USA; (E.C.J.G.); (M.R.K.)
| | - Michael R. Kidd
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX 78041, USA; (E.C.J.G.); (M.R.K.)
| | - Masato Nikaido
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan; (M.A.); (M.N.)
| | - Stephan Koblmüller
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria;
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16
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Aboussahoud WS, Smith H, Stevens A, Wangsaputra I, Hunter HR, Kimber SJ, Seif MW, Brison DR. The expression and activity of Toll-like receptors in the preimplantation human embryo suggest a new role for innate immunity. Hum Reprod 2021; 36:2661-2675. [PMID: 34517414 PMCID: PMC8450873 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deab188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is the innate immunity system active in early human embryo development? SUMMARY ANSWER The pattern recognition receptors and innate immunity Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes are widely expressed in preimplantation human embryos and the pathway appears to be active in response to TLR ligands. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Early human embryos are highly sensitive to their local environment, however relatively little is known about how embryos detect and respond to specific environmental cues. While the maternal immune response is known to be key to the establishment of pregnancy at implantation, the ability of human embryos to detect and signal the presence of pathogens is unknown. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Expression of TLR family and related genes in human embryos was assessed by analysis of published transcriptome data (n = 40). Day 5 (D-5) human embryos (n = 25) were cultured in the presence of known TLR ligands and gene expression and cytokine production measured compared to controls. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Human embryos surplus to treatment requirements were donated with informed consent from several ART centres. Embryos were cultured to Day 6 (D-6) in the presence of the TLR3 and TLR5 ligands Poly (I: C) and flagellin, with gene expression measured by quantitative PCR and cytokine release into medium measured using cytometric bead arrays. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE TLR and related genes, including downstream signalling molecules, were expressed variably at all human embryo developmental stages. Results showed the strongest expression in the blastocyst for TLRs 9 and 5, and throughout development for TLRs 9, 5, 2, 6 and 7. Stimulation of Day 5 blastocysts with TLR3 and TLR5 ligands Poly (I: C) and flagellin produced changes in mRNA expression levels of TLR genes, including the hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor (HMMR), TLR5, TLR7, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and monocyte chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) (P < 0.05, P < 0.001 compared to unstimulated controls), and release into culture medium of cytokines and chemokines, notably IL8 (P = 0.00005 and 0.01277 for flagellin and Poly (I: C), respectively). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This was a descriptive and experimental study which suggests that the TLR system is active in human embryos and capable of function, but does not confirm any particular role. Although we identified embryonic transcripts for a range of TLR genes, the expression patterns were not always consistent across published studies and expression levels of some genes were low, leaving open the possibility that these were expressed from the maternal rather than embryonic genome. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This is the first report of the expression and activity of a number of components of the innate immunity TLR system in human embryos. Understanding the role of TLRs during preimplantation human development may be important to reveal immunological mechanisms and potential clinical markers of embryo quality and pregnancy initiation during natural conception and in ART. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was funded by the Ministry of Higher Education, The State of Libya, the UK Medical Research Council, and the NIHR Local Comprehensive Research Network and NIHR Manchester Clinical Research Facility and the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programmes under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 812660 (DohART-NET). In accordance with H2020 rules, no new human embryos were sacrificed for research activities performed from the EU funding, which concerned only in silico analyses of recorded time-lapse and transcriptomics datasets. None of the authors has any conflict of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER n/a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wedad S Aboussahoud
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Helen Smith
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Adam Stevens
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Ivan Wangsaputra
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Helen R Hunter
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Old St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Susan J Kimber
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Mourad W Seif
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Old St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Daniel R Brison
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Old St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
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17
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Carriere J, Dorfleutner A, Stehlik C. NLRP7: From inflammasome regulation to human disease. Immunology 2021; 163:363-376. [PMID: 34021586 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing receptors or NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are cytosolic pattern recognition receptors, which sense conserved microbial patterns and host-derived danger signals to elicit innate immune responses. The activation of several prototypic NLRs, including NLR and pyrin domain (PYD) containing (NLRP) 1, NLRP3 and NLR and caspase recruitment domain (CARD) containing (NLRC) 4, results in the assembly of inflammasomes, which are large, cytoplasmic multiprotein signalling platforms responsible for the maturation and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, and for the induction of a specialized form of inflammatory cell death called pyroptosis. However, the function of other members of the NLR family, including NLRP7, are less well understood. NLRP7 has been linked to innate immune signalling, but its precise role is still controversial as it has been shown to positively and negatively affect inflammasome responses. Inflammasomes are essential for homeostasis and host defence, but inappropriate inflammasome responses due to hereditary mutations and somatic mosaicism in inflammasome components and defective regulation have been linked to a broad spectrum of human diseases. A compelling connection between NLRP7 mutations and reproductive diseases, and in particular molar pregnancy, has been established. However, the molecular mechanisms by which NLRP7 mutations contribute to reproductive diseases are largely unknown. In this review, we focus on NLRP7 and discuss the current evidence of its role in inflammasome regulation and its implication in human reproductive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Carriere
- Department of Academic Pathology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Dorfleutner
- Department of Academic Pathology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christian Stehlik
- Department of Academic Pathology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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18
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Shen H, Li C, He M, Huang Y, Wang J, Wang M, Yue B, Zhang X. Immune profiles of male giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) during the breeding season. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:143. [PMID: 33639852 PMCID: PMC7916315 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07456-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is a threatened endemic Chinese species and a flagship species of national and global conservation concern. Life history theory proposes that reproduction and immunity can be mutually constraining and interrelated. Knowledge of immunity changes of male giant pandas during the breeding season is limited. Results Here, we researched peripheral blood gene expression profiles associated with immunity. Thirteen captive giant pandas, ranging from 9 to 11 years old, were divided into two groups based on their reproductive status. We identified 318 up-regulated DEGs and 43 down-regulated DEGs, which were enriched in 87 GO terms and 6 KEGG pathways. Additionally, we obtained 45 immune-related genes with altered expression, mostly up-regulated, and identified four hub genes HSPA4, SUGT1, SOD1, and IL1B in PPI analysis. These 45 genes were related to pattern recognition receptors, autophagy, peroxisome, proteasome, natural killer cell, antigen processing and presentation. SUGT1 and IL1B were related to pattern recognition receptors. HSP90AA1 was the most up-regulated gene and is a member of heat shock protein 90 family. HSP90 contributes to the translocation of extracellular antigen. KLRD1 encodes CD94, whose complex is an inhibitor of the cytotoxic activity of NK cells, was down-regulated. IGIP, which has the capability of inducing IgA production by B cells, was down-regulated, suggesting low concentration of IgA in male giant pandas. Our results suggest that most immune-related genes were up-regulated and more related to innate immune than adaptive immune. Conclusions Our results indicated that breeding male giant pandas presented an immunoenhancement in innate immunity, enhanced antigen presentation and processing in cellular immunity compared to non-breeding males. The humoral immunity of male giant pandas may show a tendency to decrease during the breeding season. This study will provide a foundation for further studies of immunity and reproduction in male giant pandas. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07456-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Shen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Caiwu Li
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in The Giant Panda National Park, China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Dujiangyan, 611830, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Ming He
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in The Giant Panda National Park, China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Dujiangyan, 611830, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in The Giant Panda National Park, China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Dujiangyan, 611830, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in The Giant Panda National Park, China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Dujiangyan, 611830, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Minglei Wang
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in The Giant Panda National Park, China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Dujiangyan, 611830, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Bisong Yue
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, PR China
| | - Xiuyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China.
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19
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Focusing on the Cell Type Specific Regulatory Actions of NLRX1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031316. [PMID: 33525671 PMCID: PMC7865811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells utilize a diverse repertoire of cell surface and intracellular receptors to detect exogenous or endogenous danger signals and even the changes of their microenvironment. However, some cytosolic NOD-like receptors (NLR), including NLRX1, serve more functions than just being general pattern recognition receptors. The dynamic translocation between the cytosol and the mitochondria allows NLRX1 to interact with many molecules and thereby to control multiple cellular functions. As a regulatory NLR, NLRX1 fine-tunes inflammatory signaling cascades, regulates mitochondria-associated functions, and controls metabolism, autophagy and cell death. Nevertheless, literature data are inconsistent and often contradictory regarding its effects on individual cellular functions. One plausible explanation might be that the regulatory effects of NLRX1 are highly cell type specific and the features of NLRX1 mediated regulation might be determined by the unique functional activity or metabolic profile of the given cell type. Here we review the cell type specific actions of NLRX1 with a special focus on cells of the immune system. NLRX1 has already emerged as a potential therapeutic target in numerous immune-related diseases, thus we aim to highlight which regulatory properties of NLRX1 are manifested in disease-associated dominant immune cells that presumably offer promising therapeutic solutions to treat these disorders.
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20
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Chang MX, Xiong F, Wu XM, Hu YW. The expanding and function of NLRC3 or NLRC3-like in teleost fish: Recent advances and novel insights. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103859. [PMID: 32896535 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing family (NLR) proteins are innate immune sensors which recognize highly conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Mammals have small numbers of NLR proteins, whereas in some species such as in invertebrates and jawless vertebrates, NLRs have expanded into very large families. Nearly 400 NLR proteins are identified in the zebrafish genome. Members of the NLR family can be divided into two functional sub-groups based on their ability to either positively or negatively regulate host immune response or inflammatory signaling cascades. Mammalian NLRC3 has been identified as an inhibitory NLR, and serves as a negative regulator in the NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response, STING-mediated DNA sensing and PI3K-mTOR pathways. Different from mammalian NLRC3, the analysis from genomes or transcriptomes revealed that the expansions of NLRC3 existed in different species of fish. Furthermore, piscine NLRC3-like genes were confirmed to have a negative or positive regulatory function in response to different kinds of pathogen infections and in the production of proinflammatory cytokines. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the expanding and function of NLRC3 or NLRC3-like genes in teleost fish, and give our view of important directions for future studies. The knowledge of piscine NLRC3 or expansive NLRC3-like genes-mediated biological functions in homeostasis and diseases will shed new light on the prevention and control of inflammatory and/or infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Fan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Xiao Man Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Yi Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
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21
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Mullins B, Chen J. NLRP9 in innate immunity and inflammation. Immunology 2020; 162:262-267. [PMID: 33283292 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing receptors (NLRs) are a family of evolutionarily conserved proteins. Several members of NLRs, notably NLRP1, NLRP3 and NLRC4, are able to form cytosolic oligomeric signalling platforms termed inflammasomes to mediate immune response towards pathogens, damage and stress. However, the functions of many NLRs still remain elusive. In the past few years, a couple of less-characterized NLR members are emerging as important signalling molecules with fundamental functions in host defence and inflammation. Among them, NLRP9 is an NLR originally proposed to be expressed and function solely in the reproductive system. Recent evidence has suggested that NLRP9 is also capable of initiating inflammasome formation in the intestine to restrict replication and damage brought by rotavirus infection. Here, we highlight the latest progress in characterization of the role of NLRP9 in infectious and inflammatory diseases, as well as the newest crystallographic and biochemical studies on NLRP9. Finally, we discuss some important questions remained to be answered regarding the molecular and cellular mechanisms governing NLRP9's function in innate immunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanne Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jueqi Chen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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22
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Fang H, Wu XM, Hu YW, Song YJ, Zhang J, Chang MX. NLRC3-like 1 inhibits NOD1-RIPK2 pathway via targeting RIPK2. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 112:103769. [PMID: 32634524 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Both NLRC3 and NOD1 belong to regulatory NLR subfamily based on their best-characterized function. In mammals, NLRC3 was reported to function by attenuating signaling cascades initiated by other families of PRRs. In teleosts, multiple NLRC3-like genes were identified through transcriptome sequencing. However, the functions of many NLRC3-like genes, especially the fish-specific NLRC3-like genes, remain unclear. In the present study, we report the functional characterization of a novel category of NLRC3-like proteins (named as NLRC3-like 1) from the zebrafish, which consists of a fish-specific FISNA, a conserved NACHT and five C-terminal LRRs domains. The expression of zebrafish NLRC3-like 1 was inducible in response to Edwardsiella piscicida infection. During bacterial infection, the in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that zebrafish NLRC3-like 1 overexpression facilitated bacterial growth and dissemination, together with the decreased survival rate of zebrafish larvae infected with E. piscicida. The attenuated response by zebrafish NLRC3-like 1 in response to bacterial infection were characterized by the impaired expression of antibacterial genes, proinflammatory cytokines and Nox genes. Furthermore, zebrafish NLRC3-like 1 interacted with the adaptor protein RIPK2 of NODs signaling via the FISNA (Fish-specific NACHT associated domain) and NACHT domains. However, the interaction between zebrafish NLRC3-like 1 and RIPK2 inhibited the assembly of the NOD1-RIPK2 complex. Importantly, zebrafish NLRC3-like 1 inhibited NOD1-mediated antibacterial activity, NF-κB and MAPK pathways and proinflammatory cytokine production. All together, these results firstly demonstrate that zebrafish NLRC3-like 1 inhibits NOD1-RIPK2 antibacterial pathway via targeting the adaptor protein RIPK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Man Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Jie Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Ming Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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23
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Sun Y, Wu Q, Pan J, Li T, Liu L, Chen D, Zhang X, Chen H, Li Y, Lin R. Identification of differentially expressed genes and signalling pathways in the ovary of higher and lower laying ducks. Br Poult Sci 2020; 61:609-614. [PMID: 33012177 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1792834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1. Ovarian transcriptomic profiling between birds showing high egg number (HEN) and birds of low egg number (LEN) in Longyan Shan-ma ducks at 71 weeks of age was carried out using Illumina Hiseq 2500 technology. 2. A total of 343 differentially expressed genes (DEGs, 269 upregulated and 74 downregulated) were identified between HEN and LEN ovaries. These DEGs were enriched in 30 Gene Ontology terms. Pathway functional analysis found that the DEGs were enriched in 10 metabolic pathways (P < 0.05), one of which was regulation of the actin cytoskeleton pathway (Q < 0.05). 3. Three integrin family genes, ITGB2, ITGB5 and ITGA8 were differentially expressed in the RNA-seq and qPCR experiments. 4. The DEGs and signalling pathways identified in ovarian tissue in this study provide new insights into high egg production in Longyan Shan-ma duck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sun
- College of Life Science, Longyan University , Longyan, Fujian, P.R. China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology , Longyan, Fujian, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology (Longyan University), Fujian Province University , Longyan, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Q Wu
- College of Life Science, Longyan University , Longyan, Fujian, P.R. China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology , Longyan, Fujian, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology (Longyan University), Fujian Province University , Longyan, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - J Pan
- College of Life Science, Longyan University , Longyan, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - T Li
- College of Life Science, Longyan University , Longyan, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - L Liu
- College of Life Science, Longyan University , Longyan, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - D Chen
- College of Life Science, Longyan University , Longyan, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - X Zhang
- College of Life Science, Longyan University , Longyan, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - H Chen
- Longyan Shan-ma Duck Original Breeding Farm, Agricultural Bureau of Xinluo District , Longyan, P.R. China
| | - Y Li
- College of Life Science, Longyan University , Longyan, Fujian, P.R. China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology , Longyan, Fujian, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology (Longyan University), Fujian Province University , Longyan, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - R Lin
- Longyan Shan-ma Duck Original Breeding Farm, Agricultural Bureau of Xinluo District , Longyan, P.R. China
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24
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Amoushahi M, Sunde L, Lykke-Hartmann K. The pivotal roles of the NOD-like receptors with a PYD domain, NLRPs, in oocytes and early embryo development†. Biol Reprod 2020; 101:284-296. [PMID: 31201414 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors with a pyrin domain (PYD), NLRPs, are pattern recognition receptors, well recognized for their important roles in innate immunity and apoptosis. However, several NLRPs have received attention for their new, specialized roles as maternally contributed genes important in reproduction and embryo development. Several NLRPs have been shown to be specifically expressed in oocytes and preimplantation embryos. Interestingly, and in line with divergent functions, NLRP genes reveal a complex evolutionary divergence. The most pronounced difference is the human-specific NLRP7 gene, not identified in rodents. However, mouse models have been extensively used to study maternally contributed NLRPs. The NLRP2 and NLRP5 proteins are components of the subcortical maternal complex (SCMC), which was recently identified as essential for mouse preimplantation development. The SCMC integrates multiple proteins, including KHDC3L, NLRP5, TLE6, OOEP, NLRP2, and PADI6. The NLRP5 (also known as MATER) has been extensively studied. In humans, inactivating variants in specific NLRP genes in the mother are associated with distinct phenotypes in the offspring, such as biparental hydatidiform moles (BiHMs) and preterm birth. Maternal-effect recessive mutations in KHDC3L and NLRP5 (and NLRP7) are associated with reduced reproductive outcomes, BiHM, and broad multilocus imprinting perturbations. The precise mechanisms of NLRPs are unknown, but research strongly indicates their pivotal roles in the establishment of genomic imprints and post-zygotic methylation maintenance, among other processes. Challenges for the future include translations of findings from the mouse model into human contexts and implementation in therapies and clinical fertility management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lone Sunde
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karin Lykke-Hartmann
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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25
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de Alba E. The mysterious role of the NLRP9 pyrin domain in inflammasome assembly. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2380-2382. [PMID: 32735703 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva de Alba
- Department of Bioengineering. School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
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26
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Upadhyay J, Tiwari N, Ansari MN. Role of inflammatory markers in corona virus disease (COVID-19) patients: A review. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:1368-1375. [PMID: 32635752 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220939477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT In late 2019, a novel virus called SARS-CoV-2, expanded globally from Wuhan, China and was declared a pandemic on 11 March 2020 by the WHO. The mechanism of virus entry inside the host cell depends upon the cellular proteases including cathepsins, HAT, and TMPRSS2, which splits up the spike protein and causes further penetration. MERS coronavirus uses DPP4, while coronavirus HCoV-NL63 and SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 employ ACE-2 as the key receptor. Cytokine storm syndrome was analyzed in critically ill nCOVID-19 patients and it is presented with high inflammatory mediators, systemic inflammation, and multiple organ failure. Among various inflammatory mediators, the level of interleukins (IL-2, IL-7, IL-10), G-CSF, MIP1A, MCP1, and TNF-α was reported to be higher in critically ill patients. Understanding this molecular mechanism of ILs, T cells, and dendritic cells will be helpful to design immunotherapy and novel drugs for the treatment of nCOVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Upadhyay
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248197, India
| | - Nidhi Tiwari
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Delhi 110054, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
| | - Mohd N Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
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27
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Li G, Tian X, Lv D, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Wang J, Yang M, Tao J, Ma T, Wu H, Ji P, Wu Y, Lian Z, Cui W, Liu G. NLRP7 is expressed in the ovine ovary and associated with in vitro pre-implantation embryo development. Reproduction 2020; 158:415-427. [PMID: 31505467 PMCID: PMC6826174 DOI: 10.1530/rep-19-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
NLRP (NACHT, LRR and PYD domain-containing proteins) family plays pivotal roles in mammalian reproduction. Mutation of NLRP7 is often associated with human recurrent hydatidiform moles. Few studies regarding the functions of NLRP7 have been performed in other mammalian species rather than humans. In the current study, for the first time, the function of NLRP7 has been explored in ovine ovary. NLRP7 protein was mainly located in ovarian follicles and in in vitro pre-implantation embryos. To identify its origin, 763 bp partial CDS of NLRP7 deriving from sheep cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) was cloned, it showed a great homology with Homo sapiens. The high levels of mRNA and protein of NLRP7 were steadily expressed in oocytes, parthenogenetic embryos or IVF embryos. NLRP7 knockdown by the combination of siRNA and shRNA jeopardized both the parthenogenetic and IVF embryo development. These results strongly suggest that NLRP7 plays an important role in ovine reproduction. The potential mechanisms of NLRP7 will be fully investigated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuzhi Tian
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongying Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingli Tao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Teng Ma
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengyun Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoshi Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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28
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Ha HJ, Park HH. Crystal structure of the human NLRP9 pyrin domain reveals a bent N-terminal loop that may regulate inflammasome assembly. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2396-2405. [PMID: 32542766 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Members of the NLR family pyrin domain containing (NLRPs) are pattern recognition receptors that participate in innate immunity. They form inflammasomes, which are platforms for caspase-1 recruitment and activation. The NLRP pyrin domain (PYD) is critical for the assembly of inflammasomes due to its ability to mediate protein interactions. Despite intensive structural studies on inflammasomes with PYDs, the structure of the PYD of NLRP9-the least studied member of the family-remains unknown. Herein, we report the crystal structure of the human NLRP9 PYD at 2.1 Å resolution, which reveals a kinked N-terminal loop oriented toward the interior of the helical bundle. Based on our findings, we propose a regulatory role for the kinked N-terminal loop of NLRP9 PYD in inflammasome assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ji Ha
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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29
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Sai L, Li Y, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Qu B, Guo Q, Han M, Jia Q, Yu G, Li K, Bo C, Zhang Y, Shao H, Peng C. Distinct m 6A methylome profiles in poly(A) RNA from Xenopus laevis testis and that treated with atrazine. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 245:125631. [PMID: 31877456 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent discovery of reversible N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation on messenger RNA (mRNA) and mapping of m6A methylomes in mammals, plant and yeast revealed potential regulatory functions of this RNA modification. However, the role of the m6A methylomes in amphibious is still poorly understood. Here, we examined the m6A transcriptome-wide profile in testis tissues of Xenopus laevis (X. laevis) with and without treatment with 100 μg/L atrazine (AZ) through m6A sequencing analysis using the latest Illumina HiSeq sequencer. The results revealed that m6A is a highly conserved modification of mRNA in X. laevis. Distinct from that in mammals, m6A in X. laevisis enriched around the stop codon and start codon, as is reported in plant. We then investigated the differential expression m6A in testes of AZ-exposed X. laevis and compared that with the X. laevis in the control group by m6A sequencing. The results indicated that AZ leads to altered expression profile in 1380 m6A modification sites (696 upregulated and 684 downregulated). KEGG pathway analysis indicates that the "NOD-like receptors", "tight junction", "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors", "adherens junctions", "Glycerophospholipid metabolism" and "Fatty acid biosynthesis" signaling pathways may be associated with abnormal testis development of X. laevis due to exposure to AZ. Analysis results showed a positive correlation between m6A modification and mRNA abundance, suggesting a regulatory role of m6A in amphibious gene expression. Our first report of m6A transcriptome-wide map of an amphibian species X. laevis presented here provides a starting roadmap for uncovering m6A functions that may affect/control amphibian testis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Sai
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Shandong Provincial Chest Hospital, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Yecui Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Binpeng Qu
- Shandong Medical College, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Qiming Guo
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Mingming Han
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Qiang Jia
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Gongchang Yu
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Kaili Li
- The NO.4 Hospital 1946 Jinan Shandong, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Cunxiang Bo
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Hua Shao
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China.
| | - Cheng Peng
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China; The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), Ji'nan, Shandong, China
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30
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Wu XM, Zhang J, Li PW, Hu YW, Cao L, Ouyang S, Bi YH, Nie P, Chang MX. NOD1 Promotes Antiviral Signaling by Binding Viral RNA and Regulating the Interaction of MDA5 and MAVS. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:2216-2231. [PMID: 32169843 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) detect diverse pathogen-associated molecular patterns to activate the innate immune response. The role of mammalian NLR NOD1 in sensing bacteria is well established. Although several studies suggest NOD1 also plays a role in sensing viruses, the mechanisms behind this are still largely unknown. In this study, we report on the synergism and antagonism between NOD1 and MDA5 isoforms in teleost. In zebrafish, the overexpression of NOD1 enhances the antiviral response and mRNA abundances of key antiviral genes involved in RLR-mediated signaling, whereas the loss of NOD1 has the opposite effect. Notably, spring viremia of carp virus-infected NOD1-/- zebrafish exhibit reduced survival compared with wild-type counterparts. Mechanistically, NOD1 targets MDA5 isoforms and TRAF3 to modulate the formation of MDA5-MAVS and TRAF3-MAVS complexes. The cumulative effects of NOD1 and MDA5a (MDA5 normal form) were observed for the binding with poly(I:C) and the formation of the MDA5a-MAVS complex, which led to increased transcription of type I IFNs and ISGs. However, the antagonism between NOD1 and MDA5b (MDA5 truncated form) was clearly observed during proteasomal degradation of NOD1 by MDA5b. In humans, the interactions between NOD1-MDA5 and NOD1-TRAF3 were confirmed. Furthermore, the roles that NOD1 plays in enhancing the binding of MDA5 to MAVS and poly(I:C) are also evolutionarily conserved across species. Taken together, our findings suggest that mutual regulation between NOD1 and MDA5 isoforms may play a crucial role in the innate immune response and that NOD1 acts as a positive regulator of MDA5/MAVS normal form-mediated immune signaling in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Man Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China
| | - Peng Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Yi Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Lu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Songying Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology of Fujian Province, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China.,Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Yong Hong Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China.,Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China; and
| | - Ming Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China; .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China.,Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China; and.,Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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31
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Li G, Fan Y, Lai Y, Han T, Li Z, Zhou P, Pan P, Wang W, Hu D, Liu X, Zhang Q, Wu J. Coronavirus infections and immune responses. J Med Virol 2020; 92:424-432. [PMID: 31981224 PMCID: PMC7166547 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1121] [Impact Index Per Article: 280.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are by far the largest group of known positive-sense RNA viruses having an extensive range of natural hosts. In the past few decades, newly evolved Coronaviruses have posed a global threat to public health. The immune response is essential to control and eliminate CoV infections, however, maladjusted immune responses may result in immunopathology and impaired pulmonary gas exchange. Gaining a deeper understanding of the interaction between Coronaviruses and the innate immune systems of the hosts may shed light on the development and persistence of inflammation in the lungs and hopefully can reduce the risk of lung inflammation caused by CoVs. In this review, we provide an update on CoV infections and relevant diseases, particularly the host defense against CoV-induced inflammation of lung tissue, as well as the role of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis and clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaohua Fan
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanni Lai
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiantian Han
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zonghui Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiwen Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan Pan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbiao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dingwen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Pubic Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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32
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Alternative splicing regulates stochastic NLRP3 activity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3238. [PMID: 31324763 PMCID: PMC6642158 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains are evolutionarily conserved in proteins that function in development and immunity. Here we report strict exonic modularity of LRR domains of several human gene families, which is a precondition for alternative splicing (AS). We provide evidence for AS of LRR domain within several Nod-like receptors, most prominently the inflammasome sensor NLRP3. Human NLRP3, but not mouse NLRP3, is expressed as two major isoforms, the full-length variant and a variant lacking exon 5. Moreover, NLRP3 AS is stochastically regulated, with NLRP3 ∆ exon 5 lacking the interaction surface for NEK7 and hence loss of activity. Our data thus reveals unexpected regulatory roles of AS through differential utilization of LRRs modules in vertebrate innate immunity. Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains are commonly present in immune regulatory proteins. Here the authors show that LRR exonic modularity and alternative splicing of an LRR-containing protein, NLRP3, modulate the ratio of functional/afunctional NLRP3 isoforms to instill a stochastic regulation of NLRP3-mediated inflammation and innate immunity.
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33
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Fu Y, Zhan X, Wang Y, Jiang X, Liu M, Yang Y, Huang Y, Du X, Zhong XP, Li L, Ma L, Hu S. NLRC3 expression in dendritic cells attenuates CD4 + T cell response and autoimmunity. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101397. [PMID: 31290162 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018101397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
NOD-like receptor (NLR) family CARD domain containing 3 (NLRC3), an intracellular member of NLR family, is a negative regulator of inflammatory signaling pathways in innate and adaptive immune cells. Previous reports have shown that NLRC3 is expressed in dendritic cells (DCs). However, the role of NLRC3 in DC activation and immunogenicity is unclear. In the present study, we find that NLRC3 attenuates the antigen-presenting function of DCs and their ability to activate and polarize CD4+ T cells into Th1 and Th17 subsets. Loss of NLRC3 promotes pathogenic Th1 and Th17 responses and enhanced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) development. NLRC3 negatively regulates the antigen-presenting function of DCs via p38 signaling pathway. Vaccination with NLRC3-overexpressed DCs reduces EAE progression. Our findings support that NLRC3 serves as a potential target for treating adaptive immune responses driving multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Fu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yichong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobing Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yalong Yang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulan Huang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xialin Du
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Laisheng Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Ma
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengfeng Hu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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34
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Impact of Genetic Polymorphisms on Human Immune Cell Gene Expression. Cell 2018; 175:1701-1715.e16. [PMID: 30449622 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
While many genetic variants have been associated with risk for human diseases, how these variants affect gene expression in various cell types remains largely unknown. To address this gap, the DICE (database of immune cell expression, expression quantitative trait loci [eQTLs], and epigenomics) project was established. Considering all human immune cell types and conditions studied, we identified cis-eQTLs for a total of 12,254 unique genes, which represent 61% of all protein-coding genes expressed in these cell types. Strikingly, a large fraction (41%) of these genes showed a strong cis-association with genotype only in a single cell type. We also found that biological sex is associated with major differences in immune cell gene expression in a highly cell-specific manner. These datasets will help reveal the effects of disease risk-associated genetic polymorphisms on specific immune cell types, providing mechanistic insights into how they might influence pathogenesis (https://dice-database.org).
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Hu S, Du X, Huang Y, Fu Y, Yang Y, Zhan X, He W, Wen Q, Zhou X, Zhou C, Zhong XP, Yang J, Xiong W, Wang R, Gao Y, Ma L. NLRC3 negatively regulates CD4+ T cells and impacts protective immunity during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007266. [PMID: 30133544 PMCID: PMC6122840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NLRC3, a member of the NLR family, has been reported as a negative regulator of inflammatory signaling pathways in innate immune cells. However, the direct role of NLRC3 in modulation of CD4+ T-cell responses in infectious diseases has not been studied. In the present study, we showed that NLRC3 plays an intrinsic role by suppressing the CD4+ T cell phenotype in lung and spleen, including differentiation, activation, and proliferation. NLRC3 deficiency in CD4+ T cells enhanced the protective immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Finally, we demonstrated that NLRC3 deficiency promoted the activation, proliferation, and cytokine production of CD4+ T cells via negatively regulating the NF-κB and MEK-ERK signaling pathways. This study reveals a critical role of NLRC3 as a direct regulator of the adaptive immune response and its protective effects on immunity during M. tuberculosis infection. Our findings also suggested that NLRC3 serves as a potential target for therapeutic intervention against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengfeng Hu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xialin Du
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulan Huang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuling Fu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yalong Yang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhan
- Department of laboratory medicine, The first Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenting He
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wen
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinying Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaoying Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhong
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Jiahui Yang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Xiong
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruining Wang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuchi Gao
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Ma
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Cao L, Wu XM, Hu YW, Xue NN, Nie P, Chang MX. The discrepancy function of NLRC5 isoforms in antiviral and antibacterial immune responses. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 84:153-163. [PMID: 29454830 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are a family of intracellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that play critical roles in innate immunity against pathogens infection. NLRC5, the largest member of NLR family, has been characterized as a regulator of innate immunity and MHC class I expression. Alternative splicing of NLRC5 is only reported in human and zebrafish. However, the function of NLRC5 isoforms in the innate immune responses remains unknown. In the present study, we report the functional characterization of zfNLRC5a and zfNLRC5d, two splicing isoforms of zebrafish NLRC5. zfNLRC5a and zfNLRC5d are generated by exon skipping, and whose alternative splicing sites exist in the region of LRRs. Fluorescence microscopy showed that zfNLRC5 isoforms were located throughout the entire cell including nuclear staining. The expression of zfNLRC5 isoform was inducible in response to bacterial and viral infections. During SVCV infection, the in vitro and in vivo studies found that zfNLRC5d overexpression increased protection against viral infection; however zfNLRC5a overexpression had no significant effect on antiviral activity. Interestingly, zfNLRC5 isoforms but not zfNLRC5 were involved in transcriptional regulation of TLRs and NF-κB signaling. Overexpression of zfNLRC5 isoforms also contributed to negative regulation of antibacterial immune response, with the decreased expression of nfkbiaa (IκBα). All together, these results firstly demonstrate the function of NLRC5 isoforms in antiviral and antibacterial immune responses both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiao Man Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Yi Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Na Na Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ming Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Soellner L, Kopp KM, Mütze S, Meyer R, Begemann M, Rudnik S, Rath W, Eggermann T, Zerres K. NLRP genes and their role in preeclampsia and multi-locus imprinting disorders. J Perinat Med 2018; 46:169-173. [PMID: 28753543 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2016-0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) affects 2-5% of all pregnancies. It is a multifactorial disease, but it has been estimated that 35% of the variance in liability of PE are attributable to maternal genetic effects and 20% to fetal genetic effects. PE has also been reported in women delivering children with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS, OMIM 130650), a disorder associated with aberrant methylation at genomically imprinted loci. Among others, members of the NLRP gene family are involved in the etiology of imprinting defects. Thus, a functional link between PE, NLRP gene mutations and aberrant imprinting can be assumed. Therefore we analyzed a cohort of 47 PE patients for NLRP gene mutations by next generation sequencing. In 25 fetuses where DNA was available we determined the methylation status at the imprinted locus. With the exception of one woman heterozygous for a missense variant in the NLRP7 gene (NM_001127255.1(NLRP7):c.542G>C) we could not identify further carriers, in the fetal DNA normal methylation patterns were observed. Thus, our negative screening results in a well-defined cohort indicate that NLRP mutations are not a relevant cause of PE, though strong evidence for a functional link between NLRP mutations, PE and aberrant methylation exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Soellner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Technical University (RWTH) Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Maria Kopp
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Technical University (RWTH) Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Robert Meyer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Technical University (RWTH) Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Begemann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Technical University (RWTH) Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabine Rudnik
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Technical University (RWTH) Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Werner Rath
- Department of Gynecology, University Hospital, Technical University (RWTH) Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Eggermann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Technical University (RWTH) Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Klaus Zerres
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Technical University (RWTH) Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Ellwanger K, Becker E, Kienes I, Sowa A, Postma Y, Cardona Gloria Y, Weber ANR, Kufer TA. The NLR family pyrin domain-containing 11 protein contributes to the regulation of inflammatory signaling. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:2701-2710. [PMID: 29301940 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian Nod-like receptor (NLR) proteins contribute to the regulation and induction of innate and adaptive immunity in mammals, although the function of about half of the currently identified NLR proteins remains poorly characterized. Here we analyzed the function of the primate-specific NLRP11 gene product. We show that NLRP11 is highly expressed in immune cells, including myeloid cells, B cells, and some B cell lymphoma lines. Overexpression of NLRP11 in human cells did not trigger key innate immune signaling pathways, including NF-κB and type I interferon responses. NLRP11 harbors a pyrin domain, which is responsible for inflammasome formation in related NLR proteins. However, NLRP11 did not interact with the inflammasome adaptor protein ASC, and it did not trigger caspase-1 activation. By contrast, expression of NLRP11 specifically repressed NF-κB and type I interferon responses, two key innate immune pathways involved in inflammation. This effect was independent of the pyrin domain and ATPase activity of NLRP11. siRNA-mediated knockdown of NLRP11 in human myeloid THP1 cells validated these findings and revealed enhanced lipopolysaccharide and Sendai virus-induced cytokine and interferon responses, respectively, in cells with reduced NLRP11 expression. In summary, our work identifies a novel role of NLRP11 in the regulation of inflammatory responses in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia Ellwanger
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Emily Becker
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ioannis Kienes
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anna Sowa
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yvonne Postma
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas A Kufer
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Dolasia K, Bisht MK, Pradhan G, Udgata A, Mukhopadhyay S. TLRs/NLRs: Shaping the landscape of host immunity. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 37:3-19. [PMID: 29193992 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1397656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune system provides the first line of defense against pathogenic organisms. It has a varied and large collection of molecules known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which can tackle the pathogens promptly and effectively. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are members of the PRR family that recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and play pivotal roles to mediate defense against infections from bacteria, fungi, virus and various other pathogens. In this review, we discuss the critical roles of TLRs and NLRs in the regulation of host immune-effector functions such as cytokine production, phagosome-lysosome fusion, inflammasome activation, autophagy, antigen presentation, and B and T cell immune responses that are known to be essential for mounting a protective immune response against the pathogens. This review may be helpful to design TLRs/NLRs based immunotherapeutics to control various infections and pathophysiological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Dolasia
- a Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) , Tuljaguda Complex, Nampally, Hyderabad , India
| | - Manoj K Bisht
- a Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) , Tuljaguda Complex, Nampally, Hyderabad , India
| | - Gourango Pradhan
- a Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) , Tuljaguda Complex, Nampally, Hyderabad , India
| | - Atul Udgata
- a Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) , Tuljaguda Complex, Nampally, Hyderabad , India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- a Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) , Tuljaguda Complex, Nampally, Hyderabad , India
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Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing in Mammals and Teleost Fish: A Effective Strategy for the Regulation of Immune Responses Against Pathogen Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071530. [PMID: 28714877 PMCID: PMC5536018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-mRNA splicing is the process by which introns are removed and the protein coding elements assembled into mature mRNAs. Alternative pre-mRNA splicing provides an important source of transcriptome and proteome complexity through selectively joining different coding elements to form mRNAs, which encode proteins with similar or distinct functions. In mammals, previous studies have shown the role of alternative splicing in regulating the function of the immune system, especially in the regulation of T-cell activation and function. As lower vertebrates, teleost fish mainly rely on a large family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from various invading pathogens. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of alternative splicing of piscine PRRs including peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) and their downstream signaling molecules, compared to splicing in mammals. We also discuss what is known and unknown about the function of splicing isoforms in the innate immune responses against pathogens infection in mammals and teleost fish. Finally, we highlight the consequences of alternative splicing in the innate immune system and give our view of important directions for future studies.
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Karki R, Malireddi RKS, Zhu Q, Kanneganti TD. NLRC3 regulates cellular proliferation and apoptosis to attenuate the development of colorectal cancer. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:1243-1251. [PMID: 28598238 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1317414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-repeat-containing proteins (NLRs) are intracellular innate immune sensors of pathogen-associated and damage-associated molecular patterns. NLRs regulate diverse biologic processes such as inflammatory responses, cell proliferation and death, and gut microbiota to attenuate tumorigenesis. In a recent publication in Nature, we identified NLRC3 as a negative regulator of PI3K-mTOR signaling and characterized its potential tumor suppressor function. Enterocytes lacking NLRC3 cannot control cellular proliferation because they are unable to suppress activation of PI3K-mTOR signaling pathways. In this Extra-View, we explore possible mechanisms through which NLRC3 regulates cellular proliferation and cell death. Besides interacting with PI3K, NLRC3 associates with TRAF6 and mTOR, confirming our recent finding that NLRC3 negatively regulates the PI3K-mTOR axis. Herein, we show that NLRC3 suppresses c-Myc expression and activation of PI3K-AKT targets FoxO3a and FoxO1 in the colon of Nlrc3-/- mice, suggesting that additional signaling pathways contribute to increased cellular proliferation. Moreover, NLRC3 suppresses colorectal tumorigenesis by promoting cellular apoptosis. Genes encoding intestinal stem cell markers BMI1 and OLFM4 are upregulated in the colon of Nlrc3-/- mice. Herein, we discuss recent findings and explore mechanisms through which NLRC3 regulates PI3K-mTOR signaling. Our studies highlight the therapeutic potential of modulating NLRC3 to prevent and treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Karki
- a Department of Immunology , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
| | | | - Qifan Zhu
- a Department of Immunology , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , TN , USA
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Meunier E, Broz P. Evolutionary Convergence and Divergence in NLR Function and Structure. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:744-757. [PMID: 28579324 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of cellular damage caused by either pathogens or abiotic stress is essential for host defense in all forms of life in the plant and animal kingdoms. The NOD-like receptors (NLRs) represent a large family of multidomain proteins that were initially discovered for their role in host defense in plants and vertebrates. Over recent years the wide distribution of NLRs among metazoans has become apparent and their origins have begun to emerge. Moreover, intense study of NLR function has shown that they play essential roles beyond pathogen recognition - in the regulation of antigen presentation, cell death, inflammation, and even in embryonic development. We summarize here the latest insights into NLR biology and discuss examples of converging and diverging evolution of NLR function and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Meunier
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmacology and Structural Biology (IPBS), University of Toulouse, France
| | - Petr Broz
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Soellner L, Begemann M, Degenhardt F, Geipel A, Eggermann T, Mangold E. Maternal heterozygous NLRP7 variant results in recurrent reproductive failure and imprinting disturbances in the offspring. Eur J Hum Genet 2017; 25:924-929. [PMID: 28561018 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2017.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown previously that homozygous and compound-heterozygous variants affecting protein function in the human NLRP genes impact reproduction and/or fetal imprinting patterns. These variants represent so-called 'maternal effect mutations', that is, although female variant carriers are healthy, they are at risk of reproductive failure, and their offspring may develop aberrant methylation and imprinting disorders. In contrast, the relevance to reproductive failure of maternal heterozygous NLRP7 variants remains unclear. The present report describes the identification of a heterozygous NLRP7 variant in a healthy 28-year-old woman with a history of recurrent reproductive failure, and the molecular findings in two of the deceased offspring. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) for NLRP variants was performed. In the tissues of two offspring (one fetus; one deceased premature neonate) methylation of imprinted loci was tested using methylation-specific assays. Both pregnancies had been characterized by the presence of elevated human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels and ovarian cysts. In the mother, a heterozygous nonsense 2-bp deletion in exon 5 of the NLRP7 gene was identified (NM_001127255.1:c.2010_2011del, p.(Phe671Glnfs*18)). In the two investigated offspring, heterogeneous aberrant methylation patterns were detected at imprinted loci. The present data support the hypothesis that heterozygous NLRP7 variants contribute to reproductive wastage, and that these variants represent autosomal dominant maternal effect variants which lead to aberrant imprinting marks in the offspring. Specific screening and close prenatal monitoring of NLRP7 variant carriers is proposed. Egg donation might facilitate successful pregnancy in heterozygous NLRP7 variant carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Soellner
- Institute of Human Genetics, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | - Annegret Geipel
- Division of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Liu M, Wu Q, Wang M, Fu Y, Wang J. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 Limits Escherichia coli-Induced Inflammatory Responses via Attenuating MyD88-Dependent and MyD88-Independent Pathway Activation in Bovine Endometrial Epithelial Cells. Inflammation 2017; 39:1483-94. [PMID: 27236308 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0382-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine Escherichia coli infection after calving reduces fertility and causes major economic losses in the dairy industry. We investigated the protective effect of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 on E. coli-induced cell damage and inflammation in primary bovine endometrial epithelial cells (BEECs). L. rhamnosus GR-1 reduced ultrastructure alterations and the percentage of BEECs apoptosis after E. coli challenge. Increased messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of immune response indicators, including pattern recognition receptors (toll-like receptor [TLR]2, TLR4, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain [NOD]1, and NOD2), inflammasome proteins (NOD-like receptor family member pyrin domain-containing protein 3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein, and caspase-1), TLR4 downstream adaptor molecules (myeloid differentiation antigen 88 [MyD88], toll-like receptor adaptor molecule 2 [TICAM2]), nuclear transcription factor kB (NF-kB), and the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, and interferon (IFN)-β, was observed following E. coli challenge. However, these increases were attenuated by L. rhamnosus GR-1 pretreatment. Our data indicate that L. rhamnosus GR-1 ameliorates the E. coli-induced disruption of cellular ultrastructure, subsequently reducing the percentage of BEECs apoptosis and limiting inflammatory responses, partly via attenuation of MyD88-dependent and MyD88-independent pathway activation. Certain probiotics could potentially prevent postpartum uterine diseases in dairy cows, ultimately reducing the use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengling Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhe Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiufeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Garib FY, Rizopulu AP, Kuchmiy AA, Garib VF. Inactivation of Inflammasomes by Pathogens Regulates Inflammation. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:1326-1339. [PMID: 27914458 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916110109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory response is initiated and sustained by the action of quintessential pro-inflammatory cytokines of immune system namely IL-1β and IL-18. The maturation process of those cytokines is ensured by caspase-1 enzymatic activity, that is in turn is tightly controlled by multiprotein complexes called inflammasomes. Inflammasomes are activated in cells of innate immune system in response to recognition of conservative parts of microbes (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) or by sensing molecular signs of tissue damage (damage-associated molecular patterns). Inflammasome activation apart of cytokines secretion leads to pro-inflammatory cell death, so-called pyroptosis. That culminates in release of cytoplasmatic content of cells including cytokines and alarmins that boost immune response against pathogens, as well as pyroptosis destroys replicative niches of intracellular pathogens. During co-evolution with the host, bacterial and viral pathogens developed a range of molecular inhibitors targeting each step of inflammasome activation. In current review, we will discuss the latest knowledge of inflammasomes' signaling pathways and tricks that pathogens use to avoid immune recognition and clearance. Our better understanding of inflammasome inhibition by pathogens can lead to better therapeutic approaches for the treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yu Garib
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biological Faculty, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Kuchmiy AA, D'Hont J, Hochepied T, Lamkanfi M. NLRP2 controls age-associated maternal fertility. J Exp Med 2016; 213:2851-2860. [PMID: 27881734 PMCID: PMC5154945 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kuchmiy et al. show that Nlrp2, while dispensable for regulation of inflammasome activation, controls maternal fertility with progressing age, playing an unexpected and critical role in maintaining oocyte quality later in life. Nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins are well-known for their key roles in the immune system. Ectopically expressed NLRP2 in immortalized cell lines assembles an inflammasome and inhibits activation of the proinflammatory transcription factor NF-κB, but the physiological roles of NLRP2 are unknown. Here, we show that Nlrp2-deficient mice were born with expected Mendelian ratios and that Nlrp2 was dispensable for innate and adaptive immunity. The observation that Nlrp2 was exclusively expressed in oocytes led us to explore the role of Nlrp2 in parthenogenetic activation of oocytes. Remarkably, unlike oocytes of young adult Nlrp2-deficient mice, activated oocytes of mature adult mice developed slower and largely failed to reach the blastocyst stage. In agreement, we noted strikingly declining reproductive rates in vivo with progressing age of female Nlrp2-deficient mice. This work identifies Nlrp2 as a critical regulator of oocyte quality and suggests that NLRP2 variants with reduced activity may contribute to maternal age-associated fertility loss in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Kuchmiy
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jinke D'Hont
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tino Hochepied
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Lamkanfi
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium .,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Familial Mediterranean fever mutations lift the obligatory requirement for microtubules in Pyrin inflammasome activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:14384-14389. [PMID: 27911804 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1613156113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is the most common monogenic autoinflammatory disease worldwide. It is caused by mutations in the inflammasome adaptor Pyrin, but how FMF mutations alter signaling in FMF patients is unknown. Herein, we establish Clostridium difficile and its enterotoxin A (TcdA) as Pyrin-activating agents and show that wild-type and FMF Pyrin are differentially controlled by microtubules. Diverse microtubule assembly inhibitors prevented Pyrin-mediated caspase-1 activation and secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 from mouse macrophages and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Remarkably, Pyrin inflammasome activation persisted upon microtubule disassembly in PBMCs of FMF patients but not in cells of patients afflicted with other autoinflammatory diseases. We further demonstrate that microtubules control Pyrin activation downstream of Pyrin dephosphorylation and that FMF mutations enable microtubule-independent assembly of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) micrometer-sized perinuclear structures (specks). The discovery that Pyrin mutations remove the obligatory requirement for microtubules in inflammasome activation provides a conceptual framework for understanding FMF and enables immunological screening of FMF mutations.
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Coutermarsh-Ott S, Eden K, Allen IC. Beyond the inflammasome: regulatory NOD-like receptor modulation of the host immune response following virus exposure. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:825-838. [PMID: 26763980 PMCID: PMC4854363 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A complex interaction exists between elements of the host innate immune system and viral pathogens. It is essential that the host mount a robust immune response during viral infection and effectively resolve inflammation once the pathogen has been eliminated. Members of the nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat [NBD-LRR; known as NOD-like receptor (NLR)] family of cytosolic pattern-recognition receptors are essential components of these immunological processes and have diverse functions in the host antiviral immune response. NLRs can be subgrouped based on their general function. The inflammasome-forming subgroup of NLRs are the best-characterized family members, and several have been found to modulate the maturation of IL-1β and IL-18 following virus exposure. However, the members of the regulatory NLR subgroups are significantly less characterized. These NLRs uniquely function to modulate signalling pathways initiated by other families of pattern-recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors and/or Rig-I-like helicase receptors. Regulatory NLRs that augment pro-inflammatory pathways include nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1) and NOD2, which have been shown to form a multiprotein complex termed the NODosome that significantly modulates IFN and NF-κB signalling following viral infection. Conversely, a second subgroup of regulatory NLRs functions to negatively regulate inflammation. These inhibitory NLRs include NLRX1, NLRP12 and NLRC3, which have been shown to interact with TRAF molecules and various kinases to modulate diverse cellular processes. Targeting NLR signalling following infection with a virus represents a novel and promising therapeutic strategy. However, significant effort is still required to translate the current understanding of NLR biology into effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irving Coy Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors, including members of the NLR and PYHIN families, are essential for recognition of both pathogen- and host-derived danger signals. A number of molecules in these families are capable of forming multiprotein complexes termed inflammasomes that result in the activation of caspase-1. In addition to NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, and AIM2, which form well-described inflammasome complexes, IFI16, NLRP6, NLRP7, NLRP12, and NLRC5 have also been proposed to form inflammasomes under specific conditions. The structure and function of these atypical inflammasomes will be highlighted here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Janowski
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Fayyaz S Sutterwala
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 2501 Crosspark Road, D156 MTF, Iowa City, IA, 52241, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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