1
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Huang J, Ladd SN, Ingrisch J, Kübert A, Meredith LK, van Haren J, Bamberger I, Daber LE, Kühnhammer K, Bailey K, Hu J, Fudyma J, Shi L, Dippold MA, Meeran K, Miller L, O'Brien MJ, Yang H, Herrera-Ramírez D, Hartmann H, Trumbore S, Bahn M, Werner C, Lehmann MM. The mobilization and transport of newly fixed carbon are driven by plant water use in an experimental rainforest under drought. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2545-2557. [PMID: 38271585 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) are building blocks for biomass and fuel metabolic processes. However, it remains unclear how tropical forests mobilize, export, and transport NSCs to cope with extreme droughts. We combined drought manipulation and ecosystem 13CO2 pulse-labeling in an enclosed rainforest at Biosphere 2, assessed changes in NSCs, and traced newly assimilated carbohydrates in plant species with diverse hydraulic traits and canopy positions. We show that drought caused a depletion of leaf starch reserves and slowed export and transport of newly assimilated carbohydrates below ground. Drought effects were more pronounced in conservative canopy trees with limited supply of new photosynthates and relatively constant water status than in those with continual photosynthetic supply and deteriorated water status. We provide experimental evidence that local utilization, export, and transport of newly assimilated carbon are closely coupled with plant water use in canopy trees. We highlight that these processes are critical for understanding and predicting tree resistance and ecosystem fluxes in tropical forest under drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbei Huang
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - S Nemiah Ladd
- Ecosystem Physiology, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Ingrisch
- Ecosystem Physiology, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Angelika Kübert
- Ecosystem Physiology, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura K Meredith
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1064 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, 32540 S. Biosphere Rd, Oracle, AZ 85739, USA
| | - Joost van Haren
- Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, 32540 S. Biosphere Rd, Oracle, AZ 85739, USA
- Honors College, University of Arizona, 1101 East Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Ines Bamberger
- Ecosystem Physiology, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Atmospheric Chemistry Group, University of Bayreuth (BayCEER), Germany
| | - L Erik Daber
- Ecosystem Physiology, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kühnhammer
- Ecosystem Physiology, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kinzie Bailey
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1064 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jia Hu
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1064 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jane Fudyma
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lingling Shi
- Biogeochemistry of Agroecosystems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Geo-Biosphere Interactions, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michaela A Dippold
- Biogeochemistry of Agroecosystems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Geo-Biosphere Interactions, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kathiravan Meeran
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Luke Miller
- Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, 32540 S. Biosphere Rd, Oracle, AZ 85739, USA
| | - Michael J O'Brien
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Almería, Spain
| | - Hui Yang
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Henrik Hartmann
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute for Forest Protection, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Erwin-Baur-Straße 27, D-06484 Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Susan Trumbore
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Bahn
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christiane Werner
- Ecosystem Physiology, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco M Lehmann
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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2
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Didion-Gency M, Vitasse Y, Buchmann N, Gessler A, Gisler J, Schaub M, Grossiord C. Chronic warming and dry soils limit carbon uptake and growth despite a longer growing season in beech and oak. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:741-757. [PMID: 37874743 PMCID: PMC10828195 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Progressively warmer and drier climatic conditions impact tree phenology and carbon cycling with large consequences for forest carbon balance. However, it remains unclear how individual impacts of warming and drier soils differ from their combined effects and how species interactions modulate tree responses. Using mesocosms, we assessed the multiyear impact of continuous air warming and lower soil moisture alone or in combination on phenology, leaf-level photosynthesis, nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations, and aboveground growth of young European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Downy oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.) trees. We further tested how species interactions (in monocultures and in mixtures) modulated these effects. Warming prolonged the growing season of both species but reduced growth in oak. In contrast, lower moisture did not impact phenology but reduced carbon assimilation and growth in both species. Combined impacts of warming and drier soils did not differ from their single effects. Under warmer and drier conditions, performances of both species were enhanced in mixtures compared to monocultures. Our work revealed that higher temperature and lower soil moisture have contrasting impacts on phenology vs. leaf-level assimilation and growth, with the former being driven by temperature and the latter by moisture. Furthermore, we showed a compensation in the negative impacts of chronic heat and drought by tree species interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Didion-Gency
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yann Vitasse
- Forest Dynamics Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Gisler
- Forest Dynamics Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Forest Dynamics Research Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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He R, Shi H, Hu M, Zhou Q, Zhang Q, Dang H. Divergent effects of warming on nonstructural carbohydrates in woody plants: a meta-analysis. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14117. [PMID: 38148215 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC, including soluble sugars and starch) are essential for supporting growth and survival of woody plants, and play multifunctional roles in various ecophysiological processes that are being rapidly changed by climate warming. However, it still remains unclear whether there is a consistent response pattern of NSC dynamics in woody plants to climate warming across organ types and species taxa. Here, based on a compiled database of 52 woody plant species worldwide, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the effects of experimental warming on NSC dynamics. Our results indicated that the responses of NSC dynamics to warming were primarily driven by the fluctuations of starch, while soluble sugars did not undergo significant changes. The effects of warming on NSC shifted from negative to positive with the extension of warming duration, while the negative warming effects on NSC became more pronounced as warming magnitude increased. Overall, our study showed the divergent responses of NSC and its components in different organs of woody plants to experimental warming, suggesting a potentially changed carbon (C) balance in woody plants in future global warming. Thus, our findings highlight that predicting future changes in plant functions and terrestrial C cycle requires a mechanism understanding of how NSC is linked to a specific global change driver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui He
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Man Hu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Quanfa Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Haishan Dang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
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Peltier DMP, Carbone MS, McIntire CD, Robertson N, Thompson RA, Malone S, LeMoine J, Richardson AD, McDowell NG, Adams HD, Pockman WT, Trowbridge AM. Carbon starvation following a decade of experimental drought consumes old reserves in Pinus edulis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:92-104. [PMID: 37430467 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Shifts in the age or turnover time of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) may underlie changes in tree growth under long-term increases in drought stress associated with climate change. But NSC responses to drought are challenging to quantify, due in part to large NSC stores in trees and subsequently long response times of NSC to climate variation. We measured NSC age (Δ14 C) along with a suite of ecophysiological metrics in Pinus edulis trees experiencing either extreme short-term drought (-90% ambient precipitation plot, 2020-2021) or a decade of severe drought (-45% plot, 2010-2021). We tested the hypothesis that carbon starvation - consumption exceeding synthesis and storage - increases the age of sapwood NSC. One year of extreme drought had no impact on NSC pool size or age, despite significant reductions in predawn water potential, photosynthetic rates/capacity, and twig and needle growth. By contrast, long-term drought halved the age of the sapwood NSC pool, coupled with reductions in sapwood starch concentrations (-75%), basal area increment (-39%), and bole respiration rates (-28%). Our results suggest carbon starvation takes time, as tree carbon reserves appear resilient to extreme disturbance in the short term. However, after a decade of drought, trees apparently consumed old stored NSC to support metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew M P Peltier
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Mariah S Carbone
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Cameron D McIntire
- Northeastern Area State, Private, and Tribal Forestry, USDA Forest Service, 271 Mast Road, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Nathan Robertson
- Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
| | - R Alex Thompson
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA
| | - Shealyn Malone
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jim LeMoine
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Andrew D Richardson
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Lab, PO Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Henry D Adams
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99163, USA
| | - William T Pockman
- Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
| | - Amy M Trowbridge
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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5
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Park DS, Xie Y, Ellison AM, Lyra GM, Davis CC. Complex climate-mediated effects of urbanization on plant reproductive phenology and frost risk. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 239:2153-2165. [PMID: 36942966 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization can affect the timing of plant reproduction (i.e. flowering and fruiting) and associated ecosystem processes. However, our knowledge of how plant phenology responds to urbanization and its associated environmental changes is limited. Herbaria represent an important, but underutilized source of data for investigating this question. We harnessed phenological data from herbarium specimens representing 200 plant species collected across 120 yr from the eastern US to investigate the spatiotemporal effects of urbanization on flowering and fruiting phenology and frost risk (i.e. time between the last frost date and flowering). Effects of urbanization on plant reproductive phenology varied significantly in direction and magnitude across species ranges. Increased urbanization led to earlier flowering in colder and wetter regions and delayed fruiting in regions with wetter spring conditions. Frost risk was elevated with increased urbanization in regions with colder and wetter spring conditions. Our study demonstrates that predictions of phenological change and its associated impacts must account for both climatic and human effects, which are context dependent and do not necessarily coincide. We must move beyond phenological models that only incorporate temperature variables and consider multiple environmental factors and their interactions when estimating plant phenology, especially at larger spatial and taxonomic scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Yingying Xie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, 41099, USA
| | - Aaron M Ellison
- Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02135, USA
- Sound Solutions for Sustainable Science, Boston, MA, 02135, USA
| | - Goia M Lyra
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biodiversidade e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Charles C Davis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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6
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Dudney J, Latimer AM, van Mantgem P, Zald H, Willing CE, Nesmith JCB, Cribbs J, Milano E. The energy-water limitation threshold explains divergent drought responses in tree growth, needle length, and stable isotope ratios. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:4368-4382. [PMID: 37089078 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Predicted increases in extreme droughts will likely cause major shifts in carbon sequestration and forest composition. Although growth declines during drought are widely documented, an increasing number of studies have reported both positive and negative responses to the same drought. These divergent growth patterns may reflect thresholds (i.e., nonlinear responses) promoted by changes in the dominant climatic constraints on tree growth. Here we tested whether stemwood growth exhibited linear or nonlinear responses to temperature and precipitation and whether stemwood growth thresholds co-occurred with multiple thresholds in source and sink processes that limit tree growth. We extracted 772 tree cores, 1398 needle length records, and 1075 stable isotope samples from 27 sites across whitebark pine's (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) climatic niche in the Sierra Nevada. Our results indicated that a temperature threshold in stemwood growth occurred at 8.4°C (7.12-9.51°C; estimated using fall-spring maximum temperature). This threshold was significantly correlated with thresholds in foliar growth, as well as carbon (δ13 C) and nitrogen (δ15 N) stable isotope ratios, that emerged during drought. These co-occurring thresholds reflected the transition between energy- and water-limited tree growth (i.e., the E-W limitation threshold). This transition likely mediated carbon and nutrient cycling, as well as important differences in growth-defense trade-offs and drought adaptations. Furthermore, whitebark pine growing in energy-limited regions may continue to experience elevated growth in response to climate change. The positive effect of warming, however, may be offset by growth declines in water-limited regions, threatening the long-term sustainability of the recently listed whitebark pine species in the Sierra Nevada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Dudney
- Environmental Studies Program, Santa Barbara, California, USA
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Andrew M Latimer
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Phillip van Mantgem
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Harold Zald
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Claire E Willing
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Cribbs
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth Milano
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Sacramento, California, USA
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Moscow, Idaho, USA
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7
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Thompson RA, Adams HD, Breshears DD, Collins AD, Dickman LT, Grossiord C, Manrique-Alba À, Peltier DM, Ryan MG, Trowbridge AM, McDowell NG. No carbon storage in growth-limited trees in a semi-arid woodland. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1959. [PMID: 37029120 PMCID: PMC10081995 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37577-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant survival depends on a balance between carbon supply and demand. When carbon supply becomes limited, plants buffer demand by using stored carbohydrates (sugar and starch). During drought, NSCs (non-structural carbohydrates) may accumulate if growth stops before photosynthesis. This expectation is pervasive, yet few studies have combined simultaneous measurements of drought, photosynthesis, growth, and carbon storage to test this. Using a field experiment with mature trees in a semi-arid woodland, we show that growth and photosynthesis slow in parallel as [Formula: see text] declines, preventing carbon storage in two species of conifer (J. monosperma and P. edulis). During experimental drought, growth and photosynthesis were frequently co-limited. Our results point to an alternative perspective on how plants use carbon that views growth and photosynthesis as independent processes both regulated by water availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alexander Thompson
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| | - Henry D Adams
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - David D Breshears
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Adam D Collins
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Earth & Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - L Turin Dickman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Earth & Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Drew M Peltier
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Michael G Ryan
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Amy M Trowbridge
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Lab, PO Box 999, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644236, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
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8
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Oberleitner F, Hartmann H, Hasibeder R, Huang J, Losso A, Mayr S, Oberhuber W, Wieser G, Bahn M. Amplifying effects of recurrent drought on the dynamics of tree growth and water use in a subalpine forest. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2617-2635. [PMID: 35610775 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in our understanding of drought impacts on tree functioning, we lack knowledge about the dynamic responses of mature trees to recurrent drought stress. At a subalpine forest site, we assessed the effects of three years of recurrent experimental summer drought on tree growth and water relations of Larix decidua Mill. and Picea abies (L. Karst.), two common European conifers representative for contrasting water-use strategies. We combined dendrometer and xylem sap flow measurements with analyses of xylem anatomy and non-structural carbohydrates and their carbon-isotope composition. Recurrent drought increased the effects of soil moisture limitation on growth and xylogenesis, and to a lesser extent on xylem sap flow. P. abies showed stronger growth responses to recurrent drought, reduced starch concentrations in branches and increased water-use efficiency when compared to L. decidua. Despite comparatively larger maximum tree water deficits than in P. abies, xylem formation of L. decidua was less affected by drought, suggesting a stronger capacity of rehydration or lower cambial turgor thresholds for growth. Our study shows that recurrent drought progressively increases impacts on mature trees of both species, which suggests that in a future climate increasing drought frequency could impose strong legacies on carbon and water dynamics of treeline species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Roland Hasibeder
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jianbei Huang
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Adriano Losso
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Walter Oberhuber
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerhard Wieser
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Alpine Timberline Ecophysiology, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW), Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Bahn
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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9
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Genetic Diversity and Genome-Wide Association Study of Architectural Traits of Spray Cut Chrysanthemum Varieties. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8050458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The architecture of spray cut chrysanthemum is crucial for the quality and quantity of cut flower production. However, the mechanism underlying plant architecture still needs to be clarified. In this study, we measured nine architecture-related traits of 195 spray cut chrysanthemum varieties during a two-year period. The results showed that the number of upper primary branches, number of lateral flower buds and primary branch length widely varied. Additionally, plant height had a significant positive correlation with number of leaf nodes and total number of lateral buds. Number of upper primary branches had a significant negative correlation with primary branch diameter, primary branch angle and primary branch length. Plant height, total number of lateral buds, number of upper primary branches, stem diameter, primary branch diameter and primary branch length were vulnerable to environmental impacts. All varieties could be divided into five categories according to cluster analysis, and the typical plant architecture of the varieties was summarized. Finally, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed to find potential functional genes.
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10
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Gao S, Liang E, Liu R, Babst F, Camarero JJ, Fu YH, Piao S, Rossi S, Shen M, Wang T, Peñuelas J. An earlier start of the thermal growing season enhances tree growth in cold humid areas but not in dry areas. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:397-404. [PMID: 35228669 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01668-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Climatic warming alters the onset, duration and cessation of the vegetative season. While previous studies have shown a tight link between thermal conditions and leaf phenology, less is known about the impacts of phenological changes on tree growth. Here, we assessed the relationships between the start of the thermal growing season and tree growth across the extratropical Northern Hemisphere using 3,451 tree-ring chronologies and daily climatic data for 1948-2014. An earlier start of the thermal growing season promoted growth in regions with high ratios of precipitation to temperature but limited growth in cold-dry regions. Path analyses indicated that an earlier start of the thermal growing season enhanced growth primarily by alleviating thermal limitations on wood formation in boreal forests and by lengthening the period of growth in temperate and Mediterranean forests. Semi-arid and dry subalpine forests, however, did not benefit from an earlier onset of growth and a longer growing season, presumably due to associated water loss and/or more frequent early spring frosts. These emergent patterns of how climatic impacts on wood phenology affect tree growth at regional to hemispheric scales hint at how future phenological changes may affect the carbon sequestration capacity of extratropical forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Eryuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Ruishun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Flurin Babst
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Yongshuo H Fu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shilong Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada.,Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miaogen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain.,CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Goke A, Martin PH. Poor acclimation to experimental field drought in subalpine forest tree seedlings. AOB PLANTS 2022; 14:plab077. [PMID: 35079329 PMCID: PMC8782599 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ability of tree species to acclimate and tolerate projected increases in drought frequency and intensity has fundamental implications for future forest dynamics with climate change. Inquiries to date on the drought tolerance capacities of tree species, however, have focused almost exclusively on mature trees with scant in situ work on seedlings, despite the central role that regeneration dynamics play in forest responses to changing conditions. We subjected naturally established seedlings of co-dominant subalpine conifer species (Abies lasiocarpa and Picea engelmannii) in the southern Rocky Mountains to 2 years of in situ summer precipitation exclusion, simulating summer drought conditions similar to a failure of the North American monsoon. We compared the morphological and physiological responses of seedlings growing in drought vs. ambient conditions to assess the relative changes in drought tolerance traits as a function of seedling size. Drought treatments had a marked impact on soil moisture: volumetric water content averaged ≈5-8 % in drought treatments and ≈8-12 % in ambient controls. We detected no significant shifts in morphology (e.g. root biomass, leaf:stem area ratio) in response to drought for either species, but net photosynthesis in drought treatments was 78 % lower for spruce and 37 % lower for fir. Greater stomatal control associated with increasing stem diameter conferred greater water use efficiencies in larger seedlings in both species but was not significantly different between drought and ambient conditions, suggesting an overall lack of responsivity to water stress and a prioritization of carbon gain over investment in drought mitigation traits. These results indicate a canonization of traits that, while useful for early seedling establishment, may portend substantial vulnerability of subalpine seedling populations to prolonged or recurrent droughts, especially for spruce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Goke
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Patrick H Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, USA
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12
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Bose AK, Rigling A, Gessler A, Hagedorn F, Brunner I, Feichtinger L, Bigler C, Egli S, Etzold S, Gossner MM, Guidi C, Lévesque M, Meusburger K, Peter M, Saurer M, Scherrer D, Schleppi P, Schönbeck L, Vogel ME, Arx G, Wermelinger B, Wohlgemuth T, Zweifel R, Schaub M. Lessons learned from a long‐term irrigation experiment in a dry Scots pine forest: Impacts on traits and functioning. ECOL MONOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Bose
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline Khulna University Khulna Bangladesh
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Frank Hagedorn
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Ivano Brunner
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Linda Feichtinger
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Christof Bigler
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Forest Ecology, Universitätstrasse 22 ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Simon Egli
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Sophia Etzold
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Martin M. Gossner
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Claudia Guidi
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Lévesque
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Forest Ecology, Universitätstrasse 22 ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Katrin Meusburger
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Martina Peter
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Daniel Scherrer
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Patrick Schleppi
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Leonie Schönbeck
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering ENAC École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, Station 2 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Michael E. Vogel
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Georg Arx
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Beat Wermelinger
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wohlgemuth
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Roman Zweifel
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
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13
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Collins AD, Ryan MG, Adams HD, Dickman LT, Garcia-Forner N, Grossiord C, Powers HH, Sevanto S, McDowell NG. Foliar respiration is related to photosynthetic, growth and carbohydrate response to experimental drought and elevated temperature. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3623-3635. [PMID: 34506038 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Short-term plant respiration (R) increases exponentially with rising temperature, but drought could reduce respiration by reducing growth and metabolism. Acclimation may alter these responses. We examined if species with different drought responses would differ in foliar R response to +4.8°C temperature and -45% precipitation in a field experiment with mature piñon and juniper trees, and if any differences between species were related to differences in photosynthesis rates, shoot growth and nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs). Short-term foliar R had a Q10 of 1.6 for piñon and 2.6 for juniper. Piñon foliar R did not respond to the +4.8°C temperatures, but R increased 1.4× for juniper. Across treatments, piñon foliage had higher growth, lower NSC content, 29% lower photosynthesis rates, and 44% lower R than juniper. Removing 45% precipitation had little impact on R for either species. Species differences in the response of R under elevated temperature were related to substrate availability and stomatal response to leaf water potential. Despite not acclimating to the higher temperature and having higher R than piñon, greater substrate availability in juniper suggests it could supply respiratory demand for much longer than piñon. Species responses will be critical in ecosystem response to a warmer climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Collins
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Michael G Ryan
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Henry D Adams
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Lee Turin Dickman
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Núria Garcia-Forner
- Centre for Functional Ecology (CFE), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory (PERL), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Heath H Powers
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
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14
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Zettlemoyer MA, DeMarche ML. Dissecting impacts of phenological shifts for performance across biological scales. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 37:147-157. [PMID: 34763943 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although phenological shifts in response to climate are often assumed to benefit species' performance and viability, phenology's role in allowing population persistence and mediating species-level responses in the face of climate change remain unclear. Here, we develop a framework to understand when and why phenological shifts at three biological scales will influence performance: individuals, populations, and macroecological patterns. Specifically, we highlight three underexplored assumptions: (i) individual variability in phenology does not affect population fitness; (ii) population growth rates are sensitive to vital rates affected by phenology; and (iii) phenology mediates species-level responses to climate change including patterns of extinction, invasion, and range shifts. We outline promising methods for understanding how phenological shifts will influence performance within and across biological scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A Zettlemoyer
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, 120 Carlton St., 2502 Miller Plant Sciences, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Megan L DeMarche
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, 120 Carlton St., 2502 Miller Plant Sciences, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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15
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Hotter droughts alter resource allocation to chemical defenses in piñon pine. Oecologia 2021; 197:921-938. [PMID: 34657177 PMCID: PMC8591002 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Heat and drought affect plant chemical defenses and thereby plant susceptibility to pests and pathogens. Monoterpenes are of particular importance for conifers as they play critical roles in defense against bark beetles. To date, work seeking to understand the impacts of heat and drought on monoterpenes has primarily focused on young potted seedlings, leaving it unclear how older age classes that are more vulnerable to bark beetles might respond to stress. Furthermore, we lack a clear picture of what carbon resources might be prioritized to support monoterpene synthesis under drought stress. To address this, we measured needle and woody tissue monoterpene concentrations and physiological variables simultaneously from mature piñon pines (Pinus edulis) from a unique temperature and drought manipulation field experiment. While heat had no effect on total monoterpene concentrations, trees under combined heat and drought stress exhibited ~ 85% and 35% increases in needle and woody tissue, respectively, over multiple years. Plant physiological variables like maximum photosynthesis each explained less than 10% of the variation in total monoterpenes for both tissue types while starch and glucose + fructose measured 1-month prior explained ~ 45% and 60% of the variation in woody tissue total monoterpene concentrations. Although total monoterpenes increased under combined stress, some key monoterpenes with known roles in bark beetle ecology decreased. These shifts may make trees more favorable for bark beetle attack rather than well defended, which one might conclude if only considering total monoterpene concentrations. Our results point to cumulative and synergistic effects of heat and drought that may reprioritize carbon allocation of specific non-structural carbohydrates toward defense.
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16
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Zettlemoyer MA, Peterson ML. Does Phenological Plasticity Help or Hinder Range Shifts Under Climate Change? Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.689192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate warming is predicted to shift species’ ranges as previously uninhabitable environments just beyond the leading range edges become suitable habitat and trailing range edges become increasingly unsuitable. Understanding which aspects of the environment and species traits mediate these range shifts is critical for understanding species’ possible redistributions under global change, yet we have a limited understanding of the ecological and evolutionary responses underlying population spread or extinction at species’ range edges. Within plant populations, shifts in flowering phenology have been one of the strongest and most consistent responses to climate change, and are likely to play an important role in mediating population dynamics within and beyond species’ ranges. However, the role of phenological shifts, and particularly phenological plasticity, in species’ range shifts remains relatively unstudied. Here, we synthesize literature on phenology, plasticity, and adaptation to suggest ways in which phenological responses to climate may vary across species’ ranges and review the empirical evidence for and against these hypotheses. We then outline how phenological plasticity could facilitate or hinder persistence and potential consequences of phenological plasticity in range expansions, including phenological cues, shifts in correlated traits, altered species interactions, and effects on gene flow. Finally, we suggest future avenues for research, such as characterizing reaction norms for phenology across a species’ range and in beyond-the-range transplant experiments. Given the prevalence and magnitude of phenological shifts, future work should carefully dissect its costs and benefits for population persistence, and incorporate phenological plasticity into models predicting species’ persistence and geographic range shifts under climate change.
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17
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Peltier DMP, Guo J, Nguyen P, Bangs M, Gear L, Wilson M, Jefferys S, Samuels-Crow K, Yocom LL, Liu Y, Fell MK, Auty D, Schwalm C, Anderegg WRL, Koch GW, Litvak ME, Ogle K. Temporal controls on crown nonstructural carbohydrates in southwestern US tree species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:388-402. [PMID: 33147630 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In trees, large uncertainties remain in how nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) respond to variation in water availability in natural, intact ecosystems. Variation in NSC pools reflects temporal fluctuations in supply and demand, as well as physiological coordination across tree organs in ways that differ across species and NSC fractions (e.g., soluble sugars vs starch). Using landscape-scale crown (leaves and twigs) NSC concentration measurements in three foundation tree species (Populus tremuloides, Pinus edulis, Juniperus osteosperma), we evaluated in situ, seasonal variation in NSC responses to moisture stress on three timescales: short-term (via predawn water potential), seasonal (via leaf δ13C) and annual (via current year's ring width index). Crown NSC responses to moisture stress appeared to depend on hydraulic strategy, where J. osteosperma appears to regulate osmotic potentials (via higher sugar concentrations), P. edulis NSC responses suggest respiratory depletion and P. tremuloides responses were consistent with direct sink limitations. We also show that overly simplistic models can mask seasonal and tissue variation in NSC responses, as well as strong interactions among moisture stress at different timescales. In general, our results suggest large seasonal variation in crown NSC concentrations reflecting the multiple cofunctions of NSCs in plant tissues, including storage, growth and osmotic regulation of hydraulically vulnerable leaves. We emphasize that crown NSC pool size cannot be viewed as a simple physiological metric of stress; in situ NSC dynamics are complex, varying temporally, across species, among NSC fractions and among tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew M P Peltier
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Jessica Guo
- Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Phiyen Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Michael Bangs
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Linnea Gear
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Michelle Wilson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Stacy Jefferys
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Kimberly Samuels-Crow
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Larissa L Yocom
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Yao Liu
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Michael K Fell
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - David Auty
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Christopher Schwalm
- Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA 02540, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - William R L Anderegg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - George W Koch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Marcy E Litvak
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Kiona Ogle
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
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18
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Gehring C, Sevanto S, Patterson A, Ulrich DEM, Kuske CR. Ectomycorrhizal and Dark Septate Fungal Associations of Pinyon Pine Are Differentially Affected by Experimental Drought and Warming. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:582574. [PMID: 33193530 PMCID: PMC7606852 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.582574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Changing climates can cause shifts in temperature and precipitation, resulting in warming and drought in some regions. Although each of these factors has been shown to detrimentally affect forest ecosystems worldwide, information on the impacts of the combined effects of warming and drought is lacking. Forest trees rely on mutualistic root-associated fungi that contribute significantly to plant health and protection against climate stresses. We used a six-year, ecosystem-scale temperature and precipitation manipulation experiment targeted to simulate the climate in 2100 in the Southwestern United States to quantify the effects of drought, warming and combined drought and warming on the root colonization (abundance), species composition and diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF), and dark septate fungal endophytes in a widespread woodland tree, pinyon pine (Pinus edulis E.). Our results show that pinyon shoot growth after 6 years of these treatments was reduced more by drought than warming. The combined drought and warming treatment reduced the abundance and diversity of EMF more than either treatment alone. Individual ectomycorrhizal fungal taxa, including the drought tolerant Cenococcum geophilum, were present in all treatments but the combined drought and warming treatment. The combined drought and warming treatment also reduced the abundance of dark septate endophytes (DSE), but did not affect their diversity or species composition. The current year shoot growth of the trees correlated positively with ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity, highlighting the importance of diversity in mutualistic relationships to plant growth. Our results suggest that EMF may be more important than DSE to aboveground growth in P. edulis, but also more susceptible to the negative effects of combined climate stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Gehring
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Science Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Adair Patterson
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | | | - Cheryl R. Kuske
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
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19
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Quantitative genetic architecture of adaptive phenology traits in the deciduous tree, Populus trichocarpa (Torr. and Gray). Heredity (Edinb) 2020; 125:449-458. [PMID: 32901141 PMCID: PMC7784687 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-020-00363-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In a warming climate, the ability to accurately predict and track shifting environmental conditions will be fundamental for plant survival. Environmental cues define the transitions between growth and dormancy as plants synchronise development with favourable environmental conditions, however these cues are predicted to change under future climate projections which may have profound impacts on tree survival and growth. Here, we use a quantitative genetic approach to estimate the genetic basis of spring and autumn phenology in Populus trichocarpa to determine this species capacity for climate adaptation. We measured bud burst, leaf coloration, and leaf senescence traits across two years (2017–2018) and combine these observations with measures of lifetime growth to determine how genetic correlations between phenology and growth may facilitate or constrain adaptation. Timing of transitions differed between years, although we found strong cross year genetic correlations in all traits, suggesting that genotypes respond in consistent ways to seasonal cues. Spring and autumn phenology were correlated with lifetime growth, where genotypes that burst leaves early and shed them late had the highest lifetime growth. We also identified substantial heritable variation in the timing of all phenological transitions (h2 = 0.5–0.8) and in lifetime growth (h2 = 0.8). The combination of additive variation and favourable genetic correlations in phenology traits suggests that populations of cultivated varieties of P. Trichocarpa may have the capability to adapt their phenology to climatic changes without negative impacts on growth.
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20
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Peltier DMP, Ogle K. Tree growth sensitivity to climate is temporally variable. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1561-1572. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Drew M. P. Peltier
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Kiona Ogle
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
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21
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Bao F, Liu M, Cao Y, Li J, Yao B, Xin Z, Lu Q, Wu B. Water Addition Prolonged the Length of the Growing Season of the Desert Shrub Nitraria tangutorum in a Temperate Desert. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1099. [PMID: 32793260 PMCID: PMC7386313 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Climate models often predict that more extreme precipitation events will occur in arid and semiarid regions, where plant phenology is particularly sensitive to precipitation changes. To understand how increases in precipitation affect plant phenology, this study conducted a manipulative field experiment in a desert ecosystem of northwest China. In this study, a long-term in situ water addition experiment was conducted in a temperate desert in northwestern China. The following five treatments were used: natural rain plus an additional 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the local mean annual precipitation. A series of phenological events, including leaf unfolding (onset, 30%, 50%, and end of leaf unfolding), cessation of new branch elongation (30, 50, and 90%), and leaf coloration (80% of leaves turned yellow), of the locally dominant shrub Nitraria tangutorum were observed from 2012 to 2018. The results showed that on average, over the seven-year-study and in all treatments water addition treatments advanced the spring phenology (30% of leaf unfolding) by 1.29-3.00 days, but delayed the autumn phenology (80% of leaves turned yellow) by 1.18-11.82 days. Therefore, the length of the growing season was prolonged by 2.11-13.68 days, and autumn phenology contributed more than spring phenology. In addition, water addition treatments delayed the cessation of new branch elongation (90%) by 5.82-12.61 days, and nonlinear relationships were found between the leaves yellowing (80% of leaves) and the amount of watering. Linear relationships were found between the cessation of new branch elongation (90%), the length of the growing season, and amount of water addition. The two response patterns to water increase indicated that predictions of phenological events in the future should not be based on one trend only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Bao
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Desert Ecosystem and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Minghu Liu
- Experimental Center of Desert Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dengkou, China
| | - Yanli Cao
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Jiazhu Li
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yao
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiming Xin
- Experimental Center of Desert Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dengkou, China
- Inner Mongolia Dengkou Desert Ecosystem National Observation Research Station, Dengkou, China
| | - Qi Lu
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Experimental Center of Desert Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dengkou, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Desert Ecosystem and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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22
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He W, Liu H, Qi Y, Liu F, Zhu X. Patterns in nonstructural carbohydrate contents at the tree organ level in response to drought duration. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:3627-3638. [PMID: 32162388 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) facilitate the adaptation of trees to drought stress. There have been a large number of studies exploring NSC changes in individual plant species and individual organ under drought and showed different trends; however, an understanding of the universal pattern of the plant NSCs responses to drought, particularly to drought duration, is still lacking. Here, we compiled data from 47 experimental studies on 52 tree species and conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the responses of soluble sugars, starch, and TNSC (total nonstructural carbohydrates including both soluble sugars and starch) concentrations in different tree organs (leaf, stem, and root) to drought intensity and duration. We found that starch in all organs decreased and soluble sugars in leaf increased with prolonged experiment time, and the changes in soluble sugars in all organs were stronger under severe drought than under slight-to-moderate drought. Under slight-to-moderate drought, the NSC content of each organ varied with time, while with the extension of the drought duration, the NSCs gradually approached the control value (no drought stress); this trend remained in the late drought, which means that trees activated physiological regulation processes to increase carbon storage and reduce the risks of carbon starvation. In contrast, long-term severe drought could lead to a net loss of carbohydrates, especially in the root, implying that prolonged severe drought could lead to NSC depletion in the whole plant. As prolonged drought duration has occurred in and is projected for many regions, this paper could shed light into studies on how trees respond and adapt extending drought duration through nonstructural carbon production, transportation, and reallocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi He
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Qi
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinrong Zhu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
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23
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McDowell NG, Allen CD, Anderson-Teixeira K, Aukema BH, Bond-Lamberty B, Chini L, Clark JS, Dietze M, Grossiord C, Hanbury-Brown A, Hurtt GC, Jackson RB, Johnson DJ, Kueppers L, Lichstein JW, Ogle K, Poulter B, Pugh TAM, Seidl R, Turner MG, Uriarte M, Walker AP, Xu C. Pervasive shifts in forest dynamics in a changing world. Science 2020; 368:368/6494/eaaz9463. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz9463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig D. Allen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - Kristina Anderson-Teixeira
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
- Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Republic of Panama
| | - Brian H. Aukema
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Ben Bond-Lamberty
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Louise Chini
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - James S. Clark
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Michael Dietze
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Adam Hanbury-Brown
- Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - George C. Hurtt
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Robert B. Jackson
- Department of Earth System Science, Woods Institute for the Environment, and Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel J. Johnson
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Lara Kueppers
- Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Division of Climate and Ecosystem Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Kiona Ogle
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
| | - Benjamin Poulter
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Thomas A. M. Pugh
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Rupert Seidl
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1180 Vienna, Austria
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Monica G. Turner
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Maria Uriarte
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Anthony P. Walker
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Chonggang Xu
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
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24
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Mackay DS, Savoy PR, Grossiord C, Tai X, Pleban JR, Wang DR, McDowell NG, Adams HD, Sperry JS. Conifers depend on established roots during drought: results from a coupled model of carbon allocation and hydraulics. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:679-692. [PMID: 31276231 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Trees may survive prolonged droughts by shifting water uptake to reliable water sources, but it is unknown if the dominant mechanism involves activating existing roots or growing new roots during drought, or some combination of the two. To gain mechanistic insights on this unknown, a dynamic root-hydraulic modeling framework was developed that set up a feedback between hydraulic controls over carbon allocation and the role of root growth on soil-plant hydraulics. The new model was tested using a 5 yr drought/heat field experiment on an established piñon-juniper stand with root access to bedrock groundwater. Owing to the high carbon cost per unit root area, modeled trees initialized without adequate bedrock groundwater access experienced potentially lethal declines in water potential, while all of the experimental trees maintained nonlethal water potentials. Simulated trees were unable to grow roots rapidly enough to mediate the hydraulic stress, particularly during warm droughts. Alternatively, modeled trees initiated with root access to bedrock groundwater matched the hydraulics of the experimental trees by increasing their water uptake from bedrock groundwater when soil layers dried out. Therefore, the modeling framework identified a critical mechanism for drought response that required trees to shift water uptake among existing roots rather than growing new roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Scott Mackay
- Department of Geography, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14261, USA
| | - Philip R Savoy
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Xiaonan Tai
- Department of Geography, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14261, USA
| | - Jonathan R Pleban
- Department of Geography, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14261, USA
| | - Diane R Wang
- Department of Geography, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14261, USA
| | | | - Henry D Adams
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - John S Sperry
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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25
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Quantifying Drought Sensitivity of Mediterranean Climate Vegetation to Recent Warming: A Case Study in Southern California. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11242902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A combination of drought and high temperatures (“global-change-type drought”) is projected to become increasingly common in Mediterranean climate regions. Recently, Southern California has experienced record-breaking high temperatures coupled with significant precipitation deficits, which provides opportunities to investigate the impacts of high temperatures on the drought sensitivity of Mediterranean climate vegetation. Responses of different vegetation types to drought are quantified using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data for the period 2000–2017. The contrasting responses of the vegetation types to drought are captured by the correlation and regression coefficients between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) anomalies and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). A novel bootstrapping regression approach is used to decompose the relationships between the vegetation sensitivity (NDVI–PDSI regression slopes) and the principle climate factors (temperature and precipitation) associated with the drought. Significantly increased sensitivity to drought in warmer locations indicates the important role of temperature in exacerbating vulnerability; however, spatial precipitation variations do not demonstrate significant effects in modulating drought sensitivity. Based on annual NDVI response, chaparral is the most vulnerable community to warming, which will probably be severely affected by hotter droughts in the future. Drought sensitivity of coastal sage scrub (CSS) is also shown to be very responsive to warming in fall and winter. Grassland and developed land will likely be less affected by this warming. The sensitivity of the overall vegetation to temperature increases is particularly concerning, as it is the variable that has had the strongest secular trend in recent decades, which is expected to continue or strengthen in the future. Increased temperatures will probably alter vegetation distribution, as well as possibly increase annual grassland cover, and decrease the extent and ecological services provided by perennial woody Mediterranean climate ecosystems as well.
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26
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Augustine SP, Reinhardt K. Differences in morphological and physiological plasticity in two species of first-year conifer seedlings exposed to drought result in distinct survivorship patterns. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1446-1460. [PMID: 31181151 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
First-year tree seedlings represent a critical demographic life stage, functioning as a bottleneck to forest regeneration. Knowledge of how mortality is related to whole-seedling carbon and water relations is deficient and is required to understand how forest compositions will be altered in future climatic conditions. We performed a greenhouse drought experiment using first-year seedlings of two common pine species found in the Intermountain West, USA. Gas exchange, biomass gain, allometry and xylem water potentials were compared between well-watered and droughted seedlings from emergence until drought-induced mortality. In both species, morphological adjustments to confer drought tolerance, such as increased leaf mass per unit area, were not observed in seedlings exposed to drought, and droughted seedlings maintained photosynthesis and whole-seedling carbon gain well into the experiment. Yet, there were important differences between species in terms of carbon budgets, physiological responses and mortality patterns. In Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson, physiological acclimation to drought was much greater, evident through stronger stomatal regulation and increased water-use efficiency. Photosynthesis and carbon budgets in P. ponderosa were greater than in Pinus contorta Dougl. ex. Loud., and survival was 100% until critical hydraulic thresholds in leaf water content and seedling water potentials were crossed. In P. contorta, physiological adjustments to drought were less, and mortality occurred much sooner and well before injurious hydraulic thresholds were approached. First-year conifer seedlings appear canalized for a suite of functional traits that prioritize short-term carbon gain over long-term drought tolerance, suggesting that conifer seedling survival is linked with carbon limitations, even during drought, with survival in species having narrower carbon survival margins being more hampered by carbon limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Augustine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Keith Reinhardt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, USA
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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27
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Zhu Y, Fu S, Liu H, Wang Z, Chen HYH. Heat stress tolerance determines the survival and growth of introduced Canadian sugar maple in subtropical China. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:417-426. [PMID: 30239951 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of species contributes to both ecological restoration and regional economics, while serving as a potential strategy to conserve species under rapid climate change. Despite an anticipated significant increase in temperature at high latitudes by the end of the 21st century, very few experimental migration trials have been conducted regarding large climate range changes. We employed a provenance trial by introducing a temperate sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) of three provenances with a mean annual temperature of 3.0 °C in Manitoba, 4.2 °C in Quebec and 9.4 °C in Ontario, Canada, to 15.8 °C at an introduced site in subtropical China. We measured survival, growth, summer photosynthesis in the field and stress-resistance responses under a temperature gradient in growth chambers with first-year seedlings. We found that the Ontario provenance had the highest propensity for survival and growth, followed by the Quebec provenance, while the Manitoba provenance had the lowest. The photosynthetic parameters of the seedlings changed over time of the day, with the Ontario provenance having a higher photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance than the Quebec and Manitoba provenances. Furthermore, the growth chamber results revealed that the Ontario provenance had the best physiological adjustment for self-protection from heat stress, followed by the Quebec and Manitoba provenances. Our results suggested that the change in climate range drove the survival and growth of introduced seedlings and that the tolerance to summer heat stress through physiological mechanisms was responsible for the success of species introduction, from a cold to a warm climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhu
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Songling Fu
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hua Liu
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhaocheng Wang
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Han Y H Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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28
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Whipple AV, Cobb NS, Gehring CA, Mopper S, Flores-Rentería L, Whitham TG. Long-Term Studies Reveal Differential Responses to Climate Change for Trees Under Soil- or Herbivore-Related Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:132. [PMID: 30833952 PMCID: PMC6387935 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, trees are confronting increased temperature and aridity, exacerbating susceptibility to herbivory. Long-term studies comparing patterns of plant performance through drought can help identify variation among and within populations in vulnerability to climate change and herbivory. We use long-term monitoring data to examine our overarching hypothesis that the negative impacts of poor soil and herbivore susceptibility would be compounded by severe drought. We studied pinyon pine, Pinus edulis, a widespread southwestern tree species that has suffered extensive climate-change related mortality. We analyzed data on mortality, growth, male reproduction, and herbivory collected for 14-32 years in three areas with distinct soil-types. We used standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI) as a climate proxy that summarizes the impacts of drought due to precipitation and temperature variation on semi-arid forests. Several key findings emerged: (1) Plant performance measurements did not support our hypothesis that trees growing in stressful, coarse-textured soils would suffer more than trees growing in finer-textured soils. Stem growth at the area with coarse, young cinder soils (area one) responded only weakly to drought, while stem growth on more developed soils with sedimentary (area two) and volcanic (area three) substrates, was strongly negatively affected by drought. Male reproduction declined less with drought at area one and more at areas two and three. Overall mortality was 30% on coarse cinder soils (area one) and averaged 55% on finer soil types (areas two and three). (2) Although moth herbivore susceptible trees were hypothesized to suffer more with drought than moth resistant trees, the opposite occurred. Annual stem growth was negatively affected by drought for moth resistant trees, but much less strongly for moth susceptible trees. (3) In contrast to our hypothesis, moths declined with drought. Overall, chronically water-stressed and herbivore-susceptible trees had smaller declines in performance relative to less-stressed trees during drought years. These long-term findings support the idea that stressed trees might be more resistant to drought since they may have adapted or acclimated to resist drought-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy V. Whipple
- Department of Biological Sciences, Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Neil S. Cobb
- Department of Biological Sciences, Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Catherine A. Gehring
- Department of Biological Sciences, Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Susan Mopper
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, United States
| | | | - Thomas G. Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
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29
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Suonan J, Classen AT, Sanders NJ, He J. Plant phenological sensitivity to climate change on the Tibetan Plateau and relative to other areas of the world. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Suonan
- Department of Ecology College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education Peking University 5 Yiheyuan Road Beijing 100871 China
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 16 Lincui Road Beijing 100101 China
- The Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen Copenhagen DK‐2100 Denmark
| | - Aimée T. Classen
- The Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen Copenhagen DK‐2100 Denmark
- Rubenstein School of Environment & Natural Resources University of Vermont Burlington Vermont 05405 USA
- The Gund Institute for Environment University of Vermont Burlington Vermont 05405 USA
| | - Nathan J. Sanders
- The Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen Copenhagen DK‐2100 Denmark
- Rubenstein School of Environment & Natural Resources University of Vermont Burlington Vermont 05405 USA
- The Gund Institute for Environment University of Vermont Burlington Vermont 05405 USA
| | - Jin‐Sheng He
- Department of Ecology College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education Peking University 5 Yiheyuan Road Beijing 100871 China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro‐Ecosystems College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
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30
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Grossiord C, Sevanto S, Bonal D, Borrego I, Dawson TE, Ryan M, Wang W, McDowell NG. Prolonged warming and drought modify belowground interactions for water among coexisting plants. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:55-63. [PMID: 30215810 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how climate alters plant-soil water dynamics, and its impact on physiological functions, is critical to improved predictions of vegetation responses to climate change. Here we analyzed how belowground interactions for water shift under warming and drought, and associated impacts on plant functions. In a semi-arid woodland, adult trees (piñon and juniper) and perennial grasses (blue grama) were exposed to warming and precipitation reduction. After 6 years of continuous treatment exposure, soil and plant water isotopic composition was measured to assess plant water uptake depths and community-level water source partitioning. Warming and drought modified plant water uptake depths. Under warming, contrasting changes in water sources between grasses and trees reduced belowground water source partitioning, resulting in higher interspecific competition for water. Under drought, shifts in trees and grass water sources to deeper soil layers resulted in the maintenance of the naturally occurring water source partitioning among species. Trees showed higher water stress, and reduced water use and photosynthesis in response to warming and drought. This case study demonstrates that neighboring plants shift their competitive interactions for water under prolonged warming and drought, but regardless of whether changes in moisture sources will result in increased competition among species or maintained partitioning of water resources, these competitive adaptations may easily be overridden by climate extremes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Grossiord
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Damien Bonal
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRA, UMR Silva, Nancy, France
| | - Isaac Borrego
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Todd E Dawson
- Center for Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry and the Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Max Ryan
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Wenzhi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Mountain Environment Evolution and Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Earth Systems Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Earth Systems Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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31
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McBranch NA, Grossiord C, Adams H, Borrego I, Collins AD, Dickman T, Ryan M, Sevanto S, McDowell NG. Lack of acclimation of leaf area:sapwood area ratios in piñon pine and juniper in response to precipitation reduction and warming. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:135-142. [PMID: 30272223 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The leaf area to sapwood area ratios of trees (Al:AS) can shift to maintain homeostatic gas exchange per unit leaf area in response to climate variability. We tested the hypothesis that trees alter their Al:AS ratios in response to long-term warming and reduced precipitation in order to maintain leaf-specific gas exchange rates under more stressful conditions. Whole-tree Al:AS was measured on mature piñon pine (Pinus edulis Engelm.) and one-seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg.) trees after 5 years (2012-16) of chronic exposure to increased temperature (+4.8 °C), precipitation reduction (-45%), or both simultaneously. No difference was found in Al:As among treatments for either species. Associated with this lack of shift in Al:As were large changes in pre-dawn leaf water potential and stomatal conductance, consistent with theoretical expectations of interactions between leaf and whole-tree hydraulic supply. Our results suggest that a lack of whole-tree acclimation in Al:As results in the reductions in plant gas exchange and water status associated with long-term warming and reduced precipitation in semi-arid woodlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A McBranch
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM , USA
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM , USA
| | - Henry Adams
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Isaac Borrego
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM , USA
| | - Adam D Collins
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM , USA
| | - Turin Dickman
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM , USA
| | - Max Ryan
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM , USA
| | - Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM , USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Earth Systems Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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32
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Grossiord C, Gessler A, Reed SC, Borrego I, Collins AD, Dickman LT, Ryan M, Schönbeck L, Sevanto S, Vilagrosa A, McDowell NG. Reductions in tree performance during hotter droughts are mitigated by shifts in nitrogen cycling. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:2627-2637. [PMID: 29974965 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming should result in hotter droughts of unprecedented severity in this century. Such droughts have been linked with massive tree mortality, and data suggest that warming interacts with drought to aggravate plant performance. Yet how forests will respond to hotter droughts remains unclear, as does the suite of mechanisms trees use to deal with hot droughts. We used an ecosystem-scale manipulation of precipitation and temperature on piñon pine (Pinus edulis) and juniper (Juniperus monosperma) trees to investigate nitrogen (N) cycling-induced mitigation processes related to hotter droughts. We found that while negative impacts on plant carbon and water balance are manifest after prolonged drought, performance reductions were not amplified by warmer temperatures. Rather, increased temperatures for 5 years stimulated soil N cycling under piñon trees and modified tree N allocation for both species, resulting in mitigation of hotter drought impacts on tree water and carbon functions. These findings suggest that adjustments in N cycling are likely after multi-year warming conditions and that such changes may buffer reductions in tree performance during hotter droughts. The results highlight our incomplete understanding of trees' ability to acclimate to climate change, raising fundamental questions about the resistance potential of forests to long-term, compound climatic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Grossiord
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Sasha C Reed
- US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Moab, UT
| | - Isaac Borrego
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Moab, UT
| | - Adam D Collins
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Lee T Dickman
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Max Ryan
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | | | - Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Alberto Vilagrosa
- Fundación CEAM, Joint Research Unit University of Alicante - CEAM, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Earth Systems Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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33
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Li W, Hartmann H, Adams HD, Zhang H, Jin C, Zhao C, Guan D, Wang A, Yuan F, Wu J. The sweet side of global change-dynamic responses of non-structural carbohydrates to drought, elevated CO2 and nitrogen fertilization in tree species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1706-1723. [PMID: 29897549 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) play a central role in plant functioning as energy carriers and building blocks for primary and secondary metabolism. Many studies have investigated how environmental and anthropogenic changes, like increasingly frequent and severe drought episodes, elevated CO2 and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition, influence NSC concentrations in individual trees. However, this wealth of data has not been analyzed yet to identify general trends using a common statistical framework. A thorough understanding of tree responses to global change is required for making realistic predictions of vegetation dynamics. Here we compiled data from 57 experimental studies on 71 tree species and conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate general responses of stored soluble sugars, starch and total NSC (soluble sugars + starch) concentrations in different tree organs (foliage, above-ground wood and roots) to drought, elevated CO2 and N deposition. We found that drought significantly decreased total NSC in roots (-17.3%), but not in foliage and above-ground woody tissues (bole, branch, stem and/or twig). Elevated CO2 significantly increased total NSC in foliage (+26.2%) and roots (+12.8%), but not in above-ground wood. By contrast, total NSC significantly decreased in roots (-17.9%), increased in above-ground wood (+6.1%), but was unaffected in foliage from N fertilization. In addition, the response of NSC to three global change drivers was strongly affected by tree taxonomic type, leaf habit, tree age and treatment intensity. Our results pave the way for a better understanding of general tree function responses to drought, elevated CO2 and N fertilization. The existing data also reveal that more long-term studies on mature trees that allow testing interactions between these factors are urgently needed to provide a basis for forecasting tree responses to environmental change at the global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knöll Str. 10, Jena, Germany
| | - Henry D Adams
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changjie Jin
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuanyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dexin Guan
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Anzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Fenghui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiabing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
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Jin Y, Li J, Liu C, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Sha L, Wang Z, Song Q, Lin Y, Zhou R, Chen A, Li P, Fei X, Grace J. Carbohydrate dynamics of three dominant species in a Chinese savanna under precipitation exclusion. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1371-1383. [PMID: 29474710 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The potential impact of drought on the carbon balance in plants has gained great attention. Non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) dynamics have been suggested as an important trait reflecting carbon balance under drought conditions. However, NSC dynamics under drought and the response mechanisms of NSC to drought remain unclear, especially in water-limited savanna ecosystems. A precipitation exclusion experiment was performed to simulate different drought intensities in a savanna ecosystem in Yuanjiang valley in southwestern China. Growth, total NSC concentration and diurnal change of NSC were determined for the leaves and non-photosynthetic organs of three dominant species (Lannea coromandelica, Polyalthia cerasoides and Heteropogon contortus) throughout the growing season. Drought significantly reduced the growth of all the three species. Total NSC concentration averaged ~8.1%, varying with species, organ and sampling period, and did not significantly decrease under drought stress. By contrast, the diurnal change of NSC in these three species increased under drought stress. These results indicate that these three dominant species did not undergo carbon limitation. Thus, relative change in NSC is a more sensitive and effective indicator than carbon reserves in evaluation of plant carbon balance. These findings provide new insights for the understanding of carbon balance and the mechanisms of carbon starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenggang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
| | - Yuntong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
| | - Liqing Sha
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghai Song
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
| | - Youxing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiwu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aiguo Chen
- Yuanjiang Savanna Ecosystem Research Station, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuanjiang, China
| | - Peiguang Li
- Yellow River Delta Ecological Research Station of Coastal Wetland, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Xuehai Fei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - John Grace
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Forner A, Valladares F, Bonal D, Granier A, Grossiord C, Aranda I. Extreme droughts affecting Mediterranean tree species' growth and water-use efficiency: the importance of timing. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1127-1137. [PMID: 29554342 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been known for a long time that drought intensity is a critical variable in determining water stress of Mediterranean tree species. However, not as much attention has been paid to other drought characteristics, for example the timing of the dry periods. We investigated the impact of the timing and intensity of extreme droughts on growing season length, growth and water-use efficiency of three tree species, Pinus nigra ssp. Salzmannii J.F. Arnold, Quercus ilex ssp. ballota (Desf.) Samp. and Quercus faginea Lam. coexisting in a continental Mediterranean ecosystem. Over the study period (2009-13), intense droughts were observed at annual and seasonal scales, particularly during 2011 and 2012. In 2012, an atypically dry winter and spring was followed by an intense summer drought. Quercus faginea growth was affected more by drought timing than by drought intensity, probably because of its winter-deciduous leaf habit. Pinus nigra showed a lower decrease in secondary growth than observed in the two Quercus species in extremely dry years. Resilience to extreme droughts was different among species, with Q. faginea showing poorer recovery of growth after very dry years. The highest intra- and inter-annual plasticity in water-use efficiency was observed in P. nigra, which maintained a more water-saving strategy. Our results revealed that the timing of extreme drought events can affect tree function to a larger extent than drought intensity, especially in deciduous species. Legacy effects of drought over months and years significantly strengthened the impact of drought timing and intensity on tree function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Forner
- Laboratorio Internacional de Cambio Global (LINCGlobal), Departamento de Biogeografía y Cambio Global, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN, CSIC, Serrano 115 dpdo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Valladares
- Laboratorio Internacional de Cambio Global (LINCGlobal), Departamento de Biogeografía y Cambio Global, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN, CSIC, Serrano 115 dpdo, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnológicas, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/ Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Damien Bonal
- INRA, Université de Lorraine, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Champenoux, France
| | - André Granier
- INRA, Université de Lorraine, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Champenoux, France
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Ismael Aranda
- Department of Forest Ecology and Genetics, INIA, Forest Research Centre, Avda. A Coruña km 7.5, Madrid, Spain
- INAGEA, Instituto de Investigaciones Agroambientales y de Economía del Agua, Palma de Mallorca, Islas Baleares, Spain
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Manrique-Alba À, Sevanto S, Adams HD, Collins AD, Dickman LT, Chirino E, Bellot J, McDowell NG. Stem radial growth and water storage responses to heat and drought vary between conifers with differing hydraulic strategies. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1926-1934. [PMID: 29761501 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We investigated stem radial growth and water storage dynamics of 2 conifer species differing in hydraulic carbon strategies, Juniperus monosperma and Pinus edulis, under conditions of ambient, drought (∼45% reduction in precipitation), heat (∼4.8 °C temperature increase), and the combination of drought + heat, in 2013 and 2014. Juniper maintained low growth across all treatments. Overall, the relatively isohydric piñon pine showed significantly greater growth and water storage recharge than the relatively anisohydric juniper across all treatments in the average climate year (2014) but no differences in the regionally dry year (2013). Piñon pine ceased growth at a constant predawn water potential across all treatments and at a less negative water potential threshold than juniper. Heat has a greater negative impact on piñon pines' growth and water storage than drought, whereas juniper was, in contrast, unaffected by heat but strongly impacted by drought. The whole-plant hydraulic carbon strategies, in this case captured using the isohydric/anisohydric concept, translate into alternative growth and water storage strategies under drought and heat conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Àngela Manrique-Alba
- IMEM "Ramon Margalef", University of Alicante, Apdo. 99, Alicante, 03080, Spain
- Department of Ecology, University of Alicante, Apdo. 99, Alicante, 03080, Spain
| | - Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Henry D Adams
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078-3013, USA
| | - Adam D Collins
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Lee T Dickman
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Esteban Chirino
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Laica "Eloy Alfaro" de Manabí, Manta, Ecuador
| | - Juan Bellot
- IMEM "Ramon Margalef", University of Alicante, Apdo. 99, Alicante, 03080, Spain
- Department of Ecology, University of Alicante, Apdo. 99, Alicante, 03080, Spain
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Cernusak LA, Ubierna N, Jenkins MW, Garrity SR, Rahn T, Powers HH, Hanson DT, Sevanto S, Wong SC, McDowell NG, Farquhar GD. Unsaturation of vapour pressure inside leaves of two conifer species. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7667. [PMID: 29769592 PMCID: PMC5955884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25838-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Stomatal conductance (gs) impacts both photosynthesis and transpiration, and is therefore fundamental to the global carbon and water cycles, food production, and ecosystem services. Mathematical models provide the primary means of analysing this important leaf gas exchange parameter. A nearly universal assumption in such models is that the vapour pressure inside leaves (ei) remains saturated under all conditions. The validity of this assumption has not been well tested, because so far ei cannot be measured directly. Here, we test this assumption using a novel technique, based on coupled measurements of leaf gas exchange and the stable isotope compositions of CO2 and water vapour passing over the leaf. We applied this technique to mature individuals of two semiarid conifer species. In both species, ei routinely dropped below saturation when leaves were exposed to moderate to high air vapour pressure deficits. Typical values of relative humidity in the intercellular air spaces were as low 0.9 in Juniperus monosperma and 0.8 in Pinus edulis. These departures of ei from saturation caused significant biases in calculations of gs and the intercellular CO2 concentration. Our results refute the longstanding assumption of saturated vapour pressure in plant leaves under all conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Cernusak
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Nerea Ubierna
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Michael W Jenkins
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | | | - Thom Rahn
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Heath H Powers
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - David T Hanson
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Suan Chin Wong
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Earth Systems Analysis and Modelling Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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38
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León-Sánchez L, Nicolás E, Goberna M, Prieto I, Maestre FT, Querejeta JI. Poor plant performance under simulated climate change is linked to mycorrhizal responses in a semiarid shrubland. THE JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2018; 106:960-976. [PMID: 30078910 PMCID: PMC6071827 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Warmer and drier conditions associated with ongoing climate change will increase abiotic stress for plants and mycorrhizal fungi in drylands worldwide, thereby potentially reducing vegetation cover and productivity and increasing the risk of land degradation and desertification. Rhizosphere microbial interactions and feedbacks are critical processes that could either mitigate or aggravate the vulnerability of dryland vegetation to forecasted climate change.We conducted a four-year manipulative study in a semiarid shrubland in the Iberian Peninsula to assess the effects of warming (~2.5ºC; W), rainfall reduction (~30%; RR) and their combination (W+RR) on the performance of native shrubs (Helianthemum squamatum) and their associated mycorrhizal fungi.Warming (W and W+RR) decreased the net photosynthetic rates of H. squamatum shrubs by ~31% despite concurrent increases in stomatal conductance (~33%), leading to sharp decreases (~50%) in water use efficiency. Warming also advanced growth phenology, decreased leaf nitrogen and phosphorus contents per unit area, reduced shoot biomass production by ~36% and decreased survival during a dry year in both W and W+RR plants. Plants under RR showed more moderate decreases (~10-20%) in photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and shoot growth.Warming, RR and W+RR altered ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) community structure and drastically reduced the relative abundance of EMF sequences obtained by high-throughput sequencing, a response associated with decreases in the leaf nitrogen, phosphorus and dry matter contents of their host plants. In contrast to EMF, the community structure and relative sequence abundances of other non-mycorrhizal fungal guilds were not significantly affected by the climate manipulation treatments.Synthesis: Our findings highlight the vulnerability of both native plants and their symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi to climate warming and drying in semiarid shrublands, and point to the importance of a deeper understanding of plant-soil feedbacks to predict dryland vegetation responses to forecasted aridification. The interdependent responses of plants and ectomycorrhizal fungi to warming and rainfall reduction may lead to a detrimental feedback loop on vegetation productivity and nutrient pool size, which could amplify the adverse impacts of forecasted climate change on ecosystem functioning in EMF-dominated drylands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lupe León-Sánchez
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | - Emilio Nicolás
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Goberna
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación (CIDE-CSIC, UVEG, GV), Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Iván Prieto
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando T. Maestre
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
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Guérin M, Martin‐Benito D, von Arx G, Andreu‐Hayles L, Griffin KL, Hamdan R, McDowell NG, Muscarella R, Pockman W, Gentine P. Interannual variations in needle and sapwood traits of Pinus edulis branches under an experimental drought. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:1655-1672. [PMID: 29435241 PMCID: PMC5792598 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the southwestern USA, recent large-scale die-offs of conifers raise the question of their resilience and mortality under droughts. To date, little is known about the interannual structural response to droughts. We hypothesized that piñon pines (Pinus edulis) respond to drought by reducing the drop of leaf water potential in branches from year to year through needle morphological adjustments. We tested our hypothesis using a 7-year experiment in central New Mexico with three watering treatments (irrigated, normal, and rain exclusion). We analyzed how variation in "evaporative structure" (needle length, stomatal diameter, stomatal density, stomatal conductance) responded to watering treatment and interannual climate variability. We further analyzed annual functional adjustments by comparing yearly addition of needle area (LA) with yearly addition of sapwood area (SA) and distance to tip (d), defining the yearly ratios SA:LA and SA:LA/d. Needle length (l) increased with increasing winter and monsoon water supply, and showed more interannual variability when the soil was drier. Stomatal density increased with dryness, while stomatal diameter was reduced. As a result, anatomical maximal stomatal conductance was relatively invariant across treatments. SA:LA and SA:LA/d showed significant differences across treatments and contrary to our expectation were lower with reduced water input. Within average precipitation ranges, the response of these ratios to soil moisture was similar across treatments. However, when extreme soil drought was combined with high VPD, needle length, SA:LA and SA:LA/d became highly nonlinear, emphasizing the existence of a response threshold of combined high VPD and dry soil conditions. In new branch tissues, the response of annual functional ratios to water stress was immediate (same year) and does not attempt to reduce the drop of water potential. We suggest that unfavorable evaporative structural response to drought is compensated by dynamic stomatal control to maximize photosynthesis rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marceau Guérin
- Department of Earth and Environmental EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Dario Martin‐Benito
- Forest EcologyDepartment of Environmental SciencesSwiss Federal Institute of TechnologyETH ZurichZürichSwitzerland
- Forest Research Center (INIA‐CIFOR)MadridSpain
- Tree‐ring LaboratoryLamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia UniversityPalisadesNYUSA
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Climatic Change and Climate ImpactsInstitute for Environmental SciencesGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Laia Andreu‐Hayles
- Tree‐ring LaboratoryLamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia UniversityPalisadesNYUSA
| | - Kevin L. Griffin
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesLamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia UniversityPalisadesNYUSA
| | | | - Nate G. McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change DivisionPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWAUSA
| | - Robert Muscarella
- Ecoinformatics & BiodiversityDepartment of BioscienceAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - William Pockman
- Department of BiologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - Pierre Gentine
- Department of Earth and Environmental EngineeringEarth InstituteColumbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
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Lu H, Liu S, Wang H, Luan J, Schindlbacher A, Liu Y, Wang Y. Experimental throughfall reduction barely affects soil carbon dynamics in a warm-temperate oak forest, central China. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15099. [PMID: 29118364 PMCID: PMC5678107 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Changing precipitation patterns could affect soil carbon (C) cycling in China’s forests. A throughfall reduction (TFR) experiment was conducted in a warm-temperate oak forest in central China to examine effects of reduced precipitation on total soil respiration (SR), heterotrophic soil respiration (HR), autotrophic soil respiration (AR), soil microbial biomass, and fine root biomass from 2013 to 2016. Rain-out shelters, excluding ~50% of throughfall, were applied between May and September, thereby simulating a ~30% reduction in annual precipitation. Although soil moisture was significantly reduced during TFR, microbial biomass and HR remained unaffected. SR, AR, as well as fine root biomass increased during TFR in a comparable dry year, but remained unaffected during all other years. Annual rates of SR, HR, and AR were all unaffected by TFR. Our results indicate that a mild, steady, reduction in growing season precipitation does not affect soil organic matter decomposition in the oak forest ecosystem studied. Low SR rates during a natural dry-spell indicate that SR can be significantly decreased under more severe drought than imposed by the TFR treatment. Our data suggest a low soil moisture threshold of about 10 vol% for SR in the studied soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Lu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment, China's State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 2 Dongxiaofu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Shirong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment, China's State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 2 Dongxiaofu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment, China's State Forestry Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 2 Dongxiaofu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Junwei Luan
- International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Andreas Schindlbacher
- Department of Forest Ecology, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape-BFW, A-1131, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yanchun Liu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Global Change Ecology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, College of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Yi Wang
- International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, 100102, China
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41
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Grossiord C, Sevanto S, Borrego I, Chan AM, Collins AD, Dickman LT, Hudson PJ, McBranch N, Michaletz ST, Pockman WT, Ryan M, Vilagrosa A, McDowell NG. Tree water dynamics in a drying and warming world. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1861-1873. [PMID: 28556263 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Disentangling the relative impacts of precipitation reduction and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) on plant water dynamics and determining whether acclimation may influence these patterns in the future is an important challenge. Here, we report sap flux density (FD ), stomatal conductance (Gs ), hydraulic conductivity (KL ) and xylem anatomy in piñon pine (Pinus edulis) and juniper (Juniperus monosperma) trees subjected to five years of precipitation reduction, atmospheric warming (elevated VPD) and their combined effects. No acclimation occurred under precipitation reduction: lower Gs and FD were found for both species compared to ambient conditions. Warming reduced the sensibility of stomata to VPD for both species but resulted in the maintenance of Gs and FD to ambient levels only for piñon. For juniper, reduced soil moisture under warming negated benefits of stomatal adjustments and resulted in reduced FD , Gs and KL . Although reduced stomatal sensitivity to VPD also occurred under combined stresses, reductions in Gs , FD and KL took place to similar levels as under single stresses for both species. Our results show that stomatal conductance adjustments to high VPD could minimize but not entirely prevent additive effects of warming and drying on water use and carbon acquisition of trees in semi-arid regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Grossiord
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Isaac Borrego
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Allison M Chan
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Adam D Collins
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Lee T Dickman
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Patrick J Hudson
- Department of Biology, MSC03 202, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - Natalie McBranch
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Sean T Michaletz
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - William T Pockman
- Department of Biology, MSC03 202, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - Max Ryan
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Alberto Vilagrosa
- Fundación CEAM, Joint Research Unit University of Alicante - CEAM, Univ. Alicante, PO Box 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
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Granda E, Camarero JJ. Drought reduces growth and stimulates sugar accumulation: new evidence of environmentally driven non-structural carbohydrate use. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:997-1000. [PMID: 28903526 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Granda
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
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Fernández-de-Uña L, Rossi S, Aranda I, Fonti P, González-González BD, Cañellas I, Gea-Izquierdo G. Xylem and Leaf Functional Adjustments to Drought in Pinus sylvestris and Quercus pyrenaica at Their Elevational Boundary. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1200. [PMID: 28744292 PMCID: PMC5504171 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Climatic scenarios for the Mediterranean region forecast increasing frequency and intensity of drought events. Consequently, a reduction in Pinus sylvestris L. distribution range is projected within the region, with this species being outcompeted at lower elevations by more drought-tolerant taxa such as Quercus pyrenaica Willd. The functional response of these species to the projected shifts in water availability will partially determine their performance and, thus, their competitive success under these changing climatic conditions. We studied how the cambial and leaf phenology and xylem anatomy of these two species responded to a 3-year rainfall exclusion experiment set at their elevational boundary in Central Spain. Additionally, P. sylvestris leaf gas exchange, water potential and carbon isotope content response to the treatment were measured. Likewise, we assessed inter-annual variability in the studied functional traits under control and rainfall exclusion conditions. Prolonged exposure to drier conditions did not affect the onset of xylogenesis in either of the studied species, whereas xylem formation ceased 1-3 weeks earlier in P. sylvestris. The rainfall exclusion had, however, no effect on leaf phenology on either species, which suggests that cambial phenology is more sensitive to drought than leaf phenology. P. sylvestris formed fewer, but larger tracheids under dry conditions and reduced the proportion of latewood in the tree ring. On the other hand, Q. pyrenaica did not suffer earlywood hydraulic diameter changes under rainfall exclusion, but experienced a cumulative reduction in latewood width, which could ultimately challenge its hydraulic performance. The phenological and anatomical response of the studied species to drought is consistent with a shift in resource allocation under drought stress from xylem to other sinks. Additionally, the tighter stomatal control and higher intrinsic water use efficiency observed in drought-stressed P. sylvestris may eventually limit carbon uptake in this species. Our results suggest that both species are potentially vulnerable to the forecasted increase in drought stress, although P. sylvestris might experience a higher risk of drought-induced decline at its low elevational limit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à ChicoutimiChicoutimi, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Ismael Aranda
- Department of Forest Ecology and Genetics, INIA-CIFORMadrid, Spain
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Isabel Cañellas
- Department of Silviculture and Management of Forest Systems, INIA-CIFORMadrid, Spain
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44
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Yin BF, Zhang YM, Lou AR. Impacts of the removal of shrubs on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of Syntrichia caninervis Mitt: in a temperate desert. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45268. [PMID: 28374741 PMCID: PMC5379693 DOI: 10.1038/srep45268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Moss crusts play important roles in biological soil crusts biomass and soil surface stabilization. However, because of increasingly intensive human activities, especially grazing, the growth and survival of shrubs are seriously threatened. This study aimed to test whether the presence of shrubs affects the physiological state of the bryophyte Syntrichia caninervis Mitt. in this desert ecosystem. We simulated animal-grazed shrubs at three levels in the Gurbantunggut Desert and compared these simulations to exposed areas, measuring the indicators of growth and stress tolerance exhibited by bryophytes. The results showed that the removal of shrubs significantly decreased chlorophyll fluorescence activity and soluble protein content in S. caninervis, especially under the total shrub removal treatment. The ratio between the total removal of shrubs and other treatments in antioxidative enzymes and in osmotic adjustment substances of S. caninervis exhibited two types of responses. With the exception of malonyldialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), the variables examined fitted as downward parabolic then upward parabolic temporal dynamics. The removal of shrubs is harmful to the survival of S.caninervis. In resource-constrained conditions, SOD is an important antioxidant enzyme that of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and osmotic adjustment substances, for S. caninervis survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-feng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, College of Life Sciences of Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresources in Arid Land, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Yuan-ming Zhang
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresources in Arid Land, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - An-ru Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, College of Life Sciences of Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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45
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Garcia-Forner N, Biel C, Savé R, Martínez-Vilalta J. Isohydric species are not necessarily more carbon limited than anisohydric species during drought. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:441-455. [PMID: 27885172 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Isohydry (i.e., strong regulation of leaf water potential, Ψl) is commonly associated with strict stomatal regulation of transpiration under drought, which in turn is believed to minimize hydraulic risk at the expense of reduced carbon assimilation. Hence, the iso/anisohydric classification has been widely used to assess drought resistance and mortality mechanisms across species, with isohydric species being hypothetically more prone to carbon starvation and anisohydric species more vulnerable to hydraulic failure. These hypotheses and their underlying assumptions, however, have rarely been tested under controlled, experimental conditions. Our objective is to assess the physiological mechanisms underlying drought resistance differences between two co-occurring Mediterranean forest species with contrasting drought responses: Phillyrea latifolia L. (anisohydric and more resistant to drought) and Quercus ilex L. (isohydric and less drought resistant). A total of 100 large saplings (50 per species) were subjected to repeated drought treatments for a period of 3 years, after which Q. ilex showed 18% mortality whereas no mortality was detected in P. latifolia. Relatively isohydric behavior was confirmed for Q. ilex, but higher vulnerability to cavitation in this species implied that estimated embolism levels were similar across species (12-52% in Q. ilex vs ~30% in P. latifolia). We also found similar seasonal patterns of stomatal conductance and assimilation between species. If anything, the anisohydric P. latifolia tended to show lower assimilation rates than Q. ilex under extreme drought. Similar growth rates and carbon reserves dynamics in both species also suggests that P. latifolia was as carbon-constrained as Q. ilex. Increasing carbon reserves under extreme drought stress in both species, concurrent with Q. ilex mortality, suggests that mortality in our study was not triggered by carbon starvation. Our results warn against making direct connections between Ψl regulation, stomatal behavior and the mechanisms of drought-induced mortality in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Biel
- IRTA, Environmental Horticulture, Caldes de Montbui 08140, Spain
| | - R Savé
- IRTA, Environmental Horticulture, Caldes de Montbui 08140, Spain
| | - J Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
- Univ. Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Spain
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Grossiord C, Sevanto S, Dawson TE, Adams HD, Collins AD, Dickman LT, Newman BD, Stockton EA, McDowell NG. Warming combined with more extreme precipitation regimes modifies the water sources used by trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:584-596. [PMID: 27612306 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of vegetation under climate change will depend on a plant's capacity to exploit water resources. We analyzed water source dynamics in piñon pine and juniper trees subjected to precipitation reduction, atmospheric warming, and to both simultaneously. Piñon and juniper exhibited different and opposite shifts in water uptake depth in response to experimental stress and background climate over 3 yr. During a dry summer, juniper responded to warming with a shift to shallow water sources, whereas piñon pine responded to precipitation reduction with a shift to deeper sources in autumn. In normal and wet summers, both species responded to precipitation reduction, but juniper increased deep water uptake and piñon increased shallow water uptake. Shifts in the utilization of water sources were associated with reduced stomatal conductance and photosynthesis, suggesting that belowground compensation in response to warming and water reduction did not alleviate stress impacts for gas exchange. We have demonstrated that predicted climate change could modify water sources of trees. Warming impairs juniper uptake of deep sources during extended dry periods. Precipitation reduction alters the uptake of shallow sources following extended droughts for piñon. Shifts in water sources may not compensate for climate change impacts on tree physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Grossiord
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Todd E Dawson
- Center for Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry and the Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Henry D Adams
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078-3013, USA
| | - Adam D Collins
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Lee T Dickman
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Brent D Newman
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Stockton
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
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Ganjurjav H, Gao Q, Schwartz MW, Zhu W, Liang Y, Li Y, Wan Y, Cao X, Williamson MA, Jiangcun W, Guo H, Lin E. Complex responses of spring vegetation growth to climate in a moisture-limited alpine meadow. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23356. [PMID: 26983697 PMCID: PMC4794763 DOI: 10.1038/srep23356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2000, the phenology has advanced in some years and at some locations on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, whereas it has been delayed in others. To understand the variations in spring vegetation growth in response to climate, we conducted both regional and experimental studies on the central Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. We used the normalized difference vegetation index to identify correlations between climate and phenological greening, and found that greening correlated negatively with winter-spring time precipitation, but not with temperature. We used open top chambers to induce warming in an alpine meadow ecosystem from 2012 to 2014. Our results showed that in the early growing season, plant growth (represented by the net ecosystem CO2 exchange, NEE) was lower in the warmed plots than in the control plots. Late-season plant growth increased with warming relative to that under control conditions. These data suggest that the response of plant growth to warming is complex and non-intuitive in this system. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that moisture limitation increases in early spring as temperature increases. The effects of moisture limitation on plant growth with increasing temperatures will have important ramifications for grazers in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasbagan Ganjurjav
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment &Climate Change, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Qingzhu Gao
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment &Climate Change, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Mark W Schwartz
- John Muir Institute of the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Wenquan Zhu
- College of Resources Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment &Climate Change, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment &Climate Change, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfan Wan
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment &Climate Change, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Xujuan Cao
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment &Climate Change, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, Beijing, China
| | - Matthew A Williamson
- John Muir Institute of the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Wangzha Jiangcun
- Nagqu Grassland Station, Nagqu Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Bureau, Nagqu 852100, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Hongbao Guo
- Nagqu Grassland Station, Nagqu Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Bureau, Nagqu 852100, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Erda Lin
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment &Climate Change, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, Beijing, China
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48
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Allen CD, Breshears DD, McDowell NG. On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die-off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene. Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es15-00203.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1345] [Impact Index Per Article: 149.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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