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Zhang S, Solan M, Tarhan L. Global distribution and environmental correlates of marine bioturbation. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2580-2593.e4. [PMID: 38781955 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The activities of marine sediment-dwelling invertebrates play a fundamental role in mediating major biogeochemical cycles and have profoundly shaped the evolution of marine systems. Yet there remains a paucity of global marine data describing bioturbation intensities and mixed layer depths and interrogating how these vary with multiple environmental and ecological factors at a system scale. We applied an ensemble of tree-based machine learning techniques to resolve a global map and determine the environmental and ecological correlates most closely associated with bioturbation. We find that bioturbation intensity and the depth of the sediment mixed layer each reflect different associations with a consortium of environmental and ecological parameters, and that bioturbation intensities are much more readily predicted than sediment mixed layer depths from these correlates. Furthermore, we find that the bioturbation intensity, the depth of the sediment mixed layer, and their environmental and ecological correlates differ between shallow marine and open-ocean settings. Our findings provide new insights into the importance of potential drivers of ancient sediment mixing recorded by geologic archives. These results also highlight that climate change may, in the near future, drive shifts in bioturbation and reciprocal fundamental changes in benthic functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, 3146 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, P.O. Box 208109, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Martin Solan
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Lidya Tarhan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, P.O. Box 208109, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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2
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Jacquemont J, Loiseau C, Tornabene L, Claudet J. 3D ocean assessments reveal that fisheries reach deep but marine protection remains shallow. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4027. [PMID: 38773096 PMCID: PMC11109251 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47975-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The wave of new global conservation targets, the conclusion of the High Seas Treaty negotiations, and the expansion of extractive use into the deep sea call for a paradigm shift in ocean conservation. The current reductionist 2D representation of the ocean to set targets and measure impacts will fail at achieving effective biodiversity conservation. Here, we develop a framework that overlays depth realms onto marine ecoregions to conduct the first three-dimensional spatial analysis of global marine conservation achievements and fisheries footprint. Our novel approach reveals conservation gaps of mesophotic, rariphotic, and abyssal depths and an underrepresentation of high protection levels across all depths. In contrast, the 3D footprint of fisheries covers all depths, with benthic fishing occurring down to the lower bathyal and mesopelagic fishing peaking in areas overlying abyssal depths. Additionally, conservation efforts are biased towards areas where the lowest fishing pressures occur, compromising the effectiveness of the marine conservation network. These spatial mismatches emphasize the need to shift towards 3D thinking to achieve ocean sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Jacquemont
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat St, Seattle, WA, USA.
- National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Maison de l'Océan, 195 rue Saint-Jacques, Paris, France.
| | - Charles Loiseau
- National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Maison de l'Océan, 195 rue Saint-Jacques, Paris, France
| | - Luke Tornabene
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat St, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joachim Claudet
- National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Maison de l'Océan, 195 rue Saint-Jacques, Paris, France.
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3
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Cadena LR, Edgcomb V, Lukeš J. Gazing into the abyss: A glimpse into the diversity, distribution, and behaviour of heterotrophic protists from the deep-sea floor. Environ Microbiol 2024; 26:e16598. [PMID: 38444221 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The benthic biome of the deep-sea floor, one of the largest biomes on Earth, is dominated by diverse and highly productive heterotrophic protists, second only to prokaryotes in terms of biomass. Recent evidence suggests that these protists play a significant role in ocean biogeochemistry, representing an untapped source of knowledge. DNA metabarcoding and environmental sample sequencing have revealed that deep-sea abyssal protists exhibit high levels of specificity and diversity across local regions. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the known heterotrophic protists from the deep-sea floor, their geographic distribution, and their interactions in terms of parasitism and predation. We offer an overview of the most abundant groups and discuss their potential ecological roles. We argue that the exploration of the biodiversity and species-specific features of these protists should be integrated into broader deep-sea research and assessments of how benthic biomes may respond to future environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Rudy Cadena
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Virginia Edgcomb
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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4
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Clerc C, Aumont O, Bopp L. Filter-feeding gelatinous macrozooplankton response to climate change and implications for benthic food supply and global carbon cycle. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:6383-6398. [PMID: 37751177 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
It is often suggested that gelatinous zooplankton may benefit from anthropogenic pressures of all kinds and in particular from climate change. Large pelagic tunicates, for example, are likely to be favored over other types of macrozooplankton due to their filter-feeding mode, which gives them access to small preys thought to be less affected by climate change than larger preys. In this study, we provide model-based estimate of potential community changes in macrozooplankton composition and estimate for the first time their effects on benthic food supply and on the ocean carbon cycle under two 21st-century climate-change scenarios. Forced with output from an Earth System Model climate projections, our ocean biogeochemical model simulates a large reduction in macrozooplankton biomass in response to anthropogenic climate change, but shows that gelatinous macrozooplankton are less affected than nongelatinous macrozooplankton, with global biomass declines estimated at -2.8% and -3.5%, respectively, for every 1°C of warming. The inclusion of gelatinous macrozooplankon in our ocean biogeochemical model has a limited effect on anthropogenic carbon uptake in the 21st century, but impacts the projected decline in particulate organic matter fluxes in the deep ocean. In subtropical oligotrophic gyres, where gelatinous zooplankton dominate macrozooplankton, the decline in the amount of organic matter reaching the seafloor is reduced by a factor of 2 when gelatinous macrozooplankton are considered (-17.5% vs. -29.7% when gelatinous macrozooplankton are not considered, all for 2100 under RCP8.5). The shift to gelatinous macrozooplankton in the future ocean therefore buffers the decline in deep carbon fluxes and should be taken into account when assessing potential changes in deep carbon storage and the risks that deep ecosystems may face when confronted with a decline in their food source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Clerc
- LMD/IPSL, Ecole Normale Supérieure/Université PSL, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Aumont
- LOCEAN/IPSL, IRD, CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Bopp
- LMD/IPSL, Ecole Normale Supérieure/Université PSL, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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5
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McKerral JC, Kleshnina M, Ejov V, Bartle L, Mitchell JG, Filar JA. Empirical parameterisation and dynamical analysis of the allometric Rosenzweig-MacArthur equations. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279838. [PMID: 36848357 PMCID: PMC9970096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Allometric settings of population dynamics models are appealing due to their parsimonious nature and broad utility when studying system level effects. Here, we parameterise the size-scaled Rosenzweig-MacArthur differential equations to eliminate prey-mass dependency, facilitating an in depth analytic study of the equations which incorporates scaling parameters' contributions to coexistence. We define the functional response term to match empirical findings, and examine situations where metabolic theory derivations and observation diverge. The dynamical properties of the Rosenzweig-MacArthur system, encompassing the distribution of size-abundance equilibria, the scaling of period and amplitude of population cycling, and relationships between predator and prey abundances, are consistent with empirical observation. Our parameterisation is an accurate minimal model across 15+ orders of mass magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody C. McKerral
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Kleshnina
- Institute of Science and Technology, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Vladimir Ejov
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Louise Bartle
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - James G. Mitchell
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jerzy A. Filar
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Kwon YS, La HS, Kang HW, Park J. A regional-scale approach for modeling primary production and biogenic silica export in the Southern Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 217:114811. [PMID: 36414105 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Persistent uncertainties in the representations of net primary production (NPP) and silicate in the Southern Ocean have been noted in recent assessments ofthe ocean biogeochemical components of Earth system models (ESMs). Consequently, more mechanistic studies at the regional scale are required. To reduce these uncertainties, we applied a one-dimensional (1D) marine ecosystem model to different bioregions in the Southern Ocean: the Polar Frontal Zone in the Pacific sector, the seasonal sea ice zone in the northwestern Ross Sea, and the inner shelf of Terra Nova Bay. To make the existing ecosystem model applicable to the Southern Ocean, we modified the phytoplankton physiology (stoichiometry depending on species) and the silicate cycle (dissolution rate of biogenic silica (BSi) depending on latitude) in the model. We quantified and compared seasonal variations in several limitation factors of NPP, namely, iron, irradiance, silicate and temperature, in the three regions. The simulation results showed that dissolved iron plays the most significant role in determining the magnitude of NPP and the phytoplankton community structure during summer. Additionally, the modified model successfully reproduced the vertical flux of BSi and particulate organic carbon (POC). The POC export efficiency was high in the inner shelf zone, which had high levels of iron concentration, NPP, and Phaeocystis biomass. In contrast, BSi export occurred most efficiently in the Polar Frontal Zone, where diatoms are dominant, the BSi dissolution rate is low, and NPP is extremely low. Our results from the integrated mechanistic framework at the regional scale demonstrate which specific processes should be urgently included in ESMs for better representation of the biogeochemical dynamics in the Southern Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Shin Kwon
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan, Republic of Korea; Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Sul La
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyoun-Woo Kang
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Park
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Sobczyk R, Czortek P, Serigstad B, Pabis K. Modelling of polychaete functional diversity: Large marine ecosystem response to multiple natural factors and human impacts on the West African continental margin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 792:148075. [PMID: 34465033 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polychaetes are one of the most diverse groups of marine organisms, characterized by high species richness, diversity of feeding guilds, life styles, and mobility types. Marine annelids are useful indicators of ecosystem responses to changes in environmental conditions. The aim of our study was to assess the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on functional diversity of polychaete communities in the Gulf of Guinea, a large marine ecosystem (LME) located in West Africa. This area can be considered as a model marine ecosystem affected by various human influences, such as pollution associated with the oil industry. Material was collected in 2012 across the coast of Ghana. Samples were gathered along four transects, each with six sampling stations (25-1000 m depth range). Analyses of functional richness and evenness, based on generalized linear mixed-effect models and hierarchical partitioning, allowed for complex assessments of the interactions between polychaete communities and environmental factors (e.g., sediments, total organic matter, salinity, fluorescence, oxygen, concentration of toxic metals, total hydrocarbons). Overall species richness of polychaetes was outstandingly high, with 253 species recorded. Functional richness decreased along a depth gradient, while functional evenness increased with depth, and was positively correlated with Ba content, which reached the highest values in the upper bathyal. Gravel content was an important factor in shaping functional composition of shallow water communities. High values of functional richness observed in the shallows may be an expression of high stability of this ecosystem, at the same time indicating its high resilience. Elevated concentrations of lead also influenced community structure at a local scale. Our study demonstrated how a complex set of factors operating along a depth gradient can influence the functional composition of communities. These results are crucial for future management of industrial and environmental protection activities in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sobczyk
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Patryk Czortek
- Institute of Botany - Bialowieza Geobotanical Station, University of Warsaw, Sportowa 19, 17-230 Bialowieza, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Pabis
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
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8
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Cozzoli F, Shokri M, Gomes da Conceição T, Herman PMJ, Hu Z, Soissons LM, Van Dalen J, Ysebaert T, Bouma TJ. Modelling spatial and temporal patterns in bioturbator effects on sediment resuspension: A biophysical metabolic approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 792:148215. [PMID: 34465034 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tidal flats are biogeomorphic landscapes, shaped by physical forces and interaction with benthic biota. We used a metabolic approach to assess the overarching effect of bioturbators on tidal landscapes. The benthic bivalve common cockle (Cerastoderma edule) was used as model organism. The effect of C. edule on sediment resuspension was approximated as a function of the overall population metabolic rate per unit of area. We combined i) laboratory observations on how C. edule affect sediment resuspension along gradients of bioturbation activity, sediment cohesiveness and hydrodynamic force with ii) spatial data on the natural distribution of intertidal C. edule populations. This allowed us to build an integrated model of the C. edule effect on sediment resuspension along the tidal gradient. Owing to the temperature dependence of metabolic rate, the model also accounted for seasonal variation in bioturbators activity. Laboratory experiments indicated that sediment resuspension is positively related to the metabolic rate of the C. edule population especially in cohesive sediments. Based on this observation, we predicted a clear spatial and seasonal pattern in the relative importance of C. edule contribution to sediment resuspension along a tidal transect. At lower elevations, our model indicates that hydrodynamics overrules biotic effects; at higher elevations, inter-tidal hydrodynamics should be too low to suspend bioturbated sediments. The influence of C. edule on sediment resuspension is expected to be maximal at the intermediate elevation of a mudflat, owing to the combination of moderate hydrodynamic stress and high bioturbator activity. Also, bio-mediated sediment resuspension is predicted to be particularly high in the warm season. Research into metabolic dependency of bio-mediated sediment resuspension may help to place phenomenological observations in the broader framework of metabolic theories in ecology and to formulate general expectations on the coastal ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cozzoli
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET) - National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00015 Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Milad Shokri
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Tatiana Gomes da Conceição
- Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems. Royal Netherlands Institute of Sea Research (NIOZ). 4401 NT Yerseke, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M J Herman
- Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN, Delft, The Netherlands; Deltares, 2600 MH, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Zhan Hu
- School of Marine Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), 519082 Zhuhai, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, 510275 Guangzhou, China; Pearl River Estuary Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Ministry of Education, 519082 Zhuhai, China.
| | - Laura M Soissons
- ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRAE, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Jeroen Van Dalen
- Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems. Royal Netherlands Institute of Sea Research (NIOZ). 4401 NT Yerseke, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Ysebaert
- Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems. Royal Netherlands Institute of Sea Research (NIOZ). 4401 NT Yerseke, The Netherlands; Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.B. 77, 4400 AB Yerseke, The Netherlands
| | - Tjeerd J Bouma
- Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems. Royal Netherlands Institute of Sea Research (NIOZ). 4401 NT Yerseke, The Netherlands; Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands; HZ University of Applied Sciences, 4382 NW Vlissingen, The Netherlands
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9
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Levin LA, Wei C, Dunn DC, Amon DJ, Ashford OS, Cheung WWL, Colaço A, Dominguez‐Carrió C, Escobar EG, Harden‐Davies HR, Drazen JC, Ismail K, Jones DOB, Johnson DE, Le JT, Lejzerowicz F, Mitarai S, Morato T, Mulsow S, Snelgrove PVR, Sweetman AK, Yasuhara M. Climate change considerations are fundamental to management of deep-sea resource extraction. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:4664-4678. [PMID: 32531093 PMCID: PMC7496832 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Climate change manifestation in the ocean, through warming, oxygen loss, increasing acidification, and changing particulate organic carbon flux (one metric of altered food supply), is projected to affect most deep-ocean ecosystems concomitantly with increasing direct human disturbance. Climate drivers will alter deep-sea biodiversity and associated ecosystem services, and may interact with disturbance from resource extraction activities or even climate geoengineering. We suggest that to ensure the effective management of increasing use of the deep ocean (e.g., for bottom fishing, oil and gas extraction, and deep-seabed mining), environmental management and developing regulations must consider climate change. Strategic planning, impact assessment and monitoring, spatial management, application of the precautionary approach, and full-cost accounting of extraction activities should embrace climate consciousness. Coupled climate and biological modeling approaches applied in the water and on the seafloor can help accomplish this goal. For example, Earth-System Model projections of climate-change parameters at the seafloor reveal heterogeneity in projected climate hazard and time of emergence (beyond natural variability) in regions targeted for deep-seabed mining. Models that combine climate-induced changes in ocean circulation with particle tracking predict altered transport of early life stages (larvae) under climate change. Habitat suitability models can help assess the consequences of altered larval dispersal, predict climate refugia, and identify vulnerable regions for multiple species under climate change. Engaging the deep observing community can support the necessary data provisioning to mainstream climate into the development of environmental management plans. To illustrate this approach, we focus on deep-seabed mining and the International Seabed Authority, whose mandates include regulation of all mineral-related activities in international waters and protecting the marine environment from the harmful effects of mining. However, achieving deep-ocean sustainability under the UN Sustainable Development Goals will require integration of climate consideration across all policy sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Levin
- Integrative Oceanography Division and Center for Marine Biodiversity and ConservationScripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Chih‐Lin Wei
- Institute of OceanographyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Daniel C. Dunn
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of QueenslandSt LuciaQldAustralia
| | - Diva J. Amon
- Life Sciences DepartmentNatural History MuseumLondonUK
| | - Oliver S. Ashford
- Integrative Oceanography Division and Center for Marine Biodiversity and ConservationScripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - William W. L. Cheung
- Institute for the Oceans and FisheriesThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Ana Colaço
- IMARInstituto do Mar, and Instituto de Investigação em Ciências do Mar – Okeanos da Universidade dos AçoresHortaPortugal
| | - Carlos Dominguez‐Carrió
- IMARInstituto do Mar, and Instituto de Investigação em Ciências do Mar – Okeanos da Universidade dos AçoresHortaPortugal
| | - Elva G. Escobar
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y LimnologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Harriet R. Harden‐Davies
- Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and SecurityUniversity of WollongongWollongongNSWAustralia
| | - Jeffrey C. Drazen
- Department of OceanographyUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaHonoluluHIUSA
| | - Khaira Ismail
- Faculty of Science and Marine EnvironmentUniversiti Malaysia TerengganuKuala TerengganuMalaysia
| | - Daniel O. B. Jones
- Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems GroupNational Oceanography CentreSouthamptonUK
| | - David E. Johnson
- Global Ocean Biodiversity InitiativeSeascape Consultants Ltd.RomseyUK
| | - Jennifer T. Le
- Integrative Oceanography Division and Center for Marine Biodiversity and ConservationScripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Franck Lejzerowicz
- Jacobs School of EngineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Satoshi Mitarai
- Marine Biophysics UnitOkinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate UniversityOkinawaJapan
| | - Telmo Morato
- IMARInstituto do Mar, and Instituto de Investigação em Ciências do Mar – Okeanos da Universidade dos AçoresHortaPortugal
| | - Sandor Mulsow
- Instituto Ciencias Marinas y LimnológicasUniversidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
| | - Paul V. R. Snelgrove
- Department of Ocean Sciences and Biology DepartmentMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John'sNLCanada
| | - Andrew K. Sweetman
- The Lyell Centre for Earth and Marine Science and TechnologyHeriot Watt UniversityEdinburghUK
| | - Moriaki Yasuhara
- School of Biological Sciences and Swire Institute of Marine ScienceThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
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10
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Gooday AJ, Schoenle A, Dolan JR, Arndt H. Protist diversity and function in the dark ocean - Challenging the paradigms of deep-sea ecology with special emphasis on foraminiferans and naked protists. Eur J Protistol 2020; 75:125721. [PMID: 32575029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2020.125721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The dark ocean and the underlying deep seafloor together represent the largest environment on this planet, comprising about 80% of the oceanic volume and covering more than two-thirds of the Earth's surface, as well as hosting a major part of the total biosphere. Emerging evidence suggests that these vast pelagic and benthic habitats play a major role in ocean biogeochemistry and represent an "untapped reservoir" of high genetic and metabolic microbial diversity. Due to its huge volume, the water column of the dark ocean is the largest reservoir of organic carbon in the biosphere and likely plays a major role in the global carbon budget. The dark ocean and the seafloor beneath it are also home to a largely enigmatic food web comprising little-known and sometimes spectacular organisms, mainly prokaryotes and protists. This review considers the globally important role of pelagic and benthic protists across all protistan size classes in the deep-sea realm, with a focus on their taxonomy, diversity, and physiological properties, including their role in deep microbial food webs. We argue that, given the important contribution that protists must make to deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystem processes, they should not be overlooked in biological studies of the deep ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Gooday
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, Southampton, UK; Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Alexandra Schoenle
- University of Cologne, Institute of Zoology, General Ecology, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - John R Dolan
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 7093, Laboratoroire d'Océanographie de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Hartmut Arndt
- University of Cologne, Institute of Zoology, General Ecology, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
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Ehrnsten E, Norkko A, Müller-Karulis B, Gustafsson E, Gustafsson BG. The meagre future of benthic fauna in a coastal sea-Benthic responses to recovery from eutrophication in a changing climate. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:2235-2250. [PMID: 31986234 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient loading and climate change affect coastal ecosystems worldwide. Unravelling the combined effects of these pressures on benthic macrofauna is essential for understanding the future functioning of coastal ecosystems, as it is an important component linking the benthic and pelagic realms. In this study, we extended an existing model of benthic macrofauna coupled with a physical-biogeochemical model of the Baltic Sea to study the combined effects of changing nutrient loads and climate on biomass and metabolism of benthic macrofauna historically and in scenarios for the future. Based on a statistical comparison with a large validation dataset of measured biomasses, the model showed good or reasonable performance across the different basins and depth strata in the model area. In scenarios with decreasing nutrient loads according to the Baltic Sea Action Plan but also with continued recent loads (mean loads 2012-2014), overall macrofaunal biomass and carbon processing were projected to decrease significantly by the end of the century despite improved oxygen conditions at the seafloor. Climate change led to intensified pelagic recycling of primary production and reduced export of particulate organic carbon to the seafloor with negative effects on macrofaunal biomass. In the high nutrient load scenario, representing the highest recorded historical loads, climate change counteracted the effects of increased productivity leading to a hyperbolic response: biomass and carbon processing increased up to mid-21st century but then decreased, giving almost no net change by the end of the 21st century compared to present. The study shows that benthic responses to environmental change are nonlinear and partly decoupled from pelagic responses and indicates that benthic-pelagic coupling might be weaker in a warmer and less eutrophic sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ehrnsten
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, Hanko, Finland
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alf Norkko
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, Hanko, Finland
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Bo G Gustafsson
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, Hanko, Finland
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Mazurkiewicz M, Górska B, Renaud PE, Włodarska-Kowalczuk M. Latitudinal consistency of biomass size spectra - benthic resilience despite environmental, taxonomic and functional trait variability. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4164. [PMID: 32139715 PMCID: PMC7057973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60889-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Global warming is expected to cause reductions in organism body size, a fundamental biological unit important in determining biological processes. Possible effects of increasing temperature on biomass size spectra in coastal benthic communities were investigated. We hypothesized higher proportions of smaller size classes in warmer conditions. Soft bottom infauna samples were collected in six Norwegian and Svalbard fjords, spanning wide latitudinal (60-81°N) and bottom water temperature gradients (from -2 to 8 °C). Investigated fjords differed in terms of environmental settings (e.g., pigments or organic carbon in sediments). The slopes of normalised biomass size spectra (NBSS) did not differ among the fjords, while the benthic biomass and NBSS intercepts varied and were related to chlorophyll a and δ13C in sediments. The size spectra based on both abundance and biomass remained consistent, regardless of the strong variability in macrofauna taxonomic and functional trait composition. Variable relationships between temperature and body size were noted for particular taxa. Our results indicate that while benthic biomass depends on the nutritional quality of organic matter, its partitioning among size classes is consistent and independent of environmental and biological variability. The observed size structure remains a persistent feature of studied communities and may be resilient to major climatic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Górska
- Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, 81-712, Sopot, Poland
| | - Paul E Renaud
- Akvaplan-niva, Fram Centre for Climate and the Environment, 9296, Tromsø, Norway
- University Centre in Svalbard, 9171, Longyearbyen, Norway
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13
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Ecological variables for developing a global deep-ocean monitoring and conservation strategy. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:181-192. [PMID: 32015428 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-1091-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The deep sea (>200 m depth) encompasses >95% of the world's ocean volume and represents the largest and least explored biome on Earth (<0.0001% of ocean surface), yet is increasingly under threat from multiple direct and indirect anthropogenic pressures. Our ability to preserve both benthic and pelagic deep-sea ecosystems depends upon effective ecosystem-based management strategies and monitoring based on widely agreed deep-sea ecological variables. Here, we identify a set of deep-sea essential ecological variables among five scientific areas of the deep ocean: (1) biodiversity; (2) ecosystem functions; (3) impacts and risk assessment; (4) climate change, adaptation and evolution; and (5) ecosystem conservation. Conducting an expert elicitation (1,155 deep-sea scientists consulted and 112 respondents), our analysis indicates a wide consensus amongst deep-sea experts that monitoring should prioritize large organisms (that is, macro- and megafauna) living in deep waters and in benthic habitats, whereas monitoring of ecosystem functioning should focus on trophic structure and biomass production. Habitat degradation and recovery rates are identified as crucial features for monitoring deep-sea ecosystem health, while global climate change will likely shift bathymetric distributions and cause local extinction in deep-sea species. Finally, deep-sea conservation efforts should focus primarily on vulnerable marine ecosystems and habitat-forming species. Deep-sea observation efforts that prioritize these variables will help to support the implementation of effective management strategies on a global scale.
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14
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Durden JM, Bett BJ, Huffard CL, Ruhl HA, Smith KL. Abyssal deposit-feeding rates consistent with the metabolic theory of ecology. Ecology 2019; 100:e02564. [PMID: 30601573 PMCID: PMC6850628 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Metabolic Theory of Ecology (MTE) posits that metabolic rate controls ecological processes, such as the rate of resource uptake, from the individual‐ to the ecosystem‐scale. Metabolic rate has been found empirically to be an exponential function of whole organism body mass. We test a fundamental assumption of MTE, whether resource uptake scales to metabolism, by examining detritivores accessing a single common resource pool, an ideal study case. We used an existing empirical model of ingestion for aquatic deposit feeders adjusted for temperature to test whether ingestion by abyssal deposit feeders conforms to MTE‐predicted feeding rates. We estimated the sediment deposit‐feeding rates of large invertebrates from two abyssal study sites using time‐lapse photography, and related those rates to body mass, environmental temperature, and sediment organic matter content using this framework. Ingestion was significantly related to individual wet mass, with a mass‐scaling coefficient of 0.81, with 95% confidence intervals that encompass the MTE‐predicted value of 0.75, and the same pattern determined in other aquatic systems. Our results also provide insight into the potential mechanism through which this fundamental assumption operates. After temperature correction, both deep‐ and shallow‐water taxa might be summarized into a single mass‐scaled ingestion rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Durden
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom.,National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | - Brian J Bett
- National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | - Christine L Huffard
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, California, 95039, USA
| | - Henry A Ruhl
- National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth L Smith
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, California, 95039, USA
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15
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Vieira RP, Trueman CN, Readdy L, Kenny A, Pinnegar JK. Deep-water fisheries along the British Isles continental slopes: status, ecosystem effects and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 94:981-992. [PMID: 30746699 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we revisit the state of deep-water fisheries to the west of the British Isles and aim to provide an overview on the key drivers behind community changes along continental margins. The deep-water fisheries to the west of the British Isles that extend from the shelf-slope break down to the lower slope and along banks and seamounts of the Rockall Basin, mainly target blue ling Molva dypterygia, roundnose grenadier Coryphaenoides rupestris, orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus, with by-catches of black scabbardfish Aphanopus carbo and tusk Brosme brosme. These fishing grounds experienced a long period of exhaustive exploitation until the early 2000s, but subsequently the implementation of management strategies has helped to relieve excessive fishing pressure. It is widely accepted that a better understanding of the long-term implications of disturbance is needed to understand patterns in deep-water communities and what sustainable use and exploitation of resources might look like in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui P Vieira
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft Laboratory, Lowestoft, UK
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Clive N Trueman
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Lisa Readdy
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft Laboratory, Lowestoft, UK
| | - Andrew Kenny
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft Laboratory, Lowestoft, UK
| | - John K Pinnegar
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft Laboratory, Lowestoft, UK
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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16
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Hunter WR, Ogle N, O’Connor N. Warming affects predatory faunal impacts upon microbial carbon cycling. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Ross Hunter
- Queen’s University Marine Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences Queen's University of Belfast Portaferry UK
| | - Neil Ogle
- Queen’s University Stable Isotope Facility, School of Natural and Built Environment Queen's University of Belfast Belfast UK
| | - Nessa O’Connor
- Queen’s University Marine Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences Queen's University of Belfast Portaferry UK
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17
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Snelgrove PVR, Soetaert K, Solan M, Thrush S, Wei CL, Danovaro R, Fulweiler RW, Kitazato H, Ingole B, Norkko A, Parkes RJ, Volkenborn N. Global Carbon Cycling on a Heterogeneous Seafloor. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 33:96-105. [PMID: 29248328 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Diverse biological communities mediate the transformation, transport, and storage of elements fundamental to life on Earth, including carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. However, global biogeochemical model outcomes can vary by orders of magnitude, compromising capacity to project realistic ecosystem responses to planetary changes, including ocean productivity and climate. Here, we compare global carbon turnover rates estimated using models grounded in biological versus geochemical theory and argue that the turnover estimates based on each perspective yield divergent outcomes. Importantly, empirical studies that include sedimentary biological activity vary less than those that ignore it. Improving the relevance of model projections and reducing uncertainty associated with the anticipated consequences of global change requires reconciliation of these perspectives, enabling better societal decisions on mitigation and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul V R Snelgrove
- Department of Ocean Sciences and Biology Department, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's NL A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Karline Soetaert
- Estuarine and Delta Systems, Netherlands Institute of Sea Research and Utrecht University, Yerseke, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Solan
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Simon Thrush
- Institute of Marine Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Chih-Lin Wei
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Roberto Danovaro
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy; Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Robinson W Fulweiler
- Departments of Earth and Environment and Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hiroshi Kitazato
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Baban Ingole
- National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403004 , India
| | - Alf Norkko
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, Hanko, Finland; Stockholm University Baltic Sea Centre, 106 91 Stockholm
| | - R John Parkes
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Nils Volkenborn
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5000, USA
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