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Kościelniak P, Glazińska P, Kęsy J, Mucha J, Zadworny M. Identification of genetics and hormonal factors involved in Quercus robur root growth regulation in different cultivation system. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:123. [PMID: 38373900 PMCID: PMC10877882 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04797-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular processes and hormonal signals that govern root growth is of paramount importance for effective forest management. While Arabidopsis studies have shed light on the role of the primary root in root system development, the structure of root systems in trees is considerably more intricate, posing challenges to comprehend taproot growth in acorn-sown and nursery-cultivated seedlings. In this study, we investigated Quercus robur seedlings using rhizotrons, containers, and transplanted containers to rhizotrons, aiming to unravel the impact of forest nursery practices on processes governing taproot growth and root system development. Root samples were subjected to RNA-seq analysis to identify gene expression patterns and perform differential gene expression and phytohormone analysis. Among studied cultivation systems, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) exhibited significant diversity, where the number of co-occurring DEGs among cultivation systems was significantly smaller than the number of unique DEGs in different cultivation systems. Moreover, the results imply that container cultivation triggers the activation of several genes associated with linolenic acid and peptide synthesis in root growth. Upon transplantation from containers to rhizotrons, rapid enhancement in gene expression occurs, followed by gradual reduction as root growth progresses, ultimately reaching a similar expression pattern as observed in the taproot of rhizotron-cultivated seedlings. Phytohormone analysis revealed that taproot growth patterns under different cultivation systems are regulated by the interplay between auxin and cytokinin concentrations. Moreover, the diversification of hormone levels within the root zone and cultivation systems allows for taproot growth inhibition and prompt recovery in transplanted seedlings. Our study highlights the crucial role of hormone interactions during the early stages of taproot elongation, influencing root system formation across.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kościelniak
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland.
| | - Paulina Glazińska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Jacek Kęsy
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Joanna Mucha
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71a, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Zadworny
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71a, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
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2
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Xiangyang S, Genxu W, Juying S, Shouqin S, Zhaoyong H, Chunlin S, Shan L. Contrasting water sources used by a coniferous forest in the high-altitude, southeastern Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157913. [PMID: 35948127 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Forest trees use various water sources to adapt to environmental conditions in mountainous regions. However, water resources variances along elevational gradients are not clearly understood. This limits the assessment of the ecosystem responses to climate change. In this study, stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes were used to investigate the spatiotemporal patterns of water sources for Faber's fir in a humid high-altitude elevational gradient (ranging between 2800 m.a.s.l. and 3700 m.a.s.l.) on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. The results indicated that 27 ± 8.3 % of the xylem water was from previous winter snowmelt between May and June. In contrast, almost all xylem water was from current summer precipitation between July and October. Faber's fir at the lower elevation (2800 m.a.s.l.) primarily relied on water derived from winter precipitation during May and June. Yet, trees located near the tree line (3700 m.a.s.l.) were mostly dependent on current precipitation over the entire growing season. However, when statistically analyzing data from all seven different elevation gradients in this study, the contribution of winter precipitation to xylem water was not elevation dependent. Precipitation contributed to a large proportion (59.86 % ± 33.43 %) of xylem water between May and October. Meanwhile, no linear contribution ratio of precipitation to trees was identified in this high-altitude elevational gradient. The replenishment of soil water and the soil water storage determine the spatiotemporal patterns of water sources. Climate change has the possibility of reducing winter precipitation at high altitudes on the Tibetan Plateau. Thus, tree water use at different altitude gradients will play varied roles in influencing the evolution of forest composition under ongoing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Xiangyang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Wang Genxu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Sun Juying
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Sun Shouqin
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hu Zhaoyong
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Song Chunlin
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Lin Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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3
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Kościelniak P, Glazińska P, Zadworny M. OakRootRNADB-a consolidated RNA-seq database for coding and noncoding RNA in roots of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur). Database (Oxford) 2022; 2022:6832104. [PMID: 36394419 PMCID: PMC9670740 DOI: 10.1093/database/baac097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The degree to which roots elongate is determined by the expression of genes that regulate root growth in each developmental zone of a root. Most studies have, however, focused on the molecular factors that regulate primary root growth in annual plants. In contrast, the relationship between gene expression and a specific pattern of taproot development and growth in trees is poorly understood. However, the presence of a deeply located taproot, with branching lateral roots, can especially mitigate the effect of insufficient water availability in long-lived trees, such as pedunculated oak. In the present article, we integrated the ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequencing data on roots of oak trees into a single comprehensive database, named OakRootRNADB that contains information on both coding and noncoding RNAs. The sequences in the database also enclose information pertaining to transcription factors, transcriptional regulators and chromatin regulators, as well as a prediction of the cellular localization of a transcript. OakRootRNADB has a user-friendly interface and functional tools that increase access to genomic information. Integrated knowledge of molecular patterns of expression, specifically occurring within and between root zones and within root types, can elucidate the molecular mechanisms regulating taproot growth and enhanced root soil exploration. Database URL https://oakrootrnadb.idpan.poznan.pl/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kościelniak
- *Corresponding author: Tel: +48-61-8170033; Fax: +48-61-8170166; Correspondence may also be addressed to Paulina Glazińska. Tel: +48-56-6114939; Fax: +48-56-6114772;
| | - Paulina Glazińska
- *Corresponding author: Tel: +48-61-8170033; Fax: +48-61-8170166; Correspondence may also be addressed to Paulina Glazińska. Tel: +48-56-6114939; Fax: +48-56-6114772;
| | - Marcin Zadworny
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, Kórnik 62-035, Poland,Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71a, Poznan 60-625, Poland
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4
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Encinas‐Valero M, Esteban R, Hereş A, Vivas M, Fakhet D, Aranjuelo I, Solla A, Moreno G, Curiel Yuste J. Holm oak decline is determined by shifts in fine root phenotypic plasticity in response to belowground stress. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:2237-2251. [PMID: 35491749 PMCID: PMC9541754 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and pathogen outbreaks are the two major causes of decline in Mediterranean holm oak trees (Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp.). Crown-level changes in response to these stressful conditions have been widely documented but the responses of the root systems remain unexplored. The effects of environmental stress over roots and its potential role during the declining process need to be evaluated. We aimed to study how key morphological and architectural root parameters and nonstructural carbohydrates of roots are affected along a holm oak health gradient (i.e. within healthy, susceptible and declining trees). Holm oaks with different health statuses had different soil resource-uptake strategies. While healthy and susceptible trees showed a conservative resource-uptake strategy independently of soil nutrient availability, declining trees optimized soil resource acquisition by increasing the phenotypic plasticity of their fine root system. This increase in fine root phenotypic plasticity in declining holm oaks represents an energy-consuming strategy promoted to cope with the stress and at the expense of foliage maintenance. Our study describes a potential feedback loop resulting from strong unprecedented belowground stress that ultimately may lead to poor adaptation and tree death in the Spanish dehesa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Encinas‐Valero
- BC3‐Basque Centre for Climate ChangeScientific Campus of the University of the Basque CountryB/Sarriena s/n48940LeioaBizkaiaSpain
| | - Raquel Esteban
- Department of Plant Biology and EcologyUniversity of Basque Country (UPV/EHU)B/Sarriena s/n48940LeioaBizkaiaSpain
| | - Ana‐Maria Hereş
- BC3‐Basque Centre for Climate ChangeScientific Campus of the University of the Basque CountryB/Sarriena s/n48940LeioaBizkaiaSpain
- Department of Forest SciencesTransilvania University of BraşovSirul Beethoven‐1500123BraşovRomania
| | - María Vivas
- Faculty of ForestryInstitute for Dehesa Research (INDEHESA)Universidad de ExtremaduraAvenida Virgen del Puerto 210600PlasenciaCáceresSpain
| | - Dorra Fakhet
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)‐Gobierno de NavarraAvenida Pamplona 12331192MutilvaSpain
| | - Iker Aranjuelo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)‐Gobierno de NavarraAvenida Pamplona 12331192MutilvaSpain
| | - Alejandro Solla
- Faculty of ForestryInstitute for Dehesa Research (INDEHESA)Universidad de ExtremaduraAvenida Virgen del Puerto 210600PlasenciaCáceresSpain
| | - Gerardo Moreno
- Faculty of ForestryInstitute for Dehesa Research (INDEHESA)Universidad de ExtremaduraAvenida Virgen del Puerto 210600PlasenciaCáceresSpain
| | - Jorge Curiel Yuste
- BC3‐Basque Centre for Climate ChangeScientific Campus of the University of the Basque CountryB/Sarriena s/n48940LeioaBizkaiaSpain
- IKERBASQUE – Basque Foundation for SciencePlaza Euskadi 5E‐48009BilbaoBizkaiaSpain
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5
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Granda E, Antunes C, Máguas C, Castro‐Díez P. Water use partitioning of native and non‐native tree species in riparian ecosystems under contrasting climatic conditions. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Granda
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad de Alcalá Alcalá de Henares Spain
| | - Cristina Antunes
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
| | - Cristina Máguas
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
| | - Pilar Castro‐Díez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad de Alcalá Alcalá de Henares Spain
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6
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González de Andrés E, Gazol A, Querejeta JI, Igual JM, Colangelo M, Sánchez‐Salguero R, Linares JC, Camarero JJ. The role of nutritional impairment in carbon-water balance of silver fir drought-induced dieback. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:4439-4458. [PMID: 35320604 PMCID: PMC9540818 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Rear-edge populations at the xeric distribution limit of tree species are particularly vulnerable to forest dieback triggered by drought. This is the case of silver fir (Abies alba) forests located in Southwestern Europe. While silver fir drought-induced dieback patterns have been previously explored, information on the role played by nutritional impairment is lacking despite its potential interactions with tree carbon-water balances. We performed a comparative analysis of radial growth, intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE), oxygen isotopes (δ18 O) and nutrient concentrations in leaves of declining (DD) and non-declining (ND) trees in silver fir in four forests in the Spanish Pyrenees. We also evaluated the relationships among dieback predisposition, intraspecific trait variation (wood density and leaf traits) and rhizosphere soil physical-chemical properties. The onset of growth decline in DD trees occurred more than two decades ago, and they subsequently showed low growth resilience against droughts. The DD trees presented consistently lower foliar concentrations of nutrients such as P, K, Cu and Ni than ND trees. The strong effects of foliar nutrient status on growth resilience indices support the key role played by mineral nutrition in tree functioning and growth before, during and after drought. In contrast, variability in wood density and leaf morphological traits, as well as soil properties, showed weak relationships with tree nutritional status and drought performance. At the low elevation, warmer sites, DD trees showed stronger climate-growth relationships and lower δ18 O than ND trees. The uncoupling between iWUE and δ18 O, together with the positive correlations between P and K leaf concentrations and δ18 O, point to deeper soil/bedrock water sources and vertical decoupling between nutrient and water uptake in DD trees. This study provides novel insights into the mechanisms driving silver fir dieback and highlights the need to incorporate tree nutrition into forest dieback studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE‐CSIC)ZaragozaSpain
| | | | - José M. Igual
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA‐CSIC)SalamancaSpain
| | - Michele Colangelo
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE‐CSIC)ZaragozaSpain
- Scuola di Scienze AgrarieForestaliAlimentarie AmbientaliUniversità della BasilicataPotenzaItaly
| | - Raúl Sánchez‐Salguero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE‐CSIC)ZaragozaSpain
- Dpto. de Sistemas FísicosQuímicos y NaturalesUniversidad Pablo de OlavideSevillaSpain
| | - Juan Carlos Linares
- Dpto. de Sistemas FísicosQuímicos y NaturalesUniversidad Pablo de OlavideSevillaSpain
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7
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Jia G, Chen L, Yu X, Liu Z. Soil water stress overrides the benefit of water-use efficiency from rising CO 2 and temperature in a cold semi-arid poplar plantation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1172-1186. [PMID: 35037279 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The counteractive effect of atmospheric CO2 (ca ) enrichment and drought stress on tree growth results in great uncertainty in the growth patterns of forest plantations in cold semi-arid regions. We analysed tree ring chronologies and carbon isotopes in Populus simonii plantations in cold semi-arid areas in northern China over the past four decades. We hypothesized that the hydraulic stress from drought would override the stimulating effect of increasing ca and temperature (T) on stem growth (basal area increment [BAI]). We found the stimulating effect of rising ca and T on the growth, indicated by continuous increase of intrinsic water-use efficiency in all stands and a positive correlation between T and BAI. However, these effects failed to alleviate the negative impacts of drought on tree growth. Concurrent acceleration of BAI reversed during the intensive drought episodes. Water stress resulted from inaccessibility of roots to deep soil water rather than from lack of precipitation, suggested by the decoupling of BAI from precipitation and vapour pressure deficit. Local soil water limitation might also cause greater stomatal regulation in declining trees, indicated by lower intercellular CO2 concentration. Thus, site-specific soil moisture conditions growth sensitivity to global warming resulting in site-specific decline episodes in drought-prone areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Jia
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Lixin Chen
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxiao Yu
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziqiang Liu
- School of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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8
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Zhang B, Xu Q, Gao D, Wang T, Sui M, Huang J, Gu B, Liu F, Jiang J. Soil capacity of intercepting different rainfalls across subtropical plantation: Distinct effects of plant and soil properties. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 784:147120. [PMID: 34088041 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Forest management practices play an important role in soil water conservation. However, the soil water-holding capacity and associated drivers under different management practices remain uncertain, especially when the precipitation varies substantially at the regional scale. Here, we used hydrogen stable isotope to explore the contribution of rainfall to soil water (CRSW) under light, moderate and heavy precipitation in Pinus massoniana plantations with multiple management practices (pure stand, mixed stand, understory removal, light-intensity thinning and high-intensity thinning) in subtropical China. We further used variation partitioning analysis and structural equation modeling to identify the dominant driver affecting CRSW. Our results showed that after light rainfall, the highest CRSW (28.7%) was found in the high-intensity thinning plantation. However, after heavy rainfall, the high-intensity thinning plantation received the lowest CRSW (43.3%), while the mixed stand showed the highest CRSW (67.1%). These results demonstrated that the mixed stand of P. massoniana had a stronger capacity for soil water conservation, whereas high-intensity thinning showed poorer capacity. Furthermore, our results revealed that plant properties (i.e., tree, root and litter biomass) were the dominant controls of the CRSW under light rainfall, while soil properties (i.e., bulk density, total porosity, field capacity) were the primary drivers under moderate and heavy rainfall, indicating that the determinants influencing plantation capacity for intercepting rainfall vary with different levels of precipitation. These results highlight the importance of the level of precipitation in determining the dominant driver of CRSW. More importantly, these results suggest that the mixed stand, rather than high-intensity thinning, was better forest management since the former has a higher capacity for intercepting heavy rainfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Deqiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Mingzhen Sui
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Binhe Gu
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Futing Liu
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- University of Calgary, Calgary T2N1N4, Canada
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9
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Wang W, McDowell NG, Liu X, Xu G, Wu G, Zeng X, Wang G. Contrasting growth responses of Qilian juniper (Sabina przewalskii) and Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) to CO2 fertilization despite common water-use efficiency increases at the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:992-1003. [PMID: 33367904 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) may enhance tree growth and mitigate drought impacts through CO2 fertilization. However, multiple studies globally have found that rising CO2 has not translated into greater tree growth despite increases in intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE). The underlying mechanism discriminating between these two general responses to CO2 fertilization remains unclear. We used two species with contrasting stomatal regulation, the relatively anisohydric Qilian juniper (Sabina przewalskii) and the relatively isohydric Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia), to investigate the long-term tree growth and iWUE responses to climate change and elevated CO2 using tree ring widths and the associated cellulose stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C). We observed a contrasting growth trend of juniper and spruce with juniper growth increasing while the spruce growth declined. The iWUE of both species increased significantly and with similar amplitude throughout the trees' lifespan, though the relatively anisohydric juniper had higher iWUE than the relatively isohydric spruce throughout the period. Additionally, with rising CO2, the anisohydric juniper became less sensitive to drought, while the relatively isohydric spruce became more sensitive to drought. We hypothesized that rising CO2 benefits relatively anisohydric species more than relatively isohydric species due to greater opportunity to acquire carbon through photosynthesis despite warming and droughts. Our findings suggest the CO2 fertilization effect depends on the isohydric degree, which could be considered in future terrestrial ecosystem models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Mountain Environment Evolution and Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Guobao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Guoju Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiaomin Zeng
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Genxu Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Mountain Environment Evolution and Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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10
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Nadal-Sala D, Medlyn BE, Ruehr NK, Barton CVM, Ellsworth DS, Gracia C, Tissue DT, Tjoelker MG, Sabaté S. Increasing aridity will not offset CO 2 fertilization in fast-growing eucalypts with access to deep soil water. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2970-2990. [PMID: 33694242 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric [CO2 ] (Ca ) generally enhances tree growth if nutrients are not limiting. However, reduced water availability and elevated evaporative demand may offset such fertilization. Trees with access to deep soil water may be able to mitigate such stresses and respond more positively to Ca . Here, we sought to evaluate how increased vapor pressure deficit and reduced precipitation are likely to modify the impact of elevated Ca (eCa ) on tree productivity in an Australian Eucalyptus saligna Sm. plantation with access to deep soil water. We parameterized a forest growth simulation model (GOTILWA+) using data from two field experiments on E. saligna: a 2-year whole-tree chamber experiment with factorial Ca (ambient =380, elevated =620 μmol mol-1 ) and watering treatments, and a 10-year stand-scale irrigation experiment. Model evaluation showed that GOTILWA+ can capture the responses of canopy C uptake to (1) rising vapor pressure deficit (D) under both Ca treatments; (2) alterations in tree water uptake from shallow and deep soil layers during soil dry-down; and (3) the impact of irrigation on tree growth. Simulations suggest that increasing Ca up to 700 μmol mol-1 alone would result in a 33% increase in annual gross primary production (GPP) and a 62% increase in biomass over 10 years. However, a combined 48% increase in D and a 20% reduction in precipitation would halve these values. Our simulations identify high D conditions as a key limiting factor for GPP. They also suggest that rising Ca will compensate for increasing aridity limitations in E. saligna trees with access to deep soil water under non-nutrient limiting conditions, thereby reducing the negative impacts of global warming upon this eucalypt species. Simulation models not accounting for water sources available to deep-rooting trees are likely to overestimate aridity impacts on forest productivity and C stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nadal-Sala
- Ecology Section, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Belinda E Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Nadine K Ruehr
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Craig V M Barton
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - David S Ellsworth
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Carles Gracia
- Ecology Section, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- CREAF (Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark G Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Santi Sabaté
- Ecology Section, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- CREAF (Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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11
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Wang W, English NB, Grossiord C, Gessler A, Das AJ, Stephenson NL, Baisan CH, Allen CD, McDowell NG. Mortality predispositions of conifers across western USA. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:831-844. [PMID: 32918833 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conifer mortality rates are increasing in western North America, but the physiological mechanisms underlying this trend are not well understood. We examined tree-ring-based radial growth along with stable carbon (C) and oxygen (O) isotope composition (δ13 C and δ18 O, respectively) of dying and surviving conifers at eight old-growth forest sites across a strong moisture gradient in the western USA to retrospectively investigate mortality predispositions. Compared with surviving trees, lower growth of dying trees was detected at least one decade before mortality at seven of the eight sites. Intrinsic water-use efficiency increased over time in both dying and surviving trees, with a weaker increase in dying trees at five of the eight sites. C starvation was a strong correlate of conifer mortality based on a conceptual model incorporating growth, δ13 C, and δ18 O. However, this approach does not capture processes that occur in the final months of survival. Ultimately, C starvation may lead to increased mortality vulnerability, but hydraulic failure or biotic attack may dominate the process during the end stages of mortality in these conifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
- The Key Laboratory of Mountain Environment Evolution and Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu,, 610041, China
| | - Nathan B English
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Science, Central Queensland University, Townsville, QLD, 4810, Australia
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Functional Plant Ecology, Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, Lausanne,, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne,, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Functional Plant Ecology, Community Ecology Unit, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape WSL, Lausanne,, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Universitaetsstrasse 16, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Adrian J Das
- Western Ecological Research Center, US Geological Survey, Three Rivers, CA, 93271, USA
| | - Nathan L Stephenson
- Western Ecological Research Center, US Geological Survey, Three Rivers, CA, 93271, USA
| | | | - Craig D Allen
- Fort Collins Science Center, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, US Geological Survey, Los Alamos, NM,, 87544, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
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12
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Manrique-Alba À, Beguería S, Molina AJ, González-Sanchis M, Tomàs-Burguera M, Del Campo AD, Colangelo M, Camarero JJ. Long-term thinning effects on tree growth, drought response and water use efficiency at two Aleppo pine plantations in Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 728:138536. [PMID: 32339833 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
In Mediterranean areas where drought-induced forest dieback and tree mortality have been widely reported, it is still under debate how the likely risks of climate change will affect tree growth and consequently forest productivity. Increasing tree mortality has been associated not only to increased drought, but also to a lack of management in many dense pine forests and plantations, where warming may intensify tree-to-tree competition for soil water. This emphasizes the need of using silviculture to adapt dense stands of Mediterranean pine reforestations to warmer and drier conditions. Here we combined dendrochronology and C and O isotope analyses of wood in two Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) plantations, growing under semiarid conditions and experimentally thinned at high and moderate intensities along with control. The main aim was to understand the responses of radial growth and water use efficiency (WUEi) to different thinning intensities, and to analyze the effectiveness of thinning to enhance post-drought growth resilience. Thinning had a positive effect on growth, produced an increase of δ18O, reduced growth sensitivity to drought and decreased WUEi, suggesting a reduction of drought stress. These results were consistent across sites, and were significant even 20 years after the intervention took place. Considering the climate effects on growth through the SPEI drought index to calculate resistance and recovery indices, an increase of resistance after thinning was observed. We conclude that high thinning intensity (50% of basal area removed) is a useful silviculture intervention on Mediterranean Aleppo pine plantations that enhances their growth, and makes them less dependent on harsh climatic conditions, improving their resilience against drought and consequently making them better adapted to more unfavourable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio J Molina
- Research Group in Forest Science and Technology (Re-ForeST), Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - María González-Sanchis
- Research Group in Forest Science and Technology (Re-ForeST), Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Antonio D Del Campo
- Research Group in Forest Science and Technology (Re-ForeST), Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Michele Colangelo
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain; School of Agricultural, Forest, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
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13
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Nagati M, Roy M, Desrochers A, Manzi S, Bergeron Y, Gardes M. Facilitation of Balsam Fir by Trembling Aspen in the Boreal Forest: Do Ectomycorrhizal Communities Matter? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:932. [PMID: 31379909 PMCID: PMC6657621 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Succession is generally well described above-ground in the boreal forest, and several studies have demonstrated the role of interspecific facilitation in tree species establishment. However, the role of mycorrhizal communities for tree establishment and interspecific facilitation, has been little explored. At the ecotone between the mixed boreal forest, dominated by balsam fir and hardwood species, and the boreal forest, dominated by black spruce, several stands of trembling aspen can be found, surrounded by black spruce forest. Regeneration of balsam fir seems to have increased in the recent decades within the boreal forest, and it seems better adapted to grow in trembling aspen stands than in black spruce stands, even when located in similar abiotic conditions. As black spruce stands are also covered by ericaceous shrubs, we investigated if differences in soil fungal communities and ericaceous shrubs abundance could explain the differences observed in balsam fir growth and nutrition. We conducted a study centered on individual saplings to link growth and foliar nutrient concentrations to local vegetation cover, mycorrhization rate, and mycorrhizal communities associated with balsam fir roots. We found that foliar nutrient concentrations and ramification indices (colonization by mycorrhiza per length of root) were greater in trembling aspen stands and were positively correlated to apical and lateral growth of balsam fir saplings. In black spruce stands, the presence of ericaceous shrubs near balsam fir saplings affected ectomycorrhizal communities associated with tree roots which in turn negatively correlated with N foliar concentrations. Our results reveal that fungal communities observed under aspen are drivers of balsam fir early growth and nutrition in boreal forest stands and may facilitate ecotone migration in a context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissande Nagati
- UQAT-UQAM Industrial Chair in Sustainable Forest Management, Forest Research Institute, University of Québec in Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
- UMR5174, Laboratory Evolution and Biological Diversity, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique – IRD, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Mélanie Roy
- UMR5174, Laboratory Evolution and Biological Diversity, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique – IRD, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Annie Desrochers
- UQAT-UQAM Industrial Chair in Sustainable Forest Management, Forest Research Institute, University of Québec in Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
| | - Sophie Manzi
- UMR5174, Laboratory Evolution and Biological Diversity, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique – IRD, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Yves Bergeron
- UQAT-UQAM Industrial Chair in Sustainable Forest Management, Forest Research Institute, University of Québec in Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
| | - Monique Gardes
- UMR5174, Laboratory Evolution and Biological Diversity, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique – IRD, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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14
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Vilà‐Cabrera A, Jump AS. Greater growth stability of trees in marginal habitats suggests a patchy pattern of population loss and retention in response to increased drought at the rear edge. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1439-1448. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Vilà‐Cabrera
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Stirling StirlingFK9 4LA Scotland UK
| | - Alistair S. Jump
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Stirling StirlingFK9 4LA Scotland UK
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Vallès Barcelona08193Catalonia Spain
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15
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Ramírez-Valiente JA, Aranda I, Sanchéz-Gómez D, Rodríguez-Calcerrada J, Valladares F, Robson TM. Increased root investment can explain the higher survival of seedlings of 'mesic' Quercus suber than 'xeric' Quercus ilex in sandy soils during a summer drought. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:64-75. [PMID: 30099558 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In Mediterranean-type ecosystems, drought is considered the main ecological filter for seedling establishment. The evergreen oaks Quercus ilex L. and Quercus suber L. are two of the most abundant tree species in the Mediterranean Basin. Despite their shared evergreen leaf habit and ability to resist low soil water potentials, traditionally it has been suggested that Q. ilex is better suited to resist dry conditions than Q. suber. In this study, we examined how seedlings of Q. ilex and Q. suber grown in sandy soils responded to different levels of water availability using natural dry conditions and supplemental watering. Specifically, we estimated survival and water status of seedlings and explored the role of acorn mass and belowground biomass in seedling performance. To our surprise, Q. suber was better able to survive the summer drought in our experiment than Q. ilex. Nearly 55% of the Q. suber seedlings remained alive after a 2-month period without rain or supplemental water, which represents almost 20% higher survival than Q. ilex over the same period. At the end of the dry period, the surviving seedlings of Q. suber had strikingly higher water potential, potential maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and stomatal conductance (gs) than those of Q. ilex. Acorn mass was associated with the probability of survival under dry conditions; however, it did not explain the differences in survival or water status between the species. In contrast, Q. suber had a higher root ratio and root:shoot ratio than Q. ilex and these traits were positively associated with predawn leaf water potential, Fv/Fm, gs and survival. Taken together, our results suggest that the higher relative investment in roots by Q. suber when growing in a sandy acidic substrate allowed this species to maintain better physiological status and overall condition than Q. ilex, increasing its probability of survival in dry conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Alberto Ramírez-Valiente
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera Coruña Km 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ismael Aranda
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera Coruña Km 7.5, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Sanchéz-Gómez
- Instituto Regional de Investigación, Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal de Castilla-La Mancha (IRIAF), Centro de Investigación Agroforestal de Albaladejito (CIAF), Carretera Toledo-Cuenca, Km 174, Cuenca, Spain
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Calcerrada
- Forest History, Physiology and Genetics Research Group, School of Forestry Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Valladares
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Serrano 115, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnológicas, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/ Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, Spain
| | - T Matthew Robson
- Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Thomas FM, Rzepecki A, Lücke A, Wiekenkamp I, Rabbel I, Pütz T, Neuwirth B. Growth and wood isotopic signature of Norway spruce (Picea abies) along a small-scale gradient of soil moisture. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1855-1870. [PMID: 30265369 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Among the environmental factors that have an effect on the isotopic signature of tree rings, the specific impact of soil moisture on the Δ13C and, in particular, the δ18O ratios has scarcely been investigated. We studied the effects of soil type and soil moisture (from moderately moist [Cambisol] to wet [Gleysol]) on the growth and isotopic signature of tree rings of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] H. Karst.), a widely distributed forest tree species in Central Europe, at a small spatial scale in a typical mature forest plantation in the low mountain ranges of Western Germany. The δ18O ratios were lower in rings of trees growing at the wettest microsite (Gleysol) than in tree rings from the microsite with moderately moist soil (Cambisol). This indicates higher uptake rates of 18O-unenriched soil water at the Gleysol microsite and corresponds to less negative soil water potentials and higher transpiration rates on the Gleysol plots. Contrary to our expectations, the basal area increments, the Δ13C ratios and the intrinsic water-use efficiency (calculated on the basis of δ13C) did not differ significantly between the Cambisol and the Gleysol microsites. For average values of each microsite and year investigated, we found a significantly positive correlation between δ13C and δ18O, which indicates a consistent stomatal control over gas exchange along the soil moisture gradient at comparable relative air humidity in the stand. As δ18O ratios of tree rings integrate responses of wood formation to soil moisture over longer periods of time, they may help to identify microsites differing in soil water availability along small-scale gradients of soil moisture under homogeneous climatic conditions and to explain the occurrence of particular tree species along those gradients in forest stands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M Thomas
- University of Trier, Faculty of Regional and Environmental Sciences, Geobotany, Behringstraße 21, Trier, Germany
| | - Andreas Rzepecki
- University of Trier, Faculty of Regional and Environmental Sciences, Geobotany, Behringstraße 21, Trier, Germany
- Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier, Weimarer Allee 1, Trier, Germany
| | - Andreas Lücke
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Agrosphere (IBG-3), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich, Germany
| | - Inge Wiekenkamp
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Agrosphere (IBG-3), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich, Germany
| | - Inken Rabbel
- University of Bonn, Department of Geography, Meckenheimer Allee 166, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Pütz
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Agrosphere (IBG-3), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich, Germany
| | - Burkhard Neuwirth
- Burkhard Neuwirth, DeLaWi Tree Ring Analyses, Preschlin-Allee 2, Windeck, Germany
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17
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Gessler A, Cailleret M, Joseph J, Schönbeck L, Schaub M, Lehmann M, Treydte K, Rigling A, Timofeeva G, Saurer M. Drought induced tree mortality - a tree-ring isotope based conceptual model to assess mechanisms and predispositions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:485-490. [PMID: 29626352 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zuercherstr. 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Cailleret
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zuercherstr. 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Jobin Joseph
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zuercherstr. 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Leonie Schönbeck
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zuercherstr. 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zuercherstr. 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Marco Lehmann
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zuercherstr. 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Treydte
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zuercherstr. 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zuercherstr. 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Galina Timofeeva
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zuercherstr. 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zuercherstr. 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
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