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Xu X, Chen D. Estimating global annual gross primary production based on satellite-derived phenology and maximal carbon uptake capacity. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:119063. [PMID: 38740292 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The high uncertainty regarding global gross primary production (GPP) remains unresolved. This study explored the relationships between phenology, physiology, and annual GPP to provide viable alternatives for accurate estimation. A statistical model of integrated phenology and physiology (SMIPP) was developed using GPP data from 145 FLUXNET sites to estimate the annual GPP for various vegetation types. By employing the SMIPP model driven by satellite-derived datasets of the global carbon uptake period (CUP) and maximal carbon uptake capacity (GPPmax), the global annual GPP was estimated for the period from 2001 to 2018. The results demonstrated that the SMIPP model accurately predicted annual GPP, with relative root mean square error values ranging from 11.20 to 19.29% for forest types and 20.49-35.71% for non-forest types. However, wetlands, shrublands, and evergreen forests exhibited relatively low accuracies. The average, trend, and interannual variation of global GPP during 2001-2018 were 132.6 Pg C yr-1, 0.25 Pg C yr-2, and 1.57 Pg C yr-1, respectively. They were within the ranges estimated in other global GPP products. Sensitivity analysis revealed that GPPmax had comparable effects to CUP in high-latitude regions but significantly greater impacts at the global scale, with sensitivity coefficients of 0.85 ± 0.23 for GPPmax and 0.46 ± 0.28 for CUP. This study provides a simple and practical method for estimating global annual GPP and highlights the influence of GPPmax and CUP on global-scale annual GPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China; College of Environment and Resources, College of Carbon Neutrality, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Danna Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon Sequestration of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China; College of Environment and Resources, College of Carbon Neutrality, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
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2
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Gaboriau DM, Chaste É, Girardin MP, Asselin H, Ali AA, Bergeron Y, Hély C. Interactions within the climate-vegetation-fire nexus may transform 21st century boreal forests in northwestern Canada. iScience 2023; 26:106807. [PMID: 37255655 PMCID: PMC10225900 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry and warm conditions have exacerbated the occurrence of large and severe wildfires over the past decade in Canada's Northwest Territories (NT). Although temperatures are expected to increase during the 21st century, we lack understanding of how the climate-vegetation-fire nexus might respond. We used a dynamic global vegetation model to project annual burn rates, as well as tree species composition and biomass in the NT during the 21st century using the IPCC's climate scenarios. Burn rates will decrease in most of the NT by the mid-21st century, concomitant with biomass loss of fire-prone evergreen needleleaf tree species, and biomass increase of broadleaf tree species. The southeastern NT is projected to experience enhanced fire activity by the late 21st century according to scenario RCP4.5, supported by a higher production of flammable evergreen needleleaf biomass. The results underlie the potential for major impacts of climate change on the NT's terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian M. Gaboriau
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, 445 Boulevard de l’Université, Rouyn-Noranda, QCJ9X 5E4, Canada
- Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Stn. Centre-ville, Montréal, QCH3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Émeline Chaste
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, SILVAE, 54000 Nancy, France
- Now at: CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, University Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Martin P. Girardin
- Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Stn. Centre-ville, Montréal, QCH3C 3P8, Canada
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 rue du PEPS, P.O. Box 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Québec, QCG1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Hugo Asselin
- Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Stn. Centre-ville, Montréal, QCH3C 3P8, Canada
- École d’études autochtones, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, 445 Boulevard de l’Université, Rouyn-Noranda, QCJ9X 5E4, Canada
| | - Adam A. Ali
- ISEM, University Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Yves Bergeron
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, 445 Boulevard de l’Université, Rouyn-Noranda, QCJ9X 5E4, Canada
- Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Stn. Centre-ville, Montréal, QCH3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Christelle Hély
- ISEM, University Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
- École Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL University, Paris, France
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Jaroslow DD, Cunningham JP, Smith DI, Steinbauer MJ. Seasonal Phenology and Climate Associated Feeding Activity of Introduced Marchalina hellenica in Southeast Australia. INSECTS 2023; 14:305. [PMID: 36975990 PMCID: PMC10054368 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Invasive insects pose an increasing risk to global agriculture, environmental stability, and public health. Giant pine scale (GPS), Marchalina hellenica Gennadius (Hemiptera: Marchalinidae), is a phloem feeding scale insect endemic to the Eastern Mediterranean Basin, where it primarily feeds on Pinus halepensis and other Pinaceae. In 2014, GPS was detected in the southeast of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, infesting the novel host Pinus radiata. An eradication program was unsuccessful, and with this insect now established within the state, containment and management efforts are underway to stop its spread; however, there remains a need to understand the insect's phenology and behaviour in Australia to better inform control efforts. We documented the annual life cycle and seasonal fluctuations in activity of GPS in Australia over a 32 month period at two contrasting field sites. Onset and duration of life stages were comparable to seasons in Mediterranean conspecifics, although the results imply the timing of GPS life stage progression is broadening or accelerating. GPS density was higher in Australia compared to Mediterranean reports, possibly due to the absence of key natural predators, such as the silver fly, Neoleucopis kartliana Tanasijtshuk (Diptera, Chamaemyiidae). Insect density and honeydew production in the Australian GPS population studied varied among locations and between generations. Although insect activity was well explained by climate, conditions recorded inside infested bark fissures often provided the weakest explanation of GPS activity. Our findings suggest that GPS activity is strongly influenced by climate, and this may in part be related to changes in host quality. An improved understanding of how our changing climate is influencing the phenology of phloem feeding insects such as GPS will help with predictions as to where these insects are likely to flourish and assist with management programs for pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan D. Jaroslow
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - John P. Cunningham
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - David I. Smith
- Agriculture Victoria, Biosecurity and Agricultural Services, Cranbourne, VIC 3977, Australia
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Burnley, VIC 3121, Australia
- ArborCarbon, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Martin J. Steinbauer
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
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Eisenring M, Lindroth RL, Flansburg A, Giezendanner N, Mock KE, Kruger EL. Genotypic variation rather than ploidy level determines functional trait expression in a foundation tree species in the presence and absence of environmental stress. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:229-242. [PMID: 35641114 PMCID: PMC9904343 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS At the population level, genetic diversity is a key determinant of a tree species' capacity to cope with stress. However, little is known about the relative importance of the different components of genetic diversity for tree stress responses. We compared how two sources of genetic diversity, genotype and cytotype (i.e. differences in ploidy levels), influence growth, phytochemical and physiological traits of Populus tremuloides in the presence and absence of environmental stress. METHODS In a series of field studies, we first assessed variation in traits across diploid and triploid aspen genotypes from Utah and Wisconsin under non-stressed conditions. In two follow-up experiments, we exposed diploid and triploid aspen genotypes from Wisconsin to individual and interactive drought stress and defoliation treatments and quantified trait variations under stress. KEY RESULTS We found that (1) tree growth and associated traits did not differ significantly between ploidy levels under non-stressed conditions. Instead, variation in tree growth and most other traits was driven by genotypic and population differences. (2) Genotypic differences were critical for explaining variation of most functional traits and their responses to stress. (3) Ploidy level played a subtle role in shaping traits and trait stress responses, as its influence was typically obscured by genotypic differences. (4) As an exception to the third conclusion, we showed that triploid trees expressed 17 % higher foliar defence (tremulacin) levels, 11 % higher photosynthesis levels and 23 % higher rubisco activity under well-watered conditions. Moreover, triploid trees displayed greater drought resilience than diploids as they produced 35 % more new tissue than diploids when recovering from drought stress. CONCLUSION Although ploidy level can strongly influence the ecology of tree species, those effects may be relatively small in contrast to the effects of genotypic variation in highly diverse species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard L Lindroth
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amy Flansburg
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, WIUSA
| | - Noreen Giezendanner
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, USA
| | - Karen E Mock
- Department of Wildland Resources and Ecology Center, 5230 Old Main Hill, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Eric L Kruger
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, WIUSA
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Li M, Guo X, Liu L, Liu J, Du N, Guo W. Responses to defoliation of Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Sophora japonica L. are soil water condition dependent. ANNALS OF FOREST SCIENCE 2022; 79:18. [DOI: 10.1186/s13595-022-01136-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Abstract
Key message
Defoliation significantly affected biomass allocation of Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Sophora japonica L., but leaf physiology readjusted to control levels at the end of the experiment. Considering carbon or sink limitation and relative height growth rate, defoliated R. pseudoacacia grew faster than S. japonica under well-watered conditions, while defoliated S. japonica and R. pseudoacacia had similar performance under drought conditions.
Context
Climate change may result in increases of both drought intensity and insect survival, thereby affecting both exotic and native trees in warm temperate forests.
Aims
In this study, we examined the interaction effects of defoliation and drought on an exotic species Robinia pseudoacacia and a native species Sophora japonica in a warm temperate area, to provide a theoretical basis for predicting the distribution and dynamics of the two species under future climate change.
Methods
In a greenhouse, both species were exposed to three soil moisture (75%, 55%, and 35% of field capacity) and three defoliation treatments (no defoliation, 50% defoliation, and 100% defoliation). Leaf physiology, biomass, and non-structural carbohydrate were determined.
Results
Leaf physiology of defoliated trees did not differ from controls trees, but defoliated seedlings allocated relatively more resources to the leaves at the end of the experiment. In well-watered conditions, defoliated R. pseudoacacia was not carbon or sink limited and defoliated S. japonica was carbon limited, while defoliated individuals of the two species were sink limited under drought. Defoliated R. pseudoacacia grow more rapidly than S. japonica in well-watered conditions. Defoliated R. pseudoacacia had a similar growth rate to S. japonica in drought.
Conclusions
Defoliation clearly affects biomass allocation of the two species, but not leaf physiology. Considering the carbon or sink limitation, the growth of S. japonica and R. pseudoacacia may be limited by future global climate change scenarios.
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Liu P, Barr AG, Zha T, Black TA, Jassal RS, Nesic Z, Helgason WD, Jia X, Tian Y. Re-assessment of the climatic controls on the carbon and water fluxes of a boreal aspen forest over 1996-2016: Changing sensitivity to long-term climatic conditions. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:4605-4619. [PMID: 35474386 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the relationships between climate and boreal tree growth are generally non-stationary; however, it remains uncertain whether the relationships between climate and carbon (C) fluxes of boreal forests are stationary or have changed over recent decades. In this study, we used continuous eddy-covariance and microclimate data over 21 years (1996-2016) from a 100-year-old trembling aspen stand in central Saskatchewan, Canada to assess the relationships between climate and ecosystem C and water fluxes. Over the study period, the most striking climatic event was a severe, 3-year drought (2001-2003). Gross ecosystem production (GEP) showed larger interannual variability than ecosystem respiration (Re ) over 1996-2016, but Re was the dominant component contributing to the interannual variation in net ecosystem production (NEP) during post-drought years. The interannual variations in evapotranspiration (ET) and C fluxes were primarily driven by temperature and secondarily by water availability. Two-factor linear models combining precipitation and temperature performed well in explaining the interannual variation in C and water fluxes (R2 > .5). The temperature sensitivities of all three C fluxes (NEP, GEP and Re ) declined over the study period (p < .05), and, as a result, the phenological controls on annual NEP weakened. The decreasing temperature sensitivity of the C fluxes may reflect changes in forest structure, related to the over-maturity of the aspen stand at 100 years of age, and exacerbated by high tree mortality following the severe 2001-2003 drought. These results may provide an early warning signal of driver shift or even an abrupt status shift of aspen forest dynamics. They may also imply a universal weakening in the relationship between temperature and GEP as forests become over-mature, associated with the structural and compositional changes that accompany forest ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Alan G Barr
- Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Tianshan Zha
- School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - T Andrew Black
- Biometeorology and Soil Physics Group, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rachhpal S Jassal
- Biometeorology and Soil Physics Group, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zoran Nesic
- Biometeorology and Soil Physics Group, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Warren D Helgason
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Xin Jia
- School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Tian
- School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Camarero JJ, Tardif J, Gazol A, Conciatori F. Pine processionary moth outbreaks cause longer growth legacies than drought and are linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 819:153041. [PMID: 35038538 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Climatic warming is assumed to expand the geographic range of insect pests whose distribution is mainly constrained by low temperatures. This is the case of the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa), which is one of the main conifer defoliators in the Mediterranean Basin. Warmer winters may lead to a northward/upward expansion of this insect, as short-term studies have shown. However, no long-term data, i.e. spanning at least one century, has been used to examine these projections. We test the hypotheses that climatic warming (i) has caused an upward shift of the pine processionary moth, and (ii) has increased the frequency of severe defoliations. We used dendrochronological methods to reconstruct defoliations over the period 1900-2006 in 14 sites spanning a wide altitudinal range (1070-1675 m) in Teruel, eastern Spain. We built local ring-width chronologies for four co-occurring pine species with different degree of susceptibility against the moth defoliations, from highly suitable or palatable species (Pinus nigra) to moderately (Pinus sylvestris, Pinus halepensis) or rarely defoliated species (Pinus pinaster). We validated the tree-ring reconstructions of outbreaks using a field record of stand defoliations spanning the period 1971-2006. Outbreaks in the most affected P. nigra stands corresponded to abrupt one- to two-year growth reductions (70-90% growth loss). Reconstructed outbreaks occurred on average every 9-14 years. The growth memory of outbreaks was weaker but lasted longer (1-6 years) than that due to droughts (1-3 years). Neither an upward expansion nor an increase in outbreak frequency was observed. Severe PPM defoliations did not increase as climate warmed, rather they were positively related to the winter North Atlantic Oscillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (CSIC), Apdo. 202, 50192 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Jacques Tardif
- Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research (C-FIR), University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada.
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (CSIC), Apdo. 202, 50192 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - France Conciatori
- Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research (C-FIR), University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada
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Moreno-Fernández D, Viana-Soto A, Camarero JJ, Zavala MA, Tijerín J, García M. Using spectral indices as early warning signals of forest dieback: The case of drought-prone Pinus pinaster forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148578. [PMID: 34174606 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Forest dieback processes linked to drought are expected to increase due to climate warming. Remotely sensed data offer several advantages over common field monitoring methods such as the ability to observe large areas on a systematic basis and monitoring their changes, making them increasingly used to assess changes in forest health. Here we aim to use a combined approximation of fieldwork and remote sensing to explore possible links between forest dieback and land surface phenological and trend variables derived from long Landsat time series. Forest dieback was evaluated in the field over 31 plots in a Mediterranean, xeric Pinus pinaster forest. Landsat 31-year time series of three greenness (EVI, NDVI, SAVI) and two wetness spectral indices (NMDI and TCW) were derived covering the period 1990-2020. Spectral indices from time series were decomposed into trend and seasonality using a Bayesian estimator while the relationships of the phenological and trend variables among levels of damage were assessed using linear and additive mixed models. We have not found any statistical pieces of evidence of extension or shortening patterns for the length of the phenological season over the examined 31-year period. Our results indicate that the dieback process was mainly related to the trend component of the spectral indices series whereas the phenological metrics were not related to forest dieback. We also found that plots with more dying or damaged trees displayed lower spectral indices trends after a severe drought event in the middle of the 1990s, which confirms the Landsat-derived spectral indices as indicators of early-warning signals. Drops in trends occurred earlier for wetness indices rather than for greenness indices which suggests that the former could be more appropriate for dieback detection, i.e. they could be used as early warning signals of impending loss of tree vigor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Moreno-Fernández
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Edificio Ciencias, Campus Universitario, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alba Viana-Soto
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Geología, Geografía y Medio Ambiente, Environmental Remote Sensing Research Group. Calle Colegios 2, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Julio Jesús Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, E-50192 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miguel A Zavala
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Edificio Ciencias, Campus Universitario, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Tijerín
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Edificio Ciencias, Campus Universitario, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano García
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Geología, Geografía y Medio Ambiente, Environmental Remote Sensing Research Group. Calle Colegios 2, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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Continent-wide synthesis of the long-term population dynamics of quaking aspen in the face of accelerating human impacts. Oecologia 2021; 197:25-42. [PMID: 34365517 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, climate change has disrupted forest functioning by promoting large-scale mortality events, declines in productivity and reduced regeneration. Understanding the temporal dynamics and spatial extent of these changes is critical given the essential ecosystem services provided by forests. As the most widespread tree species in North America, quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) is well suited for studying the dynamics of tree populations during a period of unprecedented climate change. Synthesizing continent-wide data, we show that mortality rates of mature aspen stems have increased over the past two-to-three decades, while relative gains in aspen basal area have decreased during the same period. Patterns were pervasive across multiple stand size classes and composition types in western North America biomes, suggesting that trends in demographic rates were not simply a reflection of stand development and succession. Our review of the literature revealed that increased aspen mortality and reduced growth rates were most often associated with hotter, drier conditions, whereas reduced recruitment was most often associated with herbivory. Furthermore, interactions between climate and competition, as well as climate and insect herbivory, had important, context-dependent effects on mortality and growth, respectively. Our analyses of aspen across its entire geographic range indicate that this important tree species is experiencing substantial increases in mortality and decreases in population growth rates across multiple biomes. If such trends are not accompanied by increased recruitment, we expect that the reduced dominance of aspen in forests will lead to major declines in the many essential ecosystem services it provides.
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10
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Boyd MA, Berner LT, Foster AC, Goetz SJ, Rogers BM, Walker XJ, Mack MC. Historic declines in growth portend trembling aspen death during a contemporary leaf miner outbreak in Alaska. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Boyd
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona86011USA
| | - Logan T. Berner
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona86011USA
| | - Adrianna C. Foster
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona86011USA
| | - Scott J. Goetz
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona86011USA
| | - Brendan M. Rogers
- Woodwell Climate Research Center Falmouth Massachusetts02540‐1644USA
| | - Xanthe J. Walker
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona86011USA
| | - Michelle C. Mack
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona86011USA
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11
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Wang W, McDowell NG, Liu X, Xu G, Wu G, Zeng X, Wang G. Contrasting growth responses of Qilian juniper (Sabina przewalskii) and Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) to CO2 fertilization despite common water-use efficiency increases at the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:992-1003. [PMID: 33367904 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) may enhance tree growth and mitigate drought impacts through CO2 fertilization. However, multiple studies globally have found that rising CO2 has not translated into greater tree growth despite increases in intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE). The underlying mechanism discriminating between these two general responses to CO2 fertilization remains unclear. We used two species with contrasting stomatal regulation, the relatively anisohydric Qilian juniper (Sabina przewalskii) and the relatively isohydric Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia), to investigate the long-term tree growth and iWUE responses to climate change and elevated CO2 using tree ring widths and the associated cellulose stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C). We observed a contrasting growth trend of juniper and spruce with juniper growth increasing while the spruce growth declined. The iWUE of both species increased significantly and with similar amplitude throughout the trees' lifespan, though the relatively anisohydric juniper had higher iWUE than the relatively isohydric spruce throughout the period. Additionally, with rising CO2, the anisohydric juniper became less sensitive to drought, while the relatively isohydric spruce became more sensitive to drought. We hypothesized that rising CO2 benefits relatively anisohydric species more than relatively isohydric species due to greater opportunity to acquire carbon through photosynthesis despite warming and droughts. Our findings suggest the CO2 fertilization effect depends on the isohydric degree, which could be considered in future terrestrial ecosystem models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Mountain Environment Evolution and Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Guobao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Guoju Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiaomin Zeng
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Genxu Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Mountain Environment Evolution and Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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12
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Chavardès RD, Gennaretti F, Grondin P, Cavard X, Morin H, Bergeron Y. Role of Mixed-Species Stands in Attenuating the Vulnerability of Boreal Forests to Climate Change and Insect Epidemics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:658880. [PMID: 33995456 PMCID: PMC8117013 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.658880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether stand species mixture can attenuate the vulnerability of eastern Canada's boreal forests to climate change and insect epidemics. For this, we focused on two dominant boreal species, black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP] and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), in stands dominated by black spruce or trembling aspen ("pure stands"), and mixed stands (M) composed of both species within a 36 km2 study area in the Nord-du-Québec region. For each species in each stand composition type, we tested climate-growth relations and assessed the impacts on growth by recorded insect epidemics of a black spruce defoliator, the spruce budworm (SBW) [Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)], and a trembling aspen defoliator, the forest tent caterpillar (FTC; Malacosoma disstria Hübn.). We implemented linear models in a Bayesian framework to explain baseline and long-term trends in tree growth for each species according to stand composition type and to differentiate the influences of climate and insect epidemics on tree growth. Overall, we found climate vulnerability was lower for black spruce in mixed stands than in pure stands, while trembling aspen was less sensitive to climate than spruce, and aspen did not present differences in responses based on stand mixture. We did not find any reduction of vulnerability for mixed stands to insect epidemics in the host species, but the non-host species in mixed stands could respond positively to epidemics affecting the host species, thus contributing to stabilize ecosystem-scale growth over time. Our findings partially support boreal forest management strategies including stand species mixture to foster forests that are resilient to climate change and insect epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël D. Chavardès
- Institut de Recherche sur les Forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie de la MRC-Abitibi, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Amos, QC, Canada
| | - Fabio Gennaretti
- Institut de Recherche sur les Forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie de la MRC-Abitibi, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Amos, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Grondin
- Direction de la Recherche Forestière, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Xavier Cavard
- Institut de Recherche sur les Forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
| | - Hubert Morin
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Saguenay, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Bergeron
- Institut de Recherche sur les Forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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13
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Dual Roles of Water Availability in Forest Vigor: A Multiperspective Analysis in China. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Water availability is one of the most important resources for forest growth. However, due to its complex spatio-temporal relationship with other climatic factors (e.g., temperature and solar radiation), it paradoxically shows both positive and negative correlations (i.e., dual roles) with forest vigor for unknown reasons. In this study, a multiperspective analysis that combined the deficit of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (dNDVI) and multitimescale Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) was conducted for the forests in China, from which their correlation strengths and directions (positive or negative) were linked with spatio-temporal patterns of environmental temperature (T) and water balance (WB) (i.e., precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration). In this way, the reasons for the inconsistent roles of water were revealed. The results showed that the roles of water availability greatly depended on T, WB, and seasonality (i.e., growing or pregrowing season) for both planted and natural forests. Specifically, a negative role of water availability mainly occurred in regions of T below its specific threshold (i.e., T ≤ Tthreshold) during the pregrowing season. In contrast, a positive role was mainly observed in warm environments (T > Tthreshold) during the pregrowing season and in dry environments where WB was below its specific threshold (i.e., WB ≤ WBthreshold) during the growing season. The values of Tthreshold and WBthreshold were related to the vegetation type, with Tthreshold ranging from 1.3 to 4.7 °C and WBthreshold ranging from 129.1 to 238.8 mm/month, respectively. Our study revealed that the values of Tthreshold and WBthreshold for a specific forest were stable, and did not change with the SPEI time-scales. Our results reveal the dual roles of water availability in forest vigor and highlight the importance of environmental climate and seasonality, which jointly affect the roles of water availability in forest vigor. These should be considered when monitoring and/or predicting the impacts of drought on forests in the future.
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14
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Baltzer JL, Sonnentag O. No beating around the bush: the impact of projected high-latitude vegetation transitions on soil and ecosystem respiration. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1591-1593. [PMID: 32569431 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Baltzer
- Biology Department, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Oliver Sonnentag
- Département de Géographie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2V 2B8, Canada
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15
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Wagner D, Wheeler JM, Burr SJ. The leaf miner Phyllocnistis populiella negatively impacts water relations in aspen. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:580-590. [PMID: 31728531 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Within the North American boreal forest, a widespread outbreak of the epidermal leaf miner Phyllocnistis populiella Cham. has damaged quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) for nearly 20 years. In a series of experiments, we tested the effects of feeding damage by P. populiella on leaf water relations and gas exchange. Relative to insecticide-treated trees, the leaves of naturally mined trees had lower photosynthesis, stomatal conductance to water vapor, transpiration, water-use efficiency, predawn water potential and water content, as well as more enriched foliar δ13C. The magnitude of the difference between naturally mined and insecticide-treated trees did not change significantly throughout the growing season, suggesting that the effect is not caused by accumulation of incidental damage to mined portions of the epidermis over time. The contributions of mining-related stomatal malfunction and cuticular transpiration to these overall effects were investigated by restricting mining damage to stomatous abaxial and astomatous adaxial leaf surfaces. Mining of the abaxial epidermis decreased photosynthesis and enriched leaf δ13C, while increasing leaf water potential and water content relative to unmined leaves, effects consistent with stomatal closure due to disfunction of mined guard cells. Mining of the adaxial epidermis also reduced photosynthesis but had different effects on water relations, reducing midday leaf water potential and water content relative to unmined leaves, and did not affect δ13C. In the laboratory, extent of mining damage to the adaxial surface was positively related to the rate of water loss by leaves treated to prevent water loss through stomata. We conclude that overall, despite water savings due to closure of mined stomata, natural levels of damage by P. populiella negatively impact water relations due to increased cuticular permeability to water vapor across the mined portions of the epidermis. Leaf mining by P. populiella could exacerbate the negative effects of climate warming and water deficit in interior Alaska.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Wagner
- Institute of Arctic Biology and Department of Biology & Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Jenifer M Wheeler
- Institute of Arctic Biology and Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Stephen J Burr
- United States Forest Service, Region 10, State and Private Forestry, Forest Health Protection, 3700 Airport Way, Fairbanks, AK 99709, USA
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16
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Bell DM, Pabst RJ, Shaw DC. Tree growth declines and mortality were associated with a parasitic plant during warm and dry climatic conditions in a temperate coniferous forest ecosystem. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1714-1724. [PMID: 31507026 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Insects and pathogens are widely recognized as contributing to increased tree vulnerability to the projected future increasing frequency of hot and dry conditions, but the role of parasitic plants is poorly understood even though they are common throughout temperate coniferous forests in the western United States. We investigated the influence of western hemlock dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium tsugense) on large (≥45.7 cm diameter) western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) growth and mortality in a 500 year old coniferous forest at the Wind River Experimental Forest, Washington State, United States. We used five repeated measurements from a long-term tree record for 1,395 T. heterophylla individuals. Data were collected across a time gradient (1991-2014) capturing temperature increases and precipitation decreases. The dwarf mistletoe rating (DMR), a measure of infection intensity, varied among individuals. Our results indicated that warmer and drier conditions amplified dwarf mistletoe effects on T. heterophylla tree growth and mortality. We found that heavy infection (i.e., high DMR) resulted in reduced growth during all four measurement intervals, but during warm and dry intervals (a) growth declined across the entire population regardless of DMR level, and (b) both moderate and heavy infections resulted in greater growth declines compared to light infection levels. Mortality rates increased from cooler-wetter to warmer-drier measurement intervals, in part reflecting increasing mortality with decreasing tree growth. Mortality rates were positively related to DMR, but only during the warm and dry measurement intervals. These results imply that parasitic plants like dwarf mistletoe can amplify the impact of climatic stressors of trees, contributing to the vulnerability of forest landscapes to climate-induced productivity losses and mortality events.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Bell
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Robert J Pabst
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - David C Shaw
- Department of Forest Engineering, Resources & Management, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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17
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Teshome DT, Zharare GE, Naidoo S. The Threat of the Combined Effect of Biotic and Abiotic Stress Factors in Forestry Under a Changing Climate. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:601009. [PMID: 33329666 PMCID: PMC7733969 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.601009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants encounter several biotic and abiotic stresses, usually in combination. This results in major economic losses in agriculture and forestry every year. Climate change aggravates the adverse effects of combined stresses and increases such losses. Trees suffer even more from the recurrence of biotic and abiotic stress combinations owing to their long lifecycle. Despite the effort to study the damage from individual stress factors, less attention has been given to the effect of the complex interactions between multiple biotic and abiotic stresses. In this review, we assess the importance, impact, and mitigation strategies of climate change driven interactions between biotic and abiotic stresses in forestry. The ecological and economic importance of biotic and abiotic stresses under different combinations is highlighted by their contribution to the decline of the global forest area through their direct and indirect roles in forest loss and to the decline of biodiversity resulting from local extinction of endangered species of trees, emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds, and reduction in the productivity and quality of forest products and services. The abiotic stress factors such as high temperature and drought increase forest disease and insect pest outbreaks, decrease the growth of trees, and cause tree mortality. Reports of massive tree mortality events caused by "hotter droughts" are increasing all over the world, affecting several genera of trees including some of the most important genera in plantation forests, such as Pine, Poplar, and Eucalyptus. While the biotic stress factors such as insect pests, pathogens, and parasitic plants have been reported to be associated with many of these mortality events, a considerable number of the reports have not taken into account the contribution of such biotic factors. The available mitigation strategies also tend to undermine the interactive effect under combined stresses. Thus, this discussion centers on mitigation strategies based on research and innovation, which build on models previously used to curb individual stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demissew Tesfaye Teshome
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Sanushka Naidoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Sanushka Naidoo,
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18
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Ekholm A, Tack AJM, Pulkkinen P, Roslin T. Host plant phenology, insect outbreaks and herbivore communities - The importance of timing. J Anim Ecol 2019; 89:829-841. [PMID: 31769502 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Climate change may alter the dynamics of outbreak species by changing the phenological synchrony between herbivores and their host plants. As host plant phenology has a genotypic component that may interact with climate, infestation levels among genotypes might change accordingly. When the outbreaking herbivore is active early in the season, its infestation levels may also leave a detectable imprint on herbivores colonizing the plant later in the season. In this study, we first investigated how the spring phenology and genotype of Quercus robur influenced the density of the spring-active, outbreaking leaf miner Acrocercops brongniardellus. We then assessed how intraspecific density affected the performance of A. brongniardellus and how oak genotype and density of A. brongniardellus affected the insect herbivore community. We found that Q. robur individuals of late spring phenology were more strongly infested by A. brongniardellus. Conspecific pupae on heavily infested oaks tended to be lighter, and fewer heterospecific insect herbivores colonized the oak later in the season. Beyond its effects through phenology, plant genotype left an imprint on herbivore species richness and on two insect herbivores. Our results suggest a chain of knock-on effects from plant phenology, through the outbreaking species to the insect herbivore community. Given the finding of how phenological synchrony between the outbreak species and its host plant influences infestation levels, a shift in synchrony may then change outbreak dynamics and cause cascading effects on the insect community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ekholm
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ayco J M Tack
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Tomas Roslin
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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19
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Faiola CL, Pullinen I, Buchholz A, Khalaj F, Ylisirniö A, Kari E, Miettinen P, Holopainen JK, Kivimäenpää M, Schobesberger S, Yli-Juuti T, Virtanen A. Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Healthy and Aphid-Stressed Scots Pine Emissions. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2019; 3:1756-1772. [PMID: 31565682 PMCID: PMC6757509 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.9b00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
One barrier to predicting biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in a changing climate can be attributed to the complex nature of plant volatile emissions. Plant volatile emissions are dynamic over space and time, and change in response to environmental stressors. This study investigated SOA production from emissions of healthy and aphid-stressed Scots pine saplings via dark ozonolysis and photooxidation chemistry. Laboratory experiments using a batch reaction chamber were used to investigate SOA production from different plant volatile mixtures. The volatile mixture from healthy plants included monoterpenes, aromatics, and a small amount of sesquiterpenes. The biggest change in the volatile mixture for aphid-stressed plants was a large increase (from 1.4 to 7.9 ppb) in sesquiterpenes-particularly acyclic sesquiterpenes, such as the farnesene isomers. Acyclic sesquiterpenes had different effects on SOA production depending on the chemical mechanism. Farnesenes suppressed SOA formation from ozonolysis with a 9.7-14.6% SOA mass yield from healthy plant emissions and a 6.9-10.4% SOA mass yield from aphid-stressed plant emissions. Ozonolysis of volatile mixtures containing more farnesenes promoted fragmentation reactions, which produced higher volatility oxidation products. In contrast, plant volatile mixtures containing more farnesenes did not appreciably change SOA production from photooxidation. SOA mass yields ranged from 10.8 to 23.2% from healthy plant emissions and 17.8-26.8% for aphid-stressed plant emissions. This study highlights the potential importance of acyclic terpene chemistry in a future climate regime with an increased presence of plant stress volatiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia L. Faiola
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- E-mail:
| | - Iida Pullinen
- Department
of Applied Physics, University of Eastern
Finland, P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Angela Buchholz
- Department
of Applied Physics, University of Eastern
Finland, P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Farzaneh Khalaj
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Arttu Ylisirniö
- Department
of Applied Physics, University of Eastern
Finland, P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eetu Kari
- Department
of Applied Physics, University of Eastern
Finland, P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi Miettinen
- Department
of Applied Physics, University of Eastern
Finland, P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarmo K. Holopainen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Minna Kivimäenpää
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Siegfried Schobesberger
- Department
of Applied Physics, University of Eastern
Finland, P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Taina Yli-Juuti
- Department
of Applied Physics, University of Eastern
Finland, P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annele Virtanen
- Department
of Applied Physics, University of Eastern
Finland, P.O. Box 1626, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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20
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Hillabrand RM, Hacke UG, Lieffers VJ. Defoliation constrains xylem and phloem functionality. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1099-1108. [PMID: 30901057 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Insect defoliation contributes to tree mortality under drought conditions. Defoliation-induced alterations to the vascular transport structure may increase tree vulnerability to drought; however, this has been rarely studied. To evaluate the response of tree vascular function following defoliation, 2-year-old balsam poplar were manually defoliated, and both physiological and anatomical measurements were made after allowing for re-foliation. Hydraulic conductivity measurements showed that defoliated trees had both increased vulnerability to embolism and decreased water transport efficiency, likely due to misshapen xylem vessels. Anatomical measurements revealed novel insights into defoliation-induced alterations to the phloem. Phloem sieve tube diameter was reduced in the stems of defoliated trees, suggesting reduced transport capability. In addition, phloem fibers were absent, or reduced in number, in stems, shoot tips and petioles of new leaves, potentially reducing the stability of the vascular tissue. Results from this study suggest that the defoliation leads to trees with increased risk for vascular dysfunction and drought-induced mortality through alterations in the vascular structure, and highlights a route through which carbon limitation can influence hydraulic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Hillabrand
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Uwe G Hacke
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Victor J Lieffers
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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21
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Hisano M, Chen HYH, Searle EB, Reich PB. Species‐rich boreal forests grew more and suffered less mortality than species‐poor forests under the environmental change of the past half‐century. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:999-1008. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Hisano
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management Lakehead University 955 Oliver Road Thunder Bay ONP7B 5E1 Canada
| | - Han Y. H. Chen
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management Lakehead University 955 Oliver Road Thunder Bay ONP7B 5E1 Canada
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco‐Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Eric B. Searle
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management Lakehead University 955 Oliver Road Thunder Bay ONP7B 5E1 Canada
| | - Peter B. Reich
- Department of Forest Resources University of Minnesota St. Paul MN55108 USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW2753 Australia
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22
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Etzold S, Ziemińska K, Rohner B, Bottero A, Bose AK, Ruehr NK, Zingg A, Rigling A. One Century of Forest Monitoring Data in Switzerland Reveals Species- and Site-Specific Trends of Climate-Induced Tree Mortality. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:307. [PMID: 30967884 PMCID: PMC6438887 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Climate-induced tree mortality became a global phenomenon during the last century and it is expected to increase in many regions in the future along with a further increase in the frequency of drought and heat events. However, tree mortality at the ecosystem level remains challenging to quantify since long-term, tree-individual, reliable observations are scarce. Here, we present a unique data set of monitoring records from 276 permanent plots located in 95 forest stands across Switzerland, which include five major European tree species (Norway spruce, Scots pine, silver fir, European beech, and sessile and common oak) and cover a time span of over one century (1898-2013), with inventory periods of 5-10 years. The long-term average annual mortality rate of the investigated forest stands was 1.5%. In general, species-specific annual mortality rates did not consistently increase over the last decades, except for Scots pine forests at lower altitudes, which exhibited a clear increase of mortality since the 1960s. Temporal trends of tree mortality varied also depending on diameter at breast height (DBH), with large trees generally experiencing an increase in mortality, while mortality of small trees tended to decrease. Normalized mortality rates were remarkably similar between species and a modest, but a consistent and steady increasing trend was apparent throughout the study period. Mixed effects models revealed that gradually changing stand parameters (stand basal area and stand age) had the strongest impact on mortality rates, modulated by climate, which had increasing importance during the last decades. Hereby, recent climatic changes had highly variable effects on tree mortality rates, depending on the species in combination with abiotic and biotic stand and site conditions. This suggests that forest species composition and species ranges may change under future climate conditions. Our data set highlights the complexity of forest dynamical processes such as long-term, gradual changes of forest structure, demography and species composition, which together with climate determine mortality rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Etzold
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Sophia Etzold,
| | - Kasia Ziemińska
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Rohner
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Bottero
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- SwissForestLab, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Arun K. Bose
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Nadine K. Ruehr
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research – Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Andreas Zingg
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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23
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Liu N, Wang J, Guo Q, Wu S, Rao X, Cai X, Lin Z. Alterations in leaf nitrogen metabolism indicated the structural changes of subtropical forest by canopy addition of nitrogen. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 160:134-143. [PMID: 29800880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Globally, nitrogen deposition increment has caused forest structural changes due to imbalanced plant nitrogen metabolism and subsequent carbon assimilation. Here, a 2 consecutive-year experiment was conducted to reveal the effects of canopy addition of nitrogen (CAN) on nitrogen absorption, assimilation, and allocation in leaves of three subtropical forest woody species (Castanea henryi, Ardisia quinquegona, and Blastus cochinchinensis). We hypothesized that CAN altered leaf nitrogen absorption, assimilation and partitioning of different plants in different ways in subtropical forest. It shows that CAN increased maximum photosynthetic rate (Amax), photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE), and metabolic protein content of the two understory species A. quinquegona and B. cochinchinensis. By contrary, for the overstory species, C. henryi, Amax, PNUE, and metabolic protein content were significantly reduced in response to CAN. We found that changes in leaf nitrogen metabolism were mainly due to the differences in enzyme (e.g. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase and glutamine synthetase) activities under CAN treatment. Our results indicated that C. henryi may be more susceptible to CAN treatment, and both A. quinquegona and B. cochinchinensis could better adapt to CAN treatment but in different ways. Our findings may partially explain the ongoing degradation of subtropical forest into a community dominated by small trees and shrubs in recent decades. It is possible that persistent high levels of atmospheric nitrogen deposition will lead to the steady replacement of dominant woody species in this subtropical forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinfeng Guo
- USDA FS, Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Shuhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingquan Rao
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xi'an Cai
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Zhifang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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Haynes KJ, Tardif JC, Parry D. Drought and surface‐level solar radiation predict the severity of outbreaks of a widespread defoliating insect. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Haynes
- The Blandy Experimental Farm University of Virginia 400 Blandy Farm Lane Boyce Virginia 22620 USA
| | - Jacques C. Tardif
- Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research University of Winnipeg 515 Portage Avenue Winnipeg Manitoba R3B 2E9 Canada
| | - Dylan Parry
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry State University of New York 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse New York 13210 USA
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Boucher D, Boulanger Y, Aubin I, Bernier PY, Beaudoin A, Guindon L, Gauthier S. Current and projected cumulative impacts of fire, drought, and insects on timber volumes across Canada. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 28:1245-1259. [PMID: 29645330 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Canada's forests are shaped by disturbances such as fire, insect outbreaks, and droughts that often overlap in time and space. The resulting cumulative disturbance risks and potential impacts on forests are generally not well accounted for by models used to predict future impacts of disturbances on forest. This study aims at projecting future cumulative effects of four main natural disturbances, fire, mountain pine beetle, spruce budworm and drought, on timber volumes across Canada's forests using an approach that accounts for potential overlap among disturbances. Available predictive models for the four natural disturbances were used to project timber volumes at risk under aggressive climate forcing up to 2100. Projections applied to the current vegetation suggest increases of volumes at risk related to fire, mountain pine beetle, and drought over time in many regions of Canada, but a decrease of the volume at risk related to spruce budworm. When disturbance effects are accumulated, important changes in volumes at risk are projected to occur as early as 2011-2041, particularly in central and eastern Canada. In our last simulation period covering 2071-2100, nearly all timber volumes in most of Canada's forest regions could be at risk of being affected by at least one of the four natural disturbances considered in our analysis, a six-fold increase relative to the baseline period (1981-2010). Tree species particularly vulnerable to specific disturbances (e.g., trembling aspen to drought) could suffer disproportionate increases in their volume at risk with potential impacts on forest composition. By 2100, estimated wood volumes not considered to be at risk could be lower than current annual timber harvests in central and eastern Canada. Current level of harvesting could thus be difficult to maintain without the implementation of adaptation measures to cope with these disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Boucher
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1055 du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 10380, Station Sainte-Foy, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Yan Boulanger
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1055 du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 10380, Station Sainte-Foy, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Isabelle Aubin
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1219 Queen Street East, Sault Ste Marie, Ontario, P6A 2E5, Canada
| | - Pierre Y Bernier
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1055 du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 10380, Station Sainte-Foy, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - André Beaudoin
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1055 du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 10380, Station Sainte-Foy, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Luc Guindon
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1055 du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 10380, Station Sainte-Foy, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Sylvie Gauthier
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1055 du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 10380, Station Sainte-Foy, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 4C7, Canada
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Li Y, Zhang QB. History of Tree Growth Declines Recorded in Old Trees at Two Sacred Sites in Northern China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1779. [PMID: 29163557 PMCID: PMC5681856 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Old forests are an important component in sacred sites, yet they are at risk of growth decline from ongoing global warming and increased human activities. Growth decline, characterized by chronic loss of tree vigor, is not a recent phenomenon. Knowledge of past occurrence of declines is useful for preparing conservation plans because it helps understand if present day forests are outside the natural range of variation in tree health. We report a dendroecological study of growth decline events in the past two centuries at two sacred sites, Hengshan and Wutaishan, in Shanxi province of northern China. Tree rings collected at both sites show distinct periods of declining growth evident as narrow rings. These occurred in the 1830s in both sites, in the 1920s in Wutaishan and in the 2000s in Hengshan. By comparing the pattern of grow declines at the two sites, we hypothesize that resistance of tree growth to external disturbances is forest size dependent, and increased human activity might be a factor additional to climatic droughts in causing the recent strong growth decline at Hengshan Park. Despite these past declines, the forests at both sites have high resilience to disturbances as evidenced by the ability of trees to recover their growth rates to levels comparable to the pre-decline period. Managers should consider reducing fragmentation and restoring natural habitat of old forests, especially in areas on dry sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi-Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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