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Romańczyk M, Osmola M, Link A, Druet A, Hémont C, Martin J, Chapelle N, Matysiak-Budnik T. Non-Invasive Markers for the Detection of Gastric Precancerous Conditions. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2254. [PMID: 38927959 PMCID: PMC11202181 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16122254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is still one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide, with a high mortality rate, despite improvements in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. To diminish the GC burden, a modification of the current diagnostic paradigm, and especially endoscopic diagnosis of symptomatic individuals, is necessary. In this review article, we present a broad review and the current knowledge status on serum biomarkers, including pepsinogens, gastrin, Gastropanel®, autoantibodies, and novel biomarkers, allowing us to estimate the risk of gastric precancerous conditions (GPC)-atrophic gastritis and gastric intestinal metaplasia. The aim of the article is to emphasize the role of non-invasive testing in GC prevention. This comprehensive review describes the pathophysiological background of investigated biomarkers, their status and performance based on available data, as well as their clinical applicability. We point out future perspectives of non-invasive testing and possible new biomarkers opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Romańczyk
- Department of Gastroenterology, Academy of Silesia, 40-555 Katowice, Poland
- H-T. Medical Center, 43-100 Tychy, Poland
| | | | - Alexander Link
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Amaury Druet
- IMAD, Hepato-Gastroenterology & Digestive Oncology, University Hospital of Nantes, F-44093 Nantes, France
| | - Caroline Hémont
- CHU de Nantes, Laboratoire d’Immunologie, Center for ImmunoMonitoring Nantes-Atlantique (CIMNA), F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Jerome Martin
- CHU de Nantes, Laboratoire d’Immunologie, Center for ImmunoMonitoring Nantes-Atlantique (CIMNA), F-44000 Nantes, France
- University of Nantes, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Translationnel en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Chapelle
- IMAD, Hepato-Gastroenterology & Digestive Oncology, University Hospital of Nantes, F-44093 Nantes, France
- University of Nantes, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Translationnel en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Tamara Matysiak-Budnik
- IMAD, Hepato-Gastroenterology & Digestive Oncology, University Hospital of Nantes, F-44093 Nantes, France
- University of Nantes, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Translationnel en Transplantation et Immunologie, UMR 1064, ITUN, F-44000 Nantes, France
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2
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Su L, Yang R, Sheng Y, Ullah S, Zhao Y, Shunjiayi H, Zhao Z, Wang Q. Insights into the oral microbiota in human systemic cancers. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1369834. [PMID: 38756728 PMCID: PMC11098135 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1369834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity stands as one of the pivotal interfaces facilitating the intricate interaction between the human body and the external environment. The impact of diverse oral microorganisms on the emergence and progression of various systemic cancers, typified by oral cancer, has garnered increasing attention. The potential pathogenicity of oral bacteria, notably the anaerobic Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, has been extensively studied and exhibits obvious correlation with different carcinoma types. Furthermore, oral fungi and viruses are closely linked to oropharyngeal carcinoma. Multiple potential mechanisms of oral microbiota-induced carcinogenesis have been investigated, including heightened inflammatory responses, suppression of the host immune system, influence on the tumor microenvironment, anti-apoptotic activity, and promotion of malignant transformation. The disturbance of microbial equilibrium and the migration of oral microbiota play a pivotal role in facilitating oncogenic functions. This review aims to comprehensively outline the pathogenic mechanisms by which oral microbiota participate in carcinogenesis. Additionally, this review delves into their potential applications in cancer prevention, screening, and treatment. It proves to be a valuable resource for researchers investigating the intricate connection between oral microbiota and systemic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Su
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Saif Ullah
- Department of Microbiology School of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yuheng Zhao
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hu Shunjiayi
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuo Zhao
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Qingjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Organs and Computational Medicine in Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Jafarzadeh A, Jafarzadeh Z, Nemati M, Yoshimura A. The Interplay Between Helicobacter pylori and Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS) Molecules in the Development of Gastric Cancer and Induction of Immune Response. Helicobacter 2024; 29:e13105. [PMID: 38924222 DOI: 10.1111/hel.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) colonizes the stomach and leads to the secretion of a vast range of cytokines by infiltrated leukocytes directing immune/inflammatory response against the bacterium. To regulate immune/inflammatory responses, suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins bind to multiple signaling components located downstream of cytokine receptors, such as Janus kinase (JAK), signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT). Dysfunctional SOCS proteins in immune cells may facilitate the immune evasion of H. pylori, allowing the bacteria to induce chronic inflammation. Dysregulation of SOCS expression and function can contribute to the sustained H. pylori-mediated gastric inflammation which can lead to gastric cancer (GC) development. Among SOCS molecules, dysregulated expression of SOCS1, SOCS2, SOCS3, and SOCS6 were indicated in H. pylori-infected individuals as well as in GC tissues and cells. H. pylori-induced SOCS1, SOCS2, SOCS3, and SOCS6 dysregulation can contribute to the GC development. The expression of SOCS molecules can be influenced by various factors, such as epigenetic DNA methylation, noncoding RNAs, and gene polymorphisms. Modulation of the expression of SOCS molecules in gastric epithelial cells and immune cells can be considered to control gastric carcinogenesis as well as regulate antitumor immune responses, respectively. This review aimed to explain the interplay between H. pylori and SOCS molecules in GC development and immune response induction as well as to provide insights regarding potential therapeutic strategies modulating SOCS molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Applied Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Jafarzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Department of Hematology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Wang L, Xiao S, Zheng Y, Gao Z, Fan F. Impact of interaction between interleukin-6 gene polymorphism and Helicobacter pylori infection on susceptibility to gastric cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 2024; 33:136-140. [PMID: 37669156 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the association between four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene and gastric cancer (GC), and impact of interaction between IL-6 SNPs and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori ) infection on susceptibility to GC. METHODS Logistic regression was used to test the relationships between four SNPs of IL-6 gene and GC susceptibility. A generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) model was employed to assess the interaction effect between IL-6 gene and H. pylori infection on GC risk. RESULTS Logistic regression analysis indicated that the rs1800795-C allele was associated with increased GC risk, adjusted ORs (95% CI) were 1.80 (1.21-2.41) (CC vs. GG) and 1.68 (1.09-2.30) (C vs. G), respectively. The rs10499563-C allele was associated with decreased risk of GC, and adjusted ORs (95% CI) were 0.62 (0.31-0.93) (TC vs. TT), 0.52 (0.18-0.89) (CC vs. TT) and 0.60 (0.29-0.92) (C vs. T), respectively. GMDR methods found a two-dimensional model combination (including rs1800795 and H. pylori infection) was statistically significant. The selected model had testing balanced accuracy of 59.85% and the best cross-validation consistencies of 10/10 ( P = 0.0107). Compared with H. pylori -negative subjects with rs1800795- GG genotype, H. pylori -positive participants with GC or CC genotype had the highest risk of GC, the OR (95% CI) was 3.34 (1.78-4.97). CONCLUSION The rs1800795-C allele was associated with increased GC risk and the rs10499563-C allele was associated with decreased GC risk. The interaction between rs1800795 and H. pylori infection was also correlated with increased risk of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyue Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary, pancreatic and gastric surgery, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University
| | - Shuaishuai Xiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary, pancreatic and gastric surgery, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University
| | - Yiming Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary, pancreatic and gastric surgery, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University
| | - Zefeng Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary, pancreatic and gastric surgery, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Sukmana BI, Saleh RO, Najim MA, AL-Ghamdi HS, Achmad H, Al-Hamdani MM, Taher AAY, Alsalamy A, Khaledi M, Javadi K. Oral microbiota and oral squamous cell carcinoma: a review of their relation and carcinogenic mechanisms. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1319777. [PMID: 38375155 PMCID: PMC10876296 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1319777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of head and neck cancer worldwide. Emerging research suggests a strong association between OSCC and the oral microbiota, a diverse community of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea. Pathogenic bacteria, in particular Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, have been closely linked to OSCC. Moreover, certain oral fungi, such as Candida albicans, and viruses, like the human papillomavirus, have also been implicated in OSCC. Despite these findings, the precise mechanisms through which the oral microbiota influences OSCC development remain unclear and necessitate further research. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the oral microbiota and its relationship with OSCC and discusses potential carcinogenic pathways that the oral microbiota may activate or modulate are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raed Obaid Saleh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Al-Maarif University College, Al-Anbar, Iraq
| | | | - Hasan S. AL-Ghamdi
- Internal Medicine Department, Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harun Achmad
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia (Lecture of Pediatric Dentistry), Makassar, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Ali Alsalamy
- College of Technical Engineering, Imam Ja’afar Al‐Sadiq University, Al‐Muthanna, Iraq
| | - Mansoor Khaledi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Kasra Javadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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Lunger C, Shen Z, Holcombe H, Mannion AJ, Dzink-Fox J, Kurnick S, Feng Y, Muthupalani S, Carrasco SE, Wilson KT, Peek RM, Piazuelo MB, Morgan DR, Armijo AL, Mammoliti M, Wang TC, Fox JG. Gastric coinfection with thiopeptide-positive Cutibacterium acnes decreases FOXM1 and pro-inflammatory biomarker expression in a murine model of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0345023. [PMID: 38014984 PMCID: PMC10783005 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03450-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE H. pylori infects half of the world population and is the leading cause of gastric cancer. We previously demonstrated that gastric cancer risk is associated with gastric microbiota. Specifically, gastric urease-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus salivarius had contrasting effects on H. pylori-associated gastric pathology and immune responses in germ-free INS-GAS mice. As gastritis progresses to gastric cancer, the oncogenic transcription factor Foxm1 becomes increasingly expressed. In this study, we evaluated the gastric commensal C. acnes, certain strains of which produce thiopeptides that directly inhibit FOXM1. Thiopeptide-positive C. acnes was isolated from Nicaraguan patient gastric biopsies and inoculated into germ-free INS-GAS mice with H. pylori. We, therefore, asked whether coinfection with C. acnes expressing thiopeptide and H. pylori would decrease gastric Foxm1 expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA and protein levels. Our study supports the growing literature that specific non-H. pylori gastric bacteria affect inflammatory and cancer biomarkers in H. pylori pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Lunger
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zeli Shen
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hilda Holcombe
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anthony J. Mannion
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - JoAnn Dzink-Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susanna Kurnick
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yan Feng
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sureshkumar Muthupalani
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sebastian E. Carrasco
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keith T. Wilson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Richard M. Peek
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - M. Blanca Piazuelo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Douglas R. Morgan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Amanda L. Armijo
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melissa Mammoliti
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Timothy C. Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Irvine Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - James G. Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Liang P, Zhang Y, Jiang T, Jin T, Chen Z, Li Z, Chen Z, He F, Hu J, Yang K. Association between IL-6 and prognosis of gastric cancer: a retrospective study. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2023; 16:17562848231211543. [PMID: 38026103 PMCID: PMC10657517 DOI: 10.1177/17562848231211543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the common and fatal cancers. Even though the Tumor, Node, Metastasis (TNM) staging system is the most classical staging system recognized worldwide, it has been controversial because there are various factors affecting the prognosis of GC patients. Objectives The study aims to evaluate the relationship between interleukin-6 (IL-6) and several clinical indicators and construct a prognostic model to better predict the prognosis of GC. Design A retrospective study. Methods Data of 249 patients with GC diagnosed in GC center of West China Hospital were collected. Clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed to determine whether there were differences between IL-6 HIGH group and IL-6 LOW group. Besides, the association between the two groups and tumor marker levels was clarified. The K-M curves of 3- and 5-year were plotted with log-rank test. Afterward, we conducted univariate and multivariate analysis and a predicting nomogram. Significantly, C-index, and calibration were used to evaluate the value of nomogram in predicting prognosis. Results The overall survival of GC in the IL-6 HIGH and IL-6 LOW groups were 47.8 months (95% CI: 42.1-53.4) and 57.9 months (95% CI: 54.1-61.7), respectively, with significant differences (p = 0.0046). Average tumor size of GC (p = 0.000) and nerve invasion (p = 0.018) were statistically significant between two groups. Multivariate analysis revealed that the factors affecting prognosis were IL-6 (<5.51 and ⩾5.51 pg/ml) (Hazard Ratio(HR): 1.665, 95% CI: 1.026-2.703, p = 0.039), N stage (HR: 1.336, 95% CI: 1.106-1.615, p = 0.003), and T stage (HR: 1.268, 95% CI: 0.998-1.611, p = 0.052), which were included in the nomogram with a C-index of 0.71. The current data calculated TNM staging C-index was 0.68, and the p-value for the difference between the two models was 0.08. Internal validation revealed that the predicted overall survival did not differ significantly from the actual observed patient survival. Conclusion The differential expression of IL-6 has a tendency to differentiate the prognosis of GC patients. IL-6, N stage, and T stage are independent prognostic factors, and the new survival prognostic model consisting of the above three indicators is better than the classical TNM staging system. Trial registration This study is a retrospective study, which does not require clinical registration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panping Liang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Gastric Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuexin Zhang
- Colorectal Cancer Center, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tianyuchen Jiang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Gastric Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Gastric Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengwen Chen
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Gastric Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zedong Li
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Gastric Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zehua Chen
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Gastric Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fengjun He
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Gastric Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiankun Hu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Gastric Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Gastric Center and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang Street, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Gastric Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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8
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Sah DK, Arjunan A, Lee B, Jung YD. Reactive Oxygen Species and H. pylori Infection: A Comprehensive Review of Their Roles in Gastric Cancer Development. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1712. [PMID: 37760015 PMCID: PMC10525271 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and makes up a significant component of the global cancer burden. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the most influential risk factor for GC, with the International Agency for Research on Cancer classifying it as a Class I carcinogen for GC. H. pylori has been shown to persist in stomach acid for decades, causing damage to the stomach's mucosal lining, altering gastric hormone release patterns, and potentially altering gastric function. Epidemiological studies have shown that eliminating H. pylori reduces metachronous cancer. Evidence shows that various molecular alterations are present in gastric cancer and precancerous lesions associated with an H. pylori infection. However, although H. pylori can cause oxidative stress-induced gastric cancer, with antioxidants potentially being a treatment for GC, the exact mechanism underlying GC etiology is not fully understood. This review provides an overview of recent research exploring the pathophysiology of H. pylori-induced oxidative stress that can cause cancer and the antioxidant supplements that can reduce or even eliminate GC occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bora Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Seoyang Ro 264, Jeonnam, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea; (D.K.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Young Do Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Seoyang Ro 264, Jeonnam, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea; (D.K.S.); (A.A.)
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9
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Pachathundikandi SK, Tegtmeyer N, Backert S. Masking of typical TLR4 and TLR5 ligands modulates inflammation and resolution by Helicobacter pylori. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:903-915. [PMID: 37012092 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a paradigm of chronic bacterial infection and is associated with peptic ulceration and malignancies. H. pylori uses specific masking mechanisms to avoid canonical ligands from activating Toll-like receptors (TLRs), such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) modification and specific flagellin sequences that are not detected by TLR4 and TLR5, respectively. Thus, it was believed for a long time that H. pylori evades TLR recognition as a crucial strategy for immune escape and bacterial persistence. However, recent data indicate that multiple TLRs are activated by H. pylori and play a role in the pathology. Remarkably, H. pylori LPS, modified through changes in acylation and phosphorylation, is mainly sensed by other TLRs (TLR2 and TLR10) and induces both pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. In addition, two structural components of the cag pathogenicity island-encoded type IV secretion system (T4SS), CagL and CagY, were shown to contain TLR5-activating domains. These domains stimulate TLR5 and enhance immunity, while LPS-driven TLR10 signaling predominantly activates anti-inflammatory reactions. Here, we discuss the specific roles of these TLRs and masking mechanisms during infection. Masking of typical TLR ligands combined with evolutionary shifting to other TLRs is unique for H. pylori and has not yet been described for any other species in the bacterial kingdom. Finally, we highlight the unmasked T4SS-driven activation of TLR9 by H. pylori, which mainly triggers anti-inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneesh Kumar Pachathundikandi
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dept. of Biology, Chair of Microbiology, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Dept. of Environmental Microbiology, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India
| | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dept. of Biology, Chair of Microbiology, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dept. of Biology, Chair of Microbiology, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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10
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Liu M, Hu Z, Wang C, Zhang Y. The TLR/MyD88 signalling cascade in inflammation and gastric cancer: the immune regulatory network of Helicobacter pylori. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:767-781. [PMID: 37195446 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02332-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori-induced chronic gastritis represents a well-established risk factor for gastric cancer (GC). However, the mechanism by which chronic inflammation caused by H. pylori induces the development of GC is unclear. H. pylori can influence host cell signalling pathways to induce gastric disease development and mediate cancer promotion and progression. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), play a key role in the gastrointestinal innate immune response, and their signalling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of an increasing number of inflammation-associated cancers. The core adapter myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88) is shared by most TLRs and functions primarily in H. pylori-triggered innate immune signalling. MyD88 is envisioned as a potential target for the regulation of immune responses and is involved in the regulation of tumourigenesis in a variety of cancer models. In recent years, the TLR/MyD88 signalling pathway has received increasing attention for its role in regulating innate and adaptive immune responses, inducing inflammatory activation and promoting tumour formation. In addition, TLR/MyD88 signalling can manipulate the expression of infiltrating immune cells and various cytokines in the tumour microenvironment (TME). In this review, we discuss the pathogenetic regulatory mechanisms of the TLR/MyD88 signalling cascade pathway and its downstream molecules in H. pylori infection-induced-associated GC. The focus is to elucidate the immunomolecular mechanisms of pathogen recognition and innate immune system activation of H. pylori in the TME of inflammation-associated GC. Ultimately, this study will provide insight into the mechanism of H. pylori-induced chronic inflammation-induced GC development and provide thoughts for GC prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Liu
- Medical School, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang City, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Zhizhong Hu
- Medical School, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang City, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Chengkun Wang
- Medical School, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang City, Hunan, 421001, China.
| | - Yang Zhang
- Medical School, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang City, Hunan, 421001, China.
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Kashyap D, Rele S, Bagde PH, Saini V, Chatterjee D, Jain AK, Pandey RK, Jha HC. Comprehensive insight into altered host cell-signaling cascades upon Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus infections in cancer. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:262. [PMID: 37310490 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03598-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is characterized by mutagenic events that lead to disrupted cell signaling and cellular functions. It is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Literature suggests that pathogens, mainly Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), have been associated with the etiology of human cancer. Notably, their co-infection may lead to gastric cancer. Pathogen-mediated DNA damage could be the first and crucial step in the carcinogenesis process that modulates numerous cellular signaling pathways. Altogether, it dysregulates the metabolic pathways linked with cell growth, apoptosis, and DNA repair. Modulation in these pathways leads to abnormal growth and proliferation. Several signaling pathways such RTK, RAS/MAPK, PI3K/Akt, NFκB, JAK/STAT, HIF1α, and Wnt/β-catenin are known to be altered in cancer. Therefore, this review focuses on the oncogenic roles of H. pylori, EBV, and its associated signaling cascades in various cancers. Scrutinizing these signaling pathways is crucial and may provide new insights and targets for preventing and treating H. pylori and EBV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Kashyap
- Lab No. POD 1B 602, Infection Bio-Engineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Samiksha Rele
- Lab No. POD 1B 602, Infection Bio-Engineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Pranit Hemant Bagde
- Lab No. POD 1B 602, Infection Bio-Engineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Vaishali Saini
- Lab No. POD 1B 602, Infection Bio-Engineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | | | | | - Rajan Kumar Pandey
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 17177, Solna, Sweden
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Lab No. POD 1B 602, Infection Bio-Engineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India.
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, Indore, India.
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12
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Yu B, Xiang L, Peppelenbosch MP, Fuhler GM. Overlapping cytokines in H. pylori infection and gastric cancer: A tandem meta-analysis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1125658. [PMID: 37006300 PMCID: PMC10050690 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPrevious evidence indicated that Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation is the first step towards gastric carcinogenesis. However, investigations of the immunological factors driving this process have shown inconsistencies. We aimed to present a thorough summary of all researched cytokines in relation to H. pylori infection and GC and relate these to global GC risk.MethodsWe performed a systematic review and tandem meta-analysis identifying all published studies reporting on serum cytokine levels in H. pylori-infected cases vs. non-infected controls and gastric cancer cases vs. non-gastric cancer controls, with sub-analyses performed to identify global regional differences in cytokine induction and their correlation with GC incidence.ResultsOnly levels of systemic IL-6 (standardized mean difference [SMD]:0.95, 95%CI [0.45;1.45]) and TNF-α (SMD:0.88, 95%CI [0.46; 1.29]) were significantly increased upon H. pylori infection. Sub-analysis showed that of IL-6 levels were increased upon H. pylori infection in East Asian, Middle Eastern and Southeast Asian cohorts, but not in North America, Europe, Russia and Africa. Serum levels of IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12, and TNF-α were significantly raised in GC. Exploration of the relationship between serum cytokines changes upon H. pylori infection and regional differences in risk of GC development indicated that the SMD of IL-6 serum levels presents a significant correlation with the relative incidence of GC (r=0.81, p=0.00014).ConclusionThis study shows that H. pylori infection and GC are associated with increased IL-6 and TNF-α levels. Particularly, IL-6 shows region-specific increases that correlate with GC incidence, making it a key contender for the cause of this disease.
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Dixit P, Kokate SB, Rath S, Das L, Chakraborty D, Bhattacharyya A. Methods to Evaluate the Effects of HAT/KAT Inhibition on SIAH2-Driven Reactive Oxygen Species Generation in Helicobacter pylori-Infected Gastric Epithelial Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2589:317-335. [PMID: 36255634 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2788-4_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the leading factors that promotes, among other diseases, gastric cancer (GC). Infection of gastric epithelial cells (GECs) by H. pylori enhances the expression as well as acetylation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase SIAH2 which promotes GC progression. The histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity of p300 catalyzes SIAH2 acetylation following H. pylori infection. Since reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in H. pylori-infected GECs accelerates GC progression, acetylation-mediated SIAH2 regulation might be a crucial modifier of ROS generation in the infected GECs. Here, we describe a compendium of methods to evaluate the effects of HAT/lysine acetyl transferase (KAT) inhibitors (HAT/KATi) on SIAH2-mediated ROS regulation in H. pylori-infected GECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragyesh Dixit
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Khurda, Odisha, India
| | - Shrikant Babanrao Kokate
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Khurda, Odisha, India
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvasmita Rath
- Centre of Environment, Climate Change and Public Health, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Lopamudra Das
- Department of Botany, JKBK Govt. (Degree) College, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Debashish Chakraborty
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Khurda, Odisha, India
| | - Asima Bhattacharyya
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Khurda, Odisha, India.
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences (CIS), NISER, An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Khurda, Odisha, India.
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14
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Patrad E, Khalighfard S, Amiriani T, Khori V, Alizadeh AM. Molecular mechanisms underlying the action of carcinogens in gastric cancer with a glimpse into targeted therapy. Cell Oncol 2022; 45:1073-1117. [PMID: 36149600 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00715-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer imposes a substantial global health burden despite its overall incidence decrease. A broad spectrum of inherited, environmental and infectious factors contributes to the development of gastric cancer. A profound understanding of the molecular underpinnings of gastric cancer has lagged compared to several other tumors with similar incidence and morbidity rates, owing to our limited knowledge of the role of carcinogens in this malignancy. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified gastric carcinogenic agents into four groups based on scientific evidence from human and experimental animal studies. This review aims to explore the potential comprehensive molecular and biological impacts of carcinogens on gastric cancer development and their interactions and interferences with various cellular signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we highlight recent clinical trial data reported in the literature dealing with different ways to target various carcinogens in gastric cancer. Moreover, we touch upon other multidisciplinary therapeutic approaches such as surgery, adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Rational clinical trials focusing on identifying suitable patient populations are imperative to the success of single-agent therapeutics. Novel insights regarding signaling pathways that regulate gastric cancer can potentially improve treatment responses to targeted therapy alone or in combination with other/conventional treatments. Preventive strategies such as control of H. pylori infection through eradication or immunization as well as dietary habit and lifestyle changes may reduce the incidence of this multifactorial disease, especially in high prevalence areas. Further in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the role of carcinogenic agents in gastric cancer development may offer valuable information and update state-of-the-art resources for physicians and researchers to explore novel ways to combat this disease, from bench to bedside. A schematic outlining of the interaction between gastric carcinogenic agents and intracellular pathways in gastric cancer H. pylori stimulates multiple intracellular pathways, including PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, Wnt, Shh, Ras/Raf, c-MET, and JAK/STAT, leading to epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis, survival, motility, and inflammatory cytokine release. EBV can stimulate intracellular pathways such as the PI3K/Akt, RAS/RAF, JAK/STAT, Notch, TGF-β, and NF-κB, leading to cell survival and motility, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and the transcription of anti-apoptotic genes and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Nicotine and alcohol can lead to angiogenesis, metastasis, survival, proliferation, pro-inflammatory, migration, and chemotactic by stimulating various intracellular signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, Ras/Raf, ROS, and JAK/STAT. Processed meat contains numerous carcinogenic compounds that affect multiple intracellular pathways such as sGC/cGMP, p38 MAPK, ERK, and PI3K/AKT, leading to anti-apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, inflammatory responses, proliferation, and invasion. Lead compounds may interact with multiple signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, Ras/Raf, DNA methylation-dependent, and epigenetic-dependent, leading to tumorigenesis, carcinogenesis, malignancy, angiogenesis, DNA hypermethylation, cell survival, and cell proliferation. Stimulating signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt, RAS/RAF, JAK/STAT, WNT, TGF-β, EGF, FGFR2, and E-cadherin through UV ionizing radiation leads to cell survival, proliferation, and immortalization in gastric cancer. The consequence of PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, Ras/Raf, ROS, JAK/STAT, and WNT signaling stimulation by the carcinogenic component of Pickled vegetables and salted fish is the Warburg effect, tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, proliferation, inflammatory response, and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Patrad
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solmaz Khalighfard
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taghi Amiriani
- Ischemic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Vahid Khori
- Ischemic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Alizadeh
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Breast Disease Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Kesharani P, Kansara P, Kansara T, Kini A, Bhat R, Shetty P, Penugonda B. Is Periodontitis a Risk Factor for Lung Cancer? A Meta-Analysis and Detailed Review of Mechanisms of Association. Contemp Clin Dent 2022; 13:297-306. [PMID: 36686995 PMCID: PMC9855255 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_117_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous studies have explored the correlation of periodontal disease (PD) with the risk of lung cancers, but the findings were inconsistent. Therefore, we did a meta-analysis to ascertain the correlation of PD with the risk of incident lung cancer. Methods The authors searched relevant studies in databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and MEDLINE) till November 2020. We registered the study at the International database of Prospectively Registered Systemic Reviews under the CRD42020198119. The summary relative risk (RR) along with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated using fixed-effects models. Results Twelve studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. The pooled analysis revealed that PD was significantly associated with an increased risk of lung cancer (RR 1.71; 95%CI 1.61-1.81; P < 0.01). Subgroup analysis was performed based on gender distribution, geographic location, and type of studies. Conclusion From this current evidence, PD is a potential risk factor for the development of lung cancer. The risk for incidence of lung cancer is surged twice in the patients with PD, even though age and smoking are controlled in the studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Kesharani
- College of Dental Sciences & Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India
| | | | | | - Arjun Kini
- New York University College of Dentistry, New York, USA
| | - Raksha Bhat
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences(ABSMIDS), Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Preethesh Shetty
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences(ABSMIDS), Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
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16
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Helicobacter pylori Thioredoxin1 May Play a Highly Pathogenic Role via the IL6/STAT3 Pathway. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2022; 2022:3175935. [PMID: 35958524 PMCID: PMC9359846 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3175935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have shown that CagA is considered highly pathogenic to helicobacter pylori (HP) in Western populations. However, in East Asia, CagA positive HP can be up to 90%, but not all patients will lead to gastric cancer. Our research group has found that HP thioredoxin1 (Trx1) may be a marker of high pathogenicity. Here, we investigate whether HP Trx1 exerts high pathogenicity and its internal molecular mechanism. Materials and Methods We constructed the coculture system of high-Trx1 HP and low-Trx1 HP strains with gastric epithelial cell lines separately and detected the influence of HP strains. The cells were stained by AM/PI, and the cell's mortality was assessed by fluorescence microscope. The cell's supernatants or precipitates were collected to detect the expression of IL6. In addition, the cell's precipitates were collected, and the expression of p-STAT3 was detected by western blot. Furthermore, the cell's supernatants were collected for detecting the expression of 8-OHDG to investigate the extent of DNA damage. Results The high-Trx1 HP can cause higher mortality of GES-1 cells compared with the low-Trx1 HP group (high-Trx1 HP (4.53 ± 0.56) %, low-Trx1 HP (0.39 ± 0.10) %, P < 0.001). The mRNA and protein level of IL-6 in AGS and GES-1 cells were increased during HP infection, and the expression of IL-6 in the High-Trx1 HP group was much higher than the low-Trx1 HP group. Besides, the expression of p-STAT3 was higher in the HP-positive gastric mucosa. And the expression of p-STAT3 in the high-Trx1 HP group was significantly upregulated compared with the low-Trx1 HP group. Furthermore, the expression of 8-OHDG in the high-Trx1 group was much higher than the low-Trx1 group (high-Trx1 HP (5.47 ± 1.73) ng/ml, low-Trx1 HP (2.89 ± 1.72) ng/ml, P < 0.05). Conclusion HP Trx1 may play as a marker of high pathogenicity, and the high-Trx1 HP could mediate the pathogenic process of HP infection via the IL6/STAT3 pathway.
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17
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Prasad SK, Bhat S, Shashank D, C R A, R S, Rachtanapun P, Devegowda D, Santhekadur PK, Sommano SR. Bacteria-Mediated Oncogenesis and the Underlying Molecular Intricacies: What We Know So Far. Front Oncol 2022; 12:836004. [PMID: 35480118 PMCID: PMC9036991 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.836004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancers are known to have multifactorial etiology. Certain bacteria and viruses are proven carcinogens. Lately, there has been in-depth research investigating carcinogenic capabilities of some bacteria. Reports indicate that chronic inflammation and harmful bacterial metabolites to be strong promoters of neoplasticity. Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric adenocarcinoma is the best illustration of the chronic inflammation paradigm of oncogenesis. Chronic inflammation, which produces excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) is hypothesized to cause cancerous cell proliferation. Other possible bacteria-dependent mechanisms and virulence factors have also been suspected of playing a vital role in the bacteria-induced-cancer(s). Numerous attempts have been made to explore and establish the possible relationship between the two. With the growing concerns on anti-microbial resistance and over-dependence of mankind on antibiotics to treat bacterial infections, it must be deemed critical to understand and identify carcinogenic bacteria, to establish their role in causing cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashanka K Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara (JSS) Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, India
| | - Smitha Bhat
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara (JSS) Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, India
| | - Dharini Shashank
- Department of General Surgery, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Mandya, India
| | - Akshatha C R
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Sindhu R
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara (JSS) Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, India
| | - Pornchai Rachtanapun
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Devananda Devegowda
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, India
| | - Prasanna K Santhekadur
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, India
| | - Sarana Rose Sommano
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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18
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Chen BR, Li WM, Li TL, Chan YL, Wu CJ. Fucoidan from Sargassum hemiphyllum inhibits infection and inflammation of Helicobacter pylori. Sci Rep 2022; 12:429. [PMID: 35013458 PMCID: PMC8748467 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Having infected by Helicobacter pylori, the infection often leads to gastritis, gastric ulcer, or even gastric cancer. The disease is typically treated with antibiotics as they used to effectively inhibit or kill H. pylori, thus reducing the incidence of gastric adenoma and cancer to significant extent. H. pylori, however, has developed drug resistance to many clinically used antibiotics over the years, highlighting the crisis of antibiotic failure during the H. pylori treatment. We report here that the fucoidan from Sargassum hemiphyllum can significantly reduce the infection of H. pylori without developing to drug resistance. Fucoidan appears to be a strong anti-inflammation agent as manifested by the RAW264.7 cell model examination. Fucoidan can prohibit H. pylori adhesion to host cells, thereby reducing the infection rate by 60%, especially in post treatment in the AGS cell model assay. Mechanistically, fucoidan intervenes the adhesion of BabA and AlpA of H. pylori significantly lowering the total count of H. pylori and the level of IL-6 and TNF-α in vivo. These results all converge on the same fact that fucoidan is an effective agent in a position to protect the stomach from the H. pylori infection by reducing both the total count and induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Rui Chen
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Food Science and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2, Pei Ning Road, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Ming Li
- Department of Food Science and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2, Pei Ning Road, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsung-Lin Li
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Lin Chan
- Department of Life Science, Chinese Culture University, 55, Hwa Kang Road, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chang-Jer Wu
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC.
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
- Department of Food Science and Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2, Pei Ning Road, Keelung, Taiwan, ROC.
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
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19
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Rasool KH, Mahmood Alubadi AE, Al-Bayati IFI. The role of Serum Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-6 in Helicobacter pylori-infected patients. Microb Pathog 2021; 162:105362. [PMID: 34942310 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a Gram-negative bacteria that colonizes the gastrointestinal mucosa and causes chronic inflammation. AIMS There are several studies related to cytokines concentrations in H. pylori infection, but there is no study that clarifies the role of IL-4 and IL-6 together in H. pylori infection. SUBJECTS and methods: A total of (65) individuals, (25) healthy controls and (40) patients with H. pylori infection which are submitted to the hepato-gastrointestinal unit of AL-Imamian Al-Kadhimiyain medical hospital city in Baghdad consulted and diagnosed by traditional ways. In addition, the diagnosis was confirmed by ELISA Helicobacter pylori IgG kit. IL-4 and IL-6 levels were also assessed by using ELISA kits, according to the manufactures procedures. RESULTS Significant increase of IL-4 and IL-6 concentration in seropositive patients compared with seronegative controls. CONCLUSION Our findings and previous researches indicate that the immune response of gastric mucosa to H. pylori varies among patients. It depends on the stage of infection, and increases the cytokines secretion in the chronic stage, which is expected because of increased immune cell infiltration at the site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khetam Habeeb Rasool
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.
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Radaic A, Ganther S, Kamarajan P, Grandis J, Yom SS, Kapila YL. Paradigm shift in the pathogenesis and treatment of oral cancer and other cancers focused on the oralome and antimicrobial-based therapeutics. Periodontol 2000 2021; 87:76-93. [PMID: 34463982 PMCID: PMC8415008 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The oral microbiome is a community of microorganisms, comprised of bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea, and protozoa, that form a complex ecosystem within the oral cavity. Although minor perturbations in the environment are frequent and compensable, major shifts in the oral microbiome can promote an unbalanced state, known as dysbiosis. Dysbiosis can promote oral diseases, including periodontitis. In addition, oral dysbiosis has been associated with other systemic diseases, including cancer. The objective of this review is to evaluate the epidemiologic evidence linking periodontitis to oral, gastrointestinal, lung, breast, prostate, and uterine cancers, as well as describe new evidence and insights into the role of oral dysbiosis in the etiology and pathogenesis of the cancer types discussed. Finally, we discuss how antimicrobials, antimicrobial peptides, and probiotics may be promising tools to prevent and treat these cancers, targeting both the microbes and associated carcinogenesis processes. These findings represent a novel paradigm in the pathogenesis and treatment of cancer focused on the oral microbiome and antimicrobial‐based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Radaic
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sean Ganther
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pachiyappan Kamarajan
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Grandis
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sue S Yom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yvonne L Kapila
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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21
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Soutto M, Bhat N, Khalafi S, Zhu S, Poveda J, Garcia-Buitrago M, Zaika A, El-Rifai W. NF-kB-dependent activation of STAT3 by H. pylori is suppressed by TFF1. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:444. [PMID: 34419066 PMCID: PMC8380333 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND H. pylori infection is the main risk factor for gastric cancer. In this study, we investigated H. pylori-mediated activation of STAT3 and NF-κB in gastric cancer, using in vitro and in vivo models. METHODS To investigate the activation of NF-κB and STAT3 by H. pylori strains we used in vitro and in vivo mouse models, western blots, immunofluorescence, ChIP Assay, luciferase and quantitative real-time PCR assays. RESULTS Following infection with H. pylori in vitro, we found an earlier phosphorylation of NF-kB-p65 (S536), followed by STAT3 (Y705). Immunofluorescence, using in vitro and in vivo models, demonstrated nuclear localization of NF-kB and STAT3, following H. pylori infection. NF-kB and STAT3 luciferase reporter assays confirmed earlier activation of NF-kB followed by STAT3. In vitro and in vivo models demonstrated induction of mRNA expression of IL-6 (p < 0.001), VEGF-α (p < 0.05), IL-17 (p < 0.001), and IL-23 (p < 0.001). Using ChIP, we confirmed co-binding of both NF-kB-p65 and STAT3 on the IL6 promoter. The reconstitution of Trefoil Factor 1 (TFF1) suppressed activation of NF-kB with reduction in IL6 levels and STAT3 activity, in response to H. pylori infection. Using pharmacologic (BAY11-7082) and genetic (IκB super repressor (IκBSR)) inhibitors of NF-kB-p65, we confirmed the requirement of NF-kB-p65 for activation of STAT3, as measured by phosphorylation, transcription activity, and nuclear localization of STAT3 in in vitro and in vivo models. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest the presence of an early autocrine NF-kB-dependent activation of STAT3 in response to H. pylori infection. TFF1 acts as an anti-inflammatory guard against H. pylori-mediated activation of pro-inflammatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Soutto
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami Healthcare System, Miami, FL, 33136-1015, USA
| | - Nadeem Bhat
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Shayan Khalafi
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Shoumin Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Julio Poveda
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Alexander Zaika
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami Healthcare System, Miami, FL, 33136-1015, USA
| | - Wael El-Rifai
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami Healthcare System, Miami, FL, 33136-1015, USA.
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22
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Liu Z, Li J, Hu X, Xu H. Helicobacter pylori-induced protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C as a prognostic biomarker for gastric cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 12:1058-1073. [PMID: 34295557 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-21-305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is closely associated with the tumorigenesis of gastric cancer. The aim of the present study was to identify the key regulator in H. pylori-related gastric cancer and to study the expression level and clinical value of the indicated key regulator in gastric cancer. Methods The GSE6143 dataset was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with limma R package, and enrichment analysis was done using the Metascape web-based portal. The protein-protein interaction analysis was done using Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins. Gastric adenocarcinoma AGS and BGC-823 cells were treated with H. pylori strain 26695 to construct the in vitro H. pylori infection model, and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze the mRNA levels of indicated genes. The correlation analysis between two genes in gastric cancer was done by GEPIA. Furthermore, the PTPRC expression by pathological features analysis was conducted in UALCAN, an easy to use, interactive web-portal (http://ualcan.path.uab.edu). The survival analysis for gastric cancer, based on PTPRC expression levels, was done using the Kaplan-Meier plotter. Results DEGs in gastric mucosa with or without H. pylori infection were identified and enriched in immune-related pathways and cancer pathways. The protein-protein interaction analysis confirmed the enrichment analysis of gene ontology. H. pylori strain 26695 exposure also confirmed the alteration of gene expression levels in AGS and BGC-823 cells. PTPRC was co-expressed with CSF2RB and TNFRSF7, indicating a significant positive correlation in gastric cancer. PTPRC was overexpressed in gastric cancer, and the overexpression of PTPRC was positively correlated with the progression of gastric cancer. Furthermore, the high expression of PTPRC could act as a poor prognostic factor for gastric cancer patients, especially for those at advanced stage. Conclusions H. pylori-induced PTPRC is overexpressed in gastric cancer, and the overexpression of PTPRC is positively associated with the development of gastric cancer. The high expression of PTPRC could serve as poor prognostic biomarker for gastric cancer patients, especially for those at advanced stage. H. pylori-induced PTPRC is a prognostic biomarker for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichuan Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianchang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoshan Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Houwei Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Oral Microbiota and Salivary Levels of Oral Pathogens in Gastro-Intestinal Diseases: Current Knowledge and Exploratory Study. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051064. [PMID: 34069179 PMCID: PMC8156550 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Various bi-directional associations exist between oral health and gastro-intestinal diseases. The oral microbiome plays a role in the gastro-intestinal carcinogenesis and fusobacteria are the most investigated bacteria involved. This paper aims to review the current knowledge and report the preliminary data on salivary levels of Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Candida albicans in subjects with different gastro-intestinal conditions or pathologies, in order to determine any differences. The null hypothesis was “subjects with different gastro-intestinal diseases do not show significant differences in the composition of the oral microbiota”. Twenty-one subjects undergoing esophagastroduodenoscopy or colonscopy were recruited. For each subject, a salivary sample was collected before the endoscopy procedure, immediately stored at −20 °C and subsequently used for genomic bacterial DNA extraction by real-time PCR. Low levels of F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis were peculiar in the oral microbiota in subjects affected by Helicobater pylori-negative chronic gastritis without cancerization and future studies will elucidate this association. The level of C. albicans did not statistically differ among groups. This preliminary study could be used in the future, following further investigation, as a non-invasive method for the search of gastrointestinal diseases and associated markers.
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24
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Wang X, Ma L, Sun S, Liu T, Zhou H, Liu X, Guan M. Rapid, highly sensitive and quantitative detection of interleukin 6 based on SERS magnetic immunoassay. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1823-1831. [PMID: 33885657 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay02304c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by infection, and is a common disease in intensive care units (ICUs), whereby the mortality rate is as high as 30% to 50%. Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly reduce the mortality rate of patients with sepsis. We have developed a method based on SERS for the rapid and quantitative detection of IL-6. Using the principle of double antibody sandwich, the core-shell nanoparticles embedded with a Raman reporter (Au@4MBA@Ag NPs) are coupled to the tracer antibody, while the biotin was coupled to the capture antibody to form an antibody-antigen-antibody sandwich structure with the antigen during detection of the structure. Streptavidin (SA) and biotin had a strong affinity, and the sandwich structure was captured by SA magnetic beads and detected by Raman spectroscopy under the enrichment of an external magnetic field. The results showed a good linear relationship between the Raman signal and the concentration of IL-6 in the concentration range of 0-1000 pg mL-1 (r = 0.9997) with a limit of detection of 1.6 pg mL-1. Also, the recovery rate of standard addition was 93.9-99.1%, and the coefficient of variation intra-assay and inter-assay of the three batches of reagents was less than 15%. Furthermore, it showed excellent specificity with procalcitonin (PCT, 20 ng mL-1) and C-reactive protein (CRP, 100 μg mL-1) and had no cross-reactivity. Except for bilirubin (2 mg mL-1) and hemoglobin (10 mg mL-1), other common interferences in the serum did not interfere, showing good anti-interference performance. Moreover, 57 clinical serum samples were detected via the chemiluminescence method simultaneously, and the detection results showed a good correlation (R2 = 0.9793, P < 0.01). There was no significant difference between the two performances (P > 0.05). The proposed method has numerous advantages such as high sensitivity, wide linear range, short detection time and simple operation, which provide a new technical reference for the clinical detection of sepsis biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China.
| | - Li Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China.
| | - Shijiao Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China.
| | - Tingwei Liu
- Shanghai Simp Bio-science Co., Ltd, 201318, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Shanghai Simp Bio-science Co., Ltd, 201318, China
| | - Xinghui Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 200135, P. R. China.
| | - Ming Guan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, China.
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25
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Tran MTMT, Yeh KT, Chuang YM, Hsu PY, Low JT, Kumari H, Lee YT, Chen YC, Huang WH, Jin H, Lin SH, Chan MWY. Methylomic analysis identifies C11orf87 as a novel epigenetic biomarker for GI cancers. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250499. [PMID: 33886682 PMCID: PMC8062079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. Previous studies demonstrated that activation of STAT3 is crucial for the development and progression of gastric cancer. However, the role of STAT3 in neuronal related gene methylation in gastric cancer has never been explored. In this study, by using DNA methylation microarray, we identified a potential STAT3 target, C11orf87, showing promoter hypomethylation in gastric cancer patients with lower STAT3 activation and AGS gastric cancer cell lines depleted with STAT3 activation. Although C11orf87 methylation is independent of its expression, ectopic expression of a constitutive activated STAT3 mutant upregulated its expression in gastric cancer cell line. Further bisulfite pyrosequencing demonstrated a progressive increase in DNA methylation of this target in patient tissues from gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, to gastric cancer. Intriguingly, patients with higher C11orf87 methylation was associated with better survival. Furthermore, hypermethylation of C11orf87 was also frequently observed in other GI cancers, as compared to their adjacent normal tissues. These results suggested that C11orf87 methylation may serve as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of GI cancers, including gastric cancer. We further postulated that constitutive activation of STAT3 might be able to epigenetically silence C11orf87 as a possible negative feedback mechanism to protect the cells from the overactivation of STAT3. Targeted inhibition of STAT3 may not be appropriate in gastric cancer patients with promoter hypermethylation of C11orf87.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mita T. M. T. Tran
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
- Epigenomics and Human Disease Research Center, National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
- Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society (CIRAS), National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Tu Yeh
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ming Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
- Epigenomics and Human Disease Research Center, National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
- Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society (CIRAS), National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yen Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
- Epigenomics and Human Disease Research Center, National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
- Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society (CIRAS), National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Jie-Ting Low
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
- Epigenomics and Human Disease Research Center, National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
- Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society (CIRAS), National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Himani Kumari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
- Epigenomics and Human Disease Research Center, National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
- Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society (CIRAS), National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Chen Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Hong Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
- Epigenomics and Human Disease Research Center, National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
- Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society (CIRAS), National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Hongchuan Jin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Hui Lin
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (SHL); (MWYC)
| | - Michael W. Y. Chan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
- Epigenomics and Human Disease Research Center, National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
- Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society (CIRAS), National Chung Cheng University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (SHL); (MWYC)
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26
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Helicobacter pylori outer membrane vesicles induce expression and secretion of oncostatin M in AGS gastric cancer cells. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:1057-1066. [PMID: 33851342 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori, a human pathogen that colonizes the stomach of 50% of the world's population, is associated with gastritis, gastric adenocarcinoma, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Diseases are characterized by severe inflammatory responses in the stomach that are induced by various chemokines and cytokines. Recently, oncostatin M (OSM), an IL-6 family cytokine, was detected in early gastric cancer biopsies. In this study, we showed that Helicobacter pylori induced secretion of OSM and overexpression of its type II receptor OSMRβ (OSM/OSMRβ) in a human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line (AGS) over 24 h of infection. Furthermore, we showed that the induction of OSM and OSMRβ was carried out by heat-sensitive Helicobacter pylori outer membrane vesicle (OMV) protein. Collectively, our results established, for the first time, a direct relation between Helicobacter pylori OMVs and the OSM/OSMRβ signaling axis.
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27
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Liu JF, Chi MC, Lin CY, Lee CW, Chang TM, Han CK, Huang YL, Fong YC, Chen HT, Tang CH. PM2.5 facilitates IL-6 production in human osteoarthritis synovial fibroblasts via ASK1 activation. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:2205-2213. [PMID: 32808296 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive degenerative joint disorder characterized by synovial inflammation. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a key proinflammatory cytokine in OA progression. Particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) exposure increases the risk of different diseases, including OA. Up until now, no studies have described any association between PM2.5 and IL-6 expression in human OA synovial fibroblasts (OASFs). Here, our data show that PM2.5 concentration- and time-dependently promoted IL-6 synthesis in human OASFs. We also found that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation potentiated the effects of PM2.5 on IL-6 production. ASK1, ERK, p38, and JNK inhibitors reduced PM2.5-induced increases of IL-6 expression. Treatment of OASFs with PM2.5 promoted phosphorylation of these signaling cascades. We also found that PM2.5 enhanced c-Jun phosphorylation and its translocation into the nucleus. Thus, PM2.5 increases IL-6 production in human OASFs via the ROS, ASK1, ERK, p38, JNK, and AP-1 signaling pathways. Our evidence links PM2.5 with OA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Fang Liu
- School of Oral Hygiene, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Miao-Ching Chi
- Chronic Disease and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Chiayi County, Taiwan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City, Chiayi County, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Lin
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiang-Wen Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Puzi City, Chiayi County, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Puzi City, Chiayi County, Taiwan
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ming Chang
- School of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Kuo Han
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Li Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chin Fong
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Te Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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28
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Radaic A, Kapila YL. The oralome and its dysbiosis: New insights into oral microbiome-host interactions. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:1335-1360. [PMID: 33777334 PMCID: PMC7960681 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The oralome is the summary of the dynamic interactions orchestrated between the ecological community of oral microorganisms (comprised of up to approximately 1000 species of bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea and protozoa - the oral microbiome) that live in the oral cavity and the host. These microorganisms form a complex ecosystem that thrive in the dynamic oral environment in a symbiotic relationship with the human host. However, the microbial composition is significantly affected by interspecies and host-microbial interactions, which in turn, can impact the health and disease status of the host. In this review, we discuss the composition of the oralome and inter-species and host-microbial interactions that take place in the oral cavity and examine how these interactions change from healthy (eubiotic) to disease (dysbiotic) states. We further discuss the dysbiotic signatures associated with periodontitis and caries and their sequalae, (e.g., tooth/bone loss and pulpitis), and the systemic diseases associated with these oral diseases, such as infective endocarditis, atherosclerosis, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and head and neck/oral cancer. We then discuss current computational techniques to assess dysbiotic oral microbiome changes. Lastly, we discuss current and novel techniques for modulation of the dysbiotic oral microbiome that may help in disease prevention and treatment, including standard hygiene methods, prebiotics, probiotics, use of nano-sized drug delivery systems (nano-DDS), extracellular polymeric matrix (EPM) disruption, and host response modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Radaic
- Kapila Laboratory, Orofacial Sciences Department, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yvonne L. Kapila
- Kapila Laboratory, Orofacial Sciences Department, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
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29
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Park JM, Han YM, Park YJ, Hahm KB. Dietary intake of walnut prevented <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>-associated gastric cancer through rejuvenation of chronic atrophic gastritis. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2021. [DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.20-103
expr 895872307 + 836645000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ki Baik Hahm
- CHA Cancer Preventive Research Center, CHA Bio Complex, CHA University
- Medpactor Research Institute, Medpacto
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30
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Park JM, An JM, Han YM, Surh YJ, Hwang SJ, Kim SJ, Hahm KB. Walnut polyphenol extracts inhibit Helicobacter pylori-induced STAT3 Tyr705 phosphorylation through activation of PPAR-γ and SOCS1 induction. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2021. [DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.20-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeong Min An
- CHA Cancer Preventive Research Center, CHA Bio Complex, CHA University
| | | | | | | | | | - Ki Baik Hahm
- CHA Cancer Preventive Research Center, CHA Bio Complex, CHA University
- Medpacto Research Institute, Medpacto
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31
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Park JM, Han YM, Park YJ, Hahm KB. Dietary intake of walnut prevented Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric cancer through rejuvenation of chronic atrophic gastritis. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2020; 68:37-50. [PMID: 33536711 PMCID: PMC7844657 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.20-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fact that Fat-1 transgenic mice producing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids via overexpressed 3-desaturase significantly mitigated Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-associated gastric tumorigenesis through rejuvenation of chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) led us to study whether dietary intake of walnut plentiful of n-3 PUFAs can be nutritional intervention to prevent H. pylori-associated gastric cancer. In our model that H. pylori-initiated, high salt diet-promoted gastric carcinogenesis, pellet diet containing 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg walnut was administered up to 36 weeks. As results, control mice (24 weeks) developed significant chronic CAG, in which dietary walnuts significantly ameliorated chronic atrophic gastritis. Expressions of COX-2/PGE2/NF-κB/c-Jun, elevated in 24 weeks control group, were all significantly decreased with walnut (p<0.01). Tumor suppressive enzyme, 15-PGDH, was significantly preserved with walnut. Control mice (36 weeks) all developed significant tumors accompanied with severe CAG. However, significantly decreased tumorigenesis was noted in group treated with walnuts, in which expressions of COX-2/PGE2/NF-κB/IL-6/STAT3, all elevated in 36 weeks control group, were significantly decreased with walnut. Defensive proteins including HO-1, Nrf2, and SOCS-1 were significantly increased in walnut group. Proliferative index as marked with Ki-67 and PCNA was significantly regulated with walnut relevant to 15-PGDH preservation. Conclusively, walnut can be an anticipating nutritional intervention against H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Min Park
- Daejeon University School of Oriental Medicine, Daehak-ro 62, Dong-gu, Daejeon 34520, Korea
| | - Young Min Han
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, University-Industry Cooperate Building, 150 Bugahyeon-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03759, Korea
| | - Yong Jin Park
- GI Medics, Kwanglim Bldg 5F, Daelim-dong, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul 08513, Korea
| | - Ki Baik Hahm
- CHA Cancer Preventive Research Center, CHA Bio Complex, CHA University, 330 Pangyo-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam13497, Korea.,Medpactor Research Institute, Medpacto, Myungdal-ro 92, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06668, Korea
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32
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Park JM, An JM, Han YM, Surh YJ, Hwang SJ, Kim SJ, Hahm KB. Walnut polyphenol extracts inhibit Helicobacter pylori-induced STAT3 Tyr705 phosphorylation through activation of PPAR-γ and SOCS1 induction. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2020; 67:248-256. [PMID: 33293765 PMCID: PMC7705089 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.20-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The health beneficial effects of walnut plentiful of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid had been attributed to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties against various clinical diseases. Since we have published Fat-1 transgenic mice overexpressing 3-desaturase significantly mitigated Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-associated gastric pathologies including rejuvenation of chronic atrophic gastritis and prevention of gastric cancer, in this study, we have explored the underlying molecular mechanisms of walnut against H. pylori infection. Fresh walnut polyphenol extracts (WPE) were found to suppress the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) induced by H. pylori infection in RGM-1 gastric mucosal cells. Notably, H. pylori infection significantly decreased suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), but WPE induced expression of SOCS1, by which the suppressive effect of walnut extracts on STAT3Tyr705 phosphorylation was not seen in SOCS1 KO cells. WPE induced significantly increased nuclear translocation nuclear translocation of PPAR-γ in RGM1 cells, by which PPAR-γ KO inhibited transcription of SOCS1 and suppressive effect of WPE on p-STAT3Tyr705 was not seen. WPE inhibited the expression of c-Myc and IL-6/IL-6R signaling, which was attenuated in the RGM1 cells harboring SOCS1 specific siRNA. Conclusively, WPE inhibits H. pylori-induced STAT3 phosphorylation in a PPAR-γ and SOCS1-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Min Park
- College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University, Daehak-ro 62, Dong-gu, Daejeon, 34520, Korea
| | - Jeong Min An
- CHA Cancer Preventive Research Center, CHA Bio Complex, 330 Pangyo-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 13497, Korea
| | - Young Min Han
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, University-Industry Cooperate Building, 150 Bugahyeon-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03759, Korea
| | - Young Joon Surh
- College of Pharmacy Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Sun Jin Hwang
- Medpacto Research Institute, Medpacto Inc., 92, Myeongdal-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06668, Korea
| | - Seong Jin Kim
- Medpacto Research Institute, Medpacto Inc., 92, Myeongdal-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06668, Korea
| | - Ki Baik Hahm
- CHA Cancer Preventive Research Center, CHA Bio Complex, 330 Pangyo-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 13497, Korea.,Medpacto Research Institute, Medpacto Inc., 92, Myeongdal-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06668, Korea
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Piao JY, Kim SJ, Kim DH, Park JH, Park SA, Han HJ, Na HK, Yoon K, Lee HN, Kim N, Hahm KB, Surh YJ. Helicobacter pylori infection induces STAT3 phosphorylation on Ser727 and autophagy in human gastric epithelial cells and mouse stomach. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15711. [PMID: 32973302 PMCID: PMC7519032 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72594-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is considered as one of the principal risk factors of gastric cancer. Constitutive activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) plays an important role in inflammation-associated gastric carcinogenesis. In the canonical STAT3 pathway, phosphorylation of STAT3 on Tyr705 is a major event of STAT3 activation. However, recent studies have demonstrated that STAT3 phosphorylated on Ser727 has an independent function in mitochondria. In the present study, we found that human gastric epithelial AGS cells infected with H. pylori resulted in localization of STAT3 phosphorylated on Ser727 (P-STAT3Ser727), predominantly in the mitochondria. Notably, H. pylori-infected AGS cells exhibited the loss of mitochondrial integrity and increased expression of the microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), the autophagosomal membrane-associated protein. Treatment of AGS cells with a mitophagy inducer, carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), resulted in accumulation of P-STAT3Ser727 in mitochondria. In addition, the elevated expression and mitochondrial localization of LC3 induced by H. pylori infection were attenuated in AGS cells harboring STAT3 mutation defective in Ser727 phosphorylation (S727A). We also observed that both P-STAT3Ser727 expression and LC3 accumulation were increased in the mitochondria of H. pylori-inoculated mouse stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Yu Piao
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Su-Jung Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Do-Hee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Convergence and Integrated Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16227, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Sin-Aye Park
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, South Korea
| | - Hyeong-Jun Han
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Na
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Knowledge-Based Services Engineering, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, 01133, South Korea
| | - Kichul Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Digestive Disease Research Institute, Wonkwang University Sanbon Hospital, Gunpo, Gyeonggi-do, 15865, South Korea
| | - Ha-Na Lee
- Laboratory of Immunology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Ki Baik Hahm
- Digestive Disease Center, CHA University Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Gyunggi-do, 13496, South Korea
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea. .,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
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Alterations in Gastric Microbial Communities Are Associated with Risk of Gastric Cancer in a Korean Population: A Case-Control Study. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092619. [PMID: 32937864 PMCID: PMC7563352 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The gastric microbial community has been identified as a specific risk factor for the gastric cancer (GC) risk in recent molecular epidemiology studies. The equilibrium of the gastric microbial community and their functions are very important to keep a proper gastric related health. However, dysbiosis where there is an imbalance of the microbiome in gastric environment leads to several pathological conditions including GC. Thus, understanding how alterations in gastric microbial communities are associated with GC risk in large population-based studies is needed to implement possible preventive and curative strategies in the future. We derived a microbial dysbiosis index to observe the association with GC risk. Further, we predicted the microbial functions that are associated with GC risk. The findings of our study are important to understand certain pathogenic bacteria and their functions associated with GC risk. It might be helpful to develop novel preventive guidelines to prevent GC risk. Abstract Although the microbiome has a potential role in gastric cancer (GC), little is known about microbial dysbiosis and its functions. This study aimed to observe the associations between the alterations in gastric microbial communities and GC risk. The study participants included 268 GC patients and 288 controls. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed to characterize the microbiome. Streptococcus_NCVM and Prevotella melaninogenica species were highly enriched in cases and controls, respectively. Those who were in the third tertile of P. melaninogenica showed a significantly decreased risk of GC in total (odds ratio (OR): 0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.38–0.96, p-trend = 0.071). Class Bacilli was phylogenetically enriched in cases, while phylum Actinobacteria, class Actinobacteria were related to the controls. The microbial dysbiosis index (MDI) was significantly higher for the cases compared with the healthy controls in the female population (p = 0.002). Females in the third tertile of the MDI showed a significantly increased risk of GC (OR: 2.66, 95% CI: 1.19-5.99, p-trend = 0.017). Secondary bile acid synthesis and biosynthesis of ansamycins pathways were highly abundant in cases and controls, respectively. Dysbiosis of gastric microbial communities is associated with an increased risk of GC specifically in females.
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Xu S, Wu X, Zhang X, Chen C, Chen H, She F. CagA orchestrates eEF1A1 and PKCδ to induce interleukin-6 expression in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells. Gut Pathog 2020; 12:31. [PMID: 32636937 PMCID: PMC7333391 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-020-00368-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori colonises the stomach of approximately 50% of the global population. Cytotoxin-associated gene A protein (CagA) is one of the important virulent factors responsible for the increased inflammation and increases the risk of developing peptic ulcers and gastric carcinoma. The cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) has particularly important roles in the malignant transformation of gastric and intestinal epithelial cells as it is upregulated in H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa. In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanisms of CagA-induced IL-6 up-regulation during H. pylori infection. AGS cells, a human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line, lacking eEF1A1 were infected with CagA+ H. pylori (NCTC11637), CagA- H. pylori (NCTC11637ΔcagA), or transduced by Ad-cagA/Ad-GFP. The expression and production of IL-6 were measured by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The interactions among CagA, eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1-alpha 1 (eEF1A1), protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) were determined by western blot or co-immunoprecipitation. Results During H. pylori infection, CagA-M (residues 256‒871aa) was found to interact with eEF1A1-I (residues 1‒240aa). NCTC11637 increased the expression of IL-6 in AGS cells compared with NCTC11637ΔcagA whereas knockdown of eEF1A1 in AGS cells completely abrogated these effects. Moreover, the CagA-eEF1A1 complex promoted the expression of IL-6 in AGS cells. CagA and eEF1A1 cooperated to mediate the expression of IL-6 by affecting the activity of p-STATS727 in the nucleus. Further, CagA-eEF1A1 affected the activity of STAT3 by recruiting PKCδ. However, blocking PKCδ inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT3S727 and induction of IL-6 by CagA. Conclusions CagA promotes the expression of IL-6 in AGS cells by recruiting PKCδ through eEF1A1 in the cytoplasm to increase the phosphorylation of STAT3S727 in the nucleus. These findings provide new insights into the function of CagA-eEF1A1 interaction in gastric adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Ministry of Education, Fujian Medical University, 1 Xue Fu North Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122 People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122 People's Republic of China.,First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Ministry of Education, Fujian Medical University, 1 Xue Fu North Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122 People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Ministry of Education, Fujian Medical University, 1 Xue Fu North Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122 People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122 People's Republic of China
| | - Chu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Ministry of Education, Fujian Medical University, 1 Xue Fu North Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122 People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122 People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Ministry of Education, Fujian Medical University, 1 Xue Fu North Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122 People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122 People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei She
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Ministry of Education, Fujian Medical University, 1 Xue Fu North Road, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122 People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122 People's Republic of China
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36
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STAT3 Pathway in Gastric Cancer: Signaling, Therapeutic Targeting and Future Prospects. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9060126. [PMID: 32545648 PMCID: PMC7345582 DOI: 10.3390/biology9060126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Molecular signaling pathways play a significant role in the regulation of biological mechanisms, and their abnormal expression can provide the conditions for cancer development. The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a key member of the STAT proteins and its oncogene role in cancer has been shown. STAT3 is able to promote the proliferation and invasion of cancer cells and induces chemoresistance. Different downstream targets of STAT3 have been identified in cancer and it has also been shown that microRNA (miR), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and other molecular pathways are able to function as upstream mediators of STAT3 in cancer. In the present review, we focus on the role and regulation of STAT3 in gastric cancer (GC). miRs and lncRNAs are considered as potential upstream mediators of STAT3 and they are able to affect STAT3 expression in exerting their oncogene or onco-suppressor role in GC cells. Anti-tumor compounds suppress the STAT3 signaling pathway to restrict the proliferation and malignant behavior of GC cells. Other molecular pathways, such as sirtuin, stathmin and so on, can act as upstream mediators of STAT3 in GC. Notably, the components of the tumor microenvironment that are capable of targeting STAT3 in GC, such as fibroblasts and macrophages, are discussed in this review. Finally, we demonstrate that STAT3 can target oncogene factors to enhance the proliferation and metastasis of GC cells.
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Balic JJ, Saad MI, Dawson R, West AJ, McLeod L, West AC, D'Costa K, Deswaerte V, Dev A, Sievert W, Gough DJ, Bhathal PS, Ferrero RL, Jenkins BJ. Constitutive STAT3 Serine Phosphorylation Promotes Helicobacter-Mediated Gastric Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:1256-1270. [PMID: 32201262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is associated with chronic inflammation (gastritis) triggered by persistent Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. Elevated tyrosine phosphorylation of the latent transcription factor STAT3 is a feature of gastric cancer, including H. pylori-infected tissues, and aligns with nuclear transcriptional activity. However, the transcriptional role of STAT3 serine phosphorylation, which promotes STAT3-driven mitochondrial activities, is unclear. Here, by coupling serine-phosphorylated (pS)-STAT3-deficient Stat3SA/SA mice with chronic H. felis infection, which mimics human H. pylori infection in mice, we reveal a key role for pS-STAT3 in promoting Helicobacter-induced gastric pathology. Immunohistochemical staining for infiltrating immune cells and expression analyses of inflammatory genes revealed that gastritis was markedly suppressed in infected Stat3SA/SA mice compared with wild-type mice. Stomach weight and gastric mucosal thickness were also reduced in infected Stat3SA/SA mice, which was associated with reduced proliferative potential of infected Stat3SA/SA gastric mucosa. The suppressed H. felis-induced gastric phenotype of Stat3SA/SA mice was phenocopied upon genetic ablation of signaling by the cytokine IL-11, which promotes gastric tumorigenesis via STAT3. pS-STAT3 dependency by Helicobacter coincided with transcriptional activity on STAT3-regulated genes, rather than mitochondrial and metabolic genes. In the gastric mucosa of mice and patients with gastritis, pS-STAT3 was constitutively expressed irrespective of Helicobacter infection. Collectively, these findings suggest an obligate requirement for IL-11 signaling via constitutive pS-STAT3 in Helicobacter-induced gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse J Balic
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mohamed I Saad
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruby Dawson
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alice J West
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise McLeod
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alison C West
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kimberley D'Costa
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Virginie Deswaerte
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anouk Dev
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - William Sievert
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel J Gough
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Prithi S Bhathal
- Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard L Ferrero
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendan J Jenkins
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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La Rosa GRM, Gattuso G, Pedullà E, Rapisarda E, Nicolosi D, Salmeri M. Association of oral dysbiosis with oral cancer development. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:3045-3058. [PMID: 32211076 PMCID: PMC7079586 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the leading cause of mortality for oral cancer. Numerous risk factors mainly related to unhealthy habits and responsible for chronic inflammation and infections have been recognized as predisposing factors for oral carcinogenesis. Recently, even microbiota alterations have been associated with the development of human cancers. In particular, some specific bacterial strains have been recognized and strongly associated with oral cancer development (Capnocytophaga gingivalis, Fusobacterium spp., Streptococcus spp., Peptostreptococcus spp., Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella spp.). Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain how the oral microbiota could be involved in cancer pathogenesis by mainly paying attention to chronic inflammation, microbial synthesis of cancerogenic substances, and alteration of epithelial barrier integrity. Based on knowledge of the carcinogenic effects of dysbiosis, it was recently suggested that probiotics may have anti-tumoral activity. Nevertheless, few data exist with regard to probiotic effects on oral cancer. On this basis, the association between the development of oral cancer and oral dysbiosis is discussed focusing attention on the potential benefits of probiotics administration in cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Rita Maria La Rosa
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, University of Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, International PhD Program in Basic and Applied Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gattuso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, International PhD Program in Basic and Applied Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Eugenio Pedullà
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, University of Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Ernesto Rapisarda
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, University of Catania, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Daria Nicolosi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Mario Salmeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Research Center for Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy
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Alarcón-Millán J, Martínez-Carrillo DN, Peralta-Zaragoza O, Fernández-Tilapa G. Regulation of GKN1 expression in gastric carcinogenesis: A problem to resolve (Review). Int J Oncol 2019; 55:555-569. [PMID: 31322194 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrokine 1 (GKN1) is a protein expressed on the surface mucosa cells of the gastric antrum and fundus, which contributes to maintaining gastric homeostasis, inhibits inflammation and is a tumor suppressor. The expression of GKN1 decreases in mucosa that are either inflamed or infected by Helicobacter pylori, and is absent in gastric cancer. The measurement of circulating GKN1 concentration, the protein itself, or the mRNA in gastric tissue may be of use for the early diagnosis of cancer. The mechanisms that modulate the deregulation or silencing of GKN1 expression have not been completely described. The modification of histones, methylation of the GKN1 promoter, or proteasomal degradation of the protein have been detected in some patients; however, these mechanisms do not completely explain the absence of GKN1 or the reduction in GKN1 levels. Only NKX6.3 transcription factor has been shown to be a positive modulator of GKN1 transcription, although others also have an affinity with sequences in the promoter of this gene. While microRNAs (miRNAs) are able to directly or indirectly regulate the expression of genes at the post‑transcriptional level, the involvement of miRNAs in the regulation of GKN1 has not been reported. The present review analyzes the information reported on the determination of GKN1 expression and the regulation of its expression at the transcriptional, post‑transcriptional and post‑translational levels; it proposes an integrated model that incorporates the regulation of GKN1 expression via transcription factors and miRNAs in H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Alarcón-Millán
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Biological Chemical Sciences, Guerrero Autonomous University, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 39070, México
| | - Dinorah Nashely Martínez-Carrillo
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Biological Chemical Sciences, Guerrero Autonomous University, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 39070, México
| | - Oscar Peralta-Zaragoza
- Direction of Chronic Infections and Cancer, Research Center in Infection Diseases, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62100, México
| | - Gloria Fernández-Tilapa
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Biological Chemical Sciences, Guerrero Autonomous University, Chilpancingo, Guerrero 39070, México
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Kim SH, Lim JW, Kim H. Astaxanthin Prevents Decreases in Superoxide Dismutase 2 Level and Superoxide Dismutase Activity in Helicobacter pylori-infected Gastric Epithelial Cells. J Cancer Prev 2019; 24:54-58. [PMID: 30993096 PMCID: PMC6453584 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2019.24.1.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori increases production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which activates inflammatory and carcinogenesis-related signaling pathways in gastric epithelial cells. Therefore, reducing ROS, by upregulating antioxidant enzyme, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), may be a novel strategy to prevent H. pylori-associated gastric diseases. Astaxanthin is an antioxidant carotenoid that prevents oxidative stress-induced cell injury. The present study was aimed to determine whether H. pylori decreases SOD activity by changing the levels of SOD1/SOD2 and whether astaxanthin prevents changes in SOD levels and activity in H. pylori-infected gastric epithelial AGS cells. Methods AGS cells were pre-treated with astaxanthin for 3 hours prior to H. pylori infection and cultured for 1 hour in the presence of H. pylori. SOD levels and activity were assessed by Western blot analysis and a commercial assay kit, respectively. Mitochondrial ROS was determined using MitoSOX fluorescence. Results H. pylori decreased SOD activity and the SOD2 level, but increased mitochondrial ROS in AGS cells. The SOD1 level was not changed by H. pylori infection. Astaxanthin prevented H. pylori-induced decreases in the SOD2 level and SOD activity and reduced mitochondrial ROS in AGS cells. Conclusions Consumption of astaxanthin-rich food may prevent the development of H. pylori-associated gastric disorders by suppressing mitochondrial oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhn Hyung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brian Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Weon Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brian Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brian Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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41
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Karpiński TM. Role of Oral Microbiota in Cancer Development. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7010020. [PMID: 30642137 PMCID: PMC6352272 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays cancer is the second main cause of death in the world. The most known bacterial carcinogen is Helicobacter pylori. Pathogens that can have an impact on cancer development in the gastrointestinal tract are also found in the oral cavity. Some specific species have been identified that correlate strongly with oral cancer, such as Streptococcus sp., Peptostreptococcus sp., Prevotella sp., Fusobacterium sp., Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Capnocytophaga gingivalis. Many works have also shown that the oral periopathogens Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis play an important role in the development of colorectal and pancreatic cancer. Three mechanisms of action have been suggested in regard to the role of oral microbiota in the pathogenesis of cancer. The first is bacterial stimulation of chronic inflammation. Inflammatory mediators produced in this process cause or facilitate cell proliferation, mutagenesis, oncogene activation, and angiogenesis. The second mechanism attributed to bacteria that may influence the pathogenesis of cancers by affecting cell proliferation is the activation of NF-κB and inhibition of cellular apoptosis. In the third mechanism, bacteria produce some substances that act in a carcinogenic manner. This review presents potentially oncogenic oral bacteria and possible mechanisms of their action on the carcinogenesis of human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M Karpiński
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Wieniawskiego 3, 61-712 Poznań, Poland.
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Li T, Shao W, Li S, Ma L, Zheng L, Shang W, Jia X, Sun P, Liang X, Jia J. H. pylori infection induced BMAL1 expression and rhythm disorder aggravate gastric inflammation. EBioMedicine 2019; 39:301-314. [PMID: 30502053 PMCID: PMC6354571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhythm abnormalities are crucial for diverse diseases. However, their role in disease progression induced by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) remains elusive. METHODS H. pylori infection was used in in vivo and in vitro experiments to examine its effect on rhythmic genes. The GEO database was used to screen H. pylori affecting rhythm genes, and the effect of rhythm genes on inflammatory factors. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and dual luciferase assays were used to further find out the regulation between molecules. Animal models were used to confirm the relationship between rhythm genes and H. pylori-induced inflammation. FINDINGS BMAL1 disorders aggravate inflammation induced by H. pylori. Specifically, H. pylori induce BMAL1 expression in vitro and in vivo through transcriptional activation of LIN28A, breaking the circadian rhythm. Mechanistically, LIN28A binds to the promoter region of BMAL1 and directly activates its transcription under H. pylori infection. BMAL1 in turn functions as a transcription factor and enhances the expression of proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, thereby promoting inflammation. Of note, BMAL1 dysfunction in the rhythm disorder animal model aggravates inflammatory response induced by H. pylori infection in vivo. INTERPRETATION These findings in this study imply the pathogenic relationship between BMAL1 and H. pylori. BMAL1 may serve as a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases related to H. pylori infection. FUND: National Natural Science Foundation of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu Li
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Wei Shao
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Shuyan Li
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Lixin Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Wenjing Shang
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Xiaxia Jia
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Pengpeng Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Xiuming Liang
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; Cancer Research Laboratory, Shandong University, Karolinska Institutet collaborative Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China.
| | - Jihui Jia
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; Cancer Research Laboratory, Shandong University, Karolinska Institutet collaborative Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China.
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Mechanisms of Inflammasome Signaling, microRNA Induction and Resolution of Inflammation by Helicobacter pylori. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 421:267-302. [PMID: 31123893 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15138-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasome-controlled transcription and subsequent cleavage-mediated activation of mature IL-1β and IL-18 cytokines exemplify a crucial innate immune mechanism to combat intruding pathogens. Helicobacter pylori represents a predominant persistent infection in humans, affecting approximately half of the population worldwide, and is associated with the development of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer. Studies in knockout mice have demonstrated that the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β plays a central role in gastric tumorigenesis. Infection by H. pylori was recently reported to stimulate the inflammasome both in cells of the mouse and human immune systems. Using mouse models and in vitro cultured cell systems, the bacterial pathogenicity factors and molecular mechanisms of inflammasome activation have been analyzed. On the one hand, it appears that H. pylori-stimulated IL-1β production is triggered by engagement of the immune receptors TLR2 and NLRP3, and caspase-1. On the other hand, microRNA hsa-miR-223-3p is induced by the bacteria, which controls the expression of NLRP3. This regulating effect by H. pylori on microRNA expression was also described for more than 60 additionally identified microRNAs, indicating a prominent role for inflammatory and other responses. Besides TLR2, TLR9 becomes activated by H. pylori DNA and further TLR10 stimulated by the bacteria induce the secretion of IL-8 and TNF, respectively. Interestingly, TLR-dependent pathways can accelerate both pro- and anti-inflammatory responses during H. pylori infection. Balancing from a pro-inflammation to anti-inflammation phenotype results in a reduction in immune attack, allowing H. pylori to persistently colonize and to survive in the gastric niche. In this chapter, we will pinpoint the role of H. pylori in TLR- and NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent signaling together with the differential functions of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, the impact of microRNAs on H. pylori-host interaction will be discussed, and its role in resolution of infection versus chronic infection, as well as in gastric disease development.
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Fattahi S, Golpour M, Amjadi-Moheb F, Sharifi-Pasandi M, Khodadadi P, Pilehchian-Langroudi M, Ashrafi GH, Akhavan-Niaki H. DNA methyltransferases and gastric cancer: insight into targeted therapy. Epigenomics 2018; 10:1477-1497. [PMID: 30325215 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a major health problem worldwide occupying most frequent causes of cancer-related mortality. In addition to genetic modifications, epigenetic alterations catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are a well-characterized epigenetic hallmark in gastric cancer. The reversible nature of epigenetic alterations and central role of DNA methylation in diverse biological processes provides an opportunity for using DNMT inhibitors to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutics. In this review, we discussed key factors or mechanisms such as SNPs, infections and genetic modifications that trigger DNMTs level modification in gastric cancer, and their potential roles in cancer progression. Finally, we focused on how inhibitors of the DNMTs can most effectively be used for the treatment of gastric cancer with multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Fattahi
- Cellular & Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, 4717647745, Babol, Iran.,North Research Center, Pasteur Institute, Amol, 4615885399, Iran
| | - Monireh Golpour
- Molecular & Cell Biology Research Center, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, 4817844718, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Amjadi-Moheb
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, 4717647745, Babol, Iran
| | - Marzieh Sharifi-Pasandi
- Molecular & Cell Biology Research Center, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, 4817844718, Iran
| | - Parastesh Khodadadi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, 4717647745, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Gholam Hossein Ashrafi
- School of Life Science, Pharmacy & Chemistry, SEC Faculty, Cancer Theme, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Haleh Akhavan-Niaki
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, 4717647745, Babol, Iran
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Chen ZM, Huang L, Li MM, Meng L, Ying SC, Xu AM. Inhibitory effects of isocryptotanshinone on gastric cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9307. [PMID: 29915371 PMCID: PMC6006307 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27638-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common digestive malignancies globally, and the prognosis of patients with advanced tumors remains poor. Isocryptotanshinone (ICTS), isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza, was found to inhibit the proliferation of lung and breast cancer cells. However, whether ICTS has anticancer activities against GC is unknown. In the present study, we reported that the proliferation of GC cells was inhibited by ICTS in a dose- and time-dependent manner. After treatment with ICTS, GC cells were arrested in the G1/G0 phase of cell cycle and the apoptotic cells were induced in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, ICTS suppressed the expression of cell cycle- and apoptosis-associated proteins (e.g., Cyclin D1, phosphorylated Rb, E2F1, Mcl-1, Bcl-2, and Survivin). ICTS inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT3 in a dose-dependent manner. Down-regulated STAT3 attenuated the expression of Cyclin D1, p-Rb, and Survivin, which remarkably increased the sensitivity of ICTS in GC cells; overexpression of STAT3 restored the cell growth and proliferation and the protein expression suppressed by ICTS. ICTS also suppressed the xenograft tumor growth in BALB/c nude mice. Together, these data indicate that ICTS inhibits GC proliferation by inducing G1/G0 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via inhibiting the STAT3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Ming Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
| | - Miao-Miao Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Lei Meng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Song-Cheng Ying
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - A-Man Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
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Lu R, Zhang YG, Sun J. STAT3 activation in infection and infection-associated cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 451:80-87. [PMID: 28223148 PMCID: PMC5469714 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators for transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway plays crucial roles in regulating apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation, and the inflammatory response. The JAK/STAT families are composed of four JAK family members and seven STAT family members. STAT3 plays a key role in inducing and maintaining a pro-carcinogenic inflammatory microenvironment. Recent evidence suggests that STAT3 regulates diverse biological functions in pathogenesis of diseases, such as infection and cancer. In the current review, we will summarize the research progress of STAT3 activation in infection and cancers. We highlight our recent study on the novel role of STAT3 in Salmonella infection-associated colon cancer. Infection with bacterial AvrA-expressing Salmonella activates the STAT3 pathway, which induces the β-catenin signals and enhances colonic tumorigenesis. STAT3 may be a promising target in developing prevention and treatment for infectious diseases and infection-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yong-Guo Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Factor 6 (TRAF6) Mediates Ubiquitination-Dependent STAT3 Activation upon Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infection. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00081-17. [PMID: 28507064 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00081-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium can inject effector proteins into host cells via type III secretion systems (T3SSs). These effector proteins modulate a variety of host transcriptional responses to facilitate bacterial growth and survival. Here we show that infection of host cells with S Typhimurium specifically induces the ubiquitination of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). This TRAF6 ubiquitination is triggered by the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) T3SS effectors SopB and SopE2. We also demonstrate that TRAF6 is involved in the SopB/SopE2-induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a signaling event conducive to the intracellular growth of S Typhimurium. Specifically, TRAF6 mediates lysine-63 ubiquitination within the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of STAT3, which is an essential step for STAT3 membrane recruitment and subsequent phosphorylation in response to S Typhimurium infection. TRAF6 ubiquitination participates in STAT3 phosphorylation rather than serving as only a hallmark of E3 ubiquitin ligase activation. Our results reveal a novel strategy in which S Typhimurium T3SS effectors broaden their functions through the activation of host proteins in a ubiquitination-dependent manner to manipulate host cells into becoming a Salmonella-friendly zone.
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Human and Helicobacter pylori Interactions Determine the Outcome of Gastric Diseases. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 400:27-52. [PMID: 28124148 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50520-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune response is a critical hallmark of Helicobacter pylori infection. Epithelial and myeloid cells produce effectors, including the chemokine CXCL8, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO), in response to bacterial components. Mechanistic and epidemiologic studies have emphasized that dysregulated and persistent release of these products leads to the development of chronic inflammation and to the molecular and cellular events related to carcinogenesis. Moreover, investigations in H. pylori-infected patients about polymorphisms of the genes encoding CXCL8 and inducible NO synthase, and epigenetic control of the ROS-producing enzyme spermine oxidase, have further proven that overproduction of these molecules impacts the severity of gastric diseases. Lastly, the critical effect of the crosstalk between the human host and the infecting bacterium in determining the severity of H. pylori-related diseases has been supported by phylogenetic analysis of the human population and their H. pylori isolates in geographic areas with varying clinical and pathologic outcomes of the infection.
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Gobert AP, Wilson KT. Polyamine- and NADPH-dependent generation of ROS during Helicobacter pylori infection: A blessing in disguise. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 105:16-27. [PMID: 27682363 PMCID: PMC5366100 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium that specifically colonizes the gastric ecological niche. During the infectious process, which results in diseases ranging from chronic gastritis to gastric cancer, the host response is characterized by the activation of the innate immunity of gastric epithelial cells and macrophages. These cells thus produce effector molecules such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) to counteract the infection. The generation of ROS in response to H. pylori involves two canonical pathways: 1) the NADPH-dependent reduction of molecular oxygen to generate O2•-, which can dismute to generate ROS; and 2) the back-conversion of the polyamine spermine into spermidine through the enzyme spermine oxidase, leading to H2O2 production. Although these products have the potential to affect the survival of bacteria, H. pylori has acquired numerous strategies to counteract their deleterious effects. Nonetheless, ROS-mediated oxidative DNA damage and mutations may participate in the adaptation of H. pylori to its ecological niche. Lastly, ROS have been shown to play a major role in the development of the inflammation and carcinogenesis. It is the purpose of this review to summarize the literature about the production of ROS during H. pylori infection and their role in this infectious gastric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain P Gobert
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, United States; Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, United States
| | - Keith T Wilson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, United States; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, United States; Department of Cancer Biology, United States; Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, United States; Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, United States.
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Coinfection with Helicobacter pylori and Opisthorchis viverrini Enhances the Severity of Hepatobiliary Abnormalities in Hamsters. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00009-17. [PMID: 28138021 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00009-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with Opisthorchis viverrini causes hepatobiliary abnormalities, predisposing infected individuals to cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). In addition, Helicobacter pylori is highly prevalent in most countries and is a possible risk factor for CCA; however, its role in enhancing hepatobiliary abnormality is unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of coinfection with H. pylori and O. viverrini on hepatobiliary abnormality. Hamsters were divided into four groups: (i) normal, (ii) H. pylori infected (HP), (iii) O. viverrini infected (OV), and (iv) O. viverrini and H. pylori infected (OV+HP). At 6 months postinfection, PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to test for the presence of H. pylori in the stomach, gallbladder, and liver. In the liver, H. pylori was detected in the following order: OV+HP, 5 of 8 (62.5%); HP, 2 of 5 (40%); OV, 2 of 8 (25%). H. pylori was not detected in normal (control) liver tissues. Coinfection induced the most severe hepatobiliary abnormalities, including periductal fibrosis, cholangitis, and bile duct hyperplasia, leading to a significantly decreased survival rate of experimental animals. The greatest thickness of periductal fibrosis was associated with a significant increase in fibrogenesis markers (expression of alpha smooth muscle actin and transforming growth factor beta). Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR revealed that the highest expression levels of genes for proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 [IL-1], IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha) were also observed in the OV+HP group. These results suggest that coinfection with H. pylori and O. viverrini increased the severity of hepatobiliary abnormalities to a greater extent than either single infection did.
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