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Almanza-Cruz O, Alemán-Castillo SE, Castillo-Ruiz O, Perales-Torres AL, Bezares Samiento VDR, Rodríguez-Castillejos G. [Effect of a nutritional intervention on nutrient content in school snacks in public schools in Mexico]. NUTR HOSP 2024. [PMID: 39054856 DOI: 10.20960/nh.05269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION nutritional interventions (IN) in schoolchildren allow for health promotion, physical activity, and nutrition actions for the prevention of malnutrition. OBJECTIVE to evaluate the effect of an IN on the nutrient content in school snacks (ER) in public education schools in Mexico. METHODS descriptive, longitudinal, and prospective study with a sample of 812 children were classified into intervention group (IG) and control group (GC). Anthropometric measurements (weight, height, waist circumference) were made to identify nutritional status (EN); to evaluate the ER, the food and beverages that the children took from home to consume during the break were recorded on a checklist; the IN was performed in the GI for 12 weeks with a 6-week reinforcement and the final evaluation was carried out that included EN and SP in both groups. RESULTS a 1.4 % increase in overweight (SP) and obesity (OB) was observed in the GI, while in the GC it increased 5.5 %. In the CR, the GC showed a higher consumption of calories, carbohydrates, and sugars. In the intragroup analysis, the GI decreased carbohydrates, sugars. This intervention showed a small effect on the decrease of calories, carbohydrates and polyunsaturated acids of the GI compared to the GC. CONCLUSION IN had a positive effect on the decrease in the energy and carbohydrate content of school snacks and therefore a slower trend in the prevalence of SP and OB in the GI compared to the GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ocairi Almanza-Cruz
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa-Aztlán. Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas
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Moliterno P, Donhauser V, Widhalm K. Childhood Obesity Trends among 8-11-Year-Olds: Insights from a School Sample in Vienna, Austria (2017-2023). CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:431. [PMID: 38671648 PMCID: PMC11049460 DOI: 10.3390/children11040431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
In Austria, childhood obesity is a public health concern. This study examined time trends in the percentage of obesity among a sample of schoolchildren from Vienna (2017-2023). The body mass index percentiles of 326 children [9.3 years old (95% CI 8.3-10.5, min-max 8.0-10.9] from the EDDY study were calculated for trend analyses. Trend analysis was performed using a logistic regression using overweight and obesity as dependent binary variables, and study year and age as independent continuous variables. The percentage change over time was calculated, including the first period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Obesity percentages increased from 23.5 (95% CI 15.1-31.9)% in 2017 to 25.0 (95% CI 12.2-37.8)% in 2023. From 2017 to 2023, while overweight/obesity percentages decreased by 25.9 (-59.5-15.6)%, obesity increased by 6.4 (-51.2-94.9)%. A non-significant trend (p ≥ 0.38) was observed. During the first period of the pandemic, the percentage changes in overweight/obesity and obesity were 68.4 (5.6-187.9)% and 29.2 (-37.3-166.8)%, respectively. The current percentage of obesity in this sample is high and peaked in 2020 during the pandemic. These findings emphasize the need for future investigations considering the representativeness of the school-aged population in Austria to gain a broader picture of overweight and obesity trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Moliterno
- Austrian Academic Institute for Clinical Nutrition, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (P.M.); (V.D.)
| | - Victoria Donhauser
- Austrian Academic Institute for Clinical Nutrition, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (P.M.); (V.D.)
| | - Kurt Widhalm
- Austrian Academic Institute for Clinical Nutrition, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (P.M.); (V.D.)
- Division of Clinical Nutrition and Prevention, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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3
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Basterfield L, Galna B, Burn NL, Batten H, Weston M, Goffe L, Lawn M, Weston KL. Back to 'normal'? BMI, physical fitness and health-related quality of life of children from North East England before, during and after the COVID-19 lockdowns. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:688-700. [PMID: 38819118 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2359259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
We assessed whether changes in children's body mass index (BMI), physical fitness and health-related quality of life observed post-2020 United Kingdom COVID-19 lockdown remained 12 and 18 months later. Twenty-metre shuttle run test (20mSRT), handgrip strength, standing broad jump, sit-and-reach, height, body mass, and health-related quality of life (Kidscreen27 questionnaire) were measured in 90 children (8-9 years) during October 2019 ("T0"), November 2020 ("T1"), November 2021 ("T2") and June 2022 ("T3"). Mixed-effects models showed age- and sex-normalised BMI increased from T0 (mean: 0.71) to T1 (0.97), remaining elevated at T2 (0.95) and T3 (0.89). Decreases in 20mSRT performance were observed from T0 (22.0) to T1 (19.3), then increased at T2 (23.5) and T3 (28.3). Standing broad jump and handgrip strength increased over time. The proportion of children with overweight/obesity increased from T0 (32%) to T3 (48%). Health-related quality of life decreased for "Physical Wellbeing" yet increased for "Autonomy & Parents". Our findings highlight that lockdowns may have had lasting implications for children's health, and the urgent need to reduce overweight and obesity in North East England. Improving health and fitness behaviours to maximise long-term health outcomes and build resilience to future emergencies and disruptions to health behaviours is also paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Basterfield
- Human Nutrition and Exercise Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Medical School, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Brook Galna
- Human Nutrition and Exercise Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Centre for Healthy Ageing and School of Allied Health (Exercise Science), Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Naomi L Burn
- UniSA Online, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hannah Batten
- Human Nutrition and Exercise Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Matthew Weston
- Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Science, Moray House School of Education and Sport, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Louis Goffe
- Medical School, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NIHR Health Determinants Research Collaboration, Gateshead Council, Gateshead, UK
| | - Matt Lawn
- Walkergate Community School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kathryn L Weston
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Fujiwara S, Harada K, Hagiya H, Koyama T, Hasegawa K, Tsukahara H, Otsuka F. Trends in childhood obesity in Japan: A nationwide observational study from 2012 to 2021. Clin Obes 2024; 14:e12636. [PMID: 38156435 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The persistent ascension of childhood obesity on a global scale constitutes a significant quandary. The prevalence of childhood obesity in Japan peaked in the early 2000s and has been reported to have declined since then, but recent data and its trend including the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic era are not available. Moreover, there is a dearth of studies examining the correlation between the trend in childhood obesity and exercise habits over the past decade. This study aims to examine the changes in the prevalence of obesity, physical fitness, and exercise habits over the past 10 years in Japanese children. We investigated the prevalence of childhood obesity in Japan, using the School Health Statistics Survey data from 2012 to 2021. The dataset has a sample size representative of children nationwide and includes variables for obesity, such as height, weight, and age. Data were classified into groups by sex and age (6-8, 9-11, and 12-14 years age). Children weighing 20% or more of the standard body weight are classified as obese. The annual percentage changes and average annual percentage changes were estimated using the joinpoint regression model. We also examined the trends in the physical fitness test score and exercise time. Average annual percentage changes of boys increased, especially in the 6- to 8-year age group (3.4%-4.6%). For girls, average annual percentage changes had increased in 6- to 8-year (2.5%-4.0%) and 9- to 11-year (0.9%-2.2%) age groups. Since the late 2010s, significantly increasing annual percentage changes were observed in 12- to 14-year age boys (6.7%-8.9%) and girls of many age groups (2.6%-8.6%). The physical fitness test score and exercise time showed decreasing trends since the late 2010s. Childhood obesity may have generally risen in Japan, in the last decade. Encouraging healthy eating and physical activity through school policies and curricula is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Fujiwara
- Department of Pediatrics, NHO Okayama Medical Center, Okayama, Japan
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ko Harada
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hideharu Hagiya
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Koyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomedicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kosei Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukahara
- Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Fumio Otsuka
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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5
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Jarnig G, Kerbl R, van Poppel MNM. Changes in children's cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic: a 34-month longitudinal study of 331 primary school children. World J Pediatr 2024; 20:185-188. [PMID: 38008789 PMCID: PMC10884133 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-023-00772-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Jarnig
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Mozartgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Reinhold Kerbl
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKH Hochsteiermark, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Mireille N M van Poppel
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Mozartgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
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Cai P, Liu Y, Yang Z, Luo Y, Zhang Y, Ye P, Yin X, Xiao N, Chen X, Wang M, Xiao B, Zhao H. Impact of lockdown on the growth of children in China aged 3-6 years during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1301889. [PMID: 38234429 PMCID: PMC10791918 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1301889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Lockdowns in COVID-19 pandemic led to less physical activity and more intake of unhealthy food in children. The aim of this study was to investigate the negative impact of major lockdowns on the growth of children aged 3-6 years during COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods Physical examination results in 2019 to 2022 from 5834 eligible children (2972 males and 2862 females) from Southwestern China who were 3 years old in 2019 were retrospectively collected. Height and weight data points were extracted from the results, and percentiles of height (height%), weight (weight%), and BMI (BMI%), and rates of overweight and obesity were calculated and compared between different years during the pandemic. Results After analyzing the 15404 growth data points from 5834 children, a slowly increasing trend of height% from 2019 to 2022 was observed. Weight%, BMI%, overweight rate, obesity rate, and combined overweight and obesity rate had two peaks in 2020 and 2022 when major lockdowns were adopted and a drop in between (year 2021), except for obesity rate which did not drop in 2021. Similar results were shown after stratification by gender. Conclusion The lockdowns in COVID-19 pandemic promoted obesity of kindergarten children, but did not show any negative impact on their height growth possibly due to over-nutrition of children during lockdowns. More efforts need to be made to limit the increase of obesity rate in kindergarten children during possible future lockdowns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiling Cai
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Maternal and Child Health Service Center of Wuhua District, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yueyao Luo
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanqiong Zhang
- Maternal and Child Health Service Center of Wuhua District, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Peng Ye
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoling Yin
- Maternal and Child Health Service Center of Wuhua District, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Nanying Xiao
- Maternal and Child Health Service Center of Wuhua District, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xinwei Chen
- Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengping Wang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Beili Xiao
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongying Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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Androja L, Bavčević T, Jurčev Savičević A, Bavčević D, Ninčević J, Buljan A, Nonković D, Rodrigues V, Karin Ž. Body Mass Index Trends before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Primary School Students in Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia: A Retrospective Study. Nutrients 2023; 16:50. [PMID: 38201879 PMCID: PMC10780733 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Within the last decade, childhood obesity has become a serious problem, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research paper aimed to examine whether body mass index (BMI) was higher during the pandemic (2020-2022) than in the pre-pandemic period (2012/2013-2019) using trends related to sex, urban-rural area, and physical activity (PA). This study included data from physical examinations of an entire population of primary school children from Split-Dalmatia County (Croatia) over a period of 10 years. There were 103,804 students from the first, fifth, and eighth grades who participated in the analysis. During the pandemic, the BMI of all the students increased, except for eighth-grade girls. Generations of eighth graders have had significantly different BMIs throughout the past decade. We found that first graders were overweight and obese in urban areas, while in rural areas, this problem was experienced by upper grades. Girls were more overweight and obese in the first and eighth grades, but boys experienced this more in the fifth grade. Reduced PA influenced an increase in BMI in both sexes, especially in girls. During the pandemic, this situation became worse. This study could be useful to experts for the creation of new policies for Split-Dalmatia County and surrounding regions that are similar economically and culturally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Androja
- School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (L.A.)
- Department of Sports Management, Aspira University of Applied Sciences, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Tonči Bavčević
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Anamarija Jurčev Savičević
- School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (L.A.)
- Teaching Institute for Public Health of Split-Dalmatia County, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Department of Health Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Damir Bavčević
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Jasna Ninčević
- Teaching Institute for Public Health of Split-Dalmatia County, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Anita Buljan
- Teaching Institute for Public Health of Split-Dalmatia County, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Diana Nonković
- Teaching Institute for Public Health of Split-Dalmatia County, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Vitor Rodrigues
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3030-222 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Željka Karin
- School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (L.A.)
- Teaching Institute for Public Health of Split-Dalmatia County, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Department of Health Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
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8
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Irschik S, Brandt JB, Eisenkölbl J. COVID-19 pandemic-related weight gain in the pediatric population declined after restrictions ended, except among obese patients. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1260269. [PMID: 37942242 PMCID: PMC10628554 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1260269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Childhood obesity has become an important topic, not only of increasing relevance during the COVID-19 pandemic but specifically enhanced by it. Restrictions implemented to mitigate further outbreaks led to major constraints on daily physical activity, leading to a severe increase in body weight among children. This study highlights changes in BMI and weight development in children during and (in particular) after the COVID-19 restrictions in Austria, focusing on various socioeconomic factors. Methods Weight development throughout the pandemic and socioeconomic factors were evaluated by anonymous cross-sectional surveys filled out by parents at a pediatric practice. Results This study included 388 children. The rate of obesity increased by 88.5%, from 6.4 to 12.1%, throughout the pandemic, reaching a maximum of 15.2% during the restrictions. Overall, age-adapted BMI z-scores increased significantly by 0.22 during the restrictions and remained increased by 0.19 compared to pre-pandemic levels. With the exception of obese children, all children in the study population experienced significant weight loss after the restrictions were lifted. Obese children continued to gain weight without any sign of the onset of normalization. Socioeconomic factors, such as participation in regular activity in the form of organized sport or the availability of an outdoor area, were associated with relevant differences before the pandemic but had no protective effect against intra-pandemic weight gain. A higher level of parental education was the only factor associated with less weight gain in children during the early phase of the pandemic. Discussion Austrian COVID-19 restrictions have had concerning effects on pediatric BMI, with very little effect of socioeconomic background. After restrictions were loosened, measurable weight loss occurred, but the significant increase in children's BMI percentiles persisted. No weight loss was observed among children who were obese prior to the pandemic. There is a need for broad projects tackling childhood obesity, as obese children are the most vulnerable group with the strongest and most severe long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer B. Brandt
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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9
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Drenowatz C, Ferrari G, Greier K, Chen S, Hinterkörner F. Physical fitness in Austrian elementary school children prior to and post-COVID-19. AIMS Public Health 2023; 10:480-495. [PMID: 37304593 PMCID: PMC10251054 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2023034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background With the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries implemented policies that included movement restrictions, social distancing and school closures in order to control the spread of the virus. Even though these actions may have been necessary to save lives, there have been some unintended consequences that could affect future public health. Methods The present study uses data from more than 24,500 Austrian elementary school children (51.2% male) that participated in a state-wide fitness evaluation program, which was initiated in the 2016/17 school year. In addition to body weight and height, data on cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular power, speed, agility, flexibility and object control were collected from three cohorts prior to the implementation of movement restrictions (school years: 2016/17, 2017/18, 2018/19) and one cohort in 2022, after the majority of COVID-19 policies had been lifted. Results Body mass index percentiles were significantly higher in children post-COVID-19 (p < 0.01). Further, cardiorespiratory endurance, agility and flexibility were significantly lower post-COVID-19 compared to the years preceding movement restrictions (p ≤ 0.01), while absolute muscular strength was higher in the year 2022 (p < 0.01). Conclusion Given the detrimental effects of COVID-19 policies on physical fitness in children, additional efforts are necessary that include versatile opportunities for physical activity and the promotion of physical fitness in order to modify the observed negative health trajectories and ensure future public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Drenowatz
- Division of Sport, Physical Activity and Health, University of Education Upper Austria, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Gerson Ferrari
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH) Santiago 7500618, Chile
| | - Klaus Greier
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Division of Physical Education, Private Educational College (KPH-ES) 6422 Stams, Austria
| | - Sitong Chen
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, Australia
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10
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Berg SK, Birk NM, Thorsted AB, Rosenkilde S, Jensen LB, Nygaard U, Bundgaard H, Thygesen LC, Ersbøll AK, Nielsen SD, Christensen AV. Risk of body weight changes among Danish children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pediatr Obes 2023; 18:e13005. [PMID: 36695546 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of COVID-19 and the pandemic's effects on Danish children's body weight is limited. OBJECTIVE Objectives were to investigate (I) risk of weight changes among Danish children with and without SARS-CoV-2, (II) associations between weight changes, psychological symptoms, and long COVID symptoms, and (III) weight distribution pre- and post-pandemic. METHODS A national survey was administered to all Danish children aged 0-18 years, with prior COVID-19 (cases) and matched references including questions on weight, weight changes during the pandemic and long COVID-related symptoms. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used. Weight distribution was compared with a pre-pandemic database. RESULTS In all, 17 627 cases and 54 656 references were included. The 4-18-year-old cases had lower odds of unintended weight gain. The 2-3-year-old cases had higher odds and the 15-18-year-old cases lower odds of weight loss compared to references. Regardless of COVID-19 status, any reported long COVID-related symptom was associated with a change in body weight. No sign of increasing obesity rates was found among Danish children post-pandemic. CONCLUSION COVID-19 was associated with higher odds of weight loss in 2-3-year-olds and lower odds of unintended weight gain in 4-18-year-olds. Any long COVID-related symptom was associated with higher odds of weight changes regardless of COVID-19 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina K Berg
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Nina M Birk
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Anne B Thorsted
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Siri Rosenkilde
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise B Jensen
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrikka Nygaard
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Department of Paediatrics and Adolescents Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henning Bundgaard
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Lau C Thygesen
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annette K Ersbøll
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne D Nielsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Disease, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne V Christensen
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Weihrauch-Blüher S, Huizinga O, Joisten C, Pflanz J, Torbahn G, Wiegand S, Holzapfel C, Hauner H. Changes in Lifestyle and Body Weight in Children and Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Representative Survey of Parents in Germany. Obes Facts 2023; 16:301-312. [PMID: 36882019 PMCID: PMC10627114 DOI: 10.1159/000529116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The public restrictions taken during the COVID-19 pandemic have substantially affected lifestyle and health behavior of children and adolescents. In Germany, little is known how these changes influenced daily life in families with children and adolescents. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was performed in April/May 2022 across Germany, similar to a survey performed in 2020. Parents (N = 1,004, 20-65 years) with at least one child aged 3-17 years filled in an online questionnaire released by the Forsa Institute for Social Research and Statistical Analysis. Fifteen questions related to eating habits, dietary patterns, physical activity, media consumption, fitness, mental health, and body weight were included, and standard socioeconomic parameters were assessed. RESULTS Parents' answers indicated that there was a parental self-reported weight gain in every sixth child since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. This was most obvious in children from families with lower household income and preexisting overweight. Parents also reported that lifestyle patterns had worsened: 70% reported an increase of media consumption during leisure time, 44% a decrease in daily physical activity, and 16% the worsening of dietary habits (e.g., 27% stated to eat more cake and sweets). Children aged 10-12 years were most severely affected. CONCLUSION Negative health effects related to the COVID-19 pandemic are predominantly observed in children 10-12 years of age and in children from families with low household income, suggesting a worsening social disparity. Political action is urgently needed to tackle the adverse consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on childhood lifestyle and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Weihrauch-Blüher
- Clinic for Pediatrics I, Pediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Christine Joisten
- Department for Physical Activity in Public Health, German Sport University, Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, Cologne, Germany
| | - Juliane Pflanz
- Center for Social-Pediatric Care/Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriel Torbahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Klinikum Nürnberg, Universitätsklinik der Paracelsus Medizinischen Privatuniversität Nürnberg, Nuremberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Susanna Wiegand
- Center for Social-Pediatric Care/Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Holzapfel
- Institute for Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany,
| | - Hans Hauner
- Institute for Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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12
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Hammersen J, Tittel SR, Khodaverdi S, Reschke F, Flury M, Menzel U, Mönkemöller K, Meissner T, Karges B, Holl RW. Metabolic control during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes: results from the German DPV initiative. Acta Diabetol 2023; 60:757-766. [PMID: 36871116 PMCID: PMC9985474 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-023-02050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM To assess effects of the SARS-CoV2 pandemic on metabolic control in youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in Germany in a population-based analysis. METHODS Data from 33,372 pediatric T1D patients from the Diabetes Prospective Follow-up (DPV) registry, with face-to-face visits or telemedicine contacts in the years 2019-2021, were available. Datasets from eight time periods between March 15, 2020, and December 31, 2021, according to SARS-CoV2 incidence waves, were compared to those from five control time periods. Parameters of metabolic control were assessed with adjustment for sex, age, diabetes duration, and repeated measurements. Laboratory-measured HbA1c values and those estimated from CGM were aggregated into a combined glucose indicator (CGI). RESULTS There was no clinically relevant difference in metabolic control between pandemic and control time periods with adjusted CGI values ranging from 7.61% [7.60-7.63] (mean [95% confidence interval (CI)]) in the third quarter of 2019 to 7.83% [7.82-7.85] in the time period from January 1 to March 15 2020, in the other control periods, and during the pandemic, CGI values lay between these values. BMI-SDS rose during the pandemic from 0.29 [0.28-0.30] (mean [95% CI]) in the third quarter of 2019 to 0.40 [0.39-0.41] during the fourth wave. Adjusted insulin dose rose during the pandemic. Event rates for hypoglycemic coma and diabetic ketoacidosis remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS We found no clinically relevant change of glycemic control or incidence of acute diabetes complications during the pandemic. The observed BMI increase may represent an important health risk for youth with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Hammersen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Loschgestr. 15, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Sascha R Tittel
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Semik Khodaverdi
- Clinic for Children and Adolescent Medicine, Clinical Centre Hanau, Hanau, Germany
| | - Felix Reschke
- Diabetes Center for Children and Adolescents, Children's Hospital Auf Der Bult, Hannover, Germany
| | - Monika Flury
- Children's Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrike Menzel
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, AKK Altonaer Kinderkrankenhaus, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kirsten Mönkemöller
- Department of Pediatrics, Kinderkrankenhaus Amsterdamer Strasse, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Meissner
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Beate Karges
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, Bethlehem Hospital Stolberg, Stolberg, Germany
| | - Reinhard W Holl
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, ZIBMT, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
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13
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Raine LB, Erickson KI, Grove G, Watrous JNH, McDonald K, Kang C, Jakicic JM, Forman DE, Kramer AF, Burns JM, Vidoni ED, McAuley E, Hillman CH. Cardiorespiratory fitness levels and body mass index of pre-adolescent children and older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1052389. [PMID: 36733279 PMCID: PMC9888666 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1052389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The social and behavioral effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have impacted the health and physiology of most people, including those never diagnosed with COVID-19. While the impact of the pandemic has been felt across the lifespan, its effects on cardiorespiratory fitness (commonly considered a reflection of total body health) of older adults and children may be particularly profound due to social distancing and stay-at-home advisories, as well as the closure of sport facilities and non-essential businesses. The objective of this investigation was to leverage baseline data from two ongoing clinical trials to determine if cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index were different during COVID-19 relative to before COVID-19 in older adults and children. Methods Healthy older individuals (N = 593; 65-80 years) and 200 typically developing children (8-10 years) completed a graded maximal exercise test and had their height and weight measured. Results Results revealed that older adults and children tested during COVID-19 had significantly lower cardiorespiratory fitness levels than those tested before COVID-19 shutdowns (older adults: 30% lower; children: 53% lower; p's ≤ 0.001). In addition, older adults and children tested during COVID-19 had significantly higher BMI (older adults: 31.34 ± 0.57 kg/m2, p = 0.004; children: 19.27 ± 0.44 kg/m2, p = 0.05) than those tested before COVID-19 shutdowns (older adults: 29.51 ± 0.26 kg/m2, children: 18.13 ± 0.35 kg/m2). However, these differences in BMI did not remain significant when controlling for cardiorespiratory fitness. Discussion Results from this investigation indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic, and behavior changes taken to reduce potential exposure, may have led to lower cardiorespiratory fitness levels in older adults and children, as well as higher body mass index. These findings provide relevant public health information as lower cardiorespiratory fitness levels and higher body mass indexes recorded during the pandemic could have far-reaching and protracted health consequences. Public health guidance is needed to encourage physical activity to maintain cardiorespiratory fitness and healthy body composition. Clinical trial registration Older adults: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02875301, identifier: NCT02875301; Children: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03592238, identifier: NCT03592238.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B. Raine
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kirk I. Erickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity” Research Group, Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - George Grove
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Katherine McDonald
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Chaeryon Kang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - John M. Jakicic
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Daniel E. Forman
- Department of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Geriatrics, Research, Education and Clinical Care (GRECC), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Arthur F. Kramer
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Burns
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center Fairway, Fairway, KS, United States
| | - Eric D. Vidoni
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center Fairway, Fairway, KS, United States
| | - Edward McAuley
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Charles H. Hillman
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
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14
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Azrak MÁ, Fasano MV, Avico AJ, Sala M, Casado C, Padula M, Kruger AL, Malpeli A, Andreoli MF. Prolonged body weight gain, lifestyle changes and health-related quality of life in children during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: A follow-up study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 77:460-467. [PMID: 36510000 PMCID: PMC9744372 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01252-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Further investigation is needed to define the impact of long-term pandemic lockdown in children. OBJECTIVES To examine changes in body mass index z-score (zBMI), lifestyle, Health-Related Quality of Life and proportion of overweight or obesity (OW/OB) in 6- to 9-year-old children in Argentina. METHODS Observational study with baseline measurements prior to lockdown and follow-up after eight months of strict restrictive measures (November 2020, first visit, n = 144) and after ten months of partial reopening (September 2021, second visit, n = 108). Anthropometric changes from baseline to first visit in lockdown group (LG) were compared with a historical control group (HCG, n = 134). Follow-up visits included anthropometric measures, lifestyle questionnaire and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory. RESULTS Change in zBMI was higher in LG [median, IQR: 0.46 (-0.00; 0.83)] vs HCG [median, IQR: 0.02 (-0.31; 0.27)]; p < 0.001, particularly in children with pre-existing OW/OB. In LG, zBMI was higher at first and second visit vs baseline (p < 0.001) and in second visit vs first visit for boys (p = 0.037) but not for girls. The proportion of children with OW/OB increased from baseline (43.5%) to first (56.5%) and second visit (58.3%) (p = 0.029). Unlike girls, the proportion of boys with OW/OB increased from baseline to first and second visit (p = 0.045). Change in zBMI was higher in children with less healthy habits (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Weight gain continued to increase in boys when lockdown measurements were eased, although sedentary behaviors decreased and quality of life improved, indicating that the effects of pandemic lockdown could be difficult to reverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Azrak
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP) Prof. Dr. Fernando E. Viteri. HIAEP “Sor María Ludovica” de La Plata - CIC-PBA. La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Fasano
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP) Prof. Dr. Fernando E. Viteri. HIAEP “Sor María Ludovica” de La Plata - CIC-PBA. La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina ,grid.9499.d0000 0001 2097 3940Centro de Matemática de La Plata (CMaLP), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, UNLP - CIC-PBA. La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Julia Avico
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP) Prof. Dr. Fernando E. Viteri. HIAEP “Sor María Ludovica” de La Plata - CIC-PBA. La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marisa Sala
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP) Prof. Dr. Fernando E. Viteri. HIAEP “Sor María Ludovica” de La Plata - CIC-PBA. La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla Casado
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP) Prof. Dr. Fernando E. Viteri. HIAEP “Sor María Ludovica” de La Plata - CIC-PBA. La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela Padula
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP) Prof. Dr. Fernando E. Viteri. HIAEP “Sor María Ludovica” de La Plata - CIC-PBA. La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Luz Kruger
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP) Prof. Dr. Fernando E. Viteri. HIAEP “Sor María Ludovica” de La Plata - CIC-PBA. La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina ,grid.423606.50000 0001 1945 2152CONICET. La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Malpeli
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP) Prof. Dr. Fernando E. Viteri. HIAEP “Sor María Ludovica” de La Plata - CIC-PBA. La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María F. Andreoli
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP) Prof. Dr. Fernando E. Viteri. HIAEP “Sor María Ludovica” de La Plata - CIC-PBA. La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina ,grid.423606.50000 0001 1945 2152CONICET. La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Torbahn G, Brauchmann J, Axon E, Clare K, Metzendorf MI, Wiegand S, Pratt JS, Ells LJ. Surgery for the treatment of obesity in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 9:CD011740. [PMID: 36074911 PMCID: PMC9454261 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011740.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child and adolescent overweight and obesity have increased globally and are associated with significant short- and long-term health consequences. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of surgery for treating obesity in childhood and adolescence. SEARCH METHODS For this update, we searched Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Latin American and Caribbean Health Science Information database (LILACS), World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP)and ClinicalTrials.gov on 20 August 2021 (date of the last search for all databases). We did not apply language restrictions. We checked references of identified studies and systematic reviews. SELECTION CRITERIA We selected randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of surgical interventions for treating obesity in children and adolescents (age < 18 years) with a minimum of six months of follow-up. We excluded interventions that specifically dealt with the treatment of eating disorders or type 2 diabetes, or which included participants with a secondary or syndromic cause of obesity, or who were pregnant. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. Where necessary, we contacted authors for additional information. MAIN RESULTS With this update, we did not find any new RCTs. Therefore, this updated review still includes a single RCT (a total of 50 participants, 25 in both the intervention and comparator groups). The intervention focused on laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding surgery, which was compared to a control group receiving a multi-component lifestyle programme. The participating population consisted of Australian adolescents (a higher proportion of girls than boys) aged 14 to 18 years, with a mean age of 16.5 and 16.6 years in the gastric banding and lifestyle groups, respectively. The trial was conducted in a private hospital, receiving funding from the gastric banding manufacturer. For most of the outcomes, we identified a high risk of bias, mainly due to bias due to missing outcome data. Laparoscopic gastric banding surgery may reduce BMI by a mean difference (MD) of -11.40 kg/m2 (95% CI -13.22 to -9.58) and weight by -31.60 kg (95% CI -36.66 to -26.54) compared to a multi-component lifestyle programme at two years follow-up. The evidence is very uncertain due to serious imprecision and a high risk of bias. Adverse events were reported in 12/25 (48%) participants in the intervention group compared to 11/25 (44%) in the control group. A total of 28% of the adolescents undergoing gastric banding required revisional surgery. The evidence is very uncertain due to serious imprecision and a high risk of bias. At two years of follow-up, laparoscopic gastric banding surgery may increase health-related quality of life in the physical functioning scores by an MD of 16.30 (95% CI 4.90 to 27.70) and change in health scores by an MD of 0.82 (95% CI 0.18 to 1.46) compared to the lifestyle group. The evidence is very uncertain due to serious imprecision and a high risk of bias. No data were reported for all-cause mortality, behaviour change, participants' views of the intervention and socioeconomic effects. Finally, we have identified three ongoing RCTs that are evaluating the efficacy and safety of metabolic and bariatric surgery in children and adolescents. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Laparoscopic gastric banding led to greater body weight loss compared to a multi-component lifestyle program in one small study with 50 participants. These results have very limited application, primarily due to more recent recommendations derived from observation studies to avoid the use of banding in youth due to long-term reoperation rates. This systematic review update still highlights the lack of RCTs in this field. The authors are concerned that there may be ethical barriers to RTCs in this field, despite the lack of other effective therapies for severe obesity in children and adolescents and the significant morbidity and premature mortality caused by childhood obesity. Nevertheless, future studies, whether pre-registered and planned non-randomised or pragmatic randomised trials, should assess the impact of the surgical procedure and post-operative care to minimise adverse events, including the need for post-operative adjustments and revisional surgery. Long-term follow-up is also critical to comprehensively assess the impact of surgery as participants enter adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Torbahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Klinikum Nürnberg, Universitätsklinik der Paracelsus Medizinischen Privatuniversität Nürnberg, Nuremberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Obesity Research Unit, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jana Brauchmann
- Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emma Axon
- Cochrane Skin, Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Maria-Inti Metzendorf
- Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group, Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Susanna Wiegand
- Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janey Sa Pratt
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Stanford University, Standford, CA, USA
| | - Louisa J Ells
- School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
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Change in BMI and Fitness among Primary School Children in Austria: A 24-Month Follow-Up Study of 303 Children Measured before and during the Ongoing COVID-19 Pandemic. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10050078. [PMID: 35622487 PMCID: PMC9147516 DOI: 10.3390/sports10050078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic not only impacted the health of school children directly through SARS-CoV-2 infections, but the associated closures of schools and sports facilities also resulted in long-term negative side effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of COVID-19-related mitigation measures on the health and fitness status of primary school children in Austria. A total of 303 primary school children participated in the longitudinal study. Data on height, weight, and fitness were collected before the COVID-19 pandemic (September 2019) and at one-year intervals (September 2020 and September 2021) during the course of the pandemic. In the first year, from September 2019 to September 2020, there were alarming increases in body mass index (BMI) standard deviation scores (SDSs) (from 0.32 to 0.49) and dramatic decreases in both cardiorespiratory endurance (CRE) (from 0.49 to −0.43) and action speed (from −0.31 to −0.64). In the second year (September 2020 to September 2021), the BMI scores stabilized, and improvements in CRE were observed, especially in the subgroup of children who were members of sports clubs. In the future, more initiatives and projects, in addition to sports club activities, should be started and expanded, particularly in schools, to specifically counteract the observed health damage and, thus, have a positive effect on the development of all children, especially those without sports club membership.
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The Impact of COVID-19-Related Mitigation Measures on the Health and Fitness Status of Primary School Children in Austria: A Longitudinal Study with Data from 708 Children Measured before and during the Ongoing COVID-19 Pandemic. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10030043. [PMID: 35324652 PMCID: PMC8949892 DOI: 10.3390/sports10030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19-related closing of schools and sport facilities resulted in major changes to daily routines worldwide. It was the aim of this study to investigate the impact of COVID-19-related mitigation measures on the health and fitness status of primary school children in Austria. Seven hundred and eight primary school children (7–10 years old) participated in the longitudinal study. Data on height, weight, waist circumference, and fitness were collected before (September 2019) and during the course of the COVID-19 pandemic (June 20, September 20, March 21, June 21). A significant increase in EQUI BMIAUT (ηp2 = 0.087) and significant changes (ηp2 = 0.355) in waist circumference were found. Cardiorespiratory endurance (ηp2 = 0.440) and action speed (ηp2 = 0.221) decreased dramatically following lockdowns/school closures. In contrast, muscle strength showed no significant changes. The COVID-19-related mitigation measures intended to contain a communicable disease resulted in an acceleration of the pre-existing pandemic of overweight and obesity. The adverse combination of increasing BMI and the loss of physical fitness is likely to result in long-term negative effects on the health status of growing and developing individuals. Health professionals should therefore not only support further longitudinal observations of this “non-communicable disease” but also support intervention programs to reverse this worrying side-effect of COVID-19-associated containment policies.
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