1
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Zhou CY, Yang YL, Han ZY, Chen YX, Liu HL, Fan K, Li MC, Tu SH, Wen Q, Zhou XY, Ma L. Peripheral blood MR1 tetramer-positive mucosal-associated invariant T-cell function is modulated by mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 in patients with active tuberculosis. Immunology 2024. [PMID: 39022997 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is still an urgent global public health problem. Notably, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells play an important role in early anti-TB immune response. Targeted control of them may be an effective method to improve vaccine efficacy and TB treatment. However, the biology and signal regulation mechanisms of MAIT cells in TB patients are still poorly understood. Previous studies have been limited by the lack of reagents to specifically identify MAIT cells. In addition, the use of alternative markers may subsume non-MAIT cell into MAIT cell populations. In this study, the human MR1 tetramer which can specifically identify MAIT cells was used to further explore the effect and mechanism of MAIT cells in anti-TB immune response. Our results showed that the tetramer+ MAIT cells in peripheral blood of TB patients were mainly CD8+ or CD4-CD8- cells, and very few were CD4+ cells. After BCG infecting autologous antigen-presenting cells, MAIT cells in patients produced significantly higher levels of cytokines, lysis and proliferation compared with healthy controls. After suppression of mTORC1 by the mTORC1-specific inhibitor rapamycin, the immune response of MAIT cells in patients was significantly reduced. This study demonstrates that peripheral blood tetramer+ MAIT cells from TB patients have significant anti-TB immune effect, which is regulated by mTORC1. This could provide ideas and potential therapeutic targets for the development of novel anti-TB immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ying Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Long Yang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Han
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao-Xin Chen
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Lin Liu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Fan
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Chong Li
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Hang Tu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wen
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Ying Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Ma
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Chengalroyen MD, Mehaffy C, Lucas M, Bauer N, Raphela ML, Oketade N, Warner DF, Lewinsohn DA, Lewinsohn DM, Dobos KM, Mizrahi V. Modulation of riboflavin biosynthesis and utilization in mycobacteria. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0320723. [PMID: 38916330 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03207-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is the precursor of the flavin coenzymes, FAD and FMN, which play a central role in cellular redox metabolism. While humans must obtain riboflavin from dietary sources, certain microbes, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), can biosynthesize riboflavin de novo. Riboflavin precursors have also been implicated in the activation of mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells which recognize metabolites derived from the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway complexed to the MHC-I-like molecule, MR1. To investigate the biosynthesis and function of riboflavin and its pathway intermediates in mycobacterial metabolism and physiology, we constructed conditional knockdowns (hypomorphs) in riboflavin biosynthesis and utilization genes in Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msm) and Mtb by inducible CRISPR interference. Using this comprehensive panel of hypomorphs, we analyzed the impact of gene silencing on viability, on the transcription of (other) riboflavin pathway genes, on the levels of the pathway proteins, and on riboflavin itself. Our results revealed that (i) despite lacking a canonical transporter, both Msm and Mtb assimilate exogenous riboflavin when supplied at high concentration; (ii) there is functional redundancy in lumazine synthase activity in Msm; (iii) silencing of ribA2 or ribF is profoundly bactericidal in Mtb; and (iv) in Msm, ribA2 silencing results in concomitant knockdown of other pathway genes coupled with RibA2 and riboflavin depletion and is also bactericidal. In addition to their use in genetic validation of potential drug targets for tuberculosis, this collection of hypomorphs provides a useful resource for future studies investigating the role of pathway intermediates in MAIT cell recognition of mycobacteria. IMPORTANCE The pathway for biosynthesis and utilization of riboflavin, precursor of the essential coenzymes, FMN and FAD, is of particular interest in the flavin-rich pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), for two important reasons: (i) the pathway includes potential tuberculosis (TB) drug targets and (ii) intermediates from the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway provide ligands for mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, which have been implicated in TB pathogenesis. However, the riboflavin pathway is poorly understood in mycobacteria, which lack canonical mechanisms to transport this vitamin and to regulate flavin coenzyme homeostasis. By conditionally disrupting each step of the pathway and assessing the impact on mycobacterial viability and on the levels of the pathway proteins as well as riboflavin, our work provides genetic validation of the riboflavin pathway as a target for TB drug discovery and offers a resource for further exploring the association between riboflavin biosynthesis, MAIT cell activation, and TB infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa D Chengalroyen
- Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Carolina Mehaffy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Megan Lucas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Niel Bauer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Mabule L Raphela
- Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nurudeen Oketade
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Digby F Warner
- Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - David M Lewinsohn
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Karen M Dobos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Valerie Mizrahi
- Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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3
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Ryan EK, Clutter C, De Barra C, Jenkins BJ, O’Shaughnessy S, Ryan OK, McKenna C, Heneghan HM, Walsh F, Finlay DK, Sinclair LV, Jones N, Leung DT, O’Shea D, Hogan AE. Iron Is Critical for Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cell Metabolism and Effector Functions. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1706-1713. [PMID: 38619286 PMCID: PMC11102027 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells are a population of innate T cells that play a critical role in host protection against bacterial and viral pathogens. Upon activation, MAIT cells can rapidly respond via both TCR-dependent and -independent mechanisms, resulting in robust cytokine production. The metabolic and nutritional requirements for optimal MAIT cell effector responses are still emerging. Iron is an important micronutrient and is essential for cellular fitness, in particular cellular metabolism. Iron is also critical for many pathogenic microbes, including those that activate MAIT cells. However, iron has not been investigated with respect to MAIT cell metabolic or functional responses. In this study, we show that human MAIT cells require exogenous iron, transported via CD71 for optimal metabolic activity in MAIT cells, including their production of ATP. We demonstrate that restricting iron availability by either chelating environmental iron or blocking CD71 on MAIT cells results in impaired cytokine production and proliferation. These data collectively highlight the importance of a CD71-iron axis for human MAIT cell metabolism and functionality, an axis that may have implications in conditions where iron availability is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimear K. Ryan
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Christy Clutter
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Conor De Barra
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Benjamin J. Jenkins
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Simon O’Shaughnessy
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Odhrán K. Ryan
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
- St Vincent’s University Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Chloe McKenna
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Helen M. Heneghan
- St Vincent’s University Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona Walsh
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - David K. Finlay
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Linda V. Sinclair
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Jones
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel T. Leung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Donal O’Shea
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
- St Vincent’s University Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew E. Hogan
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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4
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Lin X, Wang Y, He Y. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells in infectious diseases of respiratory system: recent advancements and applications. J Inflamm (Lond) 2024; 21:6. [PMID: 38419084 PMCID: PMC10902946 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-024-00376-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an atypical subset of T lymphocytes, which have a highly conserved semi-constant αβ chain of T-cell receptor (TCR) and recognize microbe-derived vitamin B metabolites via major histocompatibility complex class I related-1 molecule (MR1). MAIT cells get activated mainly through unique TCR-dependent and TCR-independent pathways, and express multiple functional and phenotypic traits, including innate-like functionality, T helper (Th) 1 cell immunity, Th 17 cell immunity, and tissue homing. Given the functions, MAIT cells are extensively reported to play a key role in mucosal homeostasis and infectious diseases. In the current work, we review the basic characteristics of MAIT cells and their roles in mucosal homeostasis and development of respiratory infectious diseases as well as their potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanqi He
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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5
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Chengalroyen MD. Current Perspectives and Challenges of MAIT Cell-Directed Therapy for Tuberculosis Infection. Pathogens 2023; 12:1343. [PMID: 38003807 PMCID: PMC10675005 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a distinct population of non-conventional T cells that have been preserved through evolution and possess properties of both innate and adaptive immune cells. They are activated through the recognition of antigens presented by non-polymorphic MR1 proteins or, alternately, can be stimulated by specific cytokines. These cells are multifaceted and exert robust antimicrobial activity against bacterial and viral infections, direct the immune response through the modulation of other immune cells, and exhibit a specialized tissue homeostasis and repair function. These distinct characteristics have instigated interest in MAIT cell biology for immunotherapy and vaccine development. This review describes the current understanding of MAIT cell activation, their role in infections and diseases with an emphasis on tuberculosis (TB) infection, and perspectives on the future use of MAIT cells in immune-mediated therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa D Chengalroyen
- Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
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6
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Chandra S, Ascui G, Riffelmacher T, Chawla A, Ramírez-Suástegui C, Castelan VC, Seumois G, Simon H, Murray MP, Seo GY, Premlal ALR, Schmiedel B, Verstichel G, Li Y, Lin CH, Greenbaum J, Lamberti J, Murthy R, Nigro J, Cheroutre H, Ottensmeier CH, Hedrick SM, Lu LF, Vijayanand P, Kronenberg M. Transcriptomes and metabolism define mouse and human MAIT cell populations. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eabn8531. [PMID: 37948512 PMCID: PMC11160507 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abn8531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subset of T lymphocytes that respond to microbial metabolites. We defined MAIT cell populations in different organs and characterized the developmental pathway of mouse and human MAIT cells in the thymus using single-cell RNA sequencing and phenotypic and metabolic analyses. We showed that the predominant mouse subset, which produced IL-17 (MAIT17), and the subset that produced IFN-γ (MAIT1) had not only greatly different transcriptomes but also different metabolic states. MAIT17 cells in different organs exhibited increased lipid uptake, lipid storage, and mitochondrial potential compared with MAIT1 cells. All these properties were similar in the thymus and likely acquired there. Human MAIT cells in lung and blood were more homogeneous but still differed between tissues. Human MAIT cells had increased fatty acid uptake and lipid storage in blood and lung, similar to human CD8 T resident memory cells, but unlike mouse MAIT17 cells, they lacked increased mitochondrial potential. Although mouse and human MAIT cell transcriptomes showed similarities for immature cells in the thymus, they diverged more strikingly in the periphery. Analysis of pet store mice demonstrated decreased lung MAIT17 cells in these so-called "dirty" mice, indicative of an environmental influence on MAIT cell subsets and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Chandra
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Gabriel Ascui
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Thomas Riffelmacher
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY UK
| | - Ashu Chawla
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Ciro Ramírez-Suástegui
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Viankail C. Castelan
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Gregory Seumois
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Hayley Simon
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Mallory P. Murray
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Goo-Young Seo
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | | | - Benjamin Schmiedel
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Greet Verstichel
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Yingcong Li
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Chia-Hao Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Jason Greenbaum
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - John Lamberti
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123 USA
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Falk Cardiovascular Research Center, Stanford, CA 94305-5407 USA
| | - Raghav Murthy
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123 USA
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Children’s Heart Center Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - John Nigro
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123 USA
| | - Hilde Cheroutre
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Christian H. Ottensmeier
- Liverpool Head and Neck Center, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK, L69 7ZB
| | - Stephen M. Hedrick
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093 USA
| | - Li-Fan Lu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093 USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093 USA
| | - Pandurangan Vijayanand
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
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7
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Chengalroyen MD, Mehaffy C, Lucas M, Bauer N, Raphela ML, Oketade N, Warner DF, Lewinsohn DA, Lewinsohn DM, Dobos KM, Mizrahi V. Modulation of riboflavin biosynthesis and utilization in mycobacteria. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.30.555301. [PMID: 37693561 PMCID: PMC10491194 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.30.555301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is the precursor of the flavin coenzymes, FAD and FMN, which play a central role in cellular redox metabolism. While humans must obtain riboflavin from dietary sources, certain microbes, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), can biosynthesize riboflavin de novo. Riboflavin precursors have also been implicated in the activation of mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells which recognize metabolites derived from the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway complexed to the MHC-I-like molecule, MR1. To investigate the biosynthesis and function of riboflavin and its pathway intermediates in mycobacterial metabolism, physiology and MAIT cell recognition, we constructed conditional knockdowns (hypomorphs) in riboflavin biosynthesis and utilization genes in Mycobacterium smegmatis (Msm) and Mtb by inducible CRISPR interference. Using this comprehensive panel of hypomorphs, we analyzed the impact of gene silencing on viability, on the transcription of (other) riboflavin pathway genes, on the levels of the pathway proteins and on riboflavin itself. Our results revealed that (i) despite lacking a canonical transporter, both Msm and Mtb assimilate exogenous riboflavin when supplied at high concentration; (ii) there is functional redundancy in lumazine synthase activity in Msm; (iii) silencing of ribA2 or ribF is profoundly bactericidal in Mtb; and (iv) in Msm, ribA2 silencing results in concomitant knockdown of other pathway genes coupled with RibA2 and riboflavin depletion and is also bactericidal. In addition to their use in genetic validation of potential drug targets for tuberculosis, this collection of hypomorphs provides a useful resource for investigating the role of pathway intermediates in MAIT cell recognition of mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa D. Chengalroyen
- Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Carolina Mehaffy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Colorado, USA
| | - Megan Lucas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Colorado, USA
| | - Niel Bauer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Colorado, USA
| | - Mabule L. Raphela
- Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nurudeen Oketade
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Colorado, USA
| | - Digby F. Warner
- Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - David M. Lewinsohn
- Oregon Health and Science University, Oregon, USA
- Portland VA Medical Center, Oregon, USA
| | - Karen M. Dobos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Colorado, USA
| | - Valerie Mizrahi
- Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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8
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DeBerge M, Chaudhary R, Schroth S, Thorp EB. Immunometabolism at the Heart of Cardiovascular Disease. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2023; 8:884-904. [PMID: 37547069 PMCID: PMC10401297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Immune cell function among the myocardium, now more than ever, is appreciated to regulate cardiac function and pathophysiology. This is the case for both innate immunity, which includes neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages, as well as adaptive immunity, which includes T cells and B cells. This function is fueled by cell-intrinsic shifts in metabolism, such as glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, as well as metabolite availability, which originates from the surrounding extracellular milieu and varies during ischemia and metabolic syndrome. Immune cell crosstalk with cardiac parenchymal cells, such as cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts, is also regulated by complex cellular metabolic circuits. Although our understanding of immunometabolism has advanced rapidly over the past decade, in part through valuable insights made in cultured cells, there remains much to learn about contributions of in vivo immunometabolism and directly within the myocardium. Insight into such fundamental cell and molecular mechanisms holds potential to inform interventions that shift the balance of immunometabolism from maladaptive to cardioprotective and potentially even regenerative. Herein, we review our current working understanding of immunometabolism, specifically in the settings of sterile ischemic cardiac injury or cardiometabolic disease, both of which contribute to the onset of heart failure. We also discuss current gaps in knowledge in this context and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Edward B. Thorp
- Address for correspondence: Dr Edward B. Thorp, Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue Ward 4-116, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
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9
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Riffelmacher T, Paynich Murray M, Wientjens C, Chandra S, Cedillo-Castelán V, Chou TF, McArdle S, Dillingham C, Devereaux J, Nilsen A, Brunel S, Lewinsohn DM, Hasty J, Seumois G, Benedict CA, Vijayanand P, Kronenberg M. Divergent metabolic programmes control two populations of MAIT cells that protect the lung. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:877-891. [PMID: 37231163 PMCID: PMC10264248 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01152-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells provide rapid, innate-like responses, they are not pre-set, and memory-like responses have been described for MAIT cells following infections. The importance of metabolism for controlling these responses, however, is unknown. Here, following pulmonary immunization with a Salmonella vaccine strain, mouse MAIT cells expanded as separate CD127-Klrg1+ and CD127+Klrg1- antigen-adapted populations that differed in terms of their transcriptome, function and localization in lung tissue. These populations remained altered from steady state for months as stable, separate MAIT cell lineages with enhanced effector programmes and divergent metabolism. CD127+ MAIT cells engaged in an energetic, mitochondrial metabolic programme, which was critical for their maintenance and IL-17A synthesis. This programme was supported by high fatty acid uptake and mitochondrial oxidation and relied on highly polarized mitochondria and autophagy. After vaccination, CD127+ MAIT cells protected mice against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. In contrast, Klrg1+ MAIT cells had dormant but ready-to-respond mitochondria and depended instead on Hif1a-driven glycolysis to survive and produce IFN-γ. They responded antigen independently and participated in protection from influenza virus. These metabolic dependencies may enable tuning of memory-like MAIT cell responses for vaccination and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Riffelmacher
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sara McArdle
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Aaron Nilsen
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Simon Brunel
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Jeff Hasty
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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10
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Kedia-Mehta N, Pisarska MM, Rollings C, O'Neill C, De Barra C, Foley C, Wood NAW, Wrigley-Kelly N, Veerapen N, Besra G, Bergin R, Jones N, O'Shea D, Sinclair LV, Hogan AE. The proliferation of human mucosal-associated invariant T cells requires a MYC-SLC7A5-glycolysis metabolic axis. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eabo2709. [PMID: 37071733 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abo2709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an abundant population of innate T cells that recognize bacterial ligands and play a key role in host protection against bacterial and viral pathogens. Upon activation, MAIT cells undergo proliferative expansion and increase their production of effector molecules such as cytokines. In this study, we found that both mRNA and protein abundance of the key metabolism regulator and transcription factor MYC was increased in stimulated MAIT cells. Using quantitative mass spectrometry, we identified the activation of two MYC-controlled metabolic pathways, amino acid transport and glycolysis, both of which were necessary for MAIT cell proliferation. Last, we showed that MAIT cells isolated from people with obesity showed decreased MYC mRNA abundance upon activation, which was associated with defective MAIT cell proliferation and functional responses. Collectively, our data uncover the importance of MYC-regulated metabolism for MAIT cell proliferation and provide additional insight into the molecular basis for the functional defects of MAIT cells in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Kedia-Mehta
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co Kildare, Ireland
| | - Marta M Pisarska
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co Kildare, Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Christina Rollings
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Chloe O'Neill
- National Children's Research Centre, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | | | - Cathriona Foley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland
| | - Nicole A W Wood
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co Kildare, Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Neil Wrigley-Kelly
- St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
- University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | - Gurdyal Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ronan Bergin
- National Children's Research Centre, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Nicholas Jones
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
| | - Donal O'Shea
- National Children's Research Centre, Dublin 12, Ireland
- St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
- University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Linda V Sinclair
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Andrew E Hogan
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co Kildare, Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre, Dublin 12, Ireland
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11
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Kedia-Mehta N, Hogan AE. MAITabolism 2 - the emerging understanding of MAIT cell metabolism and their role in metabolic disease. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1108071. [PMID: 36741413 PMCID: PMC9892190 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1108071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a population of unconventional innate T cells due to their non-MHC restriction and rapid effector responses. MAIT cells can recognise bacterial derived antigens presented on the MHC-like protein via their semi-restricted T cell receptor (TCR). Upon TCR triggering MAIT cells rapidly produce a range of effector molecules including cytokines, lytic granules and chemokines. This rapid and robust effector response makes MAIT cells critical in host responses against many bacterial pathogens. MAIT cells can also respond independent of their TCR via innate cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-18, triggering cytokine production, and are important in anti-viral responses. In addition to their protective role, MAIT cells have been implicated in numerous inflammatory diseases, including metabolic diseases often contributing to the pathogenesis via their robust cytokine production. Effector cells such as MAIT cells require significant amounts of energy to support their potent responses, and the type of nutrients available can dictate the functionality of the cell. Although data on MAIT cell metabolism is just emerging, several recent studies are starting to define the intrinsic metabolic requirements and regulators of MAIT cells. In this review we will outline our current understanding of MAIT cell metabolism, and outline their role in metabolic disease, and how disease-related changes in extrinsic metabolism can alter MAIT cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Kedia-Mehta
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co Kildare, Ireland
- Obesity Immunology Group, Education and Research Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew E Hogan
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co Kildare, Ireland
- Obesity Immunology Group, Education and Research Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
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12
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Labuz D, Cacioppo J, Li K, Aubé J, Leung DT. Enhancing Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cell Function and Expansion with Human Selective Serum. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:116-124. [PMID: 36651819 PMCID: PMC10026854 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are promising innate-like lymphocytes with potential for use in anti-tumor immunotherapy. Existing MAIT cell expansion protocols are associated with potentially decremental phenotypic changes, including increased frequency of CD4+ MAIT cells and higher inhibitory receptor expression. In this study, we compared the effect on expansion of human MAIT cells of a serum replacement, Physiologix XF SR (Phx), with traditional serum FBS for supplementing RPMI 1640 media. Using flow cytometry, we found that Phx supported a significantly higher proliferative capacity for MAIT cells and resulted in a lower frequency of CD4+ MAIT cells, which have been associated with reduced Th1 effector and cytolytic functions. We saw that culturing MAIT cells in Phx led to better survival of MAIT cells and lower frequency of PD-1+ MAIT cells than FBS-supplemented media. Functionally, we saw that Phx supplementation was associated with a higher frequency of IFN-γ+ MAIT cells after stimulation with Escherichia coli than FBS-supplemented RPMI. In conclusion, we show that MAIT cells cultured in Phx have higher proliferative capacity, lower expression of inhibitory receptors, and higher capacity to produce IFN-γ after E. coli stimulation than FBS-supplemented RPMI. This work shows that expanding MAIT cells with Phx compared with FBS-supplemented RPMI results in a more functionally desirable MAIT cell for future anti-tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Labuz
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jackson Cacioppo
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kelin Li
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Daniel T. Leung
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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13
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Immunometabolism of Immune Cells in Mucosal Environment Drives Effector Responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158531. [PMID: 35955665 PMCID: PMC9369211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a major threat to global public health, with more than 1.5 million deaths recorded in 2020. Improved interventions against tuberculosis are urgently needed, but there are still gaps in our knowledge of the host-pathogen interaction that need to be filled, especially at the site of infection. With a long history of infection in humans, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has evolved to be able to exploit the microenvironment of the infection site to survive and grow. The immune cells are not only reliant on immune signalling to mount an effective response to Mtb invasion but can also be orchestrated by their metabolic state. Cellular metabolism was often overlooked in the past but growing evidence of its importance in the functions of immune cells suggests that it can no longer be ignored. This review aims to gain a better understanding of mucosal immunometabolism of resident effector cells, such as alveolar macrophages and mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells), in response to Mtb infection and how Mtb manipulates them for its survival and growth, which could address our knowledge gaps while opening up new questions, and potentially be applied for future vaccination and therapeutic strategies.
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14
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Phetsouphanh C, Phalora P, Hackstein CP, Thornhill J, Munier CML, Meyerowitz J, Murray L, VanVuuren C, Goedhals D, Drexhage L, Russell RA, Sattentau QJ, Mak JYW, Fairlie DP, Fidler S, Kelleher AD, Frater J, Klenerman P. Human MAIT cells respond to and suppress HIV-1. eLife 2021; 10:e50324. [PMID: 34951583 PMCID: PMC8752121 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human MAIT cells sit at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity, are polyfunctional and are capable of killing pathogen infected cells via recognition of the Class IB molecule MR1. MAIT cells have recently been shown to possess an antiviral protective role in vivo and we therefore sought to explore this in relation to HIV-1 infection. There was marked activation of MAIT cells in vivo in HIV-1-infected individuals, which decreased following ART. Stimulation of THP1 monocytes with R5 tropic HIVBAL potently activated MAIT cells in vitro. This activation was dependent on IL-12 and IL-18 but was independent of the TCR. Upon activation, MAIT cells were able to upregulate granzyme B, IFNγ and HIV-1 restriction factors CCL3, 4, and 5. Restriction factors produced by MAIT cells inhibited HIV-1 infection of primary PBMCs and immortalized target cells in vitro. These data reveal MAIT cells to be an additional T cell population responding to HIV-1, with a potentially important role in controlling viral replication at mucosal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chansavath Phetsouphanh
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
| | - Prabhjeet Phalora
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Jodi Meyerowitz
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Lyle Murray
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Dominique Goedhals
- Division of Virology, University of the Free State/National Health Laboratory ServiceFree StateSouth Africa
| | - Linnea Drexhage
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Rebecca A Russell
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Quentin J Sattentau
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey YW Mak
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - David P Fairlie
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | | | | | - John Frater
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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15
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Daniel L, Tassery M, Lateur C, Thierry A, Herbelin A, Gombert JM, Barbarin A. Allotransplantation Is Associated With Exacerbation of CD8 T-Cell Senescence: The Particular Place of the Innate CD8 T-Cell Component. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674016. [PMID: 34367138 PMCID: PMC8334557 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosenescence is a physiological process that is associated with changes in the immune system, particularly among CD8 T-cells. Recent studies have hypothesized that senescent CD8 T-cells are produced with chronologic age by chronic stimulation, leading to the acquisition of hallmarks of innate-like T-cells. While conventional CD8 T-cells are quite well characterized, CD8 T-cells sharing features of NK cells and memory CD8 T-cells, are a newly described immune cell population. They can be distinguished from conventional CD8 T-cells by their combined expression of panKIR/NKG2A and Eomesodermin (E), a unique phenotype closely associated with IFN-γ production in response to innate stimulation. Here, we first provided new evidence in favor of the innate character of panKIR/NKG2A(+) E(+) CD8 T-cells in normal subjects, documenting their position at an intermediate level in the innateness gradient in terms of both innate IFN-γ production and diminished mitochondrial mass. We also revealed that CD8 E(+) panKIR/NKG2A(+) T-cells, hereafter referred to as Innate E(+) CD8 T-cells, exhibit increased senescent (CD27(-) CD28(-)) phenotype, compared to their conventional memory counterparts. Surprisingly, this phenomenon was not dependent on age. Given that inflammation related to chronic viral infection is known to induce NK-like marker expression and a senescence phenotype among CD8 T-cells, we hypothesized that innate E(+) CD8 T-cells will be preferentially associated with exacerbated cellular senescence in response to chronic alloantigen exposure or CMV infection. Accordingly, in a pilot cohort of stable kidney allotransplant recipients, we observed an increased frequency of the Innate E(+) CD8 T-cell subset, together with an exacerbated senescent phenotype. Importantly, this phenotype cannot be explained by age alone, in clear contrast to their conventional memory counterparts. The senescent phenotype in CD8 T-cells was further increased in cytomegalovirus (CMV) positive serology transplant recipients, suggesting that transplantation and CMV, rather than aging by itself, may promote an exacerbated senescent phenotype of innate CD8 T-cells. In conclusion, we proposed that kidney transplantation, via the setting of inflammatory stimuli of alloantigen exposure and CMV infection, may exogenously age the CD8 T-cell compartment, especially its innate component. The physiopathological consequences of this change in the immune system remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Daniel
- Inserm U1082, Poitiers, France.,Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Marion Tassery
- Service de Néphrologie, Hémodialyse et Transplantation, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Clara Lateur
- Service d'Immunologie et Inflammation, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Antoine Thierry
- Inserm U1082, Poitiers, France.,Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Service de Néphrologie, Hémodialyse et Transplantation, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - André Herbelin
- Inserm U1082, Poitiers, France.,Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Marc Gombert
- Inserm U1082, Poitiers, France.,Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Service d'Immunologie et Inflammation, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Alice Barbarin
- Inserm U1082, Poitiers, France.,CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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16
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Gu M, Samuelson DR, Taylor CM, Molina PE, Luo M, Siggins RW, Shellito JE, Welsh DA. Alcohol-associated intestinal dysbiosis alters mucosal-associated invariant T-cell phenotype and function. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:934-947. [PMID: 33704802 PMCID: PMC8283808 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic alcohol consumption is associated with a compromised innate and adaptive immune responses to infectious disease. Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells play a critical role in antibacterial host defense. However, whether alcohol-associated deficits in innate and adaptive immune responses are mediated by alterations in MAIT cells remains unclear. METHODS To investigate the impact of alcohol on MAIT cells, mice were treated with binge-on-chronic alcohol for 10 days and sacrificed at day 11. MAIT cells in the barrier organs (lung, liver, and intestine) were characterized by flow cytometry. Two additional sets of animals were used to examine the involvement of gut microbiota on alcohol-induced MAIT cell changes: (1) Cecal microbiota from alcohol-fed (AF) mice were adoptive transferred into antibiotic-pretreated mice and (2) AF mice were treated with antibiotics during the experiment. MAIT cells in the barrier organs were measured via flow cytometry. RESULTS Binge-on-chronic alcohol feeding led to a significant reduction in the abundance of MAIT cells in the barrier tissues. However, CD69 expression on tissue-associated MAIT cells was increased in AF mice compared with pair-fed (PF) mice. The expression of Th1 cytokines and the corresponding transcriptional factor was tissue specific, showing downregulation in the intestine and increases in the lung and liver in AF animals. Transplantation of fecal microbiota from AF mice resulted in a MAIT cell profile aligned to that of AF mouse donor. Antibiotic treatment abolished the MAIT cell differences between AF and PF animals. CONCLUSION MAIT cells in the intestine, liver, and lung are perturbed by alcohol use and these changes are partially attributable to alcohol-associated dysbiosis. MAIT cell dysfunction may contribute to alcohol-induced innate and adaptive immunity and consequently end-organ pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care & Allergy/Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Derrick R. Samuelson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care & Allergy/Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, & Sleep, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Christopher M. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Patricia E. Molina
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Meng Luo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Robert W. Siggins
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Judd E. Shellito
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care & Allergy/Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - David A. Welsh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care & Allergy/Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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17
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Howson LJ, Li J, von Borstel A, Barugahare A, Mak JYW, Fairlie DP, McCluskey J, Turner SJ, Davey MS, Rossjohn J. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cell Effector Function Is an Intrinsic Cell Property That Can Be Augmented by the Metabolic Cofactor α-Ketoglutarate. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1425-1435. [PMID: 33597151 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an innate-like population of unconventional T cells that respond rapidly to microbial metabolite Ags or cytokine stimulation. Because of this reactivity and surface expression of CD45RO+, CD45RA-, and CD127+, they are described as effector memory cells. Yet, there is heterogeneity in MAIT cell effector response. It is unclear what factors control MAIT cell effector capacity, whether it is fixed or can be modified and if this differs based on whether activation is TCR dependent or independent. To address this, we have taken a systematic approach to examine human MAIT cell effector capacity across healthy individuals in response to ligand and cytokine stimulation. We demonstrate the heterogenous nature of MAIT cell effector capacity and that the ability to produce an effector response is not directly attributable to TCR clonotype or coreceptor expression. Global gene transcription analysis revealed that the MAIT cell effector capacity produced in response to TCR stimulation is associated with increased expression of the epigenetic regulator lysine demethylase 6B (KDM6B). Addition of a KDM6B inhibitor did not alter MAIT cell effector function to Ag or cytokine stimulation. However, addition of the KDM6B cofactor α-ketoglutarate greatly enhanced MAIT cell effector capacity to TCR-dependent stimulation in a partially KDM6B-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that the TCR-dependent effector response of MAIT cells is epigenetically regulated and dependent on the availability of metabolic cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Howson
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia;
| | - Jasmine Li
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Anouk von Borstel
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Adele Barugahare
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Y W Mak
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Stephen J Turner
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Martin S Davey
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; and.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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18
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Mucosal Associated Invariant T Cells in Cancer-Friend or Foe? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071582. [PMID: 33808058 PMCID: PMC8036566 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a population of unconventional T cells which can bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems. Well-described roles for MAIT cells include host protection against invading bacteria, fungi and viruses. Upon activation, MAIT cells become prolific effector cells, capable of producing a range of cytokines and lytic molecules. In addition to their anti-microbial role, MAIT cells have been implicated in immune responses to cancer, with opposing beneficial and pathogenic roles reported. On the one hand, MAIT cells can home to the site of the tumour in many human cancers and can produce anti-tumour molecules. On the other, MAIT cells can display defective phenotypes in certain cancers and produce pro-tumour molecules. In this review, we discuss the current literature on the diverse roles for MAIT cells in cancer, outlining their frequencies, functions and associations with N staging and prognosis. We also discuss potential mechanisms underpinning cancer-related alterations in MAIT cells and highlight therapeutic approaches to harness or target MAIT cells in cancer.
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19
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Swadling L, Pallett LJ, Diniz MO, Baker JM, Amin OE, Stegmann KA, Burton AR, Schmidt NM, Jeffery-Smith A, Zakeri N, Suveizdyte K, Froghi F, Fusai G, Rosenberg WM, Davidson BR, Schurich A, Simon AK, Maini MK. Human Liver Memory CD8 + T Cells Use Autophagy for Tissue Residence. Cell Rep 2021; 30:687-698.e6. [PMID: 31968246 PMCID: PMC6988113 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells have critical roles in long-term pathogen and tumor immune surveillance in the liver. We investigate the role of autophagy in equipping human memory T cells to acquire tissue residence and maintain functionality in the immunosuppressive liver environment. By performing ex vivo staining of freshly isolated cells from human liver tissue, we find that an increased rate of basal autophagy is a hallmark of intrahepatic lymphocytes, particularly liver-resident CD8+ T cells. CD8+ T cells with increased autophagy are those best able to proliferate and mediate cytotoxicity and cytokine production. Conversely, blocking autophagy induction results in the accumulation of depolarized mitochondria, a feature of exhausted T cells. Primary hepatic stellate cells or the prototypic hepatic cytokine interleukin (IL)-15 induce autophagy in parallel with tissue-homing/retention markers. Inhibition of T cell autophagy abrogates tissue-residence programming. Thus, upregulation of autophagy adapts CD8+ T cells to combat mitochondrial depolarization, optimize functionality, and acquire tissue residence. An increased rate of basal autophagy is a hallmark of liver-resident CD8+ T cells Enhanced T cell autophagy can be imprinted by IL-15 or hepatic stellate cells Autophagy induction is required for tissue-residence programming in vitro Enhanced autophagy maintains TRM mitochondrial fitness in the liver
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Laura J Pallett
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mariana O Diniz
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Josephine M Baker
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver E Amin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kerstin A Stegmann
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alice R Burton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nathalie M Schmidt
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Jeffery-Smith
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London, UK
| | - Nekisa Zakeri
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Farid Froghi
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe Fusai
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - William M Rosenberg
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Brian R Davidson
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Schurich
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; Department of Infectious Diseases, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - A Katharina Simon
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.
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20
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Toubal A, Lehuen A. Role of MAIT cells in metabolic diseases. Mol Immunol 2020; 130:142-147. [PMID: 33358570 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
MAIT cells are innate-like T cells that are enriched in mucosal sites and tissues including adipose tissue and liver. They play an important role in immunity against microbial pathogens. Recently, it has been reported that MAIT cells could also be important in metabolic diseases and can be involved in setting up and maintaining chronic inflammation. In this review, we give an overview of recent advances in understanding MAIT cells role in the ethology of this diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Toubal
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.
| | - Agnès Lehuen
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.
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21
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Amini A, Pang D, Hackstein CP, Klenerman P. MAIT Cells in Barrier Tissues: Lessons from Immediate Neighbors. Front Immunol 2020; 11:584521. [PMID: 33329559 PMCID: PMC7734211 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.584521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells present at considerable frequencies in human blood and barrier tissues, armed with an expanding array of effector functions in response to homeostatic perturbations. Analogous to other barrier immune cells, their phenotype and function is driven by crosstalk with host and dynamic environmental factors, most pertinently the microbiome. Given their distribution, they must function in diverse extracellular milieus. Tissue-specific and adapted functions of barrier immune cells are shaped by transcriptional programs and regulated through a blend of local cellular, inflammatory, physiological, and metabolic mediators unique to each microenvironment. This review compares the phenotype and function of MAIT cells with other barrier immune cells, highlighting potential areas for future exploration. Appreciation of MAIT cell biology within tissues is crucial to understanding their niche in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Amini
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Declan Pang
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carl-Philipp Hackstein
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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22
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Thiele D, La Gruta NL, Nguyen A, Hussain T. Hiding in Plain Sight: Virtually Unrecognizable Memory Phenotype CD8 + T cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228626. [PMID: 33207648 PMCID: PMC7698292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtual memory T (TVM) cells are a recently described population of conventional CD8+ T cells that, in spite of their antigen inexperience, express markers of T cell activation. TVM cells exhibit rapid responsiveness to both antigen-specific and innate stimuli in youth but acquire intrinsic antigen-specific response defects in the elderly. In this article, we review how the identification of TVM cells necessitates a re-evaluation of accepted paradigms for conventional memory T (TMEM) cells, the potential for heterogeneity within the TVM population, and the defining characteristics of TVM cells. Further, we highlight recent literature documenting the development of TVM cells as a distinct CD8+ T cell lineage as well their biological significance in the context of disease.
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23
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Highton AJ, Diercks BP, Möckl F, Martrus G, Sauter J, Schmidt AH, Bunders MJ, Körner C, Guse AH, Altfeld M. High Metabolic Function and Resilience of NKG2A-Educated NK Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:559576. [PMID: 33101277 PMCID: PMC7554334 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.559576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are an important component of the innate immune system for the control of intracellular pathogens and cancer cells. NK cells demonstrate heterogeneous expression of inhibitory surface receptors. Signaling through these various receptors during NK cell development promotes functionality, referred to as NK cell education. Here we investigated the impact of education on NK cell metabolism through functional assessment of critical metabolic pathways and calcium signaling. Educated NK cells had an increased uptake of the metabolic substrates 2-NBDG, a fluorescent glucose analog, and BODIPY FL C16, a fluorescent palmitate, compared to uneducated NK cells. Comparison of NK cells educated via KIRs or NKG2A showed that NKG2A-educated NK cells were the main contributor to these differences in uptake of metabolites, and that NKG2A-educated NK cells were functionally more resilient in response to metabolic blockade of oxidative phosphorylation. Furthermore, NKG2A-educated NK cells exhibited higher peak calcium concentration following stimulation, indicating stronger signaling events taking place in these educated NK cells. These results demonstrate that cellular metabolism plays an important role in the functional differences observed between educated and uneducated NK cells, and show that NKG2A-educated NK cells remain more functionally competent than KIR-educated NK cells when oxidative phosphorylation is restricted. Understanding metabolic programming during NK cell education may unveil future targets to manipulate NK cell function for use in clinical settings, such as cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Highton
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn-Philipp Diercks
- The Calcium Signaling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Möckl
- The Calcium Signaling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gloria Martrus
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Sauter
- Deutsche Knochenmarkspenderdatei (DKMS), Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Madeleine J Bunders
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Körner
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas H Guse
- The Calcium Signaling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
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24
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Pavlovic M, Gross C, Chili C, Secher T, Treiner E. MAIT Cells Display a Specific Response to Type 1 IFN Underlying the Adjuvant Effect of TLR7/8 Ligands. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2097. [PMID: 33013883 PMCID: PMC7509539 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells constitute a highly conserved subset of effector T cells with innate-like recognition of a wide array of bacteria and fungi in humans. Harnessing the potential of these cells could represent a major advance as a new immunotherapy approach to fight difficult-to-treat bacterial infections. However, despite recent advances in the design of potent agonistic ligands for MAIT cells, it has become increasingly evident that adjuvants are required to elicit potent antimicrobial effector functions by these cells, such as IFNγ production and cytotoxicity. Indeed, TCR triggering alone elicits mostly barrier repair functions in MAIT cells, whereas an inflammatory milieu is required to drive the antibacterial functions. Cytokines such as IL-7, IL-12 and IL-18, IL-15 or more recently type 1 IFN all display an apparently similar ability to synergize with TCR stimulation to induce IFNγ production and/or cytotoxic functions in vitro, but their mechanisms of action are not well established. Herein, we show that MAIT cells feature a build-in mechanism to respond to IFNα. We confirm that IFNα acts directly and specifically on MAIT cells and synergizes with TCR/CD3 triggering to induce maximum cytokine production and cytotoxic functions. We provide evidences suggesting that the preferential activation of the Stat4 pathway is involved in the high sensitivity of MAIT cells to IFNα stimulation. Finally, gene expression data confirm the specific responsiveness of MAIT cells to IFNα and pinpoints specific pathways that could be the target of this cytokine. Altogether, these data highlight the potential of IFNα-inducing adjuvants to maximize MAIT cells responsiveness to purified ligands in order to induce potent anti-infectious responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Pavlovic
- INSERM UMR 1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse-Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Christelle Gross
- INSERM UMR 1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse-Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Chahinaize Chili
- INSERM UMR 1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse-Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Secher
- INSERM UMR 1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse-Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Emmanuel Treiner
- INSERM UMR 1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse-Purpan, Toulouse, France.,Paul Sabatier University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.,Laboratory of Immunology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
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25
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Pisarska MM, Dunne MR, O'Shea D, Hogan AE. Interleukin‐17 producing mucosal associated invariant T cells ‐ emerging players in chronic inflammatory diseases? Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1098-1108. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta M. Pisarska
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health ResearchMaynooth University Kildare Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre Dublin Ireland
| | - Margaret R. Dunne
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of SurgerySt James's Hospital Dublin Ireland
- Trinity St James's Cancer InstituteSt James's Hospital Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Donal O'Shea
- Obesity Immunology Group, Education and Research Centre, St Vincent's University HospitalUniversity College Dublin Ireland
| | - Andrew E. Hogan
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health ResearchMaynooth University Kildare Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre Dublin Ireland
- Obesity Immunology Group, Education and Research Centre, St Vincent's University HospitalUniversity College Dublin Ireland
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26
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To analyze the possible role that the 'unconventional' T-cell populations mucosal-associated invariant T cell (MAIT) and iNKT cells play during HIV infection and following antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment. RECENT FINDINGS A substantial body of evidence now demonstrates that both MAIT and iNKT cells are depleted in blood during HIV infection. The depletion and dysfunction of MAIT and iNKT cells are only partially restored by suppressive ART, potentially contributing to HIV-related comorbidities. SUMMARY The deficiency and dysfunction of MAIT and iNKT T-cell subsets likely impact on immunity to important coinfections including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This underscores the importance of research on restoring these unconventional T cells during HIV infection. Future studies in this field should address the challenge of studying tissue-resident cells, particularly in the gut, and better defining the determinants of MAIT/iNKT cell dysfunction. Such studies could have a significant impact on improving the immune function of HIV-infected individuals.
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27
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Hagel JP, Garner LC, Bilton M, Mehta H, Leng T, Hackstein CP, Phalora P, Amini A, Akther HD, Provine NM, Edmans M, Willberg CB, Klenerman P. Human MAIT Cell Activation In Vitro. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2098:97-124. [PMID: 31792818 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0207-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an abundant innate-like T cell subset in humans, enriched in mucosal tissues and the liver. MAIT cells express a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) and recognize microbial-derived riboflavin metabolites presented on the MHC Class I-like molecule MR1. In addition to activation via the TCR, MAIT cells can also be activated in response to cytokines such as IL-12 and IL-18, in contrast to conventional T cells. Here we describe TCR-dependent and -independent methods for MAIT cell activation. The TCR-dependent approaches include stimulation with microbead- or plate-bound anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies, and with 5-OP-RU or paraformaldehyde (PFA)-fixed E. coli in the presence of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The latter method includes a combination of TCR- and cytokine-mediated stimulation. The TCR-independent methods include direct stimulation with the recombinant cytokines IL-12 and IL-18, and indirect stimulation with TLR-4/TLR-8 agonists or influenza A virus in the presence of APCs. Finally, we outline a protocol to analyze activated MAIT cells using flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim P Hagel
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucy C Garner
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Bilton
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hema Mehta
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tianqi Leng
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carl-Philipp Hackstein
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Prabhjeet Phalora
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ali Amini
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hossain D Akther
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas M Provine
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Edmans
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian B Willberg
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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28
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Zhang Y, Kong D, Wang H. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T cell in liver diseases. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:460-470. [PMID: 32015682 PMCID: PMC6990906 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.39016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) are a new population of innate immune cells, which are abundant in the liver and play complex roles in various liver diseases. In this review, we summarize MAIT cells in the liver diseases in recent studies, figure out the role of MAIT cells in various liver disease, including Alcoholic liver disease, Non-alcoholic liver disease, Autoimmune liver diseases, Viral hepatitis and Liver Cancer. Briefly, MAIT cells are involved in anti-bacteria responses in the alcoholic liver diseases. Besides, the activated MAIT cells promote the liver inflammation by secreting inflammatory cytokines and produce regulatory cytokines, which induces anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization. MAIT cells participate in the liver fibrosis via enhancing hepatic stellate cell activation. In viral hepatitis, MAIT cells exhibit a flawed and exhausted phenotype, which results in little effect on controlling the virus and bacteria. In liver cancer, MAIT cells indicate the disease progression and the outcome of therapy. In summary, MAIT cells are attractive biomarkers and therapeutic targets for liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujue Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Derun Kong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Fuyang Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, Anhui 236000, P.R. China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
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29
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O'Brien A, Loftus RM, Pisarska MM, Tobin LM, Bergin R, Wood NAW, Foley C, Mat A, Tinley FC, Bannan C, Sommerville G, Veerapen N, Besra GS, Sinclair LV, Moynagh PN, Lynch L, Finlay DK, O'Shea D, Hogan AE. Obesity Reduces mTORC1 Activity in Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells, Driving Defective Metabolic and Functional Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:3404-3411. [PMID: 31076528 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity underpins the development of numerous chronic diseases, such as type II diabetes mellitus. It is well established that obesity negatively alters immune cell frequencies and functions. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a population of innate T cells, which we have previously reported are dysregulated in obesity, with altered circulating and adipose tissue frequencies and a reduction in their IFN-γ production, which is a critical effector function of MAIT cells in host defense. Hence, there is increased urgency to characterize the key molecular mechanisms that drive MAIT cell effector functions and to identify those which are impaired in the obesity setting. In this study, we found that MAIT cells significantly upregulate their rates of glycolysis upon activation in an mTORC1-dependent manner, and this is essential for MAIT cell IFN-γ production. Furthermore, we show that mTORC1 activation is dependent on amino acid transport via SLC7A5. In obese patients, using RNA sequencing, Seahorse analysis, and a series of in vitro experiments, we demonstrate that MAIT cells isolated from obese adults display defective glycolytic metabolism, mTORC1 signaling, and SLC7A5 aa transport. Collectively, our data detail the intrinsic metabolic pathways controlling MAIT cell cytokine production and highlight mTORC1 as an important metabolic regulator that is impaired in obesity, leading to altered MAIT cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling O'Brien
- Obesity Immunology Group, Education and Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Roisin M Loftus
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Marta M Pisarska
- National Children's Research Centre, Dublin 12, Ireland.,Department of Biology, Institute of Immunology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare W23 F2K8, Ireland
| | - Laura M Tobin
- Obesity Immunology Group, Education and Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Ronan Bergin
- Department of Biology, Institute of Immunology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare W23 F2K8, Ireland
| | - Nicole A W Wood
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Biology, Institute of Immunology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare W23 F2K8, Ireland
| | - Cathriona Foley
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Arimin Mat
- Obesity Immunology Group, Education and Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Frances C Tinley
- Department of Biology, Institute of Immunology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare W23 F2K8, Ireland
| | - Ciaran Bannan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Gary Sommerville
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Molecular Biology Core Facilities, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Natacha Veerapen
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Linda V Sinclair
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul N Moynagh
- Department of Biology, Institute of Immunology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare W23 F2K8, Ireland.,School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Lydia Lynch
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - David K Finlay
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.,School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; and.,School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Donal O'Shea
- Obesity Immunology Group, Education and Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre, Dublin 12, Ireland.,Department of Biology, Institute of Immunology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare W23 F2K8, Ireland
| | - Andrew E Hogan
- Obesity Immunology Group, Education and Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; .,National Children's Research Centre, Dublin 12, Ireland.,Department of Biology, Institute of Immunology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare W23 F2K8, Ireland
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30
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La Flamme AC. Immunology & Cell Biology's top 10 original research articles 2017-2018. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:119-120. [PMID: 30693569 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne C La Flamme
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.,Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
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31
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Pfeifer C, Highton AJ, Peine S, Sauter J, Schmidt AH, Bunders MJ, Altfeld M, Körner C. Natural Killer Cell Education Is Associated With a Distinct Glycolytic Profile. Front Immunol 2018; 9:3020. [PMID: 30619362 PMCID: PMC6305746 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells expressing self-inhibitory receptors display increased functionality compared to NK cells lacking those receptors. The acquisition of functional competence in these particular NK-cell subsets is termed education. Little is known about the underlying mechanisms that lead to the functional differences between educated and uneducated NK cells. An increasing number of studies suggest that cellular metabolism is a determinant of immune cell functions. Thus, alterations in cellular metabolic pathways may play a role in the process of NK-cell education. Here, we compared the glycolytic profile of educated and uneducated primary human NK cells. KIR-educated NK cells showed significantly increased expression levels of the glucose transporter Glut1 in comparison to NKG2A-educated or uneducated NK cells with and without exposure to target cells. Subsequently, the metabolic profile of NK-cell subsets was determined using a Seahorse XF Analyzer. Educated NK cells displayed significantly higher rates of cellular glycolysis than uneducated NK cells even in a resting state. Our results indicate that educated and uneducated NK cells reside in different metabolic states prior to activation. These differences in the ability to utilize glucose may represent an underlying mechanism for the superior functionality of educated NK cells expressing self-inhibitory receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Pfeifer
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrew J Highton
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Peine
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Alexander H Schmidt
- DKMS Gemeinnützige GmbH, Tübingen, Germany.,DKMS Life Science Lab, Dresden, Germany
| | - Madeleine J Bunders
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Experimental Immunology and the Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Körner
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
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32
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D’Souza C, Chen Z, Corbett AJ. Revealing the protective and pathogenic potential of MAIT cells. Mol Immunol 2018; 103:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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