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Wang KL, Balmforth C, Meah MN, Daghem M, Moss AJ, Tzolos E, Kwiecinski J, Molek-Dziadosz P, Craig N, Bularga A, Adamson PD, Dawson DK, Arumugam P, Sabharwal NK, Greenwood JP, Townend JN, Calvert PA, Rudd JHF, Verjans JW, Berman DS, Slomka PJ, Dey D, Mills NL, van Beek EJR, Williams MC, Dweck MR, Newby DE. Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque Activity and Risk of Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2024; 83:2135-2144. [PMID: 38811091 PMCID: PMC11254330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.03.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Total coronary atherosclerotic plaque activity across the entire coronary arterial tree is associated with patient-level clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate whether vessel-level coronary atherosclerotic plaque activity is associated with vessel-level myocardial infarction. METHODS In this secondary analysis of an international multicenter study of patients with recent myocardial infarction and multivessel coronary artery disease, we assessed vessel-level coronary atherosclerotic plaque activity using coronary 18F-sodium fluoride positron emission tomography to identify vessel-level myocardial infarction. RESULTS Increased 18F-sodium fluoride uptake was found in 679 of 2,094 coronary arteries and 414 of 691 patients. Myocardial infarction occurred in 24 (4%) vessels with increased coronary atherosclerotic plaque activity and in 25 (2%) vessels without increased coronary atherosclerotic plaque activity (HR: 2.08; 95% CI: 1.16-3.72; P = 0.013). This association was not demonstrable in those treated with coronary revascularization (HR: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.47-2.25) but was notable in untreated vessels (HR: 3.86; 95% CI: 1.63-9.10; Pinteraction = 0.024). Increased coronary atherosclerotic plaque activity in multiple coronary arteries was associated with heightened patient-level risk of cardiac death or myocardial infarction (HR: 2.43; 95% CI: 1.37-4.30; P = 0.002) as well as first (HR: 2.19; 95% CI: 1.18-4.06; P = 0.013) and total (HR: 2.50; 95% CI: 1.42-4.39; P = 0.002) myocardial infarctions. CONCLUSIONS In patients with recent myocardial infarction and multivessel coronary artery disease, coronary atherosclerotic plaque activity prognosticates individual coronary arteries and patients at risk for myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Ling Wang
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; General Clinical Research Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Craig Balmforth
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed N Meah
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marwa Daghem
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair J Moss
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Evangelos Tzolos
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jacek Kwiecinski
- Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patrycja Molek-Dziadosz
- Department of Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Failure, John Paul II Hospital, Kraków, Poland
| | - Neil Craig
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anda Bularga
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Philip D Adamson
- Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Dana K Dawson
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Parthiban Arumugam
- Manchester University National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nikant K Sabharwal
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John P Greenwood
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom; The Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Monash University, and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan N Townend
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick A Calvert
- Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James H F Rudd
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Johan W Verjans
- Australian Institute for Machine Learning, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Piotr J Slomka
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Damini Dey
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nicholas L Mills
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Edwin J R van Beek
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle C Williams
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marc R Dweck
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David E Newby
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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2
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Sun J, Cook T. A simple and robust parametric shared frailty model for recurrent events with the competing risk of death: An application to the Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival trial. Stat Methods Med Res 2024; 33:765-793. [PMID: 38625756 DOI: 10.1177/09622802241236934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Many non-fatal events can be considered recurrent in that they can occur repeatedly over time, and some researchers may be interested in the trajectory and relative risk of non-fatal events. With the competing risk of death, the treatment effect on the mean number of recurrent events is non-identifiable since the observed mean is a function of both the recurrent event and terminal event processes. In this paper, we assume independence between the non-fatal and the terminal event process, conditional on the shared frailty, to fit a parametric model that recovers the trajectory of, and identifies the effect of treatment on, the non-fatal event process in the presence of the competing risk of death. Simulation studies are conducted to verify the reliability of our estimators. We illustrate the method and perform model diagnostics using the Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival trial which involves heart-failure events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiren Sun
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thomas Cook
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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3
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Ray R, Ford I, Cleland JGF, Graham F, Ahmed FZ, Al-Mohammad A, Cowburn PJ, Critoph C, Kalra PA, Lane RE, Ludman A, Pellicori P, Petrie MC, Robertson M, Seed A, Squire I, Kalra PR. The Impact of Ferric Derisomaltose on Cardiovascular and Noncardiovascular Events in Patients With Anemia, Iron Deficiency, and Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction. J Card Fail 2024; 30:682-690. [PMID: 37926238 PMCID: PMC11096866 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In some countries, intravenous ferric derisomaltose (FDI) is only licensed for treating iron deficiency with anemia. Accordingly, we investigated the effects of intravenous FDI in a subgroup of patients with anemia in the IRONMAN (Effectiveness of Intravenous (IV) Iron Treatment Versus Standard Care in Patients With Heart Failure and Iron Deficiency) trial. METHOD AND RESULTS IRONMAN enrolled patients with heart failure, a left ventricular ejection fraction of ≤45%, and iron deficiency (ferritin <100 µg/L or transferrin saturation of <20%), 771 (68%) of whom had anemia (hemoglobin <12 g/dL for women and <13 g/dL for men). Patients were randomized, open label, to FDI (n = 397) or usual care (n = 374) and followed for a median of 2.6 years. The primary end point, recurrent hospitalization for heart failure and cardiovascular death, occurred less frequently for those assigned to FDI (rate ratio 0.78, 95% confidence interval 0.61-1.01; P = .063). First event analysis for cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure, less affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, gave similar results (hazard ratio 0.77, 95% confidence interval 0.62-0.96; P = .022). Patients randomized to FDI reported a better Minnesota Living with Heart Failure quality of life, for overall (P = .013) and physical domain (P = .00093) scores at 4 months. CONCLUSIONS In patients with iron deficiency anemia and heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, intravenous FDI improves quality of life and may decrease cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Ray
- Department of Cardiology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's University of London, United
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John G F Cleland
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Fraser Graham
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Fozia Z Ahmed
- Department of Cardiology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Abdallah Al-Mohammad
- Department of Cardiology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK; Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Peter J Cowburn
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Chris Critoph
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospitals Dorset NHS Foundation Trust, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Philip A Kalra
- Department of Renal Medicine, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust Salford Care Organisation, Salford, UK
| | - Rebecca E Lane
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Andrew Ludman
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Pierpaolo Pellicori
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark C Petrie
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Alison Seed
- Department of Cardiology, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Blackpool, UK
| | - Iain Squire
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Paul R Kalra
- Department of Cardiology, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK; College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.
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4
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Cleland JGF, Kalra PA, Pellicori P, Graham FJ, Foley PWX, Squire IB, Cowburn PJ, Seed A, Clark AL, Szwejkowski B, Banerjee P, Cooke J, Francis M, Clifford P, Wong A, Petrie C, McMurray JJV, Thomson EA, Wetherall K, Robertson M, Ford I, Kalra PR. Intravenous iron for heart failure, iron deficiency definitions, and clinical response: the IRONMAN trial. Eur Heart J 2024; 45:1410-1426. [PMID: 38446126 PMCID: PMC11032711 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehae086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS What is the relationship between blood tests for iron deficiency, including anaemia, and the response to intravenous iron in patients with heart failure? METHODS In the IRONMAN trial, 1137 patients with heart failure, ejection fraction ≤ 45%, and either serum ferritin < 100 µg/L or transferrin saturation (TSAT) < 20% were randomized to intravenous ferric derisomaltose (FDI) or usual care. Relationships were investigated between baseline anaemia severity, ferritin and TSAT, to changes in haemoglobin from baseline to 4 months, Minnesota Living with Heart Failure (MLwHF) score and 6-minute walk distance achieved at 4 months, and clinical events, including heart failure hospitalization (recurrent) or cardiovascular death. RESULTS The rise in haemoglobin after administering FDI, adjusted for usual care, was greater for lower baseline TSAT (Pinteraction < .0001) and ferritin (Pinteraction = .028) and more severe anaemia (Pinteraction = .014). MLwHF scores at 4 months were somewhat lower (better) with FDI for more anaemic patients (overall Pinteraction = .14; physical Pinteraction = .085; emotional Pinteraction = .043) but were not related to baseline TSAT or ferritin. Blood tests did not predict difference in achieved walking distance for those randomized to FDI compared to control. The absence of anaemia or a TSAT ≥ 20% was associated with lower event rates and little evidence of benefit from FDI. More severe anaemia or TSAT < 20%, especially when ferritin was ≥100 µg/L, was associated with higher event rates and greater absolute reductions in events with FDI, albeit not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS This hypothesis-generating analysis suggests that anaemia or TSAT < 20% with ferritin > 100 µg/L might identify patients with heart failure who obtain greater benefit from intravenous iron. This interpretation requires confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G F Cleland
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Philip A Kalra
- Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
- The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Pierpaolo Pellicori
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Fraser J Graham
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Paul W X Foley
- Great Western Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Swindon, UK
| | - Iain B Squire
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Peter J Cowburn
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Alison Seed
- Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Blackpool, UK
| | | | | | | | - Justin Cooke
- Chesterfield Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Chesterfield, UK
| | | | | | - Aaron Wong
- Princess of Wales Hospital, Bridgend, UK
| | - Colin Petrie
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, G12 8TA, UK
- University Hospital Monklands, Airdrie, UK
| | - John J V McMurray
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow, Lanarkshire, G12 8TA, UK
| | | | - Kirsty Wetherall
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michele Robertson
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul R Kalra
- Department of Cardiology, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
- Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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5
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Furberg JF, Andersen PK, Scheike T, Ravn H. Simulation-based sample size calculations of marginal proportional means models for recurrent events with competing risks. Pharm Stat 2024. [PMID: 38509020 DOI: 10.1002/pst.2382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
In randomised controlled trials, the outcome of interest could be recurrent events, such as hospitalisations for heart failure. If mortality rates are non-negligible, both recurrent events and competing terminal events need to be addressed when formulating the estimand and statistical analysis is no longer trivial. In order to design future trials with primary recurrent event endpoints with competing risks, it is necessary to be able to perform power calculations to determine sample sizes. This paper introduces a simulation-based approach for power estimation based on a proportional means model for recurrent events and a proportional hazards model for terminal events. The simulation procedure is presented along with a discussion of what the user needs to specify to use the approach. The method is flexible and based on marginal quantities which are easy to specify. However, the method introduces a lack of a certain type of dependence. This is explored in a sensitivity analysis which suggests that the power is robust in spite of that. Data from a randomised controlled trial, LEADER, is used as the basis for generating data for a future trial. Finally, potential power gains of recurrent event methods as opposed to first event methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Funch Furberg
- Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biostatistics CagriSema & CKAD 1, Novo Nordisk, Bagsværd, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas Scheike
- Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Ravn
- Biostatistics CagriSema & CKAD 1, Novo Nordisk, Bagsværd, Denmark
- Methods, Innovation & Outreach (MIO), Novo Nordisk, Bagsværd, Denmark
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6
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Urbute A, Frederiksen K, Thomsen LT, Kesmodel US, Kjaer SK. Overweight and obesity as risk factors for cervical cancer and detection of precancers among screened women: A nationwide, population-based cohort study. Gynecol Oncol 2024; 181:20-27. [PMID: 38103421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is a known risk factor for many types of cancer. However, there is no clear evidence whether overweight and obesity increases the risk of cervical cancer. We investigated the association between body mass index (BMI) and detection of squamous and glandular cervical cancer and precancer. METHODS Based on the Medical Birth Registry, we conducted a nationwide cohort study in Denmark of 384,559 women with BMI ≥18.5 kg/m2 (pre-pregnancy BMI reported at the start of the pregnancy) having a cervical cytology screening at age 23-49 years within 5 years following the date of childbirth. The cohort was followed for 10 years from the first cervical cytology screening after the childbirth. We assessed absolute risks of cervical lesions according to BMI with the Aalen-Johansen estimator. We conducted Cox proportional hazards regression analyses to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Analyses were adjusted for age, calendar year, parity, oral contraception use, HPV vaccination, smoking, country of origin, and education. RESULTS Overweight and obesity were associated with higher rates of cervical cancer (HR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.04-1.49 and HR = 1.14, 95% CI 0.91-1.43, respectively) and lower rates of cervical precancer detection (HR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.84-0.92 and HR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.63-0.71, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Higher than normal BMI was associated with higher incidence rates of cervical cancer and lower rates of precancer detection, emphasizing the importance of further research in possible mechanisms behind this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aivara Urbute
- Unit of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Institute, Strandboulevarden 49, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Frederiksen
- Statistics and Data analysis, Danish Cancer Institute, Strandboulevarden 49, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise T Thomsen
- Unit of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Institute, Strandboulevarden 49, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Schiøler Kesmodel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aalborg University Hospital, and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Reberbansgade 9, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Susanne K Kjaer
- Unit of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Institute, Strandboulevarden 49, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Gynecology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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7
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Janvin M, Young JG, Ryalen PC, Stensrud MJ. Causal inference with recurrent and competing events. LIFETIME DATA ANALYSIS 2024; 30:59-118. [PMID: 37173588 PMCID: PMC10764453 DOI: 10.1007/s10985-023-09594-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Many research questions concern treatment effects on outcomes that can recur several times in the same individual. For example, medical researchers are interested in treatment effects on hospitalizations in heart failure patients and sports injuries in athletes. Competing events, such as death, complicate causal inference in studies of recurrent events because once a competing event occurs, an individual cannot have more recurrent events. Several statistical estimands have been studied in recurrent event settings, with and without competing events. However, the causal interpretations of these estimands, and the conditions that are required to identify these estimands from observed data, have yet to be formalized. Here we use a formal framework for causal inference to formulate several causal estimands in recurrent event settings, with and without competing events. When competing events exist, we clarify when commonly used classical statistical estimands can be interpreted as causal quantities from the causal mediation literature, such as (controlled) direct effects and total effects. Furthermore, we show that recent results on interventionist mediation estimands allow us to define new causal estimands with recurrent and competing events that may be of particular clinical relevance in many subject matter settings. We use causal directed acyclic graphs and single world intervention graphs to illustrate how to reason about identification conditions for the various causal estimands based on subject matter knowledge. Furthermore, using results on counting processes, we show that our causal estimands and their identification conditions, which are articulated in discrete time, converge to classical continuous time counterparts in the limit of fine discretizations of time. We propose estimators and establish their consistency for the various identifying functionals. Finally, we use the proposed estimators to compute the effect of blood pressure lowering treatment on the recurrence of acute kidney injury using data from the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Janvin
- Department of Mathematics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jessica G Young
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
- CAUSALab, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Pål C Ryalen
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mats J Stensrud
- Department of Mathematics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Lyu T, Bornkamp B, Mueller-Velten G, Schmidli H. Bayesian inference for a principal stratum estimand on recurrent events truncated by death. Biometrics 2023; 79:3792-3802. [PMID: 36647690 DOI: 10.1111/biom.13831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent events are often important endpoints in randomized clinical trials. For example, the number of recurrent disease-related hospitalizations may be considered as a clinically meaningful endpoint in cardiovascular studies. In some settings, the recurrent event process may be terminated by an event such as death, which makes it more challenging to define and estimate a causal treatment effect on recurrent event endpoints. In this paper, we focus on the principal stratum estimand, where the treatment effect of interest on recurrent events is defined among subjects who would be alive regardless of the assigned treatment. For the estimation of the principal stratum effect in randomized clinical trials, we propose a Bayesian approach based on a joint model of the recurrent event and death processes with a frailty term accounting for within-subject correlation. We also present Bayesian posterior predictive check procedures for assessing the model fit. The proposed approaches are demonstrated in the randomized Phase III chronic heart failure trial PARAGON-HF (NCT01920711).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianmeng Lyu
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
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9
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Xu J, Psioda MA, Ibrahim JG. Bayesian design of clinical trials using joint models for recurrent and terminating events. Biostatistics 2023; 24:866-884. [PMID: 35851911 DOI: 10.1093/biostatistics/kxac025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Joint models for recurrent event and terminating event data are increasingly used for the analysis of clinical trials. However, few methods have been proposed for designing clinical trials using these models. In this article, we develop a Bayesian clinical trial design methodology focused on evaluating the effect of an investigational product (IP) on both recurrent event and terminating event processes considered as multiple primary endpoints, using a multifrailty joint model. Dependence between the recurrent and terminating event processes is accounted for using a shared frailty. Inferences for the multiple primary outcomes are based on posterior model probabilities corresponding to mutually exclusive hypotheses regarding the benefit of IP with respect to the recurrent and terminating event processes. We propose an approach for sample size determination to ensure the trial design has a high power and a well-controlled type I error rate, with both operating characteristics defined from a Bayesian perspective. We also consider a generalization of the proposed parametric model that uses a nonparametric mixture of Dirichlet processes to model the frailty distributions and compare its performance to the proposed approach. We demonstrate the methodology by designing a colorectal cancer clinical trial with a goal of demonstrating that the IP causes a favorable effect on at least one of the two outcomes but no harm on either.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew A Psioda
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joseph G Ibrahim
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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10
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LeMasters K, Renson A, Zalla L, Martin CL, Edwards JK. Understanding the Accumulation of Health-Related Inequities Over the Life Course Using the Mean Cumulative Count. Am J Epidemiol 2023; 192:1425-1431. [PMID: 37218618 PMCID: PMC10666969 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwad123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how health inequities develop over time is necessary to inform interventions, but methods for doing so are underutilized. We provide an example of the accumulation of stressful life events using the mean cumulative count (MCC), which estimates the expected number of events per person as a function of time, allowing for censoring and competing events. Data came from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, a nationally representative data set. To compare the MCC with standard practice, we present the proportions of persons experiencing 1, 2, and ≥3 stressful events and the cumulative probability of experiencing at least 1 event by the end of follow-up. Our sample included 6,522 individuals aged 18-33 years who were followed for a median of 14 years. Using the MCC, by age 20 years the expected number of encounters was 56 events per 100 participants for Black non-Hispanic persons, 47 per 100 for White non-Hispanic persons, and 50 per 100 for Hispanic persons. By age 33 years, inequities grew to 117, 99, and 108 events per 100 persons, respectively. The MCC revealed that inequities in stressful events accumulate over the course of early adulthood, partially driven by repeat events; this information was not evident from conventional approaches. This method can be used to identify intervention points for disrupting the accumulation of repeat events to improve health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine LeMasters
- Correspondence to Dr. Katherine LeMasters, Division of General Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Academic Office 1, 12631 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045 (e-mail: )
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11
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Mao L. Nonparametric inference of general while-alive estimands for recurrent events. Biometrics 2023; 79:1749-1760. [PMID: 35731993 PMCID: PMC9772359 DOI: 10.1111/biom.13709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Measuring the treatment effect on recurrent events like hospitalization in the presence of death has long challenged statisticians and clinicians alike. Traditional inference on the cumulative frequency unjustly penalizes survivorship as longer survivors also tend to experience more adverse events. Expanding a recently suggested idea of the "while-alive" event rate, we consider a general class of such estimands that adjust for the length of survival without losing causal interpretation. Given a user-specified loss function that allows for arbitrary weighting, we define as estimand the average loss experienced per unit time alive within a target period and use the ratio of this loss rate to measure the effect size. Scaling the loss rate by the width of the corresponding time window gives us an alternative, and sometimes more photogenic, way of showing the data. To make inferences, we construct a nonparametric estimator for the loss rate through the cumulative loss and the restricted mean survival time and derive its influence function in closed form for variance estimation and testing. As simulations and analysis of real data from a heart failure trial both show, the while-alive approach corrects for the false attenuation of treatment effect due to patients living longer under treatment, with increased statistical power as a result. The proposed methods are implemented in the R-package WA, which is publicly available from the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Mao
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
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Entrop JP, Weibull CE, Smedby KE, Jakobsen LH, Øvlisen AK, Glimelius I, Marklund A, Larsen TS, Holte H, Fosså A, Smeland KB, El-Galaly TC, Eloranta S. Reproduction patterns among non-Hodgkin lymphoma survivors by subtype in Sweden, Denmark and Norway: A population-based matched cohort study. Br J Haematol 2023; 202:785-795. [PMID: 37325886 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies concerning reproductive patterns among non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) survivors are scarce and those available have reported conflicting results. Treatment regimens vary considerably between aggressive and indolent NHL and studies of reproductive patterns by subtypes are warranted. In this matched cohort study, we identified all NHL patients aged 18-40 years and diagnosed between 2000 and 2018 from the Swedish and Danish lymphoma registers, and the clinical database at Oslo University Hospital (n = 2090). Population comparators were matched on sex, birth year and country (n = 19 427). Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using Cox regression. Males and females diagnosed with aggressive lymphoma subtypes had lower childbirth rates (HRfemale : 0.43, 95% CI: 0.31-0.59, HRmale : 0.61, 95% CI: 0.47-0.78) than comparators during the first 3 years after diagnosis. For indolent lymphomas, childbirth rates were not significantly different from comparators (HRfemale : 0.71, 95% CI: 0.48-1.04, HRmale : 0.94, 95% CI: 0.70-1.27) during the same period. Childbirth rates reached those of comparators for all subtypes after 3 years but the cumulative incidence of childbirths was decreased throughout the 10-year follow-up for aggressive NHL. Children of NHL patients were more likely to be born following assisted reproductive technology than those of comparators, except for male indolent lymphoma patients. In conclusion, fertility counselling is particularly important for patients with aggressive NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Entrop
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline E Weibull
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin E Smedby
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lasse H Jakobsen
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Mathematical Science, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Andreas K Øvlisen
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ingrid Glimelius
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Cancer Precision Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Marklund
- Division of Gynecology and Reproduction, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas S Larsen
- Department of Hematology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Harald Holte
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexander Fosså
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut B Smeland
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tarec C El-Galaly
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Hematology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sandra Eloranta
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Wang X, McCaw ZR, Tian L, Stinchcombe TE, Vokes E, Ludmir EB, Wei LJ. Using a Clinically Interpretable End Point Composed of Multiple Outcomes to Evaluate Totality of Treatment Effect in Comparative Oncology Studies. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2319055. [PMID: 37342044 PMCID: PMC10285578 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.19055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This cohort study demonstrates how to use cumulative event count curves to create a clinically meaningful end point by simultaneously considering recurrence, progression, and survival times from the individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Lu Tian
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Everett Vokes
- University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ethan B. Ludmir
- Department of Gastrointestinal Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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14
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Im PK, Wright N, Yang L, Chan KH, Chen Y, Guo Y, Du H, Yang X, Avery D, Wang S, Yu C, Lv J, Clarke R, Chen J, Collins R, Walters RG, Peto R, Li L, Chen Z, Millwood IY. Alcohol consumption and risks of more than 200 diseases in Chinese men. Nat Med 2023; 29:1476-1486. [PMID: 37291211 PMCID: PMC10287564 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02383-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption accounts for ~3 million annual deaths worldwide, but uncertainty persists about its relationships with many diseases. We investigated the associations of alcohol consumption with 207 diseases in the 12-year China Kadoorie Biobank of >512,000 adults (41% men), including 168,050 genotyped for ALDH2- rs671 and ADH1B- rs1229984 , with >1.1 million ICD-10 coded hospitalized events. At baseline, 33% of men drank alcohol regularly. Among men, alcohol intake was positively associated with 61 diseases, including 33 not defined by the World Health Organization as alcohol-related, such as cataract (n = 2,028; hazard ratio 1.21; 95% confidence interval 1.09-1.33, per 280 g per week) and gout (n = 402; 1.57, 1.33-1.86). Genotype-predicted mean alcohol intake was positively associated with established (n = 28,564; 1.14, 1.09-1.20) and new alcohol-associated (n = 16,138; 1.06, 1.01-1.12) diseases, and with specific diseases such as liver cirrhosis (n = 499; 2.30, 1.58-3.35), stroke (n = 12,176; 1.38, 1.27-1.49) and gout (n = 338; 2.33, 1.49-3.62), but not ischemic heart disease (n = 8,408; 1.04, 0.94-1.14). Among women, 2% drank alcohol resulting in low power to assess associations of self-reported alcohol intake with disease risks, but genetic findings in women suggested the excess male risks were not due to pleiotropic genotypic effects. Among Chinese men, alcohol consumption increased multiple disease risks, highlighting the need to strengthen preventive measures to reduce alcohol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pek Kei Im
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Neil Wright
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ling Yang
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ka Hung Chan
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yiping Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yu Guo
- Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huaidong Du
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel Avery
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Shaojie Wang
- NCD Prevention and Control Department, Qingdao CDC, Qingdao, China
| | - Canqing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness & Response, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Lv
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness & Response, Beijing, China
| | - Robert Clarke
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Junshi Chen
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Rory Collins
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robin G Walters
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard Peto
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness & Response, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Iona Y Millwood
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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15
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Holt A, Strange JE, Nouhravesh N, Nielsen SK, Malik ME, Schjerning AM, Køber L, Torp-Pedersen C, Gislason GH, McGettigan P, Schou M, Lamberts M. Heart Failure Following Anti-Inflammatory Medications in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol 2023; 81:1459-1470. [PMID: 37045515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluid retention and endothelial dysfunction have been related to use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been linked to both a decline in kidney function and subclinical cardiomyopathy. OBJECTIVES The authors hypothesized that short-term use of NSAIDs could lead to subsequent development of incident heart failure (HF) in patients with T2DM. METHODS Using nationwide Danish registers, we identified patients diagnosed with T2DM during 1998 to 2021 and included patients without previous HF, rheumatic disease, or use of NSAIDs 120 days before diagnosis. Associations between NSAIDs and first-time HF hospitalization were investigated using a case-crossover design with 28-day exposure windows, and ORs with 95% CIs were reported. RESULTS Included were 331,189 patients with T2DM: 44.2% female, median age of 62 years (IQR: 52-71 years); 23,308 patients were hospitalized with HF during follow-up, and 16% of patients claimed at least 1 NSAID prescription within 1 year. Short-term use of NSAIDs was associated with increased risk of HF hospitalization (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.27-1.63), most notably in subgroups with age ≥80 years (OR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.39-2.28), elevated hemoglobin (Hb) A1c levels treated with 0 to 1 antidiabetic drug (OR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.00-2.88), and without previous use of NSAIDs (OR: 2.71; 95% CI: 1.78-4.23). CONCLUSIONS NSAIDs were widely used and were associated with an increased risk of first-time HF hospitalization in patients with T2DM. Patients with advanced age, elevated HbA1c levels, and new users of NSAID seemed more susceptible. These findings could guide physicians prescribing NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Holt
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Gentofte Hospitalsvej, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Jarl E Strange
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Gentofte Hospitalsvej, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. https://twitter.com/JarlStrange
| | - Nina Nouhravesh
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Gentofte Hospitalsvej, Hellerup, Denmark. https://twitter.com/NinaNouhravesh
| | - Sebastian Kinnberg Nielsen
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Gentofte Hospitalsvej, Hellerup, Denmark. https://twitter.com/SebKinnberg
| | - Mariam Elmegaard Malik
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Gentofte Hospitalsvej, Hellerup, Denmark. https://twitter.com/MariamElmegaard
| | - Anne-Marie Schjerning
- Department of Cardiology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark; The Danish Heart Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark. https://twitter.com/AnneSchjerning
| | - Lars Køber
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Torp-Pedersen
- Department of Cardiology, North Zealand Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark; Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. https://twitter.com/PedersenTorp
| | - Gunnar H Gislason
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Gentofte Hospitalsvej, Hellerup, Denmark; The Danish Heart Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark. https://twitter.com/gunngis
| | - Patricia McGettigan
- William Harvey Research Institute, Charterhouse Square Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom. https://twitter.com/P_McGettigan
| | - Morten Schou
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Gentofte Hospitalsvej, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. https://twitter.com/mortschou
| | - Morten Lamberts
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Gentofte Hospitalsvej, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. https://twitter.com/MortenLamberts
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16
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Furberg JK, Andersen PK, Korn S, Overgaard M, Ravn H. Bivariate pseudo-observations for recurrent event analysis with terminal events. LIFETIME DATA ANALYSIS 2023; 29:256-287. [PMID: 34739680 DOI: 10.1007/s10985-021-09533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of recurrent events in the presence of terminal events requires special attention. Several approaches have been suggested for such analyses either using intensity models or marginal models. When analysing treatment effects on recurrent events in controlled trials, special attention should be paid to competing deaths and their impact on interpretation. This paper proposes a method that formulates a marginal model for recurrent events and terminal events simultaneously. Estimation is based on pseudo-observations for both the expected number of events and survival probabilities. Various relevant hypothesis tests in the framework are explored. Theoretical derivations and simulation studies are conducted to investigate the behaviour of the method. The method is applied to two real data examples. The bivariate marginal pseudo-observation model carries the strength of a two-dimensional modelling procedure and performs well in comparison with available models. Finally, an extension to a three-dimensional model, which decomposes the terminal event per death cause, is proposed and exemplified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Furberg
- Biostatistics GLP-1 and CV 1, Novo Nordisk A/S, Vandtårnsvej 114, Søborg, Denmark.
| | - Per K Andersen
- Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofie Korn
- Biostatistics 1, LEO Pharma A/S, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Morten Overgaard
- Research unit for Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Ravn
- Biostatistics GLP-1 and CV 1, Novo Nordisk A/S, Vandtårnsvej 114, Søborg, Denmark
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17
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Petrie MC, Jhund PS, Connolly E, Mark PB, MacDonald MR, Robertson M, Anker SD, Bhandari S, Farrington K, Kalra PA, Wheeler DC, Tomson CRV, Ford I, McMurray JJV, Macdougall IC. High-dose intravenous iron reduces myocardial infarction in patients on haemodialysis. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:213-220. [PMID: 34875022 PMCID: PMC10022850 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effect of high-dose iron vs. low-dose intravenous (IV) iron on myocardial infarction (MI) in patients on maintenance haemodialysis. METHODS AND RESULTS This was a pre-specified analysis of secondary endpoints of the Proactive IV Iron Therapy in Hemodialysis Patients trial (PIVOTAL) randomized, controlled clinical trial. Adults who had started haemodialysis within the previous year, who had a ferritin concentration <400 μg per litre and a transferrin saturation <30% were randomized to high-dose or low-dose IV iron. The main outcome measure for this analysis was fatal or non-fatal MI. Over a median of 2.1 years of follow-up, 8.4% experienced a MI. Rates of type 1 MIs (3.2/100 patient-years) were 2.5 times higher than type 2 MIs (1.3/100 patient-years). Non-ST-elevation MIs (3.3/100 patient-years) were 6 times more common than ST-elevation MIs (0.5/100 patient-years). Mortality was high after non-fatal MI (1- and 2-year mortality of 40% and 60%, respectively). In time-to-first event analyses, proactive high-dose IV iron reduced the composite endpoint of non-fatal and fatal MI [hazard ratio (HR) 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.52-0.93, P = 0.01] and non-fatal MI (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.51-0.93; P = 0.01) when compared with reactive low-dose IV iron. There was less effect of high-dose IV iron on recurrent MI events than on the time-to-first event analysis. CONCLUSION In total, 8.4% of patients on maintenance haemodialysis had an MI over 2 years. High-dose compared to low-dose IV iron reduced MI in patients receiving haemodialysis. EUDRACT REGISTRATION NUMBER 2013-002267-25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Petrie
- Corresponding author. Tel: +44 141 330 3479; fax: +44 141 330 6955, E-mail:
| | - Pardeep S Jhund
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Eugene Connolly
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Patrick B Mark
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | | | - Michele Robertson
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Sunil Bhandari
- Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust and Hull York, Medical School, Hull, UK
| | | | | | - David C Wheeler
- University College London, London, UK
- George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John J V McMurray
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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18
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Allogeneic stem cell transplantation compared to conservative management in adults with inborn errors of immunity. Blood 2023; 141:60-71. [PMID: 36167031 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022015482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) is curative for severe inborn errors of immunity (IEIs), with recent data suggesting alloSCT in adulthood is safe and effective in selected patients. However, questions remain regarding the indications for and optimal timing of transplant. We retrospectively compared outcomes of transplanted vs matched nontransplanted adults with severe IEIs. Seventy-nine patients (aged ≥ 15 years) underwent alloSCT between 2008 and 2018 for IEIs such as chronic granulomatous disease (n = 20) and various combined immune deficiencies (n = 59). A cohort of nontransplanted patients from the French Centre de Référence Déficits Immunitaires Héréditaires registry was identified blindly for case-control analysis, with ≤3 matched controls per index patient, without replacement. The nontransplanted patients were matched for birth decade, age at last review greater than index patient age at alloSCT, chronic granulomatous disease or combined immune deficiencies, and autoimmune/lymphoproliferative complications. A total of 281 patients were included (79 transplanted, 202 nontransplanted). Median age at transplant was 21 years. Transplant indications were mainly lymphoproliferative disease (n = 23) or colitis (n = 15). Median follow-up was 4.8 years (interquartile range, 2.5-7.2). One-year transplant-related mortality rate was 13%. Estimated disease-free survival at 5 years was higher in transplanted patients (58% vs 33%; P = .007). Nontransplanted patients had an ongoing risk of severe events, with an increased mean cumulative number of recurrent events compared with transplanted patients. Sensitivity analyses removing patients with common variable immune deficiency and their matched transplanted patients confirm these results. AlloSCT prevents progressive morbidity associated with IEIs in adults, which may outweigh the negative impact of transplant-related mortality.
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19
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Kalra PR, Cleland JGF, Petrie MC, Thomson EA, Kalra PA, Squire IB, Ahmed FZ, Al-Mohammad A, Cowburn PJ, Foley PWX, Graham FJ, Japp AG, Lane RE, Lang NN, Ludman AJ, Macdougall IC, Pellicori P, Ray R, Robertson M, Seed A, Ford I. Intravenous ferric derisomaltose in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency in the UK (IRONMAN): an investigator-initiated, prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint trial. Lancet 2022; 400:2199-2209. [PMID: 36347265 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)02083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For patients with heart failure, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and iron deficiency, intravenous ferric carboxymaltose administration improves quality of life and exercise capacity in the short-term and reduces hospital admissions for heart failure up to 1 year. We aimed to evaluate the longer-term effects of intravenous ferric derisomaltose on cardiovascular events in patients with heart failure. METHODS IRONMAN was a prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint trial done at 70 hospitals in the UK. Patients aged 18 years or older with heart failure (left ventricular ejection fraction ≤45%) and transferrin saturation less than 20% or serum ferritin less than 100 μg/L were eligible. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) using a web-based system to intravenous ferric derisomaltose or usual care, stratified by recruitment context and trial site. The trial was open label, with masked adjudication of the outcomes. Intravenous ferric derisomaltose dose was determined by patient bodyweight and haemoglobin concentration. The primary outcome was recurrent hospital admissions for heart failure and cardiovascular death, assessed in all validly randomly assigned patients. Safety was assessed in all patients assigned to ferric derisomaltose who received at least one infusion and all patients assigned to usual care. A COVID-19 sensitivity analysis censoring follow-up on Sept 30, 2020, was prespecified. IRONMAN is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02642562. FINDINGS Between Aug 25, 2016, and Oct 15, 2021, 1869 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 1137 were randomly assigned to receive intravenous ferric derisomaltose (n=569) or usual care (n=568). Median follow-up was 2·7 years (IQR 1·8-3·6). 336 primary endpoints (22·4 per 100 patient-years) occurred in the ferric derisomaltose group and 411 (27·5 per 100 patient-years) occurred in the usual care group (rate ratio [RR] 0·82 [95% CI 0·66 to 1·02]; p=0·070). In the COVID-19 analysis, 210 primary endpoints (22·3 per 100 patient-years) occurred in the ferric derisomaltose group compared with 280 (29·3 per 100 patient-years) in the usual care group (RR 0·76 [95% CI 0·58 to 1·00]; p=0·047). No between-group differences in deaths or hospitalisations due to infections were observed. Fewer patients in the ferric derisomaltose group had cardiac serious adverse events (200 [36%]) than in the usual care group (243 [43%]; difference -7·00% [95% CI -12·69 to -1·32]; p=0·016). INTERPRETATION For a broad range of patients with heart failure, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and iron deficiency, intravenous ferric derisomaltose administration was associated with a lower risk of hospital admissions for heart failure and cardiovascular death, further supporting the benefit of iron repletion in this population. FUNDING British Heart Foundation and Pharmacosmos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Kalra
- Department of Cardiology, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK; College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - John G F Cleland
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark C Petrie
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Philip A Kalra
- Department of Renal Medicine, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Iain B Squire
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Fozia Z Ahmed
- Department of Cardiology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Abdallah Al-Mohammad
- Department of Cardiology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK; Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Peter J Cowburn
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Paul W X Foley
- Wiltshire Cardiac Centre, Great Western Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Swindon, UK
| | - Fraser J Graham
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alan G Japp
- Edinburgh Heart Centre, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rebecca E Lane
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Ninian N Lang
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrew J Ludman
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Pierpaolo Pellicori
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Robin Ray
- Cardiology Department, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Michele Robertson
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alison Seed
- Department of Cardiology, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Blackpool, UK
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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20
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Iommi M, Faragalli A, Bonifazi M, Mei F, Latini LL, Pompili M, Carle F, Gesuita R. Prognosis and Survival in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis in the Era of Antifibrotic Therapy in Italy: Evidence from a Longitudinal Population Study Based on Healthcare Utilization Databases. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16689. [PMID: 36554568 PMCID: PMC9779053 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the determinants of acute exacerbation (AE) and death in new cases of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) using administrative databases in the Marche Region. Adults at their first prescription of antifibrotics or hospitalization with a diagnosis of IPF occurring in 2014-2019 were considered as new cases. Multiple Cox regression was used to estimate the risk of AE and of all-cause mortality adjusted by demographic and clinical characteristics, stratifying patients according to antifibrotic treatment. Overall, 676 new cases of IPF were identified and 276 deaths and 248 AE events occurred. In never-treated patients, the risk of AE was higher in patients with poor health conditions at diagnosis; the risk of death was higher in males, in patients aged ≥75 and in those with poor health conditions at baseline. The increasing number of AEs increased the risk of death in treated and never-treated patients. Within the limits of an observational study based on secondary data, the combined use of healthcare administrative databases allows the accurate analysis of progression and survival of IPF from the beginning of the antifibrotic therapy era, suggesting that timely and early diagnosis is critical to prescribing the most suitable treatment to increase survival and maintain a healthy life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Iommi
- Center of Epidemiology Biostatistics and Medical Information Technology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Faragalli
- Center of Epidemiology Biostatistics and Medical Information Technology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Martina Bonifazi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria “Ospedali Riuniti”, 60166 Ancona, Italy
| | - Federico Mei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria “Ospedali Riuniti”, 60166 Ancona, Italy
| | - Lara Letizia Latini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria “Ospedali Riuniti”, 60166 Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Pompili
- Regional Health Agency of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Flavia Carle
- Center of Epidemiology Biostatistics and Medical Information Technology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
- National Centre for Healthcare Research and Pharmacoepidemiology, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Rosaria Gesuita
- Center of Epidemiology Biostatistics and Medical Information Technology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
- National Centre for Healthcare Research and Pharmacoepidemiology, 20126 Milano, Italy
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21
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Desai RJ, Glynn RJ, Everett BM, Schneeweiss S, Wexler DJ, Bessette LG, Déruaz-Luyet A, Vedin O, Brodovicz K, Patorno E. Comparative effectiveness of Empagliflozin in reducing the burden of recurrent cardiovascular hospitalizations among older adults with diabetes in routine clinical care. Am Heart J 2022; 254:203-215. [PMID: 36150454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) on the total (first and recurrent) burden of cardiovascular (CV) hospitalizations, including hospitalization for heart failure, myocardial infarction, and stroke, is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of empagliflozin, an SGLT2i, on total CV hospitalizations among older adults with T2D. METHODS Using data from Medicare fee-for-service (08/2014-09/2017), we identified 1:1 propensity score-matched cohorts of patients with T2D initiating empagliflozin versus sitagliptin or empagliflozin versus glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA), balancing >140 baseline covariates. We compared the risk of first and recurrent hospitalizations with any CV condition as the primary discharge diagnosis (ICD-9: 390-459; ICD-10: I00-I99), hospitalizations for heart failure (HHF), and myocardial infarctions (MI) or stroke. We estimated treatment effects based on the Ghosh-Lin semiparametric model for recurrent events as primary and joint frailty model as secondary analysis. RESULTS We included 11,429 matched-pairs of empagliflozin and sitagliptin initiators and 17,502 matched-pairs of empagliflozin and GLP1-RA initiators with an average age of 72 years. Empagliflozin was associated with a reduced risk of total CV hospitalizations (0.80 [0.69-0.93] vs sitagliptin; 0.88 [0.77-1.00] vs GLP-1RA) and total HHF (0.70 [0.51-0.98] vs sitagliptin; 0.76 [0.56-1.03] vs GLP1-RA) over a mean follow up of 6.3 months. No differences between treatments were observed for MI or stroke. Results were consistent for joint frailty models. CONCLUSION Empagliflozin, compared to sitagliptin or to a lesser extent GLP1-RA, was associated with a reduction in the burden of total CV hospitalizations and HHF in older patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi J Desai
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Robert J Glynn
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Brendan M Everett
- Divisions of Cardiovascular and Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sebastian Schneeweiss
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Deborah J Wexler
- Massachusetts General Hospital Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lily G Bessette
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Anouk Déruaz-Luyet
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim (Germany), Stockholm, (Sweden), and Ridgefield, CT
| | - Ola Vedin
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim (Germany), Stockholm, (Sweden), and Ridgefield, CT
| | - Kimberly Brodovicz
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim (Germany), Stockholm, (Sweden), and Ridgefield, CT
| | - Elisabetta Patorno
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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22
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Chan KH, Wright N, Xiao D, Guo Y, Chen Y, Du H, Yang L, Millwood IY, Pei P, Wang J, Turnbull I, Gilbert S, Avery D, Kartsonaki C, Yu C, Chen J, Lv J, Clarke R, Collins R, Peto R, Li L, Wang C, Chen Z. Tobacco smoking and risks of more than 470 diseases in China: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Public Health 2022; 7:e1014-e1026. [PMID: 36462513 PMCID: PMC7613927 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(22)00227-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco smoking is estimated to account for more than 1 million annual deaths in China, and the epidemic continues to increase in men. Large nationwide prospective studies linked to different health records can help to periodically assess disease burden attributed to smoking. We aimed to examine associations of smoking with incidence of and mortality from an extensive range of diseases in China. METHODS We analysed data from the prospective China Kadoorie Biobank, which recruited 512 726 adults aged 30-79 years, of whom 210 201 were men and 302 525 were women. Participants who had no major disabilities were identified through local residential records in 100-150 administrative units, which were randomly selected by use of multistage cluster sampling, from each of the ten diverse study areas of China. They were invited and recruited between June 25, 2004, and July 15, 2008. Upon study entry, trained health workers administered a questionnaire assessing detailed smoking behaviours and other key characteristics (eg, sociodemographics, lifestyle, and medical history). Participants were followed up via electronic record linkages to death and disease registries and health insurance databases, from baseline to Jan 1, 2018. During a median 11-year follow-up (IQR 10-12), 285 542 (55·7%) participants were ever hospitalised, 48 869 (9·5%) died, and 5252 (1·0%) were lost to follow-up during the age-at-risk of 35-84 years. Cox regression yielded hazard ratios (HRs) associating smoking with disease incidence and mortality, adjusting for multiple testing. FINDINGS At baseline, 74·3% of men and 3·2% of women (overall 32·4%) ever smoked regularly. During follow-up, 1 137 603 International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10)-coded incident events occurred, involving 476 distinct conditions and 85 causes of death, each with at least 100 cases. Compared with never-regular smokers, ever-regular smokers had significantly higher risks for nine of 18 ICD-10 chapters examined at age-at-risk of 35-84 years. For individual conditions, smokers had significantly higher risks of 56 diseases (50 for men and 24 for women) and 22 causes of death (17 for men and nine for women). Among men, ever-regular smokers had an HR of 1·09 (95% CI 1·08-1·11) for any disease incidence when compared with never-regular smokers, and significantly more episodes and longer duration of hospitalisation, particularly those due to cancer and respiratory diseases. For overall mortality, the HRs were greater in men from urban areas than in men from rural areas (1·50 [1·42-1·58] vs 1·25 [1·20-1·30]). Among men from urban areas who began smoking at younger than 18 years, the HRs were 2·06 (1·89-2·24) for overall mortality and 1·32 (1·27-1·37) for any disease incidence. In this population, 19·6% of male (24·3% of men residing in urban settings and 16·2% of men residing in rural settings) and 2·8% of female deaths were attributed to ever-regular smoking. INTERPRETATION Among Chinese adults, smoking was associated with higher risks of morbidity and mortality from a wide range of diseases. Among men, the future smoking-attributed disease burden will increase further, highlighting a pressing need for reducing consumption through widespread cessation and uptake prevention. FUNDING British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Kadoorie Charitable Foundation, UK Medical Research Council, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Wellcome Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Hung Chan
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Neil Wright
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dan Xiao
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Guo
- National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MRC Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Huaidong Du
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MRC Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ling Yang
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MRC Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Iona Y Millwood
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pei Pei
- Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Junzheng Wang
- Licang Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China
| | - Iain Turnbull
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon Gilbert
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MRC Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel Avery
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christiana Kartsonaki
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MRC Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Canqing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Junshi Chen
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Lv
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Robert Clarke
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rory Collins
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard Peto
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Chen Wang
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MRC Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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23
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Claggett BL, McCaw ZR, Tian L, McMurray JJV, Jhund PS, Uno H, Pfeffer MA, Solomon SD, Wei LJ. Quantifying Treatment Effects in Trials with Multiple Event-Time Outcomes. NEJM EVIDENCE 2022; 1:10.1056/evidoa2200047. [PMID: 37645407 PMCID: PMC10465123 DOI: 10.1056/evidoa2200047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on the occurrence times of multiple outcomes, reflecting the temporal profile of disease burden/progression, have been used to estimate treatment effects in various recent randomized trials. Most procedures for analyzing these data require specific model assumptions. When the assumptions are not met, the results may be misleading. Robust, model-free procedures for study design and analysis that enable clinically meaningful interpretations are warranted. METHODS For each treatment group, we constructed and summarized the estimated mean cumulative count of events over time by the area under the curve (AUC), which can be interpreted as the mean total event-free time lost from multiple undesirable outcomes. A higher curve, and resulting larger AUC, implies a worse treatment. The treatment effect is quantified by the ratio and/or difference of AUCs. The timing and occurrence of recurrent heart failure hospitalizations (HFHs) and cardiovascular (CV) death from Prospective Comparison of ARNI with ARB Global Outcomes in HF with Preserved Ejection Fraction (PARAGON-HF), comparing sacubitril/valsartan with valsartan, are presented for illustration. We also discuss the design of future studies on the basis of the proposed method. RESULTS With 48 months of follow-up, estimated AUCs, representing the total event-free time lost to HFHs and CV death, were 11.3 and 13.1 event-months for sacubitril/valsartan and valsartan, respectively. The ratio of these AUCs was 0.86 (95% confidence interval, 0.75 to 1.00; P=0.049), a 14% reduction of disease burden favoring combination therapy. A future study, similar to PARAGON-HF, designed using the new proposal would require fewer patients would than a conventional time-to-first-event analysis. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method is robust and model-free and provides a clinically interpretable, time-scale summary of the treatment effect. (Funded by National Institutes of Health.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lee Claggett
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | | | - Lu Tian
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - John J V McMurray
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Pardeep S Jhund
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Hajime Uno
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston
| | - Marc A Pfeffer
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Scott D Solomon
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Lee-Jen Wei
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston
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24
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Cortese G, Scheike TH. Efficient estimation of the marginal mean of recurrent events. J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rssc.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Cortese
- Department of Statistical Sciences University of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Thomas H. Scheike
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health University of Copenhagen Copenhagen N Denmark
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25
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Jhund PS, Kondo T, Butt JH, Docherty KF, Claggett BL, Desai AS, Vaduganathan M, Gasparyan SB, Bengtsson O, Lindholm D, Petersson M, Langkilde AM, de Boer RA, DeMets D, Hernandez AF, Inzucchi SE, Kosiborod MN, Køber L, Lam CSP, Martinez FA, Sabatine MS, Shah SJ, Solomon SD, McMurray JJV. Dapagliflozin across the range of ejection fraction in patients with heart failure: a patient-level, pooled meta-analysis of DAPA-HF and DELIVER. Nat Med 2022; 28:1956-1964. [PMID: 36030328 PMCID: PMC9499855 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01971-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Whether the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin reduces the risk of a range of morbidity and mortality outcomes in patients with heart failure regardless of ejection fraction is unknown. A patient-level pooled meta-analysis of two trials testing dapagliflozin in participants with heart failure and different ranges of left ventricular ejection fraction (≤40% and >40%) was pre-specified to examine the effect of treatment on endpoints that neither trial, individually, was powered for and to test the consistency of the effect of dapagliflozin across the range of ejection fractions. The pre-specified endpoints were: death from cardiovascular causes; death from any cause; total hospital admissions for heart failure; and the composite of death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction or stroke (major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs)). A total of 11,007 participants with a mean ejection fraction of 44% (s.d. 14%) were included. Dapagliflozin reduced the risk of death from cardiovascular causes (hazard ratio (HR) 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76-0.97; P = 0.01), death from any cause (HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.82-0.99; P = 0.03), total hospital admissions for heart failure (rate ratio 0.71, 95% CI 0.65-0.78; P < 0.001) and MACEs (HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.81-1.00; P = 0.045). There was no evidence that the effect of dapagliflozin differed by ejection fraction. In a patient-level pooled meta-analysis covering the full range of ejection fractions in patients with heart failure, dapagliflozin reduced the risk of death from cardiovascular causes and hospital admissions for heart failure (PROSPERO: CRD42022346524).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardeep S Jhund
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Toru Kondo
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jawad H Butt
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kieran F Docherty
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Brian L Claggett
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Akshay S Desai
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Muthiah Vaduganathan
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samvel B Gasparyan
- Late-Stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olof Bengtsson
- Late-Stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Lindholm
- Late-Stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Petersson
- Late-Stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Maria Langkilde
- Late-Stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rudolf A de Boer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Mikhail N Kosiborod
- Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Lars Køber
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carolyn S P Lam
- National Heart Centre Singapore & Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Marc S Sabatine
- TIMI Study Group, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sanjiv J Shah
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Scott D Solomon
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John J V McMurray
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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26
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Kalra PR, Cleland JG, Petrie MC, Ahmed FZ, Foley PW, Kalra PA, Lang NN, Lane RE, Macdougall IC, Pellicori P, Pope MTB, Robertson M, Squire IB, Thomson EA, Ford I. Rationale and design of a randomised trial of intravenous iron in patients with heart failure. Heart 2022; 108:1979-1985. [PMID: 35948408 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2022-321304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES For patients with a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and iron deficiency, administration of intravenous iron improves symptoms, exercise capacity and may in the following 12 months, reduce hospitalisations for heart failure. The Effectiveness of Intravenous iron treatment versus standard care in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency (IRONMAN) trial evaluated whether the benefits of intravenous iron persist in the longer term and impact on morbidity and mortality. METHODS IRONMAN is a prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded endpoint (PROBE) event-driven trial. Patients aged ≥18 years with HFrEF (LVEF ≤45%) and evidence of iron deficiency (ferritin <100 µg/L and/or TSAT <20%) were enrolled if they had either a current or recent hospitalisation for heart failure or elevated plasma concentrations of a natriuretic peptide. Participants were randomised to receive, or not to receive, intravenous ferric derisomaltose in addition to guideline-recommended therapy for HFrEF. Every 4 months, intravenous iron was administered if either ferritin was <100 µg/L or, provided ferritin was ≤400 µg/L, TSAT was <25%. The primary endpoint is a composite of total hospitalisations for heart failure and cardiovascular death. Hospitalisation and deaths due to infection are safety endpoints. RESULTS Trial recruitment was completed across 70 UK hospital sites in October 2021. Participants were followed until the end of March 2022. We plan to report the results by November 2022. CONCLUSIONS IRONMAN will determine whether repeated doses of intravenous ferric derisomaltose are beneficial and safe for the long-term treatment of a broad range of patients with HFrEF and iron deficiency. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02642562.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Kalra
- Department of Cardiology, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK.,School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John Gf Cleland
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark C Petrie
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank, UK
| | - Fozia Z Ahmed
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, The University of Manchester Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Philip A Kalra
- Department of Renal Medicine, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Ninian N Lang
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rebecca E Lane
- Part of Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, London, UK
| | | | | | - Michael T B Pope
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Michele Robertson
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Iain B Squire
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Cardiovascular Diseases, Leicester, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Thomson
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Gomez R, Andrey JL, Puerto JL, Romero SP, Pedrosa MJ, Rosety-Rodriguez M, Gomez F. Health literacy and prognosis of heart failure: a prospective propensity-matched study in the community. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs 2022; 22:282-290. [PMID: 35849049 DOI: 10.1093/eurjcn/zvac045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Health literacy (HL), the ability to obtain and understand health information, is critical to self-care in chronic disorders. A low HL is common among these patients and has been associated with a worse prognosis. Nevertheless, the relationship between HL and the prognosis of heart failure (HF) with reduced (HFrEF) vs. preserved (HFpEF) ejection fraction remains unsettled. To analyse the relationship between HL and the prognosis of patients with incident HFrEF and HFpEF. METHODS AND RESULTS Prospective study over 10 years (2010-19) on 6444 patients diagnosed with incident HF. The main outcomes were mortality, hospitalizations, and visits to emergency services. The independent relationship between HL and the prognosis, stratifying patients for cardiovascular comorbidity after propensity score-matching was analysed.After matching 5355 HF patients, 1785 with low HL (874 with HFrEF and 911 with HFpEF) vs. 3570 with adequate HL (1748 with HFrEF and 1822 with HFpEF), during a median follow-up of 5.41 years, 3874 patients died (72.3%) and 3699 patients were hospitalized (69.1%). After adjustment for potential confounders, an adequate HL was associated with a lower all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, less hospitalizations, and less 30-day readmissions [relative risk (RR) for HF <0.72 (0.66-0.86), RR for HFrEF <0.69 (0.63-0.95), and RR for HFpEF <0.62 (0.55-0.88), P < 0.001 in all cases], both for patients with HFrEF and HFpEF. Analyses of recurrent hospitalizations gave larger HL effects than time-to-first-event analyses. CONCLUSIONS In this propensity-matched study, a low HL is associated with a worse prognosis of patients with incident HFrEF and HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Gomez
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitario Puerto Real, University of Cadiz, School of Medicine, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Jose L Andrey
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitario Puerto Real, University of Cadiz, School of Medicine, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Jose L Puerto
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitario Puerto Real, University of Cadiz, School of Medicine, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Sotero P Romero
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitario Puerto Real, University of Cadiz, School of Medicine, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Maria J Pedrosa
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitario Puerto Real, University of Cadiz, School of Medicine, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Manuel Rosety-Rodriguez
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitario Puerto Real, University of Cadiz, School of Medicine, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Francisco Gomez
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitario Puerto Real, University of Cadiz, School of Medicine, Cadiz, Spain
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28
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Holt A, Blanche P, Jensen AKG, Nouhravesh N, Rajan D, Jensen MH, El-Sheikh M, Schjerning AM, Schou M, Gislason G, Torp-Pedersen C, McGettigan P, Lamberts M. Adverse Events Associated With Coprescription of Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors and Oral Organic Nitrates in Male Patients With Ischemic Heart Disease : A Case-Crossover Study. Ann Intern Med 2022; 175:774-782. [PMID: 35436155 DOI: 10.7326/m21-3445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concomitant use of oral organic nitrates (nitrates) and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors is contraindicated. OBJECTIVE To measure temporal trends in the coprescription of nitrates and PDE5 inhibitors and to measure the association between cardiovascular outcomes and the coprescription of nitrates with PDE5 inhibitors. DESIGN Case-crossover design. SETTING Nationwide study of Danish patients from 2000 to 2018. PATIENTS Male patients with International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) codes for ischemic heart disease (IHD), including those who had a continuing prescription for nitrates and a new, filled prescription for PDE5 inhibitors. MEASUREMENTS Two composite outcomes were measured: 1) cardiac arrest, shock, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, or acute coronary arteriography and 2) syncope, angina pectoris, or drug-related adverse event. RESULTS From 2000 to 2018, 249 541 male patients with IHD were identified. Of these, 42 073 patients had continuing prescriptions for nitrates. During this period, the prescription rate for PDE5 inhibitors in patients with IHD who were taking nitrates increased from an average of 0.9 prescriptions (95% CI, 0.5 to 1.2 prescriptions) per 100 persons per year in 2000 to 19.5 prescriptions (CI, 18.0 to 21.1 prescriptions) in 2018. No statistically significant association was found between the coprescription of nitrates with PDE5 inhibitors and the risk for either composite outcome (odds ratio [OR], 0.58 [CI, 0.28 to 1.13] for the first outcome and OR, 0.73 [CI, 0.40 to 1.32] for the second outcome). LIMITATION An assumption was made that concurrently filled prescriptions for nitrates and PDE5 inhibitors equaled concomitant use. CONCLUSION From 2000 to 2018, the use of PDE5 inhibitors increased 20-fold among Danish patients with IHD who were taking nitrates. A statistically significant association between concomitant use of these medications and cardiovascular adverse events could not be identified. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE Ib Mogens Kristiansens Almene Fond and Helsefonden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Holt
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.H., N.N., D.R., M.H.J., M.E., M.S., M.L.)
| | - Paul Blanche
- Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.B., A.K.G.J.)
| | | | - Nina Nouhravesh
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.H., N.N., D.R., M.H.J., M.E., M.S., M.L.)
| | - Deepthi Rajan
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.H., N.N., D.R., M.H.J., M.E., M.S., M.L.)
| | - Mads Hashiba Jensen
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.H., N.N., D.R., M.H.J., M.E., M.S., M.L.)
| | - Mohammed El-Sheikh
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.H., N.N., D.R., M.H.J., M.E., M.S., M.L.)
| | - Anne-Marie Schjerning
- Department of Cardiology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, and The Danish Heart Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.S.)
| | - Morten Schou
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.H., N.N., D.R., M.H.J., M.E., M.S., M.L.)
| | - Gunnar Gislason
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Copenhagen, and The Danish Heart Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark (G.G.)
| | - Christian Torp-Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Research, North Zealand Hospital, Hillerød, and Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (C.T.)
| | - Patricia McGettigan
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (P.M.)
| | - Morten Lamberts
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev and Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.H., N.N., D.R., M.H.J., M.E., M.S., M.L.)
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Abstract
The win ratio approach proposed by Pocock et al. (2012) has become a popular tool for analyzing composite endpoints of death and non-fatal events like hospitalization. Its standard version, however, draws on the non-fatal event only through the first occurrence. For statistical efficiency and clinical interpretability, we construct and compare different win ratio variants that make fuller use of recurrent events. We pay special attention to a variant called last-event-assisted win ratio, which compares two patients on the cumulative frequency of the non-fatal event, with ties broken by the time of its latest episode. It is shown that last-event-assisted win ratio uses more data than the standard win ratio does but reduces to the latter when the non-fatal event occurs at most once. We further prove that last-event-assisted win ratio rejects the null hypothesis with large probability if the treatment stochastically delays all events. Simulations under realistic settings show that the last-event-assisted win ratio test consistently enjoys higher power than the standard win ratio and other competitors. Analysis of a real cardiovascular trial provides further evidence for the practical advantages of the last-event-assisted win ratio. Finally, we discuss future work to develop meaningful effect size estimands based on the extended rules of comparison. The R-code for the proposed methods is included in the package WR openly available on the Comprehensive R Archive Network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Mao
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, 5228University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| | - KyungMann Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, 5228University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, 5228University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
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30
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Patients in complete remission after R-CHOP(-like) therapy for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma have limited excess use of health care services in Denmark. Blood Cancer J 2022; 12:16. [PMID: 35087026 PMCID: PMC8795387 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-022-00614-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For most patients with newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), R-CHOP immunochemotherapy leads to complete remission and 60-70% of patients remain progression-free after 5 years. Given a median age of 65, it is relevant to disentangle how DLBCL and DLBCL therapy influence health care use among the survivors. In this nationwide study, the health care use among Danish DLBCL patients diagnosed in 2007-2015, who achieved complete remission after R-CHOP(-like) therapy, was explored and compared to matched comparators from the Danish general population. The post-remission 5-year risk of hospitalization was significantly higher among DLBCL survivors (55%) compared to matched comparators (49%, P < 0.001). DLBCL survivors had on average 10.3 (9.3-11.3) inpatient bed days within 5 years of response evaluation, whereas matched comparators had 8.4 (7.9-8.8). The rate of outpatient visits was also significantly higher(excluding routine follow-up visits, incidence rate ratio, 1.3, P < 0.001), but translated into only a very small absolute difference of <1 outpatient visits within 5 years between DLBCL survivors (4.2 visits, 95% CI, 4.0-4.4) and matched comparators (3.8 visits, 95% CI, 3.7-3.9). In conclusion, DLBCL survivors have an increased incidence of hospital visits due to a wide range of conditions, but in absolute terms the excess use of health care services in DLBCL survivors was small.
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31
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Rossello X, González-Del-Hoyo M. Análisis de supervivencia en investigación cardiovascular (II): metodología estadística en situaciones complejas. Rev Esp Cardiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2021.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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32
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Majoni SW, Nelson J, Germaine D, Hoppo L, Long S, Divakaran S, Turner B, Graham J, Cherian S, Pawar B, Rathnayake G, Heron B, Maple-Brown L, Batey R, Morris P, Davies J, Fernandes DK, Sundaram M, Abeyaratne A, Wong YHS, Lawton PD, Taylor S, Barzi F, Cass A. INFERR-Iron infusion in haemodialysis study: INtravenous iron polymaltose for First Nations Australian patients with high FERRitin levels on haemodialysis-a protocol for a prospective open-label blinded endpoint randomised controlled trial. Trials 2021; 22:868. [PMID: 34857020 PMCID: PMC8641231 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05854-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effectiveness of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, which are the main stay of managing anaemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD), is largely dependent on adequate body iron stores. The iron stores are determined by the levels of serum ferritin concentration and transferrin saturation. These two surrogate markers of iron stores are used to guide iron replacement therapy. Most Aboriginal and/or Torres Islander Australians of the Northern Territory (herein respectfully referred to as First Nations Australians) with end-stage kidney disease have ferritin levels higher than current guideline recommendations for iron therapy. There is no clear evidence to guide safe and effective treatment with iron in these patients. We aim to assess the impact of intravenous iron treatment on all-cause death and hospitalisation with a principal diagnosis of all-cause infection in First Nations patients on haemodialysis with anaemia, high ferritin levels and low transferrin saturation Methods In a prospective open-label blinded endpoint randomised controlled trial, a total of 576 participants on maintenance haemodialysis with high ferritin (> 700 μg/L and ≤ 2000 μg/L) and low transferrin saturation (< 40%) from all the 7 renal units across the Northern Territory of Australia will be randomised 1:1 to receive intravenous iron polymaltose 400 mg once monthly (200 mg during 2 consecutive haemodialysis sessions) (Arm A) or no IV iron treatment (standard treatment) (Arm B). Rescue therapy will be administered when the ferritin levels fall below 700 μg/L or when clinically indicated. The primary outcome will be the differences between the two study arms in the risk of hospitalisation with all-cause infection or death. An economic analysis and several secondary and tertiary outcomes analyses will also be performed. Discussion The INFERR clinical trial will address significant uncertainty on the safety and efficacy of iron therapy in First Nations Australians with CKD with hyperferritinaemia and evidence of iron deficiency. This will hopefully lead to the development of evidence-based guidelines. It will also provide the opportunity to explore the causes of hyperferritinaemia in First Nations Australians from the Northern Territory. Trial registration This trial is registered with The Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR): ACTRN12620000705987. Registered 29 June 2020. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13063-021-05854-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandawana William Majoni
- Division of Wellbeing and Preventable Chronic Diseases, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. .,Department of Nephrology, Division of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, P.O. Box 41326, Casuarina, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia. .,Flinders University and Northern Territory Medical Program, Royal Darwin Hospital Campus, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.
| | - Jane Nelson
- Division of Wellbeing and Preventable Chronic Diseases, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Darren Germaine
- Division of Wellbeing and Preventable Chronic Diseases, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Libby Hoppo
- Division of Wellbeing and Preventable Chronic Diseases, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Stephanie Long
- Division of Wellbeing and Preventable Chronic Diseases, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Shilpa Divakaran
- Division of Wellbeing and Preventable Chronic Diseases, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Division of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, P.O. Box 41326, Casuarina, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Brandon Turner
- Division of Wellbeing and Preventable Chronic Diseases, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Jessica Graham
- Division of Wellbeing and Preventable Chronic Diseases, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Sajiv Cherian
- Division of Wellbeing and Preventable Chronic Diseases, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,Flinders University and Northern Territory Medical Program, Royal Darwin Hospital Campus, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Division of Medicine, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Basant Pawar
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Medicine, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Geetha Rathnayake
- Flinders University and Northern Territory Medical Program, Royal Darwin Hospital Campus, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,Chemical Pathology-Territory Pathology, Department of Health, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Bianca Heron
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, P.O. Box 41326, Casuarina, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Louise Maple-Brown
- Division of Wellbeing and Preventable Chronic Diseases, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Division of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Robert Batey
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Medicine, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia.,New South Wales Health, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Morris
- Child Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Women, Children and Youth, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Jane Davies
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - David Kiran Fernandes
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Medicine, Alice Springs Hospital, Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Madhivanan Sundaram
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, P.O. Box 41326, Casuarina, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Asanga Abeyaratne
- Division of Wellbeing and Preventable Chronic Diseases, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Division of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, P.O. Box 41326, Casuarina, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,Flinders University and Northern Territory Medical Program, Royal Darwin Hospital Campus, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Yun Hui Sheryl Wong
- Division of Wellbeing and Preventable Chronic Diseases, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Division of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, P.O. Box 41326, Casuarina, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Paul D Lawton
- Division of Wellbeing and Preventable Chronic Diseases, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,The Central Clinical School, Monash University & Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sean Taylor
- Division of Wellbeing and Preventable Chronic Diseases, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Division of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, P.O. Box 41326, Casuarina, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Federica Barzi
- Division of Wellbeing and Preventable Chronic Diseases, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.,UQ Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4067, Australia
| | - Alan Cass
- Division of Wellbeing and Preventable Chronic Diseases, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
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Wei J, Mütze T, Jahn-Eimermacher A, Roger J. Properties of Two While-Alive Estimands for Recurrent Events and Their Potential Estimators. Stat Biopharm Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19466315.2021.1994457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wei
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research Co., Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - James Roger
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom on behalf of the Recurrent Event Qualification Opinion Consortium*
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34
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Tay WT, Teng THK, Simon O, Ouwerkerk W, Tromp J, Doughty RN, Richards AM, Hung CL, Qin Y, Aung T, Anand I, Lam CSP. Readmissions, Death and Its Associated Predictors in Heart Failure With Preserved Versus Reduced Ejection Fraction. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e021414. [PMID: 34666509 PMCID: PMC8751971 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.021414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Data on rehospitalizations for heart failure (HF) in Asia are scarce. We sought to determine the burden and predictors of HF (first and recurrent) rehospitalizations and all‐cause mortality in patients with HF and preserved versus reduced ejection fraction (preserved EF, ≥50%; reduced EF, <40%), in the multinational ASIAN‐HF (Asian Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure) registry. Methods and Results Patients with symptomatic (stage C) chronic HF were followed up for death and recurrent HF hospitalizations for 1 year. Predictors of HF hospitalizations or all‐cause mortality were examined with Cox regression for time to first event and other methods for recurrent events analyses. Among 1666 patients with HF with preserved EF (mean age, 68±12 years; 50% women), and 4479 with HF with reduced EF (mean age, 61±13 years; 22% women), there were 642 and 2302 readmissions, with 28% and 45% attributed to HF, respectively. The 1‐year composite event rate for first HF hospitalization or all‐cause death was 11% and 21%, and for total HF hospitalization and all‐cause death was 17.7 and 38.7 per 100 patient‐years in HF with preserved EF and HF with reduced EF, respectively. In HF with preserved EF, consistent independent predictors of these clinical end points included enrollment as an inpatient, Southeast Asian location, and comorbid chronic kidney disease or atrial fibrillation. The same variables were predictive of outcomes in HF with reduced EF except atrial fibrillation, and also included Northeast Asian location, older age, elevated heart rate, decreased systolic blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, and non‐usage of beta blockers. Conclusions One‐year HF rehospitalization and mortality rates were high among Asian patients with HF. Predictors of outcomes identified in this study could aid in risk stratification and timely interventions. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT01633398.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiew-Hwa Katherine Teng
- National Heart Centre Singapore Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School Singapore.,School of Population & Global Health University of Western Australia Perth Australia
| | | | - Wouter Ouwerkerk
- National Heart Centre Singapore Singapore.,Department of Dermatology University of Amsterdam Medical Centre Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Jasper Tromp
- National Heart Centre Singapore Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School Singapore.,University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen Department of Cardiology Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Robert N Doughty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand.,Auckland City Hospital Auckland New Zealand
| | - A Mark Richards
- National University Heart Centre Singapore.,University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand
| | | | - Yan Qin
- Department of Internal Medicine Singapore General Hospital Singapore
| | - Than Aung
- Department of Internal Medicine Singapore General Hospital Singapore
| | - Inder Anand
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN
| | - Carolyn S P Lam
- National Heart Centre Singapore Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School Singapore.,University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen Department of Cardiology Groningen the Netherlands
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35
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Mao L, Kim K. Statistical models for composite endpoints of death and non-fatal events: a review. Stat Biopharm Res 2021; 13:260-269. [PMID: 34540133 DOI: 10.1080/19466315.2021.1927824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The proper analysis of composite endpoints consisting of both death and non-fatal events is an intriguing and sometimes contentious topic. The current practice of analyzing time to the first event often draws criticisms for ignoring the unequal importance between component events and for leaving recurrent-event data unused. Novel methods that address these limitations have recently been proposed. To compare the novel versus traditional approaches, we review three typical models for composite endpoints based on time to the first event, composite event process, and pairwise hierarchical comparisons. The pros and cons of these models are discussed with reference to the relevant regulatory guidelines, such as the recently released ICH-E9(R1) Addendum "Estimands and Sensitivity Analysis in Clinical Trials". We also discuss the impact of censoring when the model assumptions are violated and explore sensitivity analysis strategies. Simulation studies are conducted to assess the performance of the reviewed methods under different settings. As demonstration, we use publicly available R-packages to analyze real data from a major cardiovascular trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Mao
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - KyungMann Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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36
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Lopez-Sendon JL, Cyr DD, Mark DB, Bangalore S, Huang Z, White HD, Alexander KP, Li J, Nair RG, Demkow M, Peteiro J, Wander GS, Demchenko EA, Gamma R, Gadkari M, Poh KK, Nageh T, Stone PH, Keltai M, Sidhu M, Newman JD, Boden WE, Reynolds HR, Chaitman BR, Hochman JS, Maron DJ, O'Brien SM. Effects of initial invasive vs. initial conservative treatment strategies on recurrent and total cardiovascular events in the ISCHEMIA trial. Eur Heart J 2021; 43:148-149. [PMID: 34514494 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The International Study of Comparative Health Effectiveness with Medical and Invasive Approaches (ISCHEMIA) trial prespecified an analysis to determine whether accounting for recurrent cardiovascular events in addition to first events modified understanding of the treatment effects. METHODS AND RESULTS Patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and moderate or severe ischaemia on stress testing were randomized to either initial invasive (INV) or initial conservative (CON) management. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction (MI), and hospitalization for unstable angina, heart failure, or cardiac arrest. The Ghosh-Lin method was used to estimate mean cumulative incidence of total events with death as a competing risk. The 5179 ISCHEMIA patients experienced 670 index events (318 INV, 352 CON) and 203 recurrent events (102 INV, 101 CON). A single primary event was observed in 9.8% of INV and 10.8% of CON patients while ≥2 primary events were observed in 2.5% and 2.8%, respectively. Patients with recurrent events were older; had more frequent hypertension, diabetes, prior MI, or cerebrovascular disease; and had more multivessel CAD. The average number of primary endpoint events per 100 patients over 4 years was 18.2 in INV [95% confidence interval (CI) 15.8-20.9] and 19.7 in CON (95% CI 17.5-22.2), difference -1.5 (95% CI -5.0 to 2.0, P = 0.398). Comparable results were obtained when all-cause death was substituted for cardiovascular death and when stroke was added as an event. CONCLUSIONS In stable CAD patients with moderate or severe myocardial ischaemia enrolled in ISCHEMIA, an initial INV treatment strategy did not prevent either net recurrent events or net total events more effectively than an initial CON strategy. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ISCHEMIA ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01471522, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01471522.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Lopez-Sendon
- Cardiology department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Idipaz, UAM, CIBER-CV, Paseo de la Castellana 261, Madrid 28046, Spain
| | - Derek D Cyr
- Duke Clinical Research Institute and Duke University, 300 W. Morgan Street, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel B Mark
- Duke Clinical Research Institute and Duke University, 300 W. Morgan Street, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sripal Bangalore
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 530 First Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhen Huang
- Duke Clinical Research Institute and Duke University, 300 W. Morgan Street, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Harvey D White
- Auckland City Hospital Green Lane Cardiovascular Services and University of Auckland, 2 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Karen P Alexander
- Duke Clinical Research Institute and Duke University, 300 W. Morgan Street, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jianghao Li
- Duke Clinical Research Institute and Duke University, 300 W. Morgan Street, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rajesh Goplan Nair
- Government Medical College, 48/584, Subhag Sastrinagar, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695002, India
| | - Marcin Demkow
- Department of Coronary and Structural Heart Diseases, National Institute of Cardiology, Alpejska 42, Warsaw 04-628, Poland
| | - Jesus Peteiro
- CHUAC, Universidad de A Coruña, CIBER-CV, As Xubias, 84, A Coruna 15006, Spain
| | - Gurpreet S Wander
- Dayanand Medical College & Hospital, Civil Lines, Tagore Nagar, Ludhiana, Punjab 141001, India
| | - Elena A Demchenko
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ulitsa Akkuratova, 2, Saint-Petersburg 197341, Russia
| | - Reto Gamma
- Broomfield Hospital, Court Rd, Broomfield, Chelmsford CM1 7ET, UK
| | - Milind Gadkari
- Kem Hospital Maharashtra, 489, Mudaliar Rd, Rasta Peth, Pune, Maharashtra 411011, India
| | - Kian Keong Poh
- National University Heart Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 10 Medical Dr, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thuraia Nageh
- Southend University Hospital, Prittlewell Chase, Westcliff-on-Sea, Southend-on-Sea, Westcliff-on-Sea SS0 0RY, Southend, England, UK
| | - Peter H Stone
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matyas Keltai
- Semmelweis University, Budapest, Üllői út 26, 1085 Hungary
| | - Mandeep Sidhu
- Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Physicians Pavilion, 2nd Floor, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Jonathan D Newman
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 530 First Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - William E Boden
- VA New England Healthcare System, Boston University School of Medicine, 150 South Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Bernard R Chaitman
- St Louis University School of Medicine Center for Comprehensive Cardiovascular Care, 1034 S. Brentwood Blvd., Suite 1120, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Judith S Hochman
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 530 First Avenue, New York, NY, USA
| | - David J Maron
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Falk CVRC 265, Stanford, CA 94305-5406, USA
| | - Sean M O'Brien
- Duke Clinical Research Institute and Duke University, 300 W. Morgan Street, Durham, NC, USA
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37
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Furberg JK, Rasmussen S, Andersen PK, Ravn H. Methodological challenges in the analysis of recurrent events for randomised controlled trials with application to cardiovascular events in LEADER. Pharm Stat 2021; 21:241-267. [PMID: 34494361 DOI: 10.1002/pst.2167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of recurrent events is becoming increasingly popular for understanding treatment effects in randomised controlled trials. The analysis of recurrent events can improve efficiency and capture disease burden compared to standard time-to-first event analyses. However, the added knowledge about the multi-state process comes at the cost of modelling complexity. High mortality rates can complicate matters even more. A case study using data from a randomised controlled trial, LEADER, is presented to highlight interpretation of common methods as well as potential pitfalls when analysing recurrent events in the presence of a competing risk. The presented methods either target features of the underlying intensity functions or marginal traits of a multi-state process which includes terminal events or not. In particular, approaches to handle death as a part of an event and as a competing risk are discussed. A new method targeting the marginal mean function for a composite endpoint, which includes both death as a component and as a competing risk, will be introduced. Finally, recommendations for how to capture meaningful treatment effects in randomised controlled trials when analysing recurrent and terminal events will be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Kjaerulff Furberg
- Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biostatistics GLP-1 and CV 1, Novo Nordisk, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
| | - Søren Rasmussen
- Biostatistics GLP-1 and CV 1, Novo Nordisk, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
| | | | - Henrik Ravn
- Biostatistics GLP-1 and CV 1, Novo Nordisk, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
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38
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Toenges G, Mütze T, Jahn-Eimermacher A. A comparison of semiparametric approaches to evaluate composite endpoints in heart failure trials. Stat Med 2021; 40:5702-5724. [PMID: 34327735 DOI: 10.1002/sim.9149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In heart failure (HF) trials efficacy is usually assessed by a composite endpoint including cardiovascular death (CVD) and heart failure hospitalizations (HFHs), which has traditionally been evaluated with a time-to-first-event analysis based on a Cox model. As a considerable fraction of events is ignored that way, methods for recurrent events were suggested, among others the semiparametric proportional rates models by Lin, Wei, Yang, and Ying (LWYY model) and Mao and Lin (Mao-Lin model). In our work we apply least false parameter theory to explain the behavior of the composite treatment effect estimates resulting from the Cox model, the LWYY model, and the Mao-Lin model in clinically relevant scenarios parameterized through joint frailty models. These account for both different treatment effects on the two outcomes (CVD, HFHs) and the positive correlation between their risk rates. For the important setting of beneficial outcome-specific treatment effects we show that the correlation results in composite treatment effect estimates, which are decreasing with trial duration. The estimate from the Cox model is affected more by the attenuation than the estimates from the recurrent event models, which both demonstrate very similar behavior. Since the Mao-Lin model turns out to be less sensitive to harmful effects on mortality, we conclude that, among the three investigated approaches, the LWYY model is the most appropriate one for the composite endpoint in HF trials. Our investigations are motivated and compared with empirical results from the PARADIGM-HF trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01035255), a large multicenter trial including 8399 chronic HF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Toenges
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Mütze
- Statistical Methodology, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antje Jahn-Eimermacher
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences, Darmstadt, Germany
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39
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Survival analyses in cardiovascular research, part II: statistical methods in challenging situations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 75:77-85. [PMID: 34326022 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article is the second of a series of 2 educational articles. In the first article, we described the basic concepts of survival analysis, summarizing the common statistical methods and providing a set of recommendations to guide the strategy of survival analyses in randomized clinical trials and observational studies. Here, we introduce stratified Cox models and frailty models, as well as the immortal time bias arising from a poor assessment of time-dependent variables. To address the issue of multiplicity of outcomes, we provide several modelling strategies to deal with other types of time-to-event data analyses, such as competing risks, multistate models, and recurrent-event methods. This review is illustrated with examples from previous cardiovascular research publications, and each statistical method is discussed alongside its main strengths and limitations. Finally, we provide some general observations about alternative statistical methods with less restrictive assumptions, such as the win ratio method, the restrictive mean survival time, and accelerated failure time model.
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40
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Poelzl G, Egelseer-Bruendl T, Pfeifer B, Modre-Osprian R, Welte S, Fetz B, Krestan S, Haselwanter B, Zaruba MM, Doerler J, Rissbacher C, Ammenwerth E, Bauer A. Feasibility and effectiveness of a multidimensional post-discharge disease management programme for heart failure patients in clinical practice: the HerzMobil Tirol programme. Clin Res Cardiol 2021; 111:294-307. [PMID: 34269863 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-021-01912-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS It remains unclear whether transitional care management outside of a clinical trial setting provides benefits for patients with acute heart failure (AHF) after hospitalization. We evaluated the feasibility and effectiveness of a multidimensional post-discharge disease management programme using a telemedical monitoring system incorporated in a comprehensive network of heart failure nurses, resident physicians, and secondary and tertiary referral centres (HerzMobil Tirol, HMT), METHODS AND RESULTS: The non-randomized study included 508 AHF patients that were managed in HMT (n = 251) or contemporaneously in usual care (UC, n = 257) after discharge from hospital from 2016 to 2019. Groups were retrospectively matched for age and sex. The primary endpoint was time to HF readmission and all-cause mortality within 6 months. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the effectiveness. The primary endpoint occurred in 48 patients (19.1%) in HMT and 89 (34.6%) in UC. Compared with UC, management by HMT was associated with a 46%-reduction in the primary endpoint (adjusted HR 0.54; 95% CI 0.37-0.77; P < 0.001). Subgroup analyses revealed consistent effectiveness. The composite of recurrent HF hospitalization and death within 6 months per 100 patient-years was 64.2 in HMT and 108.2 in UC (adjusted HR 0.41; 95% CI 0.29-0.55; P < 0.001 with death considered as a competing risk). After 1 year, 25 (10%) patients died in HMT compared with 66 (25.7%) in UC (HR 0.38; 95% CI 0.23-0.61, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS A multidimensional post-discharge disease management programme, comprising a telemedical monitoring system incorporated in a comprehensive network of specialized heart failure nurses and resident physicians, is feasible and effective in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Poelzl
- Clinical Division of Cardiology and Angiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - T Egelseer-Bruendl
- Clinical Division of Cardiology and Angiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B Pfeifer
- Landesinstitut für Integrierte Versorgung Tirol, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - R Modre-Osprian
- Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - S Welte
- Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - B Fetz
- Landesinstitut für Integrierte Versorgung Tirol, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S Krestan
- Landesinstitut für Integrierte Versorgung Tirol, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B Haselwanter
- Landesinstitut für Integrierte Versorgung Tirol, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M M Zaruba
- Clinical Division of Cardiology and Angiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J Doerler
- Clinical Division of Cardiology and Angiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - C Rissbacher
- University Hospital Innsbruck, TirolKliniken, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - E Ammenwerth
- Institute of Medical Informatics, UMIT, Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | - A Bauer
- Clinical Division of Cardiology and Angiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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41
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Strange JE, Holt A, Blanche P, Gislason G, Torp-Pedersen C, Christensen DM, Hansen ML, Lamberts M, Schou M, Olesen JB, Fosbøl EL, Køber L, Rasmussen PV. Oral fluoroquinolones and risk of aortic or mitral regurgitation: a nationwide nested case-control study. Eur Heart J 2021; 42:2899-2908. [PMID: 34245252 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Reports have suggested an increased risk of aortic and mitral regurgitation associated with oral fluoroquinolones (FQs) resulting in a safety warning published by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). However, these findings have not yet been replicated. METHODS AND RESULTS Using Danish administrative registers, we conducted a nested case-control study in a nationwide cohort of individuals between 2005 and 2018. Cases were defined as the first occurrence of aortic or mitral regurgitation. Exposure of interest was the use of oral FQs. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were obtained by fitting time-dependent Cox regression models, with penicillin V as comparator, to assess the association between FQ use and incident valvular regurgitation. We identified 38 370 cases of valvular regurgitation with 1 115 100 matched controls. FQ exposure was not significantly associated with increased rates of aortic or mitral regurgitation (HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.95-1.09) compared with penicillin V users. Investigating the cumulative defined daily doses (cDDD) of FQs yielded similar results with no significant association between increasing FQ use and valvular regurgitation (e.g. HR 1.08, 95% CI 0.95-1.23 for cDDD >10 compared with cDDD 1-5). These results were consistent across several analyses including a cohort of patients with hypertension and using a case definition based on valvular surgical interventions. CONCLUSIONS In a nationwide nested case-control study, FQs were not significantly associated with increased rates of valvular regurgitation. Our findings do not support a possible causal connection between FQ exposure and incident valvular regurgitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarl Emanuel Strange
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 8, 2900 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Holt
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 8, 2900 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul Blanche
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 8, 2900 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Oester Farimagsgade 5, Entrance B, 2nd floor, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Gislason
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 8, 2900 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Noerre Alle 20, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Danish Heart Foundation, Vognmagergade 7, 1120 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian- Torp-Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Research, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Kongens Vaenge 2, 3400 Hilleroed, Denmark.,Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrobej 18-22, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Morten Lock Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 8, 2900 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Lamberts
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 8, 2900 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Schou
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 8, 2900 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Bjerring Olesen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 8, 2900 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Inge Lehmanns Vej 7, Entrance 2, 14th floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil Loldrup Fosbøl
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Inge Lehmanns Vej 7, Entrance 2, 14th floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Køber
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Inge Lehmanns Vej 7, Entrance 2, 14th floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Vibe Rasmussen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, Gentofte Hospitalsvej 8, 2900 Copenhagen, Denmark
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42
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Jhund PS, Petrie MC, Robertson M, Mark PB, MacDonald MR, Connolly E, Anker SD, Bhandari S, Farrington K, Kalra PA, Wheeler DC, Tomson CRV, Ford I, McMurray JJV, Macdougall IC. Heart Failure Hospitalization in Adults Receiving Hemodialysis and the Effect of Intravenous Iron Therapy. JACC-HEART FAILURE 2021; 9:518-527. [PMID: 34119470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to examine the effect of intravenous iron on heart failure events in hemodialysis patients. BACKGROUND Heart failure is a common and deadly complication in patients receiving hemodialysis and is difficult to diagnose and treat. METHODS The study analyzed heart failure events in the PIVOTAL (Proactive IV Iron Therapy in Hemodialysis Patients) trial, which compared intravenous iron administered proactively in a high-dose regimen with a low-dose regimen administered reactively. Heart failure hospitalization was an adjudicated outcome, a component of the primary composite outcome, and a prespecified secondary endpoint in the trial. RESULTS Overall, 2,141 participants were followed for a median of 2.1 years. A first fatal or nonfatal heart failure event occurred in 51 (4.7%) of 1,093 patients in the high-dose iron group and in 70 (6.7%) of 1,048 patients in the low-dose group (HR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.46-0.94; P = 0.023). There was a total of 63 heart failure events (including first and recurrent events) in the high-dose iron group and 98 in the low-dose group, giving a rate ratio of 0.59 (95% CI: 0.40-0.87; P = 0.0084). Most patients presented with pulmonary edema and were mainly treated by mechanical removal of fluid. History of heart failure and diabetes were independent predictors of a heart failure event. CONCLUSIONS Compared with a lower-dose regimen, high-dose intravenous iron decreased the occurrence of first and recurrent heart failure events in patients undergoing hemodialysis, with large relative and absolute risk reductions. (UK Multicentre Open-label Randomised Controlled Trial Of IV Iron Therapy In Incident Haemodialysis Patients; 2013-002267-25).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardeep S Jhund
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mark C Petrie
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Robertson
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick B Mark
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eugene Connolly
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan D Anker
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sunil Bhandari
- Department of Nephrology, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust and Hull York, Hull York Medical School, Hull, United Kingdom
| | | | - Philip A Kalra
- Department of Nephrology, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - David C Wheeler
- Department of Nephrology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Nephrology, George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Charles R V Tomson
- Department of Nephrology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - John J V McMurray
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Iain C Macdougall
- Department of Renal Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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43
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Ma C, Hu T, Lin Z. Semiparametric analysis of zero-inflated recurrent events with a terminal event. Stat Med 2021; 40:4053-4067. [PMID: 33963791 DOI: 10.1002/sim.9013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent event data frequently arise in longitudinal studies and observations on recurrent events could be terminated by a major failure event such as death. In many situations, there exist a large fraction of subjects without any recurrent events of interest. Among these subjects, some are unsusceptible to recurrent events, while others are susceptible but have no recurrent events being observed due to censoring. In this article, we propose a zero-inflated generalized joint frailty model and a sieve maximum likelihood approach to analyze zero-inflated recurrent events with a terminal event. The model provides a considerable flexibility in formulating the effects of covariates on both recurrent events and the terminal event by specifying various transformation functions. In addition, Bernstein polynomials are employed to approximate the unknown cumulative baseline hazard (intensity) function. The estimation procedure can be easily implemented and is computationally fast. Extensive simulation studies are conducted and demonstrate that our proposed method works well for practical situations. Finally, we apply the method to analyze myocardial infarction recurrences in the presence of death in a clinical trial with cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Ma
- Global Statistical Sciences, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Tao Hu
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhantao Lin
- Global Statistical Sciences, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
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44
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Høgsholt S, Asdahl PH, Bonnesen TG, Holmqvist AS, Madanat-Harjuoja L, Tryggvadottir L, Bautz A, Albieri V, Green D, Winther JF, Hasle H. Disease-specific hospitalizations among 5-year survivors of Wilms tumor: A Nordic population-based cohort study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68:e28905. [PMID: 33484071 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With modern therapy, over 90% of Wilms tumor patients can expect to become long-term survivors, and focus on morbidity and late effects become increasingly important. We provide a novel evaluation and insight to subsequent hospitalizations in 5-year survivors of Wilms tumor. METHODS As part of the Adult Life after Childhood Cancer in Scandinavia (ALiCCS) study, we identified 5-year survivors of Wilms tumor. Based on stratified random sampling, we constructed a population comparison cohort. Outcomes of interest were overall hospitalizations; hospitalizations for specific organ systems and disease-specific categories. Standardized hospitalization rate ratios (SHRR) and absolute excess risks (AER) were calculated. RESULTS We included 913, 5-year survivors of Wilms tumor and 152 231 population comparisons. Survivors of Wilms tumor had an increased overall risk of being hospitalized (SHRR 1.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7-2.0). The hospitalization risk was increased within all major organ systems: urinary and genital organs (SHRR 2.5; 95% CI 2.1-3.0), endocrine (SHRR 2.5; 95% CI 1.9-3.3), cardiovascular (SHRR 2.2; 95% CI 1.7-2.9), and gastrointestinal (SHRR 1.5; 95% CI 1.3-1.8). Risks for specific diseases are reported in the study. CONCLUSIONS Survivors of Wilms tumor had higher risks than population comparisons for a wide range of diseases, with the highest risks seen for urinary, endocrine, and cardiovascular disorders. Five to 20 years after the Wilms tumor diagnosis, 43% of survivors had been hospitalized at least once versus 29% of population comparisons. The overall AER was 2.3, which translates into 0.2 extra hospitalizations in 10 years for every Wilms tumor survivor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Høgsholt
- Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Childhood Cancer Research Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Haubjerg Asdahl
- Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Childhood Cancer Research Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine Gade Bonnesen
- Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Childhood Cancer Research Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Sällfors Holmqvist
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Skåne University Hospital and Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Laura Madanat-Harjuoja
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laufey Tryggvadottir
- The Icelandic Cancer Registry, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Andrea Bautz
- Childhood Cancer Research Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vanna Albieri
- Unit of Statistics and Data Analysis, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Green
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jeanette Falck Winther
- Childhood Cancer Research Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Hasle
- Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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45
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Zhong Y, Cook RJ. Semiparametric recurrent event vs time-to-first-event analyses in randomized trials: Estimands and model misspecification. Stat Med 2021; 40:3823-3842. [PMID: 33880781 DOI: 10.1002/sim.9002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Insights regarding the merits of recurrent event and time-to-first-event analyses are needed to provide guidance on strategies for analyzing intervention effects in randomized trials involving recurrent event responses. Using established asymptotic results we introduce a framework for studying the large sample properties of estimators arising from semiparametric proportional rate function models and Cox regression under model misspecification. The asymptotic biases and power implications are investigated for different data generating models, and we study the impact of dependent censoring on these findings. Illustrative applications are given involving data from a cystic fibrosis trial and a carcinogenicity experiment, following which we summarize findings and discuss implications for clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhong
- School of Statistics and Management, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Richard J Cook
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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46
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Jhund PS, Ponikowski P, Docherty KF, Gasparyan SB, Böhm M, Chiang CE, Desai AS, Howlett J, Kitakaze M, Petrie MC, Verma S, Bengtsson O, Langkilde AM, Sjöstrand M, Inzucchi SE, Køber L, Kosiborod MN, Martinez FA, Sabatine MS, Solomon SD, McMurray JJV. Dapagliflozin and Recurrent Heart Failure Hospitalizations in Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: An Analysis of DAPA-HF. Circulation 2021; 143:1962-1972. [PMID: 33832352 PMCID: PMC8126492 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.053659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Patients with heart failure (HF) and reduced ejection fraction will experience multiple hospitalizations for heart failure during the course of their disease. We assessed the efficacy of dapagliflozin on reducing the rate of total (ie, first and repeat) hospitalizations for heart failure in the DAPA-HF trial (Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse-Outcomes in Heart Failure).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardeep S Jhund
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.S.J., K.F.D., M.C.P., J.J.V.M.)
| | - Piotr Ponikowski
- Center for Heart Diseases, University Hospital, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland (P.P.)
| | - Kieran F Docherty
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.S.J., K.F.D., M.C.P., J.J.V.M.)
| | - Samvel B Gasparyan
- Late Stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.B.G., O.B., A.-M.L., M.S.)
| | - Michael Böhm
- The Department of Medicine, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg-Saar, Germany (M.B.)
| | - Chern-En Chiang
- Division of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan (C.-E.C.)
| | - Akshay S Desai
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.S.D., S.D.S.)
| | - Jonathon Howlett
- Cumming School of Medicine and Libin Cardiovascular Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (J.H.)
| | - Masafumi Kitakaze
- Cardiovascular Division of Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan (M.K.)
| | - Mark C Petrie
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.S.J., K.F.D., M.C.P., J.J.V.M.)
| | - Subodh Verma
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada (S.V.)
| | - Olof Bengtsson
- Late Stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.B.G., O.B., A.-M.L., M.S.)
| | - Anna-Maria Langkilde
- Late Stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.B.G., O.B., A.-M.L., M.S.)
| | - Mikaela Sjöstrand
- Late Stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (S.B.G., O.B., A.-M.L., M.S.)
| | - Silvio E Inzucchi
- Section of Endocrinology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (S.E.I.)
| | - Lars Køber
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark (L.K.)
| | - Mikhail N Kosiborod
- Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, University of Missouri, Kansas City (M.N.K.).,The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (M.N.K.)
| | | | - Marc S Sabatine
- TIMI Study Group, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (M.S.S.)
| | - Scott D Solomon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.S.D., S.D.S.)
| | - John J V McMurray
- BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.S.J., K.F.D., M.C.P., J.J.V.M.)
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47
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Kim YJ. Joint model for bivariate zero-inflated recurrent event data with terminal events. J Appl Stat 2021; 48:738-749. [DOI: 10.1080/02664763.2020.1744539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Jin Kim
- Department of Statistics, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
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48
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Egerup P, Carlson N, Bruun Oestergaard L, Blanche P, Scott JR, Hornum M, Torp-Pedersen C, Christiansen OB. Increased risk of neonatal complications and infections in children of kidney-transplanted women: A nationwide controlled cohort study. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:1171-1178. [PMID: 32786135 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Information related to short- and long-term risks of children born to kidney-transplanted women remains limited. With the aim of investigating the risk of neonatal complications, and the short- and long-term risk of infections in offspring of kidney-transplanted women, all children born to kidney-transplanted women in Denmark from 1964 to 2016 were identified in a nationwide retrospective matched cohort study. A total of 124 children of kidney-transplanted women were identified and matched on gender, birth year, and number of siblings at birth 1:10 with children born to nontransplanted women identified in the Danish general population. Prevalence of low birth weight (37.9%, risk ratio [RR] = 12.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 8.5-18.5), premature birth (46.0%, RR = 11.32; 95% CI, 8.1-15.7) and malformations (11.3%, RR = 1.98; 95% CI, 1.2-3.4) was increased in children of kidney-transplanted women compared with controls. Similarly, prevalence of hospitalization due to infection was increased during the first year of life (21.0%, RR = 1.94; 95% CI, 1.3-2.8), from age 1 to 5 (34.2%, RR = 1.89; 95% CI, 1.4-2.5), and overall (41.9%, RR = 1.67; 95% CI, 1.3-2.1). The risk of infection was also higher in children of kidney-transplanted mothers born preterm or with low birth weight compared with similar controls. In conclusion, risk of neonatal complications, malformations, and both early and late infection were increased in children born to kidney-transplanted women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Egerup
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Nicholas Carlson
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Research Department, The Danish Heart Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Paul Blanche
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James R Scott
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Mads Hornum
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ole Bjarne Christiansen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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49
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Kenborg L, Boschini C, Bidstrup PE, Dalton SO, Doser K, Nielsen TT, Krøyer A, Johansen C, Frederiksen K, Sørensen SA, Hove H, Østergaard JR, Mulvihill JJ, Winther JF. Pregnancy outcomes in women with neurofibromatosis 1: a Danish population-based cohort study. J Med Genet 2021; 59:237-242. [PMID: 33495305 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2020-107201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The probability of a pregnancy, live birth, stillbirth and abortion has never been assessed in women with neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) in a large population-based study. METHODS We included 1006 women (15-49 years) registered with NF1 in the Danish National Patient Registry or followed in two national Centers for Rare Diseases and 10 020 women from the Danish population. Information on pregnancy outcomes was ascertained from health registries. Cumulative incidence, mean cumulative count, hazard ratios (HRs) and proportion ratios (PRs) with 95% CIs were calculated. RESULTS The cumulative incidence of a first pregnancy at age 50 years was slightly lower in women with NF1 (74%; 95% CI 70 to 77) than in population comparisons (78%; 95% CI 77 to 79). When all pregnancies were included, two pregnancies were expected per woman at age of 50 years, irrespective of a NF1 diagnosis. The hazard of a pregnancy did not differ between women with NF1 (HR 1.03; 95% CI 0.95 to 1.11) and the comparisons after adjustment for somatic and psychiatric disease. The proportion of pregnancies that resulted in a live birth was 63% (783/1252) among women NF1 and 68% (8432/12 465) among the comparisons, yielding a PR of 0.95 (95% CI 0.90 to 1.00). The proportions of stillbirths (PR 2.83; 95% CI 1.63 to 4.93) and spontaneous abortions (PR 1.40; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.79) were increased in women with NF1. CONCLUSIONS A similar hazard for pregnancy was observed for women with NF1 and population comparisons after adjustment for potential medical consequences of NF1. However, women with NF1 experienced more spontaneous abortions and stillbirths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Kenborg
- Childhood Cancer Research Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cristina Boschini
- Statistics and Data Analysis, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pernille E Bidstrup
- Psychological Aspects of Cancer, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne O Dalton
- Survivorship and Inequality in Cancer, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karoline Doser
- Childhood Cancer Research Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas T Nielsen
- Childhood Cancer Research Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja Krøyer
- Childhood Cancer Research Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Johansen
- Psychological Aspects of Cancer, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Frederiksen
- Statistics and Data Analysis, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sven Asger Sørensen
- Department of Neurogenetics, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Hove
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John R Østergaard
- Center for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - John J Mulvihill
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jeanette F Winther
- Childhood Cancer Research Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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50
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Sparapani RA, Rein LE, Tarima SS, Jackson TA, Meurer JR. Non-parametric recurrent events analysis with BART and an application to the hospital admissions of patients with diabetes. Biostatistics 2020; 21:69-85. [PMID: 30059992 DOI: 10.1093/biostatistics/kxy032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of survival analysis is concerned with absorbing events, i.e., subjects can only experience a single event such as mortality. This article is focused on non-absorbing or recurrent events, i.e., subjects are capable of experiencing multiple events. Recurrent events have been studied by many; however, most rely on the restrictive assumptions of linearity and proportionality. We propose a new method for analyzing recurrent events with Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART) avoiding such restrictive assumptions. We explore this new method via a motivating example of hospital admissions for diabetes patients and simulated data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A Sparapani
- Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Lisa E Rein
- Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Sergey S Tarima
- Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Tourette A Jackson
- Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - John R Meurer
- Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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