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Chatterjee A, Jayaprakasan M, Chakrabarty AK, Lakkaniga NR, Bhatt BN, Banerjee D, Narwaria A, Katiyar CK, Dubey SK. Comprehensive insights into rheumatoid arthritis: Pathophysiology, current therapies and herbal alternatives for effective disease management. Phytother Res 2024; 38:2764-2799. [PMID: 38522945 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by immune response overexpression, causing pain and swelling in the synovial joints. This condition is caused by auto-reactive antibodies that attack self-antigens due to their incapacity to distinguish between self and foreign molecules. Dysregulated activity within numerous signalling and immunological pathways supports the disease's development and progression, elevating its complexity. While current treatments provide some alleviation, their effectiveness is accompanied by a variety of adverse effects that are inherent in conventional medications. As a result, there is a deep-rooted necessity to investigate alternate therapeutic strategies capable of neutralizing these disadvantages. Medicinal herbs display a variety of potent bioactive phytochemicals that are effective in the complementary management of disease, thus generating an enormous potency for the researchers to delve deep into the development of novel phytomedicine against autoimmune diseases, although additional evidence and understanding are required in terms of their efficacy and pharmacodynamic mechanisms. This literature-based review highlights the dysregulation of immune tolerance in rheumatoid arthritis, analyses the pathophysiology, elucidates relevant signalling pathways involved, evaluates present and future therapy options and underscores the therapeutic attributes of a diverse array of medicinal herbs in addressing this severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India
| | - Monisha Jayaprakasan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India
| | | | - Naga Rajiv Lakkaniga
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India
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2
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He Y, Yu H, Dai S, He M, Ma L, Xu Z, Luo F, Wang L. Immune checkpoint inhibitors break whose heart? Perspectives from cardio-immuno-oncology. Genes Dis 2024; 11:807-818. [PMID: 37692505 PMCID: PMC10491874 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are monoclonal antibody antagonists, which can block cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), programmed death-1/ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) pathways, and other molecules exploited by tumor cells to evade T cell-mediated immune response. ICIs have transformed the treatment landscape for various cancers due to their amazing efficacy. Many anti-tumor therapies, including targeted therapy, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, combine ICIs to make the treatment more effective. However, the off-target immune activation caused by ICIs may lead to a broad spectrum of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) affecting multiple organ systems. Among irAEs, cardiotoxicity induced by ICIs, uncommon but fatal, has greatly offset survival benefits from ICIs, which is heartbreaking for both patients and clinicians. Consequently, such cardiotoxicity requires special vigilance, and it has become a common challenge both for patients and clinicians. This article reviewed the clinical manifestations and influence of cardiotoxicity from the view of patients and clinicians, elaborated on the underlying mechanisms in conjunction with animal studies, and then attempted to propose management strategies from a cardio-immuno-oncology multidisciplinary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying He
- Oncology Department, Deyang People's Hospital, Deyang, Sichuan 618000, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Cardiovascular Department, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan 621000, China
| | - Shuang Dai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Miao He
- Oncology Department, Deyang People's Hospital, Deyang, Sichuan 618000, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Deyang People's Hospital, Deyang, Sichuan 618000, China
| | - Zihan Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Feng Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
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Cohen JN, Gouirand V, Macon CE, Lowe MM, Boothby IC, Moreau JM, Gratz IK, Stoecklinger A, Weaver CT, Sharpe AH, Ricardo-Gonzalez RR, Rosenblum MD. Regulatory T cells in skin mediate immune privilege of the hair follicle stem cell niche. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadh0152. [PMID: 38181095 PMCID: PMC11003870 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adh0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Immune tolerance is maintained in lymphoid organs (LOs). Despite the presence of complex immune cell networks in non-LOs, it is unknown whether self-tolerance is maintained in these tissues. We developed a technique to restrict genetic recombination to regulatory T cells (Tregs) only in skin. Selective depletion of skin Tregs resulted in T cell-mediated inflammation of hair follicles (HFs). Suppression did not rely on CTLA-4, but instead on high-affinity interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor expression by skin Tregs, functioning exclusively in a cell-extrinsic manner. In a novel model of HF stem cell (HFSC)-driven autoimmunity, we reveal that skin Tregs immunologically protect the HFSC niche. Finally, we used spatial transcriptomics to identify aberrant IL-2 signaling at stromal-HF interfaces in a rare form of human alopecia characterized by HFSC destruction and alopecia areata. Collectively, these results reveal the fundamental biology of Tregs in skin uncoupled from the systemic pool and elucidate a mechanism of self-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarish N. Cohen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Victoire Gouirand
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Courtney E. Macon
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Margaret M. Lowe
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ian C. Boothby
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joshua M. Moreau
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Iris K. Gratz
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Angelika Stoecklinger
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Casey T. Weaver
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Arlene H. Sharpe
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Michael D. Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Filipp D, Manning J, Petrusová J. Extrathymic AIRE-Expressing Cells: A Historical Perspective. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1444:33-49. [PMID: 38467971 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-9781-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Since its discovery, Aire has been the topic of numerous studies in its role as a transcriptional regulator in the thymus where it promotes the "promiscuous" expression of a large repertoire of tissue-restricted antigens (TRAs) that are normally expressed only in the immune periphery. This process occurs in specialized medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) and mediates the elimination of self-reactive T cells or promotes their conversion to the Foxp3+ regulatory T cell lineage, both of which are required for the prevention of autoimmunity. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the role of extrathymic Aire expression in peripheral organs. The focus has primarily been on the identification of the cellular source(s) and mechanism(s) by which extrathymic AIRE affects tolerance-related or other physiological processes. A cadre of OMICs tools including single cell RNA sequencing and novel transgenic models to trace Aire expression to perform lineage tracing experiments have shed light on a phenomenon that is more complex than previously thought. In this chapter, we provide a deeper analysis of how extrathymic Aire research has developed and progressed, how cellular sources were identified, and how the function of AIRE was determined. Current data suggests that extrathymic AIRE fulfills a function that differs from what has been observed in the thymus and strongly argues that its main purpose is to regulate transcriptional programs in a cell content-dependent manner. Surprisingly, there is data that also suggests a non-transcriptional role of extrathymic AIRE in the cytoplasm. We have arrived at a potential turning point that will take the field from the classical understanding of AIRE as a transcription factor in control of TRA expression to its role in immunological and non-immunological processes in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Filipp
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jasper Manning
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Petrusová
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Borys SM, Reilly SP, Magill I, Zemmour D, Brossay L. PD-1 Mediated Regulation of Unique Activated CD8 + T Cells by NK Cells in the Submandibular Gland. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.15.557930. [PMID: 37745414 PMCID: PMC10515922 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.15.557930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The increasing utilization of anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has led to the emergence of immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including sicca syndrome. Interestingly, we found that the submandibular gland (SMG) of PD-1 deficient mice harbors a large population of CD8 + T cells, reminiscing ICB induced sicca. This phenotype was also observed in the SMG of both NK cell-depleted C57BL/6 animals and NK cell-deficient animals. Mechanistically, using mice conditionally deficient for PD-L1 in the NK cell lineage, we discovered that NK cells regulate CD8 + T cell homeostasis via the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in this organ. Importantly, single-cell RNA sequencing of PD-1 deficient SMG CD8 + T cells reveals a unique transcriptional profile consistent with TCR activation. These cells have limited TCR diversity and phenotypically overlap with GzmK + CD8 + T autoimmune cells identified in primary Sjögren's syndrome patients. These insights into NK cell immunoregulation in the SMG, and the consequences of disrupted CD8 + T cell homeostasis, provide opportunities for preventing the development of irAEs. Highlights Elevated CD8 + T cells in the submandibular gland (SMG) of PD-1 deficient mice parallel sicca-like irAEs seen in ICB patients. In addition to their previously described hyporesponsive phenotype, NK cells in the SMG regulate CD8 + T cell homeostasis through the PD-L1/PD-1 axis. PD-1 deficient SMG CD8 + T cells display unique transcriptional profiles associated with proinflammatory functions, TCR activation, interferon stimulation, and exhaustion. Oligoclonal expansion and similarities in TCR sequences indicate T cell activation and a preference for recognizing specific antigens.
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Abstract
Historically, the immune system was believed to develop along a linear axis of maturity from fetal life to adulthood. Now, it is clear that distinct layers of immune cells are generated from unique waves of hematopoietic progenitors during different windows of development. This model, known as the layered immune model, has provided a useful framework for understanding why distinct lineages of B cells and γδ T cells arise in succession and display unique functions in adulthood. However, the layered immune model has not been applied to CD8+ T cells, which are still often viewed as a uniform population of cells belonging to the same lineage, with functional differences between cells arising from environmental factors encountered during infection. Recent studies have challenged this idea, demonstrating that not all CD8+ T cells are created equally and that the functions of individual CD8+ T cells in adults are linked to when they were created in the host. In this review, we discuss the accumulating evidence suggesting there are distinct ontogenetic subpopulations of CD8+ T cells and propose that the layered immune model be extended to the CD8+ T cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cybelle Tabilas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Co-first author
| | - Norah L. Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Co-first author
| | - Brian D. Rudd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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7
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Mustillo PJ, Sullivan KE, Chinn IK, Notarangelo LD, Haddad E, Davies EG, de la Morena MT, Hartog N, Yu JE, Hernandez-Trujillo VP, Ip W, Franco J, Gambineri E, Hickey SE, Varga E, Markert ML. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Immunological Management of Chromosome 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome and Other Defects in Thymic Development. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:247-270. [PMID: 36648576 PMCID: PMC9892161 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01418-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Current practices vary widely regarding the immunological work-up and management of patients affected with defects in thymic development (DTD), which include chromosome 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome (22q11.2del) and other causes of DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) and coloboma, heart defect, atresia choanae, retardation of growth and development, genital hypoplasia, ear anomalies/deafness (CHARGE) syndrome. Practice variations affect the initial and subsequent assessment of immune function, the terminology used to describe the condition and immune status, the accepted criteria for recommending live vaccines, and how often follow-up is needed based on the degree of immune compromise. The lack of consensus and widely varying practices highlight the need to establish updated immunological clinical practice guidelines. These guideline recommendations provide a comprehensive review for immunologists and other clinicians who manage immune aspects of this group of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Mustillo
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA.
| | - Kathleen E Sullivan
- Division of Allergy Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ivan K Chinn
- Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Elie Haddad
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - E Graham Davies
- Department of Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital and UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 3HJ, UK
| | - Maria Teresa de la Morena
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Nicholas Hartog
- Spectrum Health Helen DeVos Children's Hospital Department of Allergy and Immunology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, USA
| | - Joyce E Yu
- Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Winnie Ip
- Department of Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital and UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Jose Franco
- Grupo de Inmunodeficiencias Primarias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Eleonora Gambineri
- Department of "NEUROFARBA", Section of Child's Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Centre of Excellence, Division of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS, Florence, Italy
| | - Scott E Hickey
- Division of Genetic & Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Elizabeth Varga
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - M Louise Markert
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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8
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Camaglia F, Ryvkin A, Greenstein E, Reich-Zeliger S, Chain B, Mora T, Walczak AM, Friedman N. Quantifying changes in the T cell receptor repertoire during thymic development. eLife 2023; 12:81622. [PMID: 36661220 PMCID: PMC9934861 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the feats of adaptive immunity is its ability to recognize foreign pathogens while sparing the self. During maturation in the thymus, T cells are selected through the binding properties of their antigen-specific T-cell receptor (TCR), through the elimination of both weakly (positive selection) and strongly (negative selection) self-reactive receptors. However, the impact of thymic selection on the TCR repertoire is poorly understood. Here, we use transgenic Nur77-mice expressing a T-cell activation reporter to study the repertoires of thymic T cells at various stages of their development, including cells that do not pass selection. We combine high-throughput repertoire sequencing with statistical inference techniques to characterize the selection of the TCR in these distinct subsets. We find small but significant differences in the TCR repertoire parameters between the maturation stages, which recapitulate known differentiation pathways leading to the CD4+ and CD8+ subtypes. These differences can be simulated by simple models of selection acting linearly on the sequence features. We find no evidence of specific sequences or sequence motifs or features that are suppressed by negative selection. These results favour a collective or statistical model for T-cell self non-self discrimination, where negative selection biases the repertoire away from self recognition, rather than ensuring lack of self-reactivity at the single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Camaglia
- Laboratoire de physique de l’École normale supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, and Université de ParisParisFrance
| | - Arie Ryvkin
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Erez Greenstein
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | | | - Benny Chain
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Thierry Mora
- Laboratoire de physique de l’École normale supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, and Université de ParisParisFrance
| | - Aleksandra M Walczak
- Laboratoire de physique de l’École normale supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, and Université de ParisParisFrance
| | - Nir Friedman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
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Hou L, Yuki K. CD11c regulates late-stage T cell development in the thymus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1040818. [PMID: 36439108 PMCID: PMC9684328 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1040818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CD11c, also named integrin αX, has been deemed solely as a dendritic cell marker for decades while the delineation of its biological function was limited. In the current study, we observed in mice that CD11c deficiency led to a defect in T cell development, demonstrated by the loss of CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) T cells, CD4+CD8-, and CD4-CD8+ single positive (SP) T cells in the thymus and less mature T cells in the periphery. By using bone marrow chimera, we confirmed that CD11c regulated T cell development in the thymus. We further showed that CD11c deficiency led to an accelerated apoptosis of CD3 positive thymocytes, but not CD4-CD8- double negative (DN) T cells. Overall, this study added one more layer of knowledge on the regulatory mechanism of late-stage T cell development that the presence of CD11c in the thymus is critical for maintaining T cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifei Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Cardiac Anesthesia Division, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Departments of Anaesthesia and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Koichi Yuki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Cardiac Anesthesia Division, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Departments of Anaesthesia and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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10
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Interconnections between Inflammageing and Immunosenescence during Ageing. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030359. [PMID: 35159168 PMCID: PMC8834134 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute inflammation is a physiological response to injury or infection, with a cascade of steps that ultimately lead to the recruitment of immune cells to clear invading pathogens and heal wounds. However, chronic inflammation arising from the continued presence of the initial trigger, or the dysfunction of signalling and/or effector pathways, is harmful to health. While successful ageing in older adults, including centenarians, is associated with low levels of inflammation, elevated inflammation increases the risk of poor health and death. Hence inflammation has been described as one of seven pillars of ageing. Age-associated sterile, chronic, and low-grade inflammation is commonly termed inflammageing-it is not simply a consequence of increasing chronological age, but is also a marker of biological ageing, multimorbidity, and mortality risk. While inflammageing was initially thought to be caused by "continuous antigenic load and stress", reports from the last two decades describe a much more complex phenomenon also involving cellular senescence and the ageing of the immune system. In this review, we explore some of the main sources and consequences of inflammageing in the context of immunosenescence and highlight potential interventions. In particular, we assess the contribution of cellular senescence to age-associated inflammation, identify patterns of pro- and anti-inflammatory markers characteristic of inflammageing, describe alterations in the ageing immune system that lead to elevated inflammation, and finally assess the ways that diet, exercise, and pharmacological interventions can reduce inflammageing and thus, improve later life health.
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11
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Ashouri JF, Lo W, Nguyen TTT, Shen L, Weiss A. ZAP70, too little, too much can lead to autoimmunity*. Immunol Rev 2021; 307:145-160. [PMID: 34923645 PMCID: PMC8986586 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Establishing both central and peripheral tolerance requires the appropriate TCR signaling strength to discriminate self‐ from agonist‐peptide bound to self MHC molecules. ZAP70, a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, directly interacts with the TCR complex and plays a central and requisite role in TCR signaling in both thymocytes and peripheral T cells. By studying ZAP70 hypomorphic mutations in mice and humans with a spectrum of hypoactive or hyperactive activities, we have gained insights into mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance. Interestingly, both hypoactive and hyperactive ZAP70 can lead to the development of autoimmune diseases, albeit through distinct mechanisms. Immature thymocytes and mature T cells rely on normal ZAP70 function to complete their development in the thymus and to modulate T cell responses in the periphery. Hypoactive ZAP70 function compromises key developmental checkpoints required to establish central tolerance, allowing thymocytes with potentially self‐reactive TCRs a greater chance to escape negative selection. Such ‘forbidden clones’ may escape into the periphery and may pose a greater risk for autoimmune disease development since they may not engage negative regulatory mechanisms as effectively. Hyperactive ZAP70 enhances thymic negative selection but some thymocytes will, nonetheless, escape negative selection and have greater sensitivity to weak and self‐ligands. Such cells must be controlled by mechanisms involved in anergy, expansion of Tregs, and upregulation of inhibitory receptors or signaling molecules. However, such potentially autoreactive cells may still be able to escape control by peripheral negative regulatory constraints. Consistent with findings in Zap70 mutants, the signaling defects in at least one ZAP70 substrate, LAT, can also lead to autoimmune disease. By dissecting the similarities and differences among mouse models of patient disease or mutations in ZAP70 that affect TCR signaling strength, we have gained insights into how perturbed ZAP70 function can lead to autoimmunity. Because of our work and that of others on ZAP70, it is likely that perturbations in other molecules affecting TCR signaling strength will be identified that also overcome tolerance mechanisms and cause autoimmunity. Delineating these molecular pathways could lead to the development of much needed new therapeutic targets in these complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith F. Ashouri
- Department of Medicine Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Wan‐Lin Lo
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology Department of Pathology University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - Trang T. T. Nguyen
- Department of Medicine Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Lin Shen
- Department of Medicine Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Department of Medicine Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
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12
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Stojić-Vukanić Z, Pilipović I, Arsenović-Ranin N, Dimitrijević M, Leposavić G. Sex-specific remodeling of T-cell compartment with aging: Implications for rat susceptibility to central nervous system autoimmune diseases. Immunol Lett 2021; 239:42-59. [PMID: 34418487 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) and susceptibility of animals to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most commonly used experimental model of MS, decrease with aging. Generally, autoimmune diseases develop as the ultimate outcome of an imbalance between damaging immune responses against self and regulatory immune responses (keeping the former under control). Thus, in this review the age-related changes possibly underlying this balance were discussed. Specifically, considering the central role of T cells in MS/EAE, the impact of aging on overall functional capacity (reflecting both overall count and individual functional cell properties) of self-reactive conventional T cells (Tcons) and FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), as the most potent immunoregulatory/suppressive cells, was analyzed, as well. The analysis encompasses three distinct compartments: thymus (the primary lymphoid organ responsible for the elimination of self-reactive T cells - negative selection and the generation of Tregs, compensating for imperfections of the negative selection), peripheral blood/lymphoid tissues ("afferent" compartment), and brain/spinal cord tissues ("target" compartment). Given that the incidence of MS and susceptibility of animals to EAE are greater in women/females than in age-matched men/males, sex as independent variable was also considered. In conclusion, with aging, sex-specific alterations in the balance of self-reactive Tcons/Tregs are likely to occur not only in the thymus/"afferent" compartment, but also in the "target" compartment, reflecting multifaceted changes in both T-cell types. Their in depth understanding is important not only for envisaging effects of aging, but also for designing interventions to slow-down aging without any adverse effect on incidence of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Stojić-Vukanić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Pilipović
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Arsenović-Ranin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Dimitrijević
- Department of Immunology, University of Belgrade - Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Leposavić
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia.
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13
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Prinz JC. Antigen Processing, Presentation, and Tolerance: Role in Autoimmune Skin Diseases. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:750-759. [PMID: 34294386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive T cells pose a constant risk for the emergence of autoimmune skin diseases in genetically predisposed individuals carrying certain HLA risk alleles. Immune tolerance mechanisms are opposed by broad HLA-presented self-immunopeptidomes, a predefined repertoire of polyspecific TCRs, the continuous generation of new antibody specificities by somatic recombination of Ig genes in B cells, and heightened proinflammatory reactivity. Increased autoantigen presentation by HLA molecules, cross-activation of pathogen-induced T cells against autologous structures, altered metabolism of self-proteins, and excessive production of proinflammatory signals may all contribute to the breakdown of immune tolerance and the development of autoimmune skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Christoph Prinz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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14
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This S, Valbon SF, Lebel MÈ, Melichar HJ. Strength and Numbers: The Role of Affinity and Avidity in the 'Quality' of T Cell Tolerance. Cells 2021; 10:1530. [PMID: 34204485 PMCID: PMC8234061 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of T cells to identify foreign antigens and mount an efficient immune response while limiting activation upon recognition of self and self-associated peptides is critical. Multiple tolerance mechanisms work in concert to prevent the generation and activation of self-reactive T cells. T cell tolerance is tightly regulated, as defects in these processes can lead to devastating disease; a wide variety of autoimmune diseases and, more recently, adverse immune-related events associated with checkpoint blockade immunotherapy have been linked to a breakdown in T cell tolerance. The quantity and quality of antigen receptor signaling depend on a variety of parameters that include T cell receptor affinity and avidity for peptide. Autoreactive T cell fate choices (e.g., deletion, anergy, regulatory T cell development) are highly dependent on the strength of T cell receptor interactions with self-peptide. However, less is known about how differences in the strength of T cell receptor signaling during differentiation influences the 'function' and persistence of anergic and regulatory T cell populations. Here, we review the literature on this subject and discuss the clinical implications of how T cell receptor signal strength influences the 'quality' of anergic and regulatory T cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien This
- Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada; (S.T.); (S.F.V.); (M.-È.L.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Stefanie F. Valbon
- Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada; (S.T.); (S.F.V.); (M.-È.L.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Lebel
- Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada; (S.T.); (S.F.V.); (M.-È.L.)
| | - Heather J. Melichar
- Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada; (S.T.); (S.F.V.); (M.-È.L.)
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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15
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Joeris T, Gomez-Casado C, Holmkvist P, Tavernier SJ, Silva-Sanchez A, Klotz L, Randall TD, Mowat AM, Kotarsky K, Malissen B, Agace WW. Intestinal cDC1 drive cross-tolerance to epithelial-derived antigen via induction of FoxP3 +CD8 + T regs. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/60/eabd3774. [PMID: 34088744 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abd3774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although CD8+ T cell tolerance to tissue-specific antigen (TSA) is essential for host homeostasis, the mechanisms underlying peripheral cross-tolerance and whether they may differ between tissue sites remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that peripheral cross-tolerance to intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-derived antigen involves the generation and suppressive function of FoxP3+CD8+ T cells. FoxP3+CD8+ Treg generation was dependent on intestinal cDC1, whose absence led to a break of tolerance and epithelial destruction. Mechanistically, intestinal cDC1-derived PD-L1, TGFβ, and retinoic acid contributed to the generation of gut-tropic CCR9+CD103+FoxP3+CD8+ Tregs Last, CD103-deficient CD8+ T cells lacked tolerogenic activity in vivo, indicating a role for CD103 in FoxP3+CD8+ Treg function. Our results describe a role for FoxP3+CD8+ Tregs in cross-tolerance in the intestine for which development requires intestinal cDC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Joeris
- Mucosal Immunology Group, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark, Denmark.,Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden
| | | | | | - Simon J Tavernier
- Primary Immune Deficiency Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Diseases and Pediatrics, Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency Ghent, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Centre, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent 9000, Belgium.,VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aaron Silva-Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Luisa Klotz
- University Hospital Münster, Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Troy D Randall
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Allan M Mowat
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Knut Kotarsky
- Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - William W Agace
- Mucosal Immunology Group, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark, Denmark. .,Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund 221 84, Sweden
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16
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Betjes MGH. Uremia-Associated Immunological Aging and Severity of COVID-19 Infection. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:675573. [PMID: 33937299 PMCID: PMC8079657 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.675573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One year after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic it has become clear that some groups of individuals are at particular high risk of a complicated course of infection resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Two specific risk factors are most prominent, old age and the presence of co-morbidity. Recent studies have shown that patients with compromised renal function, especially those treated with renal replacement therapy or having received a kidney transplant are at a much higher risk for severe COVID infection and increased mortality. This may be in part due to the increased prevalence of co-morbid conditions in these patients but specific alterations in their immune system, reflecting premature immunological aging, may be equally important. In this review the different aspects, in particular thymus function and memory T cell expansion, of uremia-associated immunological aging are reviewed with respect to COVID 19 infection. In essence, the decreased generation of naïve T cells may be instrumental in suboptimal anti-viral immune responses while the relatively uncontrolled expansion of effector T cells may facilitate the feared phase of the COVID-19 infection with excessive and live-threatening inflammation of the lung parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel G H Betjes
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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17
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ElTanbouly MA, Noelle RJ. Rethinking peripheral T cell tolerance: checkpoints across a T cell's journey. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 21:257-267. [PMID: 33077935 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-00454-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Following their exit from the thymus, T cells are endowed with potent effector functions but must spare host tissue from harm. The fate of these cells is dictated by a series of checkpoints that regulate the quality and magnitude of T cell-mediated immunity, known as tolerance checkpoints. In this Perspective, we discuss the mediators and networks that control the six main peripheral tolerance checkpoints throughout the life of a T cell: quiescence, ignorance, anergy, exhaustion, senescence and death. At the naive T cell stage, two intrinsic checkpoints that actively maintain tolerance are quiescence and ignorance. In the presence of co-stimulation-deficient T cell activation, anergy is a dominant hallmark that mandates T cell unresponsiveness. When T cells are successfully stimulated and reach the effector stage, exhaustion and senescence can limit excessive inflammation and prevent immunopathology. At every stage of the T cell's journey, cell death exists as a checkpoint to limit clonal expansion and to terminate unrestrained responses. Here, we compare and contrast the T cell tolerance checkpoints and discuss their specific roles, with the aim of providing an integrated view of T cell peripheral tolerance and fate regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A ElTanbouly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Randolph J Noelle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
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18
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Non-Genetically Encoded Epitopes Are Relevant Targets in Autoimmune Diabetes. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020202. [PMID: 33671312 PMCID: PMC7922826 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet antigen reactive T cells play a key role in promoting beta cell destruction in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Self-reactive T cells are typically deleted through negative selection in the thymus or deviated to a regulatory phenotype. Nevertheless, those processes are imperfect such that even healthy individuals have a reservoir of potentially autoreactive T cells. What remains less clear is how tolerance is lost to insulin and other beta cell specific antigens. Islet autoantibodies, the best predictor of disease risk, are known to recognize classical antigens such as proinsulin, GAD65, IA-2, and ZnT8. These antibodies are thought to be supported by the expansion of autoreactive CD4+ T cells that recognize these same antigenic targets. However, recent studies have identified new classes of non-genetically encoded epitopes that may reflect crucial gaps in central and peripheral tolerance. Notably, some of these specificities, including epitopes from enzymatically post-translationally modified antigens and hybrid insulin peptides, are present at relatively high frequencies in the peripheral blood of patients with T1D. We conclude that CD4+ T cells that recognize non-genetically encoded epitopes are likely to make an important contribution to the progression of islet autoimmunity in T1D. We further propose that these classes of neo-epitopes should be considered as possible targets for strategies to induce antigen specific tolerance.
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19
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20
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Uremia-Associated Ageing of the Thymus and Adaptive Immune Responses. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040224. [PMID: 32260178 PMCID: PMC7232426 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive loss of renal function is associated with a series of changes of the adaptive immune system which collectively constitute premature immunological ageing. This phenomenon contributes significantly to the mortality and morbidity of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. In this review, the effect of ESRD on the T cell part of the adaptive immune system is highlighted. Naïve T cell lymphopenia, in combination with the expansion of highly differentiated memory T cells, are the hallmarks of immunological ageing. The decreased production of newly formed T cells by the thymus is critically involved. This affects both the CD4 and CD8 T cell compartment and may contribute to the expansion of memory T cells. The expanding populations of memory T cells have a pro-inflammatory phenotype, add to low-grade inflammation already present in ESRD patients and destabilize atherosclerotic plaques. The effect of loss of renal function on the thymus is not reversed after restoring renal function by kidney transplantation and constitutes a long-term mortality risk factor. Promising results from animal experiments have shown that rejuvenation of the thymus is a possibility, although not yet applicable in humans.
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21
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Thomas R, Wang W, Su DM. Contributions of Age-Related Thymic Involution to Immunosenescence and Inflammaging. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2020; 17:2. [PMID: 31988649 PMCID: PMC6971920 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-020-0173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Immune system aging is characterized by the paradox of immunosenescence (insufficiency) and inflammaging (over-reaction), which incorporate two sides of the same coin, resulting in immune disorder. Immunosenescence refers to disruption in the structural architecture of immune organs and dysfunction in immune responses, resulting from both aged innate and adaptive immunity. Inflammaging, described as a chronic, sterile, systemic inflammatory condition associated with advanced age, is mainly attributed to somatic cellular senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and age-related autoimmune predisposition. However, the inability to reduce senescent somatic cells (SSCs), because of immunosenescence, exacerbates inflammaging. Age-related adaptive immune system deviations, particularly altered T cell function, are derived from age-related thymic atrophy or involution, a hallmark of thymic aging. Recently, there have been major developments in understanding how age-related thymic involution contributes to inflammaging and immunosenescence at the cellular and molecular levels, including genetic and epigenetic regulation, as well as developments of many potential rejuvenation strategies. Herein, we discuss the research progress uncovering how age-related thymic involution contributes to immunosenescence and inflammaging, as well as their intersection. We also describe how T cell adaptive immunity mediates inflammaging and plays a crucial role in the progression of age-related neurological and cardiovascular diseases, as well as cancer. We then briefly outline the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of age-related thymic involution, and finally summarize potential rejuvenation strategies to restore aged thymic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Thomas
- Cell Biology, Immunology, and Microbiology Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Fort Worth, Texas 76107 USA
| | - Weikan Wang
- Cell Biology, Immunology, and Microbiology Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Fort Worth, Texas 76107 USA
| | - Dong-Ming Su
- 2Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107 USA
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22
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He Q, Jiang X, Zhou X, Weng J. Targeting cancers through TCR-peptide/MHC interactions. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:139. [PMID: 31852498 PMCID: PMC6921533 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0812-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy has achieved dramatic success in a clinic, and the Food and Drug Administration approved two chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cell (CAR-T) therapies that target hematological cancers in 2018. A significant issue faced by CAR-T therapies is the lack of tumor-specific biomarkers on the surfaces of solid tumor cells, which hampers the application of CAR-T therapies to solid tumors. Intracellular tumor-related antigens can be presented as peptides in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on the cell surface, which interact with the T cell receptors (TCR) on antigen-specific T cells to stimulate an anti-tumor response. Multiple immunotherapy strategies have been developed to eradicate tumor cells through targeting the TCR-peptide/MHC interactions. Here, we summarize the current status of TCR-based immunotherapy strategies, with particular focus on the TCR structure, activated signaling pathways, the effects and toxicity associated with TCR-based therapies in clinical trials, preclinical studies examining immune-mobilizing monoclonal TCRs against cancer (ImmTACs), and TCR-fusion molecules. We propose several TCR-based therapeutic strategies to achieve optimal clinical responses without the induction of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua He
- Department of Center Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 621 Gangwan Rd, Huangpu Qu, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Xianhan Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Xinke Zhou
- Department of Center Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 621 Gangwan Rd, Huangpu Qu, Guangzhou, 510700, China. .,Department of General Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510700, China.
| | - Jinsheng Weng
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1414 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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23
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Marcovecchio GE, Bortolomai I, Ferrua F, Fontana E, Imberti L, Conforti E, Amodio D, Bergante S, Macchiarulo G, D'Oria V, Conti F, Di Cesare S, Fousteri G, Carotti A, Giamberti A, Poliani PL, Notarangelo LD, Cancrini C, Villa A, Bosticardo M. Thymic Epithelium Abnormalities in DiGeorge and Down Syndrome Patients Contribute to Dysregulation in T Cell Development. Front Immunol 2019; 10:447. [PMID: 30949166 PMCID: PMC6436073 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The thymus plays a fundamental role in establishing and maintaining central and peripheral tolerance and defects in thymic architecture or AIRE expression result in the development of autoreactive lymphocytes. Patients with partial DiGeorge Syndrome (pDGS) and Down Syndrome (DS) present alterations in size and architecture of the thymus and higher risk to develop autoimmunity. We sought to evaluate thymic architecture and thymocyte development in DGS and DS patients and to determine the extent to which thymic defects result in immune dysregulation and T cell homeostasis perturbation in these patients. Thymi from pediatric patients and age-matched controls were obtained to evaluate cortex and medullary compartments, AIRE expression and thymocyte development. In the same patients we also characterized immunophenotype of peripheral T cells. Phenotypic and functional characterization of thymic and peripheral regulatory T (Treg) cells was finally assessed. Histologic analysis revealed peculiar alterations in thymic medulla size and maturation in DGS and DS patients. Perturbed distribution of thymocytes and altered thymic output was also observed. DGS patients showed lower mature CD4+ and CD8+ T cell frequency, associated with reduced proportion and function of Tregs both in thymus and peripheral blood. DS patients showed increased frequency of single positive (SP) thymocytes and thymic Treg cells. However, Tregs isolated both from thymus and peripheral blood of DS patients showed reduced suppressive ability. Our results provide novel insights on thymic defects associated with DGS and DS and their impact on peripheral immune dysregulation. Indeed, thymic abnormalities and defect in thymocyte development, in particular in Treg cell number and function could contribute in the pathogenesis of the immunodysregulation present in pDGS and in DS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genni Enza Marcovecchio
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Ileana Bortolomai
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,The Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferrua
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Fontana
- The Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Luisa Imberti
- Laboratorio CREA (Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica AIL), ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Erika Conforti
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, IRCCS San Donato Milanese Hospital, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Donato Amodio
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,University Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Bergante
- Laboratory of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Macchiarulo
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,University Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica D'Oria
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, IRCCS San Donato Milanese Hospital, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Conti
- University Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Cesare
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Georgia Fousteri
- Division of Immunology Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Adriano Carotti
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, IRCCS Bambino Gesú Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Giamberti
- Department of Congenital Cardiac Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Luigi Poliani
- Pathology Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, IDGS, DIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Caterina Cancrini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,University Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Villa
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,The Milan Unit, Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Marita Bosticardo
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, IDGS, DIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
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25
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Xing R, Liu F, Yang Y, Cui X, Wang T, Xie L, Zhao Y, Fang L, Yi T, Zheng B, Liu M, Chen H. GPR54 deficiency reduces the Treg population and aggravates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 61:675-687. [PMID: 29931449 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9269-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
GPR54 is highly expressed in the central nervous system and plays a crucial role in pubertal development. However, GRP54 is also expressed in the immune system, implying possible immunoregulatory functions. Here we investigated the role of GPR54 in T cell and immune tolerance. GPR54 deficiency led to an enlarged thymus, an increased number of thymocytes, and altered thymic micro-architecture starting around puberty, indicating GPR54 function in T-cell development through its regulatory effect on the gonadal system. However, flow cytometry revealed a significant reduction in the peripheral regulatory T cell population and a moderate decrease in CD4 single-positive thymocytes in prepubertal Gpr54-/- mice. These phenotypes were confirmed in chimeric mice with GPR54 deficient bone marrow-derived cells. In addition, we found elevated T cell activation in peripheral and thymic T cells in Gpr54-/- mice. When intact mice were immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a more severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) developed in the Gpr54-/- mice. Interestingly, aggravated EAE disease was also manifested in castrated and bone marrow chimeric Gpr54-/- mice compared to the respective wild-type control, suggesting a defect in self-tolerance resulting from GPR54 deletion through a mechanism that bypassed sex hormones. These findings demonstrate a novel role for GPR54 in regulating self-tolerant immunity in a sex hormone independent manner.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Susceptibility
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/administration & dosage
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/toxicity
- Receptors, Kisspeptin-1/deficiency
- Receptors, Kisspeptin-1/genetics
- Receptors, Kisspeptin-1/physiology
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Roumei Xing
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yiqing Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xueqin Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ling Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yongliang Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Lei Fang
- Third Venture Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Tingfang Yi
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Biao Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA.
| | - Huaqing Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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26
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Gotot J, Dhana E, Yagita H, Kaiser R, Ludwig-Portugall I, Kurts C. Antigen-specific Helios - , Neuropilin-1 - Tregs induce apoptosis of autoreactive B cells via PD-L1. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:852-862. [PMID: 29617057 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintain self-tolerance and prevent autoimmunity by controlling autoreactive T cells. We recently demonstrated in vivo that Tregs can directly suppress auto-reactive B cells via programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) that ligated PD-1 on B cells and caused them to undergo apoptosis. Here, we asked whether this mechanism is utilized by thymus-derived natural Tregs and/or by peripheral lymphoid tissue-induced Tregs. We first demonstrated that antigen-specific PD-L1-expressing Tregs were induced in the draining lymph node of autoantigen-expressing tissue and characterized them by their lack of the transcription factor Helios and of the surface marker Neuropilin-1 (Nrp-1). Next, we established an in vitro co-culture system to study the interaction between B cells and Treg subsets under controlled conditions. We found that Nrp- Treg, but not Nrp+ Treg suppressed autoreactive B cells, whereas both were able to suppress T-helper cells. Such suppression was antigen-specific and was facilitated by PD-L1/PD-1-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, it required physical cell contact and was MHC II-restricted, providing an explanation for the antigen-specificity of peripherally-induced Tregs. These findings identify a role for peripherally induced Helios- Nrp-1- inducible Treg in controlling peripheral B-cell tolerance against tissue auto-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Gotot
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ermanila Dhana
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Romina Kaiser
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Isis Ludwig-Portugall
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
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27
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de Oliveira SRP, Nomizo A, Frantz FG, Faccioli LH, de Matos APK, Carrilho E, Afonso A, de Freitas Anibal F. Participation of Leukotrienes in the Immune Modulation of Oral Tolerance. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:242. [PMID: 28270799 PMCID: PMC5318402 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral tolerance (OT) is characterized as a peripheral immune tolerance form, in which, mature lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues associated with mucosa, become non-functional or hypo responsive due to prior oral administration of antigen. OT is an important immunological phenomenon due to its therapeutic potential in inflammatory processes and others diseases. Here we evaluated leukotriene role in the induction of OT, as well as, the production of cytokines IL-5 and IFN-γ in leukotriene deficient animals (knock-out). Our results suggested that even in the presence of OT and leukotrienes absence, cytokine IFN-γ remains being secreted, which gives us an indication of immune system specificity and also that IFN-γ participates in various immune processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra R P de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Morphology and Pathology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Auro Nomizo
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fabiani G Frantz
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lúcia H Faccioli
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Keller de Matos
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Morphology and Pathology, Universidade Federal de São CarlosSão Carlos, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão PretoBrazil
| | - Emanuel Carrilho
- Bioanalytical, Microfabrication, and Separations Group, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ana Afonso
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Morphology and Pathology, Universidade Federal de São CarlosSão Carlos, Brazil; Bioanalytical, Microfabrication, and Separations Group, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São PauloSão Carlos, Brazil; Medical Parasitology Unit, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
| | - Fernanda de Freitas Anibal
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Morphology and Pathology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos São Carlos, Brazil
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28
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Vuddamalay Y, van Meerwijk JPM. CD28 - and CD28 lowCD8 + Regulatory T Cells: Of Mice and Men. Front Immunol 2017; 8:31. [PMID: 28167946 PMCID: PMC5256148 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the rebirth of regulatory (formerly known as suppressor) T cells in the early 1990s, research in the field of immune-regulation by various T cell populations has quickly gained momentum. While T cells expressing the transcription factor Foxp3 are currently in the spotlight, several other T cell populations endowed with potent immunomodulatory capacities have been identified in both the CD8+ and CD4+ compartment. The fundamental difference between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in terms of antigen recognition suggests non-redundant, and perhaps complementary, functions of regulatory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in immunoregulation. This emphasizes the importance and necessity of continuous research on both subpopulations of regulatory T cells (Tregs) so as to decipher their complex physiological relevance and possible synergy. Two distinct CD8-expressing Treg populations can be distinguished based on expression of the co-stimulatory receptor CD28. Here, we review the literature on these (at least in part) thymus-derived CD28low and peripherally induced CD28-CD8+ Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirajen Vuddamalay
- School of Health Sciences, University of Technology , Port Louis , Mauritius
| | - Joost P M van Meerwijk
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1043, Toulouse, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), U5282, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Toulouse, France
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29
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Oliveira EH, Macedo C, Collares CV, Freitas AC, Donate PB, Sakamoto-Hojo ET, Donadi EA, Passos GA. Aire Downregulation Is Associated with Changes in the Posttranscriptional Control of Peripheral Tissue Antigens in Medullary Thymic Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:526. [PMID: 27933063 PMCID: PMC5120147 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune regulator (Aire) is a transcriptional regulator of peripheral tissue antigens (PTAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) in medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that Aire also played a role as an upstream posttranscriptional controller in these cells and that variation in its expression might be associated with changes in the interactions between miRNAs and the mRNAs encoding PTAs. We demonstrated that downregulation of Aire in vivo in the thymuses of BALB/c mice imbalanced the large-scale expression of these two RNA species and consequently their interactions. The expression profiles of a large set of mTEC miRNAs and mRNAs isolated from the thymuses of mice subjected (or not) to small-interfering-induced Aire gene knockdown revealed that 87 miRNAs and 4,558 mRNAs were differentially expressed. The reconstruction of the miRNA–mRNA interaction networks demonstrated that interactions between these RNAs were under Aire influence and therefore changed when this gene was downregulated. Prior to Aire-knockdown, only members of the miR-let-7 family interacted with a set of PTA mRNAs. Under Aire-knockdown conditions, a larger set of miRNA families and their members established this type of interaction. Notably, no previously described Aire-dependent PTA interacted with the miRNAs, indicating that these PTAs were somehow refractory. The miRNA–mRNA interactions were validated by calculating the minimal free energy of the pairings between the miRNA seed regions and the mRNA 3′ UTRs and within the cellular milieu using the luciferase reporter gene assay. These results suggest the existence of a link between transcriptional and posttranscriptional control because Aire downregulation alters the miRNA–mRNA network controlling PTAs in mTEC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernna H Oliveira
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Claudia Macedo
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Cristhianna V Collares
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Freitas
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Paula Barbim Donate
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Elza T Sakamoto-Hojo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Eduardo A Donadi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP) , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Geraldo A Passos
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil; Discipline of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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30
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Pezzi N, Assis AF, Cotrim-Sousa LC, Lopes GS, Mosella MS, Lima DS, Bombonato-Prado KF, Passos GA. Aire knockdown in medullary thymic epithelial cells affects Aire protein, deregulates cell adhesion genes and decreases thymocyte interaction. Mol Immunol 2016; 77:157-73. [PMID: 27505711 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that even a partial reduction of Aire mRNA levels by siRNA-induced Aire knockdown (Aire KD) has important consequences to medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs). Aire knockdown is sufficient to reduce Aire protein levels, impair its nuclear location, and cause an imbalance in large-scale gene expression, including genes that encode cell adhesion molecules. These genes drew our attention because adhesion molecules are implicated in the process of mTEC-thymocyte adhesion, which is critical for T cell development and the establishment of central self-tolerance. Accordingly, we consider the following: 1) mTECs contribute to the elimination of self-reactive thymocytes through adhesion; 2) Adhesion molecules play a crucial role during physical contact between these cells; and 3) Aire is an important transcriptional regulator in mTECs. However, its role in controlling mTEC-thymocyte adhesion remains unclear. Because Aire controls adhesion molecule genes, we hypothesized that the disruption of its expression could influence mTEC-thymocyte interaction. To test this hypothesis, we used a murine Aire(+) mTEC cell line as a model system to reproduce mTEC-thymocyte adhesion in vitro. Transcriptome analysis of the mTEC cell line revealed that Aire KD led to the down-modulation of more than 800 genes, including those encoding for proteins involved in cell adhesion, i.e., the extracellular matrix constituent Lama1, the CAM family adhesion molecules Vcam1 and Icam4, and those that encode peripheral tissue antigens. Thymocytes co-cultured with Aire KD mTECs had a significantly reduced capacity to adhere to these cells. This finding is the first direct evidence that Aire also plays a role in controlling mTEC-thymocyte adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Pezzi
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Amanda Freire Assis
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Larissa Cotrim Cotrim-Sousa
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Sarti Lopes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maritza Salas Mosella
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Djalma Sousa Lima
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina F Bombonato-Prado
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Aleixo Passos
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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31
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Novel immunoregulatory role of perforin-positive dendritic cells. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 39:121-133. [PMID: 27577575 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0589-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The recently described generation of a highly defined population of dendritic cells which express perforin and granzyme A (termed "perf-DCs") and their ability to selectively delete cognate CD8+ T cell has raised the possibility that these cells play a role in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Using bone marrow transplantation, we generated mice selectively lacking perforin expressing dendritic cells. These mice progressively gain weight and exhibit features resembling metabolic syndrome as well as an enhanced susceptibility to autoimmunity induction. Interestingly, these pathological phenotypes were reversed upon treatment with CD4/CD8 neutralizing antibodies. Thus, it appears that this rare subpopulation of dendritic cells (perf-DCs) displays a major regulatory role in adipose tissue inflammatory processes and in autoimmunity.
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32
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Böttcher JP, Zelenay S, Rogers NC, Helft J, Schraml BU, Reis e Sousa C. Oncogenic Transformation of Dendritic Cells and Their Precursors Leads to Rapid Cancer Development in Mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:5066-76. [PMID: 26459350 PMCID: PMC4635568 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are powerful APCs that can induce Ag-specific adaptive immune responses and are increasingly recognized as important players in innate immunity to both infection and malignancy. Interestingly, although there are multiple described hematological malignancies, DC cancers are rarely observed in humans. Whether this is linked to the immunogenic potential of DCs, which might render them uniquely susceptible to immune control upon neoplastic transformation, has not been fully investigated. To address the issue, we generated a genetically engineered mouse model in which expression of Cre recombinase driven by the C-type lectin domain family 9, member a (Clec9a) locus causes expression of the Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (Kras)(G12D) oncogenic driver and deletion of the tumor suppressor p53 within developing and differentiated DCs. We show that these Clec9a(Kras-G12D) mice rapidly succumb from disease and display massive accumulation of transformed DCs in multiple organs. In bone marrow chimeras, the development of DC cancer could be induced by a small number of transformed cells and was not prevented by the presence of untransformed DCs. Notably, activation of transformed DCs did not happen spontaneously but could be induced upon stimulation. Although Clec9a(Kras-G12D) mice showed altered thymic T cell development, peripheral T cells were largely unaffected during DC cancer development. Interestingly, transformed DCs were rejected upon adoptive transfer into wild-type but not lymphocyte-deficient mice, indicating that immunological control of DC cancer is in principle possible but does not occur during spontaneous generation in Clec9a(Kras-G12D) mice. Our findings suggest that neoplastic transformation of DCs does not by default induce anti-cancer immunity and can develop unhindered by immunological barriers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/immunology
- Rats
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Stem Cells/immunology
- Stem Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan P Böttcher
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Santiago Zelenay
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Neil C Rogers
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Helft
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara U Schraml
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
| | - Caetano Reis e Sousa
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, London WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
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33
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Abstract
DNA vaccination has emerged as an attractive immunotherapeutic approach against cancer
due to its simplicity, stability, and safety. Results from numerous clinical trials have
demonstrated that DNA vaccines are well tolerated by patients and do not trigger major
adverse effects. DNA vaccines are also very cost effective and can be administered
repeatedly for long-term protection. Despite all the practical advantages, DNA vaccines
face challenges in inducing potent antigen specific cellular immune responses as a result
of immune tolerance against endogenous self-antigens in tumors. Strategies to enhance
immunogenicity of DNA vaccines against self-antigens have been investigated including
encoding of xenogeneic versions of antigens, fusion of antigens to molecules that activate
T cells or trigger associative recognition, priming with DNA vectors followed by boosting
with viral vector, and utilization of immunomodulatory molecules. This review will focus
on discussing strategies that circumvent immune tolerance and provide updates on findings
from recent clinical trials.
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Key Words
- APCs, antigen presenting cells
- CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen
- CIN, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
- CT antigens, cancer-testis antigens
- CTLs, cytotoxic lymphocytes
- DNA vaccines
- DOM, fragment c domain
- EP, electroporation
- GITR, glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related genes
- HER2, Her2/neu
- HSP70, heat shock protein 70
- IFNs, interferons
- IRF, interferon regulatory factor
- Id, idiotype
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- Mam-A, Mammaglobin-A
- NHP, non-human primate
- PAP, Prostatic acid phosphatase
- PMED, particle mediated epidermal delivery
- PSMA, prostate-specific membrane antigen
- SCT, single-chain trimer
- STING, stimulator of interferon genes
- TAAs, tumor-associated antigens
- TBK1, Tank-binding kinase 1
- TLRs, Toll-like receptors
- TT, tetanus toxin
- Trp2, tyrosinase related protein 2
- cellular immune response
- hTERT, human telomerase reverse transcriptase
- humoral immune response
- immune tolerance
- phTERT, optimized full-length hTERT
- tumor antigens
- vaccine delivery
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Yang
- a Department of Pathology ; Johns Hopkins University ; Baltimore , MD USA
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34
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Passos GA, Mendes-da-Cruz DA, Oliveira EH. The Thymic Orchestration Involving Aire, miRNAs, and Cell-Cell Interactions during the Induction of Central Tolerance. Front Immunol 2015; 6:352. [PMID: 26236310 PMCID: PMC4500981 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing thymocytes interact sequentially with two distinct structures within the thymus: the cortex and medulla. Surviving single-positive and double-positive thymocytes from the cortex migrate into the medulla, where they interact with medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs). These cells ectopically express a vast set of peripheral tissue antigens (PTAs), a property termed promiscuous gene expression that is associated with the presentation of PTAs by mTECs to thymocytes. Thymocyte clones that have a high affinity for PTAs are eliminated by apoptosis in a process termed negative selection, which is essential for tolerance induction. The Aire gene is an important factor that controls the expression of a large set of PTAs. In addition to PTAs, Aire also controls the expression of miRNAs in mTECs. These miRNAs are important in the organization of the thymic architecture and act as posttranscriptional controllers of PTAs. Herein, we discuss recent discoveries and highlight open questions regarding the migration and interaction of developing thymocytes with thymic stroma, the ectopic expression of PTAs by mTECs, the association between Aire and miRNAs and its effects on central tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldo Aleixo Passos
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo , Brazil ; Disciplines of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Daniella Arêas Mendes-da-Cruz
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation , Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Ernna Hérida Oliveira
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo , Brazil
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Coder BD, Wang H, Ruan L, Su DM. Thymic involution perturbs negative selection leading to autoreactive T cells that induce chronic inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5825-37. [PMID: 25957168 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thymic involution and the subsequent amplified release of autoreactive T cells increase the susceptibility toward developing autoimmunity, but whether they induce chronic inflammation with advanced age remains unclear. The presence of chronic low-level proinflammatory factors in elderly individuals (termed inflammaging) is a significant risk factor for morbidity and mortality in virtually every chronic age-related disease. To determine how thymic involution leads to the persistent release and activation of autoreactive T cells capable of inducing inflammaging, we used a Foxn1 conditional knockout mouse model that induces accelerated thymic involution while maintaining a young periphery. We found that thymic involution leads to T cell activation shortly after thymic egress, which is accompanied by a chronic inflammatory phenotype consisting of cellular infiltration into non-lymphoid tissues, increased TNF-α production, and elevated serum IL-6. Autoreactive T cell clones were detected in the periphery of Foxn1 conditional knockout mice. A failure of negative selection, facilitated by decreased expression of Aire rather than impaired regulatory T cell generation, led to autoreactive T cell generation. Furthermore, the young environment can reverse age-related regulatory T cell accumulation in naturally aged mice, but not inflammatory infiltration. Taken together, these findings identify thymic involution and the persistent activation of autoreactive T cells as a contributing source of chronic inflammation (inflammaging).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon D Coder
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Linhui Ruan
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Dong-Ming Su
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107
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The deubiquitinating enzyme CYLD regulates the differentiation and maturation of thymic medullary epithelial cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:558-66. [PMID: 25601276 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The cross talk between thymocytes and the thymic epithelium is critical for T-cell development and the establishment of central tolerance. Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) are located in the thymic medulla and mediate the elimination of self-reactive thymocytes, thereby preventing the onset of autoimmunity. Previous studies identified the deubiquitinating enzyme CYLD as a critical regulator of T-cell development by activating proximal T-cell receptor signaling during the transition of double-positive to single-positive thymocytes. Here we evaluated the impact of the naturally occurring short-splice variant of the cyld gene (sCYLD) on the development and maturation of mTECs. We found that thymi of CYLD(ex7/8) mice, solely expressing sCYLD, displayed a reduced number of mature mTECs caused by a developmental block during the transition of immature to mature mTECs. Further, we could demonstrate an impaired negative selection of thymocytes in these mice. Our data demonstrate that inefficient negative selection in the thymus of CYLD(ex7/8) mice result from a defect in mTEC maturation.
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Rothlin CV, Carrera-Silva EA, Bosurgi L, Ghosh S. TAM receptor signaling in immune homeostasis. Annu Rev Immunol 2015; 33:355-91. [PMID: 25594431 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The TAM receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)-TYRO3, AXL, and MERTK-together with their cognate agonists GAS6 and PROS1 play an essential role in the resolution of inflammation. Deficiencies in TAM signaling have been associated with chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Three processes regulated by TAM signaling may contribute, either independently or collectively, to immune homeostasis: the negative regulation of the innate immune response, the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, and the restoration of vascular integrity. Recent studies have also revealed the function of TAMs in infectious diseases and cancer. Here, we review the important milestones in the discovery of these RTKs and their ligands and the studies that underscore the functional importance of this signaling pathway in physiological immune settings and disease.
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Xu X, Zhang S, Jin R, Wang K, Li P, Lin L, Dong J, Hao J, Zhang Y, Sun X, Pang X, Qian X, Zhang J, Wu H, Zhang Y, Ge Q. Retention and tolerance of autoreactive CD4(+) recent thymic emigrants in the liver. J Autoimmun 2015; 56:87-97. [PMID: 25468259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of peripheral tolerance play a critical role in preventing T cells that escape from negative selection in the thymus from initiating autoimmune reactions. To investigate the site of peripheral tolerance induction, we examined migration and activation of recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) in liver, spleen, lymph node and peripheral blood. We show that a fraction of RTE precursors were retained in the liver independent of the secondary lymphoid organs. Compared to RTEs from the lymph nodes, RTEs from the liver proliferated more and many exhibited an activated phenotype with the capability of producing IL-10 upon activation. Liver RTEs also responded poorly to interleukin (IL)-7 and were more prone to apoptosis. Following transfer into RAG(-/-) recipients, liver RTEs induced more severe inflammation and T cell infiltration in the lung and colon. The extrathymic expression of MHC and Aire is required for the acquisition of tolerogenic phenotype of newly generated thymic emigrants in the liver. These results suggest that the liver is the first checkpoint in the periphery to filter, retain, and enforce tolerance to autoreactive CD4(+) thymic emigrants that escape from negative selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Shusong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Rong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Pingping Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Liang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jie Hao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xiuyuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xuewen Pang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Qian
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Hounan Wu
- Peking University Medical and Health Analytical Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Qing Ge
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, PR China.
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McPherson SW, Heuss ND, Pierson MJ, Gregerson DS. Retinal antigen-specific regulatory T cells protect against spontaneous and induced autoimmunity and require local dendritic cells. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:205. [PMID: 25498509 PMCID: PMC4268905 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0205-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that the peripheral regulatory T cells (pTregs) generated 'on-demand' in the retina were crucial to retinal immune privilege, and in vitro analysis of retinal dendritic cells (DC) showed they possessed antigen presenting cell (APC) activity that promoted development of the Tregs and effector T cells (Teffs). Here, we expanded these findings by examining whether locally generated, locally acting pTregs were protective against spontaneous autoimmunity and autoimmunity mediated by interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP). We also examined the APC capacity of retinal DC in vivo. METHODS Transgenic (Tg) mice expressing diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) and/or green fluorescent protein (GFP) under control of the endogenous FoxP3 promoter (GFP only in FG mice, GFP and DTR in FDG mice) or the CD11c promoter (GFP and DTR in CDG mice) were used in conjunction with Tg mice expressing beta-galactosidase (βgal) as retinal neo-self antigen and βgal-specific TCR Tg mice (BG2). Retinal T cell responses were assayed by flow cytometry and retinal autoimmune disease assessed by histological examination. RESULTS Local depletion of the Tregs enhanced actively induced experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis to the highly expressed retinal self-antigen IRBP in FDG mice and spontaneous autoimmunity in βgal-FDG-BG2 mice, but not in mice lacking autoreactive T cells or their target antigen in the retina. The presence of retinal βgal downregulated the generation of antigen-specific Teffs and pTregs within the retina in response to local βgal challenge. Retinal DC depletion prevented generation of Tregs and Teffs within retina after βgal injection. Microglia remaining after DC depletion did not make up for loss of DC-dependent antigen presentation. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that local retinal Tregs protect against spontaneous organ-specific autoimmunity and that T cell responses within the retina require the presence of local DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W McPherson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Rm, 310, Lion's Research Bldg,,2001 6th St, SE,, Minneapolis 55455-3007, Minnesota, USA.
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Dharmasiri U, Isenberg SL, Glish GL, Armistead PM. Differential ion mobility spectrometry coupled to tandem mass spectrometry enables targeted leukemia antigen detection. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:4356-62. [PMID: 25184817 PMCID: PMC4184456 DOI: 10.1021/pr500527c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Differential ion mobility spectrometry (DIMS) can be used as a filter to remove undesired background ions from reaching the mass spectrometer. The ability to use DIMS as a filter for known analytes makes DIMS coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (DIMS-MS/MS) a promising technique for the detection of cancer antigens that can be predicted by computational algorithms. In experiments using DIMS-MS/MS that were performed without the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), a predicted model antigen, GLR (FLSSANEHL), was detected at a concentration of 10 pM (20 amol) in a mixture containing 94 competing model peptide antigens, each at a concentration of 1 μM. Without DIMS filtering, the GLR peptide was undetectable in the mixture even at 100 nM. Again, without using HPLC, DIMS-MS/MS was used to detect 2 of 3 previously characterized antigens produced by the leukemia cell line U937.A2. Because of its sensitivity, a targeted DIMS-MS/MS methodology can likely be used to probe for predicted cancer antigens from cancer cell lines as well as human tumor samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udara Dharmasiri
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , 450 West Drive, 21-244, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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41
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Molecular mimicry and clonal deletion: A fresh look. J Theor Biol 2014; 375:71-76. [PMID: 25172771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this article, I trace the historic background of clonal deletion and molecular mimicry, two major pillars underlying our present understanding of autoimmunity and autoimmune disease. Clonal deletion originated as a critical element of the clonal selection theory of antibody formation in order to explain tolerance of self. If we did have complete clonal deletion, there would be major voids, the infamous "black holes", in our immune repertoire. For comprehensive, protective adaptive immunity, full deletion is necessarily a rare event. Molecular mimicry, the sharing of epitopes among self and non-self antigens, is extraordinary common and provides the evidence that complete deletion of self-reactive clones is rare. If molecular mimicry were not common, protective adaptive immunity could not be all-encompassing. By taking a fresh look at these two processes together we can envision their evolutionary basis and understand the need for regulatory devices to prevent molecular mimicry from progressing to autoimmune disease.
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Milićević NM, Lalić IM, Despotović SZ, Ćirić DN, Westermann J, De Waal Malefyt R, Milićević Ž. Aberrant tissue positioning of metallophilic macrophages in the thymus of XCL1-deficient mice. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:1472-7. [PMID: 24778093 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Metallophilic macrophages hold a strategic position within the thymic tissue and play a considerable function in thymic physiology. The development and positioning of these cells within thymic tissue are regulated by complex molecular mechanisms involving different cytokine/chemokine axes. Herein, we studied the role of XCL1 signaling in these processes. We show that in the XCL1-deficient thymus numerous metallophilic macrophages are aberrantly positioned in the thymic cortex, instead of their normal location in the cortico-medullary zone. Still, these cells retain their normal appearance: very large size with prominent, ramifying cytoplasmic prolongations. This shows that XCL1 signaling is not involved in morphological development, but rather in correct positioning of metallophilic macrophages within the thymic tissue. In contrast to thymic metallophilic macrophages, the positioning of splenic marginal metallophilic macrophages is not affected by XCL1-deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novica M Milićević
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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43
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Li H, Hsu HC, Wu Q, Yang P, Li J, Luo B, Oukka M, Steele CH, Cua DJ, Grizzle WE, Mountz JD. IL-23 promotes TCR-mediated negative selection of thymocytes through the upregulation of IL-23 receptor and RORγt. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4259. [PMID: 25001511 PMCID: PMC4136447 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient thymic involution is frequently found during inflammation, yet the mode of action of inflammatory cytokines is not well defined. Here we report that interleukin-23 (IL-23) production by the thymic dendritic cells (DCs) promotes apoptosis of the CD4hiCD8hi double positive (DP) thymocytes. A deficiency in IL-23 signaling interferes with negative selection in the male Db/H-Y T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice. IL-23 plus TCR signaling results in significant up-regulation of IL-23 receptor (IL-23R) expressed predominantly on CD4hiCD8hiCD3+αβTCR+ DP thymocytes, and leads to RORγt dependent apoptosis. These results extend the action of IL-23 beyond its peripheral effects to a unique role in TCR mediated negative selection including elimination of natural T regulatory cells in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- 1] Division of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA [2] Department Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Hui-Chen Hsu
- Division of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Qi Wu
- Division of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - PingAr Yang
- Division of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Division of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Bao Luo
- Division of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Mohamed Oukka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Claude H Steele
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Daniel J Cua
- Merck Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
| | - William E Grizzle
- Clinical Pathology & Anatomic Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - John D Mountz
- 1] Division of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA [2] Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, USA
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Abstract
The cause of chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) has yet to be established. Since the late 1980s, cytokine, chemokine, and immunological classification studies using human samples have focused on identifying biomarkers for CPPS, but no diagnostically beneficial biomarkers have been identified, and these studies have done little to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms underlying chronic prostatic pain. Given the large number of men thought to be affected by this condition and the ineffective nature of current treatments, there is a pressing need to elucidate these mechanisms. Prostatitis types IIIa and IIIb are classified according to the presence of pain without concurrent presence of bacteria; however, it is becoming more evident that, although levels of bacteria are not directly associated with levels of pain, the presence of bacteria might act as the initiating factor that drives primary activation of mast-cell-mediated inflammation in the prostate. Mast cell activation is also known to suppress regulatory T cell (Treg) control of self-tolerance and also activate neural sensitization. This combination of established autoimmunity coupled with peripheral and central neural sensitization can result in the development of multiple symptoms, including pelvic pain and bladder irritation. Identifying these mechanisms as central mediators in CPPS offers new insight into the prospective treatment of the disease.
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White AJ, Jenkinson WE, Cowan JE, Parnell SM, Bacon A, Jones ND, Jenkinson EJ, Anderson G. An essential role for medullary thymic epithelial cells during the intrathymic development of invariant NKT cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2659-66. [PMID: 24510964 PMCID: PMC3948113 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In the thymus, interactions with both cortical and medullary microenvironments regulate the development of self-tolerant conventional CD4(+) and CD8(+) αβT cells expressing a wide range of αβTCR specificities. Additionally, the cortex is also required for the development of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells, a specialized subset of T cells that expresses a restricted αβTCR repertoire and is linked to the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Although the role of the cortex in this process is to enable recognition of CD1d molecules expressed by CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocyte precursors, the requirements for additional thymus microenvironments during iNKT cell development are unknown. In this study, we reveal a role for medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) during iNKT cell development in the mouse thymus. This requirement for mTECs correlates with their expression of genes required for IL-15 trans-presentation, and we show that soluble IL-15/IL-15Rα complexes restore iNKT cell development in the absence of mTECs. Furthermore, mTEC development is abnormal in iNKT cell-deficient mice, and early stages in iNKT cell development trigger receptor activator for NF-κB ligand-mediated mTEC development. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that intrathymic iNKT cell development requires stepwise interactions with both the cortex and the medulla, emphasizing the importance of thymus compartmentalization in the generation of both diverse and invariant αβT cells. Moreover, the identification of a novel requirement for iNKT cells in thymus medulla development further highlights the role of both innate and adaptive immune cells in thymus medulla formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J White
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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He Q, Morillon YM, Spidale NA, Kroger CJ, Liu B, Sartor RB, Wang B, Tisch R. Thymic development of autoreactive T cells in NOD mice is regulated in an age-dependent manner. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:5858-66. [PMID: 24198282 PMCID: PMC3858497 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inefficient thymic negative selection of self-specific T cells is associated with several autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes. The factors that influence the efficacy of thymic negative selection, as well as the kinetics of thymic output of autoreactive T cells remain ill-defined. We investigated thymic production of β cell-specific T cells using a thymus-transplantation model. Thymi from different aged NOD mice, representing distinct stages of type 1 diabetes, were implanted into NOD.scid recipients, and the diabetogenicity of the resulting T cell pool was examined. Strikingly, the development of diabetes-inducing β cell-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells was regulated in an age-dependent manner. NOD.scid recipients of newborn NOD thymi developed diabetes. However, recipients of thymi from 7- and 10-d-old NOD donor mice remained diabetes-free and exhibited a progressive decline in islet infiltration and β cell-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. A similar temporal decrease in autoimmune infiltration was detected in some, but not all, tissues of recipient mice implanted with thymi from NOD mice lacking expression of the autoimmune regulator transcription factor, which develop multiorgan T cell-mediated autoimmunity. In contrast, recipients of 10 d or older thymi lacked diabetogenic T cells but developed severe colitis marked by increased effector T cells reactive to intestinal microbiota. These results demonstrate that thymic development of autoreactive T cells is limited to a narrow time window and occurs in a reciprocal manner compared with colonic microbiota-responsive T cells in NOD mice.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Aging/immunology
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Animals, Suckling
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/etiology
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmunity/physiology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Clonal Selection, Antigen-Mediated
- Colitis/etiology
- Colitis/immunology
- Colon/immunology
- Colon/microbiology
- Colon/pathology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Female
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- Lymphoid Tissue/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD/immunology
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Organ Specificity
- Pancreas/immunology
- Pancreas/pathology
- Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune/immunology
- Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune/pathology
- Salivary Glands/immunology
- Salivary Glands/pathology
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Thymus Gland/growth & development
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/pathology
- Thymus Gland/transplantation
- Transcription Factors/deficiency
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- AIRE Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuming He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Y. Maurice Morillon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Spidale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Charles J. Kroger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology and Hepatology), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - R. Balfour Sartor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology and Hepatology), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Roland Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Li XL, Teng MK, Reinherz EL, Wang JH. Strict Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecule Class-Specific Binding by Co-Receptors Enforces MHC-Restricted αβ TCR Recognition during T Lineage Subset Commitment. Front Immunol 2013; 4:383. [PMID: 24319443 PMCID: PMC3837227 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of co-receptor dependent αβTCR recognition, considerable effort has been spent on elucidating the basis of CD4 and CD8 lineage commitment in the thymus. The latter is responsible for generating mature CD4 helper and CD8αβ cytotoxic T cell subsets. Although CD4+ and CD8+ T cell recognition of peptide antigens is known to be MHC class II- and MHC class I-restricted, respectively, the mechanism of single positive (SP) thymocyte lineage commitment from bipotential double-positive (DP) progenitors is not fully elucidated. Classical models to explain thymic CD4 vs. CD8 fate determination have included a stochastic selection model or instructional models. The latter are based either on strength of signal or duration of signal impacting fate. More recently, differential co-receptor gene imprinting has been shown to be involved in expression of transcription factors impacting cytotoxic T cell development. Here, we address commitment from a structural perspective, focusing on the nature of co-receptor binding to MHC molecules. By surveying 58 MHC class II and 224 MHC class I crystal structures in the Protein Data Bank, it becomes clear that CD4 cannot bind to MHC I molecules, nor can CD8αβ or CD8αα bind to MHC II molecules. Given that the co-receptor delivers Lck to phosphorylate exposed CD3 ITAMs within a peptide/MHC (pMHC)-ligated TCR complex to initiate cell signaling, this strict co-receptor recognition fosters MHC class-restricted SP thymocyte lineage commitment at the DP stage even though both co-receptors are expressed on a single cell. In short, the binding preference of an αβTCR for a peptide complexed with an MHC molecule dictates which co-receptor subsequently binds, thereby supporting development of that subset lineage. How function within the lineage is linked further to biopotential fate determination is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long Li
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , China ; College of Life Sciences, Peking University , Beijing , China
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48
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Laan M, Peterson P. The many faces of aire in central tolerance. Front Immunol 2013; 4:326. [PMID: 24130560 PMCID: PMC3795325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the role that Autoimmune Regulator (Aire) plays in the induction of central tolerance is well known, the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms are still unclear and debated. In the prevailing view, Aire serves mainly as a direct inducer of tissue-specific antigens. However, there is a growing amount of evidence suggesting that Aire modulates the differentiation program of medullary thymic epithelial cells, which may directly contribute to the negative selection of self-reactive thymocytes. In addition, Aire has been shown to regulate the expression of many intrathymic chemokines that are required for the proper localization of thymocytes and dendritic cells, and thus are potentially important for direct and indirect self-antigen presentation in the thymic medulla. Further, recent evidence suggests that the induction of certain antigen-specific regulatory T-cells that translocate to tumors and peripheral tissues can be Aire dependent and may contribute to tissue-specific tolerance. This review summarizes the current understanding of the effects of Aire on these alternative mechanisms for the induction of Aire-induced central tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martti Laan
- Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Tartu University , Tartu , Estonia
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49
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Dervovic DD, Liang HCY, Cannons JL, Elford AR, Mohtashami M, Ohashi PS, Schwartzberg PL, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC. Cellular and molecular requirements for the selection of in vitro-generated CD8 T cells reveal a role for Notch. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:1704-15. [PMID: 23851691 PMCID: PMC3801448 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of CD8 single-positive (SP) T cells is predicated by the ability of lymphocyte progenitors to integrate multiple signaling cues provided by the thymic microenvironment. In the thymus and the OP9-DL1 system for T cell development, Notch signals are required for progenitors to commit to the T cell lineage and necessary for their progression to the CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive (DP) stage of T cell development. However, it remains unclear whether Notch is a prerequisite for the differentiation of DP cells to the CD8 SP stage of development. In this study, we demonstrate that Notch receptor-ligand interactions allow for efficient differentiation and selection of conventional CD8 T cells from bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells. However, bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells isolated from Itk(-/-)Rlk(-/-) mice gave rise to T cells with decreased IFN-γ production, but gained the ability to produce IL-17. We further reveal that positive and negative selection in vitro are constrained by peptide-MHC class I expressed on OP9 cells. Finally, using an MHC class I-restricted TCR-transgenic model, we show that the commitment of DP precursors to the CD8 T cell lineage is dependent on Notch signaling. Our findings further establish the requirement for Notch receptor-ligand interactions throughout T cell differentiation, including the final step of CD8 SP selection.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/immunology
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- CD4 Antigens/analysis
- CD8 Antigens/analysis
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Calcium-Binding Proteins
- Cell Lineage
- Cells, Cultured
- Cellular Microenvironment
- Clonal Selection, Antigen-Mediated
- Coculture Techniques
- Crosses, Genetic
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigen H-2D/immunology
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/immunology
- Lymphopoiesis/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Notch/physiology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Stromal Cells/cytology
- Stromal Cells/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Dzana D. Dervovic
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Haydn C-Y. Liang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Jennifer L. Cannons
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Alisha R. Elford
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Mahmood Mohtashami
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Pamela S. Ohashi
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Pamela L. Schwartzberg
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892
| | - Juan Carlos Zúñiga-Pflücker
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
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50
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Kondo S, Demachi-Okamura A, Hirosawa T, Maki H, Fujita M, Uemura Y, Akatsuka Y, Yamamoto E, Shibata K, Ino K, Kikkawa F, Kuzushima K. An HLA-modified ovarian cancer cell line induced CTL responses specific to an epitope derived from claudin-1 presented by HLA-A*24:02 molecules. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:1103-10. [PMID: 23806269 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that react to ovarian cancer cells, we isolated a CTL clone that specifically recognizes claudin-1 in an HLA-A*24:02-restricted manner. Naïve CD8(+) T lymphocytes were obtained from a healthy adult donor and stimulated twice in vitro with HLA-modified TOV21G cells that were originally derived from an ovarian clear-cell carcinoma line. The TOV21G modification involved RNAi-mediated gene silencing of intrinsic HLA molecules and lentiviral transduction of a synonymously mutated HLA-A*24:02. Then, cDNA library construction using mRNA extracted from the parental TOV21G cells and subsequent expression cloning were conducted. These experiments revealed that a CTL clone obtained from the bulk culture recognized a minimal epitope peptide RYEFGQALF, which was derived from an autoantigen claudin-1 presented by HLA-A*24:02 molecules. This clone exhibited cytolytic activities against three ovarian cancer cell lines and normal bronchial epithelial cells in an HLA-A*24:02-restricted manner. Our data indicate that HLA-modified cancer cells can be used as an artificial antigen-presenting cell to generate antigen-specific CTLs in a manner restricted by an HLA allele of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kondo
- Division of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
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