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Thorp EB, Filipp M, Dima M, Tan C, Feinstein M, Popko B, DeBerge M. CCR2 + monocytes promote white matter injury and cognitive dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:818-835. [PMID: 38735403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Survivors of myocardial infarction are at increased risk for vascular dementia. Neuroinflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular dementia, yet little is known about the cellular and molecular mediators of neuroinflammation after myocardial infarction. Using a mouse model of myocardial infarction coupled with flow cytometric analyses and immunohistochemistry, we discovered increased monocyte abundance in the brain after myocardial infarction, which was associated with increases in brain-resident perivascular macrophages and microglia. Myeloid cell recruitment and activation was also observed in post-mortem brains of humans that died after myocardial infarction. Spatial and single cell transcriptomic profiling of brain-resident myeloid cells after experimental myocardial infarction revealed increased expression of monocyte chemoattractant proteins. In parallel, myocardial infarction increased crosstalk between brain-resident myeloid cells and oligodendrocytes, leading to neuroinflammation, white matter injury, and cognitive dysfunction. Inhibition of monocyte recruitment preserved white matter integrity and cognitive function, linking monocytes to neurodegeneration after myocardial infarction. Together, these preclinical and clinical results demonstrate that monocyte infiltration into the brain after myocardial infarction initiate neuropathological events that lead to vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward B Thorp
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - Mallory Filipp
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Maria Dima
- Department of Neurology, Division of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Chunfeng Tan
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Matthew Feinstein
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Brian Popko
- Department of Neurology, Division of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Matthew DeBerge
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.
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Smith CEL, Laugel-Haushalter V, Hany U, Best S, Taylor RL, Poulter JA, Wortmann SB, Feichtinger RG, Mayr JA, Al Bahlani S, Nikolopoulos G, Rigby A, Black GC, Watson CM, Mansour S, Inglehearn CF, Mighell AJ, Bloch-Zupan A. Biallelic variants in Plexin B2 ( PLXNB2) cause amelogenesis imperfecta, hearing loss and intellectual disability. J Med Genet 2024; 61:689-698. [PMID: 38458752 PMCID: PMC11228227 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2023-109728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plexins are large transmembrane receptors for the semaphorin family of signalling proteins. Semaphorin-plexin signalling controls cellular interactions that are critical during development as well as in adult life stages. Nine plexin genes have been identified in humans, but despite the apparent importance of plexins in development, only biallelic PLXND1 and PLXNA1 variants have so far been associated with Mendelian genetic disease. METHODS Eight individuals from six families presented with a recessively inherited variable clinical condition, with core features of amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), with variable intellectual disability. Probands were investigated by exome or genome sequencing. Common variants and those unlikely to affect function were excluded. Variants consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance were prioritised. Variant segregation analysis was performed by Sanger sequencing. RNA expression analysis was conducted in C57Bl6 mice. RESULTS Rare biallelic pathogenic variants in plexin B2 (PLXNB2), a large transmembrane semaphorin receptor protein, were found to segregate with disease in all six families. The variants identified include missense, nonsense, splicing changes and a multiexon deletion. Plxnb2 expression was detected in differentiating ameloblasts. CONCLUSION We identify rare biallelic pathogenic variants in PLXNB2 as a cause of a new autosomal recessive, phenotypically diverse syndrome with AI and SNHL as core features. Intellectual disability, ocular disease, ear developmental abnormalities and lymphoedema were also present in multiple cases. The variable syndromic human phenotype overlaps with that seen in Plxnb2 knockout mice, and, together with the rarity of human PLXNB2 variants, may explain why pathogenic variants in PLXNB2 have not been reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E L Smith
- Institute of Medical Research, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds, UK
| | - Virginie Laugel-Haushalter
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258, CNRS-UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ummey Hany
- Institute of Medical Research, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds, UK
| | - Sunayna Best
- Institute of Medical Research, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds, UK
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Rachel L Taylor
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- EMQN CIC, Manchester, UK
| | - James A Poulter
- Institute of Medical Research, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds, UK
| | - Saskia B Wortmann
- Department of Paediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Salzburger Landesklinken (SALK) and Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rene G Feichtinger
- Department of Paediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Salzburger Landesklinken (SALK) and Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johannes A Mayr
- Department of Paediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Salzburger Landesklinken (SALK) and Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Suhaila Al Bahlani
- Dental & OMFS Clinic, Al Nahdha Hospital, Government of Oman Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | | | - Alice Rigby
- Institute of Medical Research, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds, UK
- School of Dentistry, University of Leeds Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds, UK
| | - Graeme C Black
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher M Watson
- Institute of Medical Research, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds, UK
- North East and Yorkshire Genomic Laboratory Hub, Central Lab, St James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Sahar Mansour
- Lymphovascular Research Unit, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's Hospital, University of London, London, UK
- SW Thames Regional Centre for Genomics, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Chris F Inglehearn
- Institute of Medical Research, St James's University Hospital, University of Leeds Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds, UK
| | - Alan J Mighell
- School of Dentistry, University of Leeds Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds, UK
| | - Agnès Bloch-Zupan
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258, CNRS-UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Centre de référence des maladies rares orales et dentaires O-Rares, Filière Santé Maladies rares TETE COU, European Reference Network CRANIO, Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-dentaires, Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), Strasbourg, France
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3
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Liu ZZ, Liu LY, Zhu LY, Zhu J, Luo JY, Wang YF, Xu HA. Plexin B3 guides axons to cross the midline in vivo. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1292969. [PMID: 38628398 PMCID: PMC11018898 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1292969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
During the development of neural circuits, axons are guided by a variety of molecular cues to navigate through the brain and establish precise connections with correct partners at the right time and place. Many axon guidance cues have been identified and they play pleiotropic roles in not only axon guidance but also axon fasciculation, axon pruning, and synaptogenesis as well as cell migration, angiogenesis, and bone formation. In search of receptors for Sema3E in axon guidance, we unexpectedly found that Plexin B3 is highly expressed in retinal ganglion cells of zebrafish embryos when retinal axons are crossing the midline to form the chiasm. Plexin B3 has been characterized to be related to neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the investigation of its pathological mechanisms is hampered by the lack of appropriate animal model. We provide evidence that Plexin B3 is critical for axon guidance in vivo. Plexin B3 might function as a receptor for Sema3E while Neuropilin1 could be a co-receptor. The intracellular domain of Plexin B3 is required for Semaphorin signaling transduction. Our data suggest that zebrafish could be an ideal animal model for investigating the role and mechanisms of Sema3E and Plexin B3 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Zhi Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular, Digestive and Neuropsychiatric diseases, Nanchang, China
| | - Ling-Yan Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular, Digestive and Neuropsychiatric diseases, Nanchang, China
| | - Lou-Yin Zhu
- Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Jia-Yu Luo
- Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular, Digestive and Neuropsychiatric diseases, Nanchang, China
| | - Ye-Fan Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong A. Xu
- Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular, Digestive and Neuropsychiatric diseases, Nanchang, China
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Xuan FL, Yan L, Li Y, Fan F, Deng H, Gou M, Chithanathan K, Heinla I, Yuan L, Seppa K, Zharkovsky A, Kalda A, Hong LE, Hu GF, Tan Y, Tian L. Glial receptor PLXNB2 regulates schizophrenia-related stress perception via the amygdala. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1005067. [PMID: 36325348 PMCID: PMC9619215 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1005067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is a trigger for the development of psychiatric disorders. However, how stress trait differs in schizophrenia patients is still unclear. Stress also induces and exacerbates immune activation in psychiatric disorders. Plexins (Plxn) and its ligands semaphorins (Sema) are important cellular receptors with plural functions in both the brain and the immune system. Recently, the role of Plxn/Sema in regulation of neuroinflammation was also noticed. Here, when investigating immune mechanisms underlying stress susceptibility in schizophrenia, we discovered the role of Plxnb2 in stress response. Patients of first-episode schizophrenia (FES) with high stress (FES-hs, n=51) and low stress (FES-ls, n=50) perception and healthy controls (HCs) (n=49) were first recruited for neuroimaging and blood bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). A mouse model of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) and intra-amygdaloid functional blocking of Plxnb2 were further explored to depict target gene functions. Compared to HCs, FES-hs patients had bigger caudate and thalamus (FDR=0.02&0.001, respectively) whereas FES-ls patients had smaller amygdala (FDR=0.002). Blood RNA-seq showed differentially expressed PLXNB2 and its ligands among patient groups and HCs (FDR<0.05~0.01). Amygdaloid size and PLXNB2 level were both negatively correlated with stress perception (p<0.01&0.05, respectively), which fully mediated the amygdaloid positive association with PLXNB2 expression (β=0.9318, 95% CI: 0.058~1.886) in FES-hs patients. In mice, Plxnb2 was enriched in astrocytes and microglia and CUS reduced its expression in astrocytes (p<0.05). Inhibition of amygdaloid Plxnb2 by its functional blocking monoclonal antibody (mAb)-102 induced mice anxiety (p<0.05), amygdaloid enlargement (p<0.05), and microglial ramification (p<0.001) compared to saline. These data suggest that PLXNB2 regulates amygdala-dependent stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Ling Xuan
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ling Yan
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yanli Li
- Psychiatry Research Centre, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Fengmei Fan
- Psychiatry Research Centre, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Deng
- Psychiatry Research Centre, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Mengzhuang Gou
- Psychiatry Research Centre, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Keerthana Chithanathan
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Indrek Heinla
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liang Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kadri Seppa
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alexander Zharkovsky
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anti Kalda
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - L. Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Guo-Fu Hu
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yunlong Tan
- Psychiatry Research Centre, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Li Tian, ; Yunlong Tan,
| | - Li Tian
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- *Correspondence: Li Tian, ; Yunlong Tan,
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5
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Nihonmatsu-Kikuchi N, Yu XJ, Matsuda Y, Ozawa N, Ito T, Satou K, Kaname T, Iwasaki Y, Akagi A, Yoshida M, Toru S, Hirokawa K, Takashima A, Hasegawa M, Uchihara T, Tatebayashi Y. Essential roles of plexin-B3 + oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Commun Biol 2021; 4:870. [PMID: 34267322 PMCID: PMC8282672 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02404-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of oligodendrocyte lineage cells, the largest glial population in the adult central nervous system (CNS), in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains elusive. Here, we developed a culture method for adult oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (aOPCs). Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) promotes survival and proliferation of NG2+ aOPCs in a serum-free defined medium; a subpopulation (~5%) of plexin-B3+ aOPCs was also found. FGF2 withdrawal decreased NG2+, but increased plexin-B3+ aOPCs and Aβ1-42 secretion. Plexin-B3+ aOPCs were distributed throughout the adult rat brain, although less densely than NG2+ aOPCs. Spreading depolarization induced delayed cortical plexin-B3+ aOPC gliosis in the ipsilateral remote cortex. Furthermore, extracellular Aβ1-42 accumulation was occasionally found around plexin-B3+ aOPCs near the lesions. In AD brains, virtually all cortical SPs were immunostained for plexin-B3, and plexin-B3 levels increased significantly in the Sarkosyl-soluble fractions. These findings suggest that plexin-B3+ aOPCs may play essential roles in AD pathogenesis, as natural Aβ-secreting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Nihonmatsu-Kikuchi
- Affective Disorders Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiu-Jun Yu
- Affective Disorders Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yoshiki Matsuda
- Affective Disorders Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Ozawa
- Affective Disorders Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taeko Ito
- Affective Disorders Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Satou
- Department of Genome Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kaname
- Department of Genome Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Iwasaki
- Institute for Medical Science for Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akio Akagi
- Institute for Medical Science for Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Institute for Medical Science for Aging, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shuta Toru
- Department of Neurology, Nitobe Memorial Nakano General Hospital, Nakano, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuiku Hirokawa
- Department of Neurology, Nitobe Memorial Nakano General Hospital, Nakano, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Takashima
- Department of Life Science, Gakushuin University Graduate School of Science, Toshima, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- Dementia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Uchihara
- Affective Disorders Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Nitobe Memorial Nakano General Hospital, Nakano, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tatebayashi
- Affective Disorders Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan.
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6
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Van Battum E, Heitz-Marchaland C, Zagar Y, Fouquet S, Kuner R, Chédotal A. Plexin-B2 controls the timing of differentiation and the motility of cerebellar granule neurons. eLife 2021; 10:60554. [PMID: 34100719 PMCID: PMC8211449 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plexin-B2 deletion leads to aberrant lamination of cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) and Purkinje cells. Although in the cerebellum Plexin-B2 is only expressed by proliferating CGN precursors in the outer external granule layer (oEGL), its function in CGN development is still elusive. Here, we used 3D imaging, in vivo electroporation and live-imaging techniques to study CGN development in novel cerebellum-specific Plxnb2 conditional knockout mice. We show that proliferating CGNs in Plxnb2 mutants not only escape the oEGL and mix with newborn postmitotic CGNs. Furthermore, motility of mitotic precursors and early postmitotic CGNs is altered. Together, this leads to the formation of ectopic patches of CGNs at the cerebellar surface and an intermingling of normally time-stamped parallel fibers in the molecular layer (ML), and aberrant arborization of Purkinje cell dendrites. There results suggest that Plexin-B2 restricts CGN motility and might have a function in cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eljo Van Battum
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - Yvrick Zagar
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Fouquet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Rohini Kuner
- Pharmacology Institute, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
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Carulli D, de Winter F, Verhaagen J. Semaphorins in Adult Nervous System Plasticity and Disease. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:672891. [PMID: 34045951 PMCID: PMC8148045 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.672891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins, originally discovered as guidance cues for developing axons, are involved in many processes that shape the nervous system during development, from neuronal proliferation and migration to neuritogenesis and synapse formation. Interestingly, the expression of many Semaphorins persists after development. For instance, Semaphorin 3A is a component of perineuronal nets, the extracellular matrix structures enwrapping certain types of neurons in the adult CNS, which contribute to the closure of the critical period for plasticity. Semaphorin 3G and 4C play a crucial role in the control of adult hippocampal connectivity and memory processes, and Semaphorin 5A and 7A regulate adult neurogenesis. This evidence points to a role of Semaphorins in the regulation of adult neuronal plasticity. In this review, we address the distribution of Semaphorins in the adult nervous system and we discuss their function in physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Carulli
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini and Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Fred de Winter
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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8
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Simonetti M, Paldy E, Njoo C, Bali KK, Worzfeld T, Pitzer C, Kuner T, Offermanns S, Mauceri D, Kuner R. The impact of Semaphorin 4C/Plexin-B2 signaling on fear memory via remodeling of neuronal and synaptic morphology. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:1376-1398. [PMID: 31444474 PMCID: PMC7985029 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0491-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant fear is a cornerstone of several psychiatric disorders. Consequently, there is large interest in elucidation of signaling mechanisms that link extracellular cues to changes in neuronal function and structure in brain pathways that are important in the generation and maintenance of fear memory and its behavioral expression. Members of the Plexin-B family of receptors for class 4 semaphorins play important roles in developmental plasticity of neurons, and their expression persists in some areas of the adult nervous system. Here, we aimed to elucidate the role of Semaphorin 4C (Sema4C) and its cognate receptor, Plexin-B2, in the expression of contextual and cued fear memory, setting a mechanistic focus on structural plasticity and exploration of contributing signaling pathways. We observed that Plexin-B2 and Sema4C are expressed in forebrain areas related to fear memory, such as the anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala and the hippocampus, and their expression is regulated by aversive stimuli that induce fear memory. By generating forebrain-specific Plexin-B2 knockout mice and analyzing fear-related behaviors, we demonstrate that Sema4C-PlexinB2 signaling plays a crucial functional role in the recent and remote recall of fear memory. Detailed neuronal morphological analyses revealed that Sema4C-PlexinB2 signaling largely mediates fear-induced structural plasticity by enhancing dendritic ramifications and modulating synaptic density in the adult hippocampus. Analyses on signaling-related mutant mice showed that these functions are mediated by PlexinB2-dependent RhoA activation. These results deliver important insights into the mechanistic understanding of maladaptive plasticity in fear circuits and have implications for novel therapeutic strategies against fear-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Simonetti
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eszter Paldy
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Njoo
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kiran Kumar Bali
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Worzfeld
- grid.10253.350000 0004 1936 9756Institute of Pharmacology, Marburg University, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 1, 35043 Marburg, Germany ,grid.418032.c0000 0004 0491 220XDepartment of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Claudia Pitzer
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Interdisciplinary Neurobehavioral Core, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 515, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuner
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Anatomy and Cell Biology Institute, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- grid.418032.c0000 0004 0491 220XDepartment of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Daniela Mauceri
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Department of Neurobiology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rohini Kuner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Yin J, Chun CA, Zavadenko NN, Pechatnikova NL, Naumova OY, Doddapaneni HV, Hu J, Muzny DM, Schaaf CP, Grigorenko EL. Next Generation Sequencing of 134 Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Regression. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11080853. [PMID: 32722525 PMCID: PMC7463850 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 30% of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience developmental regression, the etiology of which remains largely unknown. We performed a complete literature search and identified 47 genes that had been implicated in such cases. We sequenced these genes in a preselected cohort of 134 individuals with regressive autism. In total, 16 variants in 12 genes with evidence supportive of pathogenicity were identified. They were classified as variants of uncertain significance based on ACMG standards and guidelines. Among these were recurring variants in GRIN2A and PLXNB2, variants in genes that were linked to syndromic forms of ASD (GRIN2A, MECP2, CDKL5, SCN1A,PCDH19, UBE3A, and SLC9A6), and variants in the form of oligogenic heterozygosity (EHMT1, SLC9A6, and MFSD8).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Yin
- Molecular and Human Genetics Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.Y.); (C.-A.C.); (C.P.S.)
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Neurology, Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chun-An Chun
- Molecular and Human Genetics Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.Y.); (C.-A.C.); (C.P.S.)
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nikolay N. Zavadenko
- Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.N.Z.); (N.L.P.)
| | - Natalia L. Pechatnikova
- Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (N.N.Z.); (N.L.P.)
| | - Oxana Yu. Naumova
- Texas Institute for Measurement, Evaluation, and Statistics, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77024, USA;
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Translational Developmental Sciences, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Harsha V. Doddapaneni
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (H.V.D.); (J.H.); (D.M.M.)
| | - Jianhong Hu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (H.V.D.); (J.H.); (D.M.M.)
| | - Donna M. Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (H.V.D.); (J.H.); (D.M.M.)
| | - Christian P. Schaaf
- Molecular and Human Genetics Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.Y.); (C.-A.C.); (C.P.S.)
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elena L. Grigorenko
- Molecular and Human Genetics Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.Y.); (C.-A.C.); (C.P.S.)
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Translational Developmental Sciences, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-713-743-7983
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Xiang G, Cheng Y. MiR-126-3p inhibits ovarian cancer proliferation and invasion via targeting PLXNB2. Reprod Biol 2018; 18:218-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Semaphorin 4C Plexin-B2 signaling in peripheral sensory neurons is pronociceptive in a model of inflammatory pain. Nat Commun 2017; 8:176. [PMID: 28765520 PMCID: PMC5539317 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00341-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins and their transmembrane receptors, Plexins, are key regulators of axon guidance and development of neuronal connectivity. B-type Plexins respond to Class IV semaphorins and mediate a variety of developmental functions. Here we report that the expression of Plexin-B2 and its high-affinity ligand, Sema4C, persists in peripheral sensory neurons in adult life and is markedly increased in states of persistent pain in mice. Genetic deletion of Sema4C as well as adult-onset loss of Plexin-B2 leads to impairment of the development and duration of inflammatory hypersensitivity. Remarkably, unlike the neurodevelopmental functions of Plexin-B2 that solely rely on Ras signaling, we obtained genetic and pharmacological evidence for a requirement of RhoA-ROCK-dependent mechanisms as well as TRPA1 sensitization in pronociceptive functions of Sema4C-Plexin-B2 signaling in adult life. These results suggest important roles for Plexin-B2 signaling in sensory function that may be of therapeutic relevance in pathological pain. Semaphorins and their receptors are involved in neurodevelopment, but their functions in the adult nervous system are not fully understood. This study finds that semaphorin 4C and its receptor Plexin B are expressed in sensory neurons and are pronociceptive in a mouse model of inflammatory pain.
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Battistini C, Tamagnone L. Transmembrane semaphorins, forward and reverse signaling: have a look both ways. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1609-22. [PMID: 26794845 PMCID: PMC11108563 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2137-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Semaphorins are signaling molecules playing pivotal roles not only as axon guidance cues, but are also involved in the regulation of a range of biological processes, such as immune response, angiogenesis and invasive tumor growth. The main functional receptors for semaphorins are plexins, which are large single-pass transmembrane molecules. Semaphorin signaling through plexins-the "classical" forward signaling-affects cytoskeletal remodeling and integrin-dependent adhesion, consequently influencing cell migration. Intriguingly, semaphorins and plexins can interact not only in trans, but also in cis, leading to differentiated and highly regulated signaling outputs. Moreover, transmembrane semaphorins can also mediate a so-called "reverse" signaling, by acting not as ligands but rather as receptors, and initiate a signaling cascade through their own cytoplasmic domains. Semaphorin reverse signaling has been clearly demonstrated in fruit fly Sema1a, which is required to control motor axon defasciculation and target recognition during neuromuscular development. Sema1a invertebrate semaphorin is most similar to vertebrate class-6 semaphorins, and examples of semaphorin reverse signaling in mammalians have been described for these family members. Reverse signaling is also reported for other vertebrate semaphorin subsets, e.g. class-4 semaphorins, which bear potential PDZ-domain interaction motifs in their cytoplasmic regions. Therefore, thanks to their various signaling abilities, transmembrane semaphorins can play multifaceted roles both in developmental processes and in physiological as well as pathological conditions in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Battistini
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov. 142, 10060, Candiolo (TO), Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, IRCCS-FPO, Str. Prov. 142, 10060, Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - Luca Tamagnone
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino c/o IRCCS, Str. Prov. 142, 10060, Candiolo (TO), Italy.
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, IRCCS-FPO, Str. Prov. 142, 10060, Candiolo (TO), Italy.
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Wu M, Li J, Gao Q, Ye F. The role of Sema4D/CD100 as a therapeutic target for tumor microenvironments and for autoimmune, neuroimmune and bone diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:885-901. [PMID: 26732941 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1139083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Semaphorin 4D (Sema4D), also known as CD100, has been implicated in physiologic roles in the immune and nervous systems. However, the interaction of Sema4D with its high affinity receptor, Plexin-B1, reveals a novel role for Sema4D produced by the tumor microenvironment in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. AREAS COVERED The ligation of Sema4D/CD100 with CD72 on immune and inflammatory cells is known to stimulate immune responses and regulation. Because CD100 and CD72 are expressed on lung immune and nonimmune cells, as well as on mast cells, the CD100/CD72 interaction plays another important role in allergic airway inflammation and mast cell functions. A better understanding of Sema4D-mediated cell signaling in physiological and pathological processes may be crucial for crafting new Sema4D-based therapeutics for human disease and tumor microenvironments. Strategies to achieve effective management through treatment with Sema4D include special siRNAs, neutralizing antibodies and knockdown. EXPERT OPINION This review focuses on the links between Sema4D and human diseases such as cancer, bone metabolism, immune responses and organ development. The current knowledge regarding the expression of Sema4D and its receptors and its functional roles is systemically reviewed to explore Sema4D as both a target and a therapeutic in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfu Wu
- a Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Jing Li
- a Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Qinglei Gao
- a Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Fei Ye
- b Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
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Daviaud N, Chen K, Huang Y, Friedel RH, Zou H. Impaired cortical neurogenesis in plexin-B1 and -B2 double deletion mutant. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 76:882-99. [PMID: 26579598 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cortical expansion is tightly controlled by fine-tuning of proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitors in a region-specific manner. How extrinsic cues interface with cell-intrinsic programs to balance proliferative versus neurogenic decisions remains an unsolved question. We examined the function of Semaphorin receptors Plexin-B1 and -B2 in corticogenesis by generating double mutants, whereby Plexin-B2 was conditionally ablated in the developing brain in a Plexin-B1 null mutant background. Absence of both Plexin-Bs resulted in cortical thinning, particularly in the caudomedial cortex. Plexin-B1/B2 double, but not single, mutants exhibited a reduced neural progenitor pool, attributable to decreased proliferation and an altered division mode favoring cell cycle exit. This resulted in deficient production of neurons throughout the neurogenic period, proportionally affecting all cortical laminae. Consistent with the in vivo data, cultured neural progenitors lacking both Plexin-B1 and -B2 displayed decreased proliferative capacity and increased spontaneous differentiation. Our study therefore defines a novel function of Plexin-B1 and -B2 in transmitting extrinsic signals to maintain proliferative and undifferentiated states of neural progenitors. As single mutants displayed no apparent cortical defects, we conclude that Plexin-B1 and -B2 play redundant or compensatory roles during forebrain development to ensure proper neuronal production and neocortical expansion. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 882-899, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Daviaud
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, New York, New York 10029
| | - Karen Chen
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, New York, New York 10029
| | - Yong Huang
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, New York, New York 10029
| | - Roland H Friedel
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, New York, New York 10029.,Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Hongyan Zou
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, New York, New York 10029.,Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
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Leitner DF, Todorich B, Zhang X, Connor JR. Semaphorin4A Is Cytotoxic to Oligodendrocytes and Is Elevated in Microglia and Multiple Sclerosis. ASN Neuro 2015; 7:7/3/1759091415587502. [PMID: 26024919 PMCID: PMC4449839 DOI: 10.1177/1759091415587502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously established that T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing 2 (Tim2) is an H-ferritin receptor on oligodendrocytes (OLs). Tim2 also binds Semaphorin4A (Sema4A). Sema4A is expressed by lymphocytes, and its role in immune activation is known; however, its relationship to diseases that are known to have myelin damage has not been studied. In this study, we demonstrate that Sema4A is cytotoxic to OLs in culture: an effect accompanied by process collapse, membrane blebbing, and phosphatidylserine inversion. We further demonstrate that Sema4A preferentially binds to primary OLs but not astrocytes: an observation consistent with the lack of expression of Tim2 on astrocytes. We found that Sema4A protein levels are increased within multiple sclerosis plaques compared with normal-appearing white matter and that Sema4A induces lactate dehydrogenase release in a human OL cell line. The chief cellular source of Sema4A within the multiple sclerosis plaques appears to be infiltrating lymphocytes and microglia. Macrophages are known to express Sema4A, so we interrogated microglia as a potential source of Sema4A in the brain. We found that rat primary microglia express Sema4A which increased after lipopolysaccharide activation. Because activated microglia accumulate iron, we determined whether iron status influenced Sema4A and found that iron chelation decreased Sema4A and iron loading increased Sema4A in activated microglia. Overall, our data implicate Sema4A in the destruction of OLs and reveal that its expression is sensitive to iron levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique F Leitner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Bozho Todorich
- Duke Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xuesheng Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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16
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Plexin-B3 suppresses excitatory and promotes inhibitory synapse formation in rat hippocampal neurons. Exp Cell Res 2015; 335:269-78. [PMID: 25989221 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity have become one of the main topics in neurobiology. Increasing evidence suggests that axon guidance molecules including semaphorins and plexins participate in synapse formation and elimination. Although class B plexins are widely expressed in the brain, their role in the nervous system remains poorly characterized. We previously identified that B-plexins modulate microtubule dynamics and through this impact dendrite growth in rat hippocampal neurons. Here, we demonstrate that Plexin-B2 and Plexin-B3 are present in dendrites, but do not localize in synapses. We find that overexpression of all B-plexins leads to decreased volume of excitatory synapses, and at the same time Plexin-B1 and Plexin-B3 promote inhibitory synapse assembly. Plexin-B3 mutants revealed that these processes use different downstream pathways. While elimination of excitatory synapses is the result of Plexin-B3 binding to microtubule end binding proteins EB1 and EB3, the increase in inhibitory synapses is mediated by regulation of Ras and Rho GTPases. Overall, our findings demonstrate that Plexin-B3 contributes to regulating synapse formation.
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Laht P, Otsus M, Remm J, Veske A. B-plexins control microtubule dynamics and dendrite morphology of hippocampal neurons. Exp Cell Res 2014; 326:174-84. [PMID: 24954409 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorins and their receptors plexins are implicated in various processes in the nervous system, but how B-plexins regulate the growth of dendrites remains poorly characterized. We had previously observed that Plexin-B1 and B3 interact with microtubule end-binding proteins (EBs) that are central adapters at growing microtubule tips, and this interaction is involved in neurite growth. Therefore, we hypothesized that plexins regulate microtubule dynamics and through that also dendritogenesis. The role of all three B-plexins was systematically examined in these processes. B-plexins and their ligand Semaphorin-4D influence the dynamics of microtubule tips both EB-dependently and independendently. EB3 as well as Plexin-B1, B2 and B3 turned out to have a significant role in the development of dendritic arbor of rat hippocampal neurons. Our results clearly indicate that semaphorin-plexin-EB pathway is one molecular mechanism how extracellular guidance cues are translated into intracellular mechanics. Taken together, Semaphorin-4D and B-plexins modulate the dynamic behavior of microtubule tips, and are therefore important in neurite growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piret Laht
- Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia; Competence Centre for Cancer Research, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Maarja Otsus
- Competence Centre for Cancer Research, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jaanus Remm
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andres Veske
- Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia; Competence Centre for Cancer Research, Tallinn, Estonia.
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Abstract
Mammalian plexins constitute a family of transmembrane receptors for semaphorins and represent critical regulators of various processes during development of the nervous, cardiovascular, skeletal, and renal system. In vitro studies have shown that plexins exert their effects via an intracellular R-Ras/M-Ras GTPase-activating protein (GAP) domain or by activation of RhoA through interaction with Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor proteins. However, which of these signaling pathways are relevant for plexin functions in vivo is largely unknown. Using an allelic series of transgenic mice, we show that the GAP domain of plexins constitutes their key signaling module during development. Mice in which endogenous Plexin-B2 or Plexin-D1 is replaced by transgenic versions harboring mutations in the GAP domain recapitulate the phenotypes of the respective null mutants in the developing nervous, vascular, and skeletal system. We further provide genetic evidence that, unexpectedly, the GAP domain-mediated developmental functions of plexins are not brought about via R-Ras and M-Ras inactivation. In contrast to the GAP domain mutants, Plexin-B2 transgenic mice defective in Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor binding are viable and fertile but exhibit abnormal development of the liver vasculature. Our genetic analyses uncover the in vivo context-dependence and functional specificity of individual plexin-mediated signaling pathways during development.
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Raissi AJ, Staudenmaier EK, David S, Hu L, Paradis S. Sema4D localizes to synapses and regulates GABAergic synapse development as a membrane-bound molecule in the mammalian hippocampus. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013; 57:23-32. [PMID: 24036351 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While numerous recent advances have contributed to our understanding of excitatory synapse formation, the processes that mediate inhibitory synapse formation remain poorly defined. Previously, we discovered that RNAi-mediated knockdown of a Class 4 Semaphorin, Sema4D, led to a decrease in the density of inhibitory synapses without an apparent effect on excitatory synapse formation. Our current work has led us to new insights about the molecular mechanisms by which Sema4D regulates GABAergic synapse development. Specifically, we report that the extracellular domain of Sema4D is proteolytically cleaved from the surface of neurons. However, despite this cleavage event, Sema4D signals through its extracellular domain as a membrane-bound, synaptically localized protein required in the postsynaptic membrane for proper GABAergic synapse formation. Thus, as Sema4D is one of only a few molecules identified thus far that preferentially regulates GABAergic synapse formation, these findings have important implications for our mechanistic understanding of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram J Raissi
- National Center for Behavioral Genomics and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
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Hannachi H, Mougou S, Benabdallah I, Soayh N, Kahloul N, Gaddour N, Le Lorc'h M, Sanlaville D, El Ghezal H, Saad A. Molecular and phenotypic characterization of ring chromosome 22 in two unrelated patients. Cytogenet Genome Res 2013; 140:1-11. [PMID: 23635516 DOI: 10.1159/000350785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the cytogenetic and molecular characterization of a constitutional de novo ring chromosome 22 (r(22)) in 2 unrelated patients with emphasis on different hypotheses proposed to explain the phenotypic variability characterizing this genomic disorder. In both patients, molecular investigations using FISH and array-CGH techniques revealed a 22q terminal deletion involving the 22q13.33 critical region. The size of the deletion was estimated to at least 1.35 Mb in the first proband and to only 300 kb in the second. They both exhibited the major features of r(22) syndrome, but the first patient was more profoundly affected. He had a more severe phenotype, further complicated by behavioral anomalies, autistic-like features with abnormal EEG pattern and brain MRI profile. Haploinsufficiency of the SHANK3 gene, lying in the minimal critical region, is nowadays considered as responsible for most neurobehavioral anomalies. Nevertheless, phenotypic severity and occurrence of additional features in the first patient suggest a potential involvement of one or more specific gene(s) located proximally to SHANK3 (as PLXNB2, PANX2, ALG12 or MLC1), acting either independently of it or by regulating or promoting its expression and thus disrupting its function when deleted.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hannachi
- Department of Human Cytogenetics, Molecular Genetics and Reproductive Biology, Faraht Hached University Teaching Hospital, Sousse 4000, Tunisia.
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The role of the WNT/β-catenin pathway in central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumours (CNS PNETs). Br J Cancer 2013; 108:2130-41. [PMID: 23591193 PMCID: PMC3670474 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumours (CNS PNETs) are embryonal tumours occurring predominantly in children. Current lack of knowledge regarding their underlying biology hinders development of more effective treatments. We previously identified WNT/β-catenin pathway activation in one-third of CNS PNETs, which was potentially linked to a better prognosis. In this study, we have extended our cohort, achieving a statistically significant correlation with prognosis. We additionally investigated the biological effects of WNT/β-catenin pathway activation in tumour pathogenesis. Methods: A total of 42 primary and 8 recurrent CNS PNETs were analysed for WNT/β-catenin pathway status using β-catenin immunohistochemistry. Genomic copy number and mRNA expression data were analysed to identify a molecular profile linked to WNT/β-catenin pathway activation. Results: Pathway activation was seen in 26% of CNS PNETs and was significantly associated with longer overall survival. Genes displaying a significant difference in expression levels, between tumours with and without WNT/β-catenin pathway activation, included several involved in normal CNS development suggesting aberrant pathway activation may be disrupting this process. Conclusion: We have identified WNT/β-catenin pathway status as a marker, which could potentially be used to stratify disease risk for patients with CNS PNET. Gene expression data suggest pathway activation is disrupting normal differentiation in the CNS.
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Plexin-B2 regulates the proliferation and migration of neuroblasts in the postnatal and adult subventricular zone. J Neurosci 2013; 32:16892-905. [PMID: 23175841 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0344-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the postnatal forebrain, the subventricular zone (SVZ) contains a pool of undifferentiated cells, which proliferate and migrate along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to the olfactory bulb and differentiate into granule cells and periglomerular cells. Plexin-B2 is a semaphorin receptor previously known to act on neuronal proliferation in the embryonic brain and neuronal migration in the cerebellum. We show here that, in the postnatal and adult CNS, Plexin-B2 is expressed in the subventricular zone lining the telencephalic ventricles and in the rostral migratory stream. We analyzed Plxnb2(-/-) mice and found that there is a marked reduction in the proliferation of SVZ cells in the mutant. Plexin-B2 expression is downregulated in the olfactory bulb as interneurons initiate radial migration. BrdU labeling and GFP electroporation into postnatal SVZ, in addition to time-lapse videomicroscopy, revealed that neuroblasts deficient for Plexin-B2 migrate faster than control ones and leave the RMS more rapidly. Overall, these results show that Plexin-B2 plays a role in postnatal neurogenesis and in the migration of SVZ-derived neuroblasts.
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Hota PK, Buck M. Plexin structures are coming: opportunities for multilevel investigations of semaphorin guidance receptors, their cell signaling mechanisms, and functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:3765-805. [PMID: 22744749 PMCID: PMC11115013 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Plexin transmembrane receptors and their semaphorin ligands, as well as their co-receptors (Neuropilin, Integrin, VEGFR2, ErbB2, and Met kinase) are emerging as key regulatory proteins in a wide variety of developmental, regenerative, but also pathological processes. The diverse arenas of plexin function are surveyed, including roles in the nervous, cardiovascular, bone and skeletal, and immune systems. Such different settings require considerable specificity among the plexin and semaphorin family members which in turn are accompanied by a variety of cell signaling networks. Underlying the latter are the mechanistic details of the interactions and catalytic events at the molecular level. Very recently, dramatic progress has been made in solving the structures of plexins and of their complexes with associated proteins. This molecular level information is now suggesting detailed mechanisms for the function of both the extracellular as well as the intracellular plexin regions. Specifically, several groups have solved structures for extracellular domains for plexin-A2, -B1, and -C1, many in complex with semaphorin ligands. On the intracellular side, the role of small Rho GTPases has been of particular interest. These directly associate with plexin and stimulate a GTPase activating (GAP) function in the plexin catalytic domain to downregulate Ras GTPases. Structures for the Rho GTPase binding domains have been presented for several plexins, some with Rnd1 bound. The entire intracellular domain structure of plexin-A1, -A3, and -B1 have also been solved alone and in complex with Rac1. However, key aspects of the interplay between GTPases and plexins remain far from clear. The structural information is helping the plexin field to focus on key questions at the protein structural, cellular, as well as organism level that collaboratoria of investigations are likely to answer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanta K. Hota
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
| | - Matthias Buck
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
- Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
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Semaphorin 4D/Plexin-B1-mediated M-Ras GAP activity regulates actin-based dendrite remodeling through Lamellipodin. J Neurosci 2012; 32:8293-305. [PMID: 22699910 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0799-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins have been identified as repulsive guidance molecules in the developing nervous system. We recently reported that the semaphorin 4D (Sema4D) receptor Plexin-B1 induces repulsion in axon and dendrites by functioning as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for R-Ras and M-Ras, respectively. In axons, Sema4D stimulation induces growth cone collapse, and downregulation of R-Ras activity by Plexin-B1-mediated GAP activity is required for the action. Axonal R-Ras GAP activity downregulates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway, and thereby induces inactivation of a microtubule assembly promoter protein, CRMP-2. However, in contrast to the well studied roles of semaphorins and plexins in axonal guidance, signaling molecules linking M-Ras GAP to dendritic cytoskeleton remain obscure. Here we identified an Ena/VASP ligand, Lamellipodin (Lpd), as a novel effector of M-Ras in dendrites. Lpd was expressed in F-actin-rich distal dendritic processes and was required for both basal and M-Ras-mediated dendrite development. Subcellular fractionation showed M-Ras-dependent membrane translocation of Lpd, which was suppressed by Sema4D. Furthermore, the Ena/VASP-binding region within Lpd was required for dendrite development, and its membrane targeting was sufficient to overcome the Sema4D-mediated reduction of dendritic outgrowth and disappearance of F-actin from distal dendrites. Furthermore, in utero electroporation experiments also indicated that regulation of the M-Ras-Lpd system by the GAP activity of Plexin is involved in the normal development of cortical dendrites in vivo. Overall, our study sheds light on how repulsive guidance molecules regulate actin cytoskeleton in dendrites, revealing a novel mechanism that the M-Ras-Lpd system regulates actin-based dendrite remodeling by Sema/Plexin in rats or mice of either sex.
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Witherden DA, Watanabe M, Garijo O, Rieder SE, Sarkisyan G, Cronin SJF, Verdino P, Wilson IA, Kumanogoh A, Kikutani H, Teyton L, Fischer WH, Havran WL. The CD100 receptor interacts with its plexin B2 ligand to regulate epidermal γδ T cell function. Immunity 2012; 37:314-25. [PMID: 22902232 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
γδ T cells respond rapidly to keratinocyte damage, providing essential contributions to the skin wound healing process. The molecular interactions regulating their response are unknown. Here, we identify a role for interaction of plexin B2 with the CD100 receptor in epithelial repair. In vitro blocking of plexin B2 or CD100 inhibited γδ T cell activation. Furthermore, CD100 deficiency in vivo resulted in delayed repair of cutaneous wounds due to a disrupted γδ T cell response to keratinocyte damage. Ligation of CD100 in γδ T cells induced cellular rounding via signals through ERK kinase and cofilin. Defects in this rounding process were evident in the absence of CD100-mediated signals, thereby providing a mechanistic explanation for the defective wound healing in CD100-deficient animals. The discovery of immune functions for plexin B2 and CD100 provides insight into the complex cell-cell interactions between epithelial resident γδ T cells and the neighboring cells they support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Witherden
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Binmadi NO, Yang YH, Zhou H, Proia P, Lin YL, Batista De Paula AM, Sena Guimarães AL, Poswar FO, Sundararajan D, Basile JR. Plexin-B1 and semaphorin 4D cooperate to promote perineural invasion in a RhoA/ROK-dependent manner. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:1232-1242. [PMID: 22252234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Perineural invasion (PNI) is a tropism of tumor cells for nerve bundles located in the surrounding stroma. It is a pathological feature observed in certain tumors, referred to as neurotropic malignancies, that severely limits the ability to establish local control of disease and results in pain, recurrent growth, and distant metastases. Despite the importance of PNI as a prognostic indicator, its biological mechanisms are poorly understood. The semaphorins and their receptors, the plexins, compose a family of proteins originally shown to be important in nerve cell adhesion, axon migration, and proper central nervous system development. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that these factors are expressed in tissues outside of the nervous system and represent a widespread signal transduction system that is involved in the regulation of motility and adhesion in different cell types. We believe that the plexins and semaphorins, which are strongly expressed in both axons and many carcinomas, play a role in PNI. In this study, we show that plexin-B1 is overexpressed in tissues and cell lines from neurotropic malignancies and is attracted to nerves that express its ligand, semaphorin 4D, in a Rho/Rho kinase-dependent manner. We also demonstrate that nerves are attracted to tumors through this same system of proteins, suggesting that both plexin-B1 and semaphorin 4D are important in the promotion of PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada O Binmadi
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Oral, Basic, and Clinical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ying-Hua Yang
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Patrizia Proia
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Sports Science, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Department of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alfredo M Batista De Paula
- Health Science Program, Department of Dentistry, State University of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André L Sena Guimarães
- Health Science Program, Department of Dentistry, State University of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabiano O Poswar
- Health Science Program, Department of Medicine, State University of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Devaki Sundararajan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John R Basile
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland; Marlene and Stuart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Perälä N, Sariola H, Immonen T. More than nervous: the emerging roles of plexins. Differentiation 2011; 83:77-91. [PMID: 22099179 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Plexins are the receptors for semaphorins, a large family of axon guidance cues. Accordingly, the role of plexins in the development of the nervous system was the first to be acknowledged. However, the expression of plexins is not restricted to neuronal cells, and recent research has been increasingly focused on the roles of plexin-semaphorin signalling outside of the nervous system. During embryogenesis, plexins regulate the development of many organs, including the cardiovascular system, skeleton and kidney. They have also been shown to be involved in immune system functions and tumour progression. Analyses of the plexin signalling in different tissues and cell types have provided new insight to the versatility of plexin interactions with semaphorins and other cell-surface receptors. In this review we try to summarise the current understanding of the roles of plexins in non-neural development and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Perälä
- Institute of Biomedicine/Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Pisarska MD, Barlow G, Kuo FT. Minireview: roles of the forkhead transcription factor FOXL2 in granulosa cell biology and pathology. Endocrinology 2011; 152:1199-208. [PMID: 21248146 PMCID: PMC3206711 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The forkhead transcription factor (FOXL2) is an essential transcription factor in the ovary. It is important in ovarian development and a key factor in female sex determination. In addition, FOXL2 plays a significant role in the postnatal ovary and follicle maintenance. The diverse transcriptional activities of FOXL2 are likely attributable to posttranslational modifications and binding to other key proteins involved in granulosa cell function. Mutations of FOXL2 lead to disorders of ovarian function ranging from premature follicle depletion and ovarian failure to unregulated granulosa cell proliferation leading to tumor formation. Thus, FOXL2 is a key regulator of granulosa cell function and a master transcription factor in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margareta D Pisarska
- Center for Fertility and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8635 West Third Street, Suite 160W, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA.
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Maier V, Jolicoeur C, Rayburn H, Takegahara N, Kumanogoh A, Kikutani H, Tessier-Lavigne M, Wurst W, Friedel RH. Semaphorin 4C and 4G are ligands of Plexin-B2 required in cerebellar development. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 46:419-31. [PMID: 21122816 PMCID: PMC3030677 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins and Plexins are cognate ligand-receptor families that regulate important steps during nervous system development. The Plexin-B2 receptor is critically involved in neural tube closure and cerebellar granule cell development, however, its specific ligands have only been suggested by in vitro studies. Here, we show by in vivo and in vitro analyses that the two Semaphorin-4 family members Sema4C and Sema4G are likely to be in vivo ligands of Plexin-B2. The Sema4C and Sema4G genes are expressed in the developing cerebellar cortex, and Sema4C and Sema4G proteins specifically bind to Plexin-B2 expressing cerebellar granule cells. To further elucidate their in vivo function, we have generated and analyzed Sema4C and Sema4G knockout mouse mutants. Like Plexin-B2-/- mutants, Sema4C-/- mutants reveal exencephaly and subsequent neonatal lethality with partial penetrance. Sema4C-/- mutants that bypass exencephaly are viable and fertile, but display distinctive defects of the cerebellar granule cell layer, including gaps in rostral lobules, fusions of caudal lobules, and ectopic granule cells in the molecular layer. In addition to neuronal defects, we observed in Sema4C-/- mutants also ventral skin pigmentation defects that are similar to those found in Plexin-B2-/- mutants. The Sema4G gene deletion causes no overt phenotype by itself, but combined deletion of Sema4C and Sema4G revealed an enhanced cerebellar phenotype. However, Sema4C/Sema4G double mutants showed overall less severe cerebellar phenotypes than Plexin-B2-/- mutants, indicating that further ligands of Plexin-B2 exist. In explant cultures of the developing cerebellar cortex, Sema4C promoted migration of cerebellar granule cell precursors in a Plexin-B2-dependent manner, supporting the model that a reduced migration rate of granule cell precursors is the basis for the cerebellar defects of Sema4C-/- and Sema4C/Sema4G mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Maier
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christine Jolicoeur
- Department of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Helen Rayburn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Noriko Takegahara
- Department of Immunopathology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Immunopathology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kikutani
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Marc Tessier-Lavigne
- Department of Biological Sciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Division of Research, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Roland H. Friedel
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Corresponding author: Roland H. Friedel, , Phone: +1 (212) 241 0937, Fax: +1 (212) 860 9279, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Department of Developmental & Regenerative Biology, 1468 Madison Avenue, Annenberg Building, room 25-70, New York, NY 10029
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Abstract
Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) is one of the most promising therapies used in neonates, but there is little information available about its effect on the developing brain. We explored the effects of both iNO and endogenous NO on developing white matter in rodents. Rat or mouse pups and their mothers were placed in a chamber containing 5 to 20 ppm of NO for 7 days after birth. Neonatal exposure to iNO was associated with a transient increase in central nervous system myelination in rats and C57BL/6 mice without any deleterious effects at low doses (5 ppm) or behavioral consequences in adulthood. Exposure to iNO was associated with a proliferative effect on immature oligodendrocytes and a subsequent promaturational effect. The role of endogenous NO in myelination was investigated in animals treated with the nitric oxides synthase inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) in the neonatal period; this led to protracted myelination defects and subsequent behavioral deficits in adulthood. These effects were reversed by rescuing L-NAME-treated animals with iNO. Thus, we demonstrate considerable effect of both exogenous and endogenous NO on myelination in rodents. These data point to potential new avenues for neuroprotection in human perinatal brain damage.
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Perälä N, Peitsaro N, Sundvik M, Koivula H, Sainio K, Sariola H, Panula P, Immonen T. Conservation, expression, and knockdown of zebrafish plxnb2a and plxnb2b. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:2722-34. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Zielonka M, Xia J, Friedel RH, Offermanns S, Worzfeld T. A systematic expression analysis implicates Plexin-B2 and its ligand Sema4C in the regulation of the vascular and endocrine system. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:2477-86. [PMID: 20478304 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plexins serve as receptors for semaphorins and play important roles in the developing nervous system. Plexin-B2 controls decisive developmental programs in the neural tube and cerebellum. However, whether Plexin-B2 also regulates biological functions in adult nonneuronal tissues is unknown. Here we show by two methodologically independent approaches that Plexin-B2 is expressed in discrete cell types of several nonneuronal tissues in the adult mouse. In the vasculature, Plexin-B2 is selectively expressed in functionally specialized endothelial cells. In endocrine organs, Plexin-B2 localizes to the pancreatic islets of Langerhans and to both cortex and medulla of the adrenal gland. Plexin-B2 expression is also detected in certain types of immune and epithelial cells. In addition, we report on a systematic comparison of the expression patterns of Plexin-B2 and its ligand Sema4C, which show complementarity or overlap in some but not all tissues. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Plexin-B2 and its family member Plexin-B1 display largely nonredundant expression patterns. This work establishes Plexin-B2 and Sema4C as potential regulators of the vascular and endocrine system and provides an anatomical basis to understand the biological functions of this ligand-receptor pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Zielonka
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
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REST and CoREST modulate neuronal subtype specification, maturation and maintenance. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7936. [PMID: 19997604 PMCID: PMC2782136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor/neuron-restrictive silencer factor (REST/NRSF) is a master regulator of neuronal gene expression. REST functions as a modular scaffold for dynamic recruitment of epigenetic regulatory factors including its primary cofactor, the corepressor for element-1-silencing transcription factor (CoREST), to genomic loci that contain the repressor element-1 (RE1) binding motif. While REST was initially believed to silence RE1 containing neuronal genes in neural stem cells (NSCs) and non-neuronal cells, emerging evidence shows an increasingly complex cell type- and developmental stage-specific repertoire of REST target genes and functions that include regulation of neuronal lineage maturation and plasticity. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we utilized chromatin immunoprecipitation on chip (ChIP-chip) analysis to examine REST and CoREST functions during NSC-mediated specification of cholinergic neurons (CHOLNs), GABAergic neurons (GABANs), glutamatergic neurons (GLUTNs), and medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs). We identified largely distinct but overlapping profiles of REST and CoREST target genes during neuronal subtype specification including a disproportionately high percentage that are exclusive to each neuronal subtype. Conclusions/Significance Our findings demonstrate that the differential deployment of REST and CoREST is an important regulatory mechanism that mediates neuronal subtype specification by modulating specific gene networks responsible for inducing and maintaining neuronal subtype identity. Our observations also implicate a broad array of factors in the generation of neuronal diversity including but not limited to those that mediate homeostasis, cell cycle dynamics, cell viability, stress responses and epigenetic regulation.
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Gene deletion mutants reveal a role for semaphorin receptors of the plexin-B family in mechanisms underlying corticogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 30:764-80. [PMID: 19948886 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01458-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins and their receptors, plexins, are emerging as key regulators of various aspects of neural and nonneural development. Semaphorin 4D (Sema4D) and B-type plexins demonstrate distinct expression patterns over critical time windows during the development of the murine neocortex. Here, analysis of mice genetically lacking plexin-B1 or plexin-B2 revealed the significance of Sema4D-plexin-B signaling in cortical development. Deficiency of plexin-B2 resulted in abnormal cortical layering and defective migration and differentiation of several subtypes of cortical neurons, including Cajal-Retzius cells, GABAergic interneurons, and principal cells in vivo. In contrast, a lack of plexin-B1 did not impact on cortical development in vivo. In various ex vivo assays on embryonic forebrain, Sema4D enhanced the radial and tangential migration of developing neurons in a plexin-B2-dependent manner. These results suggest that Sema4D-plexin-B2 interactions regulate mechanisms underlying cell specification, differentiation, and migration during corticogenesis.
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Foscarin S, Gianola S, Carulli D, Fazzari P, Mi S, Tamagnone L, Rossi F. Overexpression of GAP-43 modifies the distribution of the receptors for myelin-associated growth-inhibitory proteins in injured Purkinje axons. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:1837-48. [PMID: 19895561 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Neurons with enhanced intrinsic growth capabilities can elongate their axons into non-permissive territories, but the mechanisms that enable the outgrowing processes to overcome environmental inhibition are largely unknown. To address this issue, we examined adult mouse Purkinje cells that overexpress the axonal growth-associated protein GAP-43. After injury, these neurons exhibit sprouting along the intracortical neuritic course and at the severed stump in the white matter. To determine whether GAP-43-overexpressing Purkinje cells are responsive to extrinsic inhibitory cues, we investigated the content and subcellular localization of major receptors for myelin-associated inhibitory proteins, PlexinB1 and the Nogo receptor (NgR) with the related co-receptors LINGO-1 and p75. Expression of these molecules, estimated by measuring perikaryal immunostaining intensity and Western blot, was not different in wild-type or transgenic mice, and it was not overtly modified after axotomy. Following injury, however, the content of PlexinB1 was significantly reduced in GAP-43-overexpressing neurites. Furthermore, in the same axons the distribution of both PlexinB1 and NgR was altered, being inverse to that of GAP-43. Labelling for the two receptors was conspicuously reduced on the axonal surface and it was almost undetectable in the outgrowing sprouts, which showed strong GAP-43 immunoreactivity. These observations indicate that although GAP-43 overexpression does not modify the expression of receptors for myelin-associated inhibitory factors, it interferes with their subcellular localization and exposure on the neuritic membrane. Therefore, GAP-43 promotes axon growth by multiple synergistic mechanisms that potentiate the intrinsic motility of the elongating processes, while reducing their sensitivity to environmental inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Foscarin
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Vodrazka P, Korostylev A, Hirschberg A, Swiercz JM, Worzfeld T, Deng S, Fazzari P, Tamagnone L, Offermanns S, Kuner R. The semaphorin 4D-plexin-B signalling complex regulates dendritic and axonal complexity in developing neurons via diverse pathways. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:1193-208. [PMID: 19788569 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorins and their receptors, plexins, have emerged as key regulators of various aspects of neuronal development. In contrast to the Plexin-A family, the cellular functions of Plexin-B family proteins in developing neurons are only poorly understood. An activation of Plexin-B1 via its ligand, semaphorin 4D (Sema4D), produces an acute collapse of axonal growth cones in hippocampal and retinal neurons over the early stages of neurite outgrowth. However, the functional role of Sema4D-Plexin-B interactions over subsequent stages of neurite development, differentiation and maturation has not been characterized. Here we addressed this question using morphogenetic assays and time-lapse imaging on developing rat hippocampal neurons as a model system. Interestingly, Sema4D treatment over several hours was observed to promote branching and complexity in hippocampal neurons via the activation of Plexin-B1. The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases and the Rho kinase following Sema4D treatment was found to control dendritic and axonal morphogenesis by differentially regulating branching and extension. Phosphoinositide-3-kinase, but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, was observed to be important for the stimulatory effects of Sema4D on dendritic branching. Furthermore, we observed that the mammalian target of rapamycin is activated downstream of Plexin-B1 and contributes to Sema4D-induced effects on dendritic branching. In contrast, glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta, another effector of phosphoinositide-3-kinase signalling, was not involved. Thus, our results show that Sema4D-Plexin-B interactions modulate dendritic and axonal arborizations of developing neurons by co-ordinated and concerted activation of diverse signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vodrazka
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Sema4D/CD100 is a type of class 4 semaphorin, exhibiting crucial roles in growth cone guidance in developing neurons. Sema4D is widely expressed throughout the central nervous system in embryonic mouse brain, and is selectively localized to oligodendrocytes and myelin in the postnatal brain. However, direct evidence of the actual involvement of Sema4D in the neuronal network development crucial for neurobehavioral performance is still lacking. The present study therefore examined whether Sema4D deficiency leads to abnormal behavioral development. METHODS Both wild-type and Sema4D-deficient mice were subjected to behavioral analyses including open-field, adhesive tape removal, rotarod tests and a water maze task. RESULTS Open-field tests revealed increased locomotor activity in Sema4D-deficient mice with less percentage of time spent in the center of the field. In both the adhesive tape removal and rotarod tests, which examine motor coordination and balance, Sema4D-deficient mice showed significantly superior performance, suggesting facilitated motor behavior. Both Sema4D-deficient and wild-type mice successfully learnt the water maze task, locating a hidden escape platform, and also showed precise memory for the platform position in probe tests. However, the swimming speed of Sema4D-deficient mice was significantly faster than that of wild-type mice, providing further evidence of their accelerated motor behavior. CONCLUSION Our mouse behavioral analyses revealed enhanced motor activity in Sema4D-deficient mice, suggesting the crucial involvement of Sema4D in the neurodevelopmental processes of the central structures mediating motor behavior in mice.
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Garcia-Ortiz JE, Pelosi E, Omari S, Nedorezov T, Piao Y, Karmazin J, Uda M, Cao A, Cole SW, Forabosco A, Schlessinger D, Ottolenghi C. Foxl2 functions in sex determination and histogenesis throughout mouse ovary development. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2009; 9:36. [PMID: 19538736 PMCID: PMC2711087 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-9-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Partial loss of function of the transcription factor FOXL2 leads to premature ovarian failure in women. In animal models, Foxl2 is required for maintenance, and possibly induction, of female sex determination independently of other critical genes, e.g., Rspo1. Here we report expression profiling of mouse ovaries that lack Foxl2 alone or in combination with Wnt4 or Kit/c-Kit. Results Following Foxl2 loss, early testis genes (including Inhbb, Dhh, and Sox9) and several novel ovarian genes were consistently dysregulated during embryonic development. In the absence of Foxl2, expression changes affecting a large fraction of pathways were opposite those observed in Wnt4-null ovaries, reinforcing the notion that these genes have complementary actions in ovary development. Loss of one copy of Foxl2 revealed strong gene dosage sensitivity, with molecular anomalies that were milder but resembled ovaries lacking both Foxl2 alleles. Furthermore, a Foxl2 transgene disrupted embryonic testis differentiation and increased the levels of key female markers. Conclusion The results, including a comprehensive principal component analysis, 1) support the proposal of dose-dependent Foxl2 function and anti-testis action throughout ovary differentiation; and 2) identify candidate genes for roles in sex determination independent of FOXL2 (e.g., the transcription factors IRX3 and ZBTB7C) and in the generation of the ovarian reserve downstream of FOXL2 (e.g., the cadherin-domain protein CLSTN2 and the sphingomyelin synthase SGMS2). The gene inventory is a first step toward the identification of the full range of pathways with partly autonomous roles in ovary development, and thus provides a framework to analyze the genetic bases of female fertility.
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SCAI acts as a suppressor of cancer cell invasion through the transcriptional control of beta1-integrin. Nat Cell Biol 2009; 11:557-68. [PMID: 19350017 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression reprogramming governs cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation and cell migration through the complex and tightly regulated control of transcriptional cofactors that exist in multiprotein complexes. Here we describe SCAI (suppressor of cancer cell invasion), a novel and highly conserved protein that regulates invasive cell migration through three-dimensional matrices. SCAI acts on the RhoA-Dia1 signal transduction pathway and localizes in the nucleus, where it binds and inhibits the myocardin-related transcription factor MAL by forming a ternary complex with serum response factor (SRF). Genome-wide expression analysis surprisingly reveals that one of the strongest upregulated genes after suppression of SCAI is beta1-integrin. Decreased levels of SCAI are tightly correlated with increased invasive cell migration, and SCAI is downregulated in several human tumours. Functional analysis of the beta1-integrin gene strongly argues that SCAI is a novel transcriptional cofactor that controls gene expression downstream of Dia1 to dictate changes in cell invasive behaviour.
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Giacobini P, Messina A, Morello F, Ferraris N, Corso S, Penachioni J, Giordano S, Tamagnone L, Fasolo A. Semaphorin 4D regulates gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone-1 neuronal migration through PlexinB1-Met complex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 183:555-66. [PMID: 18981235 PMCID: PMC2575794 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200806160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, reproduction is dependent on specific neurons secreting the neuropeptide gonadotropin hormone–releasing hormone-1 (GnRH-1). These cells originate during embryonic development in the olfactory placode and migrate into the forebrain, where they become integral members of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. This migratory process is regulated by a wide range of guidance cues, which allow GnRH-1 cells to travel over long distances to reach their appropriate destinations. The Semaphorin4D (Sema4D) receptor, PlexinB1, is highly expressed in the developing olfactory placode, but its function in this context is still unknown. Here, we demonstrate that PlexinB1-deficient mice exhibit a migratory defect of GnRH-1 neurons, resulting in reduction of this cell population in the adult brain. Moreover, Sema4D promotes directional migration in GnRH-1 cells by coupling PlexinB1 with activation of the Met tyrosine kinase (hepatocyte growth factor receptor). This work identifies a function for PlexinB1 during brain development and provides evidence that Sema4D controls migration of GnRH-1 neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Giacobini
- Department of Human and Animal Biology, University of Turin, Turin 10123, Italy.
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41
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Identification and characterization of mouse plexin B3 promoter. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 375:11-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.07.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Korostylev A, Worzfeld T, Deng S, Friedel RH, Swiercz JM, Vodrazka P, Maier V, Hirschberg A, Ohoka Y, Inagaki S, Offermanns S, Kuner R. A functional role for semaphorin 4D/plexin B1 interactions in epithelial branching morphogenesis during organogenesis. Development 2008; 135:3333-43. [PMID: 18799546 DOI: 10.1242/dev.019760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorins and their receptors, plexins, carry out important functions during development and disease. In contrast to the well-characterized plexin A family, however, very little is known about the functional relevance of B-type plexins in organogenesis, particularly outside the nervous system. Here, we demonstrate that plexin B1 and its ligand Sema4d are selectively expressed in epithelial and mesenchymal compartments during key steps in the genesis of some organs. This selective expression suggests a role in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Importantly, using the developing metanephros as a model system, we have observed that endogenously expressed and exogenously supplemented Sema4d inhibits branching morphogenesis during early stages of development of the ureteric collecting duct system. Our results further suggest that the RhoA-ROCK pathway, which is activated downstream of plexin B1, mediates these inhibitory morphogenetic effects of Sema4d and suppresses branch-promoting signalling effectors of the plexin B1 signalling complex. Finally, mice that lack plexin B1 show early anomalies in kidney development in vivo. These results identify a novel function for plexin B1 as a negative regulator of branching morphogenesis during kidney development, and suggest that the Sema4d-plexin B1 ligand-receptor pair contributes to epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during organogenesis via modulation of RhoA signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Korostylev
- Pharmacology Institute, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a congenital disorder in which ganglion cells are absent in variable portions of the lower digestive tract according to which patients are classified. The RET gene is the major HSCR gene, although reduced penetrance of RET mutations and variable expression of HSCR phenotype indicates that more than one gene is required. An unidentified RET-dependent modifier on 3p21 appears to be necessary for transmission of the short HSCR (S-HSCR) phenotype. We investigated 6 Mb of the 3p21 region on a quest for the HSCR-susceptibility locus. Fifty-eight S-HSCR case-parent trios were genotyped using Sequenom technology for 214 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) distributed along 6 Mb of the 3p21 region. A five-marker haplotype, spanning a 118 kb gene-rich region, was found to be overtransmitted to affected offspring. The associated haplotype encompasses three genes involved in neurological phenotypes. Importantly, this association was replicated in an independent sample of 172 S-HSCR cases and 153 unrelated controls. Ranking markers by proximity to candidate genes or by expected functional consequences could be used in follow-up studies to finally pinpoint this HSCR locus.
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Swiercz JM, Worzfeld T, Offermanns S. ErbB-2 and Met Reciprocally Regulate Cellular Signaling via Plexin-B1. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:1893-901. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706822200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Mauti O, Domanitskaya E, Andermatt I, Sadhu R, Stoeckli ET. Semaphorin6A acts as a gate keeper between the central and the peripheral nervous system. Neural Dev 2007; 2:28. [PMID: 18088409 PMCID: PMC2238753 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-2-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During spinal cord development, expression of chicken SEMAPHORIN6A (SEMA6A) is almost exclusively found in the boundary caps at the ventral motor axon exit point and at the dorsal root entry site. The boundary cap cells are derived from a population of late migrating neural crest cells. They form a transient structure at the transition zone between the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS). Ablation of the boundary cap resulted in emigration of motoneurons from the ventral spinal cord along the ventral roots. Based on its very restricted expression in boundary cap cells, we tested for a role of Sema6A as a gate keeper between the CNS and the PNS. Results Downregulation of Sema6A in boundary cap cells by in ovo RNA interference resulted in motoneurons streaming out of the spinal cord along the ventral roots, and in the failure of dorsal roots to form and segregate properly. PlexinAs interact with class 6 semaphorins and are expressed by both motoneurons and sensory neurons. Knockdown of PlexinA1 reproduced the phenotype seen after loss of Sema6A function both at the ventral motor exit point and at the dorsal root entry site of the lumbosacral spinal cord. Loss of either PlexinA4 or Sema6D function had an effect only at the dorsal root entry site but not at the ventral motor axon exit point. Conclusion Sema6A acts as a gate keeper between the PNS and the CNS both ventrally and dorsally. It is required for the clustering of boundary cap cells at the PNS/CNS interface and, thus, prevents motoneurons from streaming out of the ventral spinal cord. At the dorsal root entry site it organizes the segregation of dorsal roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Mauti
- Developmental Neuroscience, Institute of Zoology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Chauvet S, Cohen S, Yoshida Y, Fekrane L, Livet J, Gayet O, Segu L, Buhot MC, Jessell TM, Henderson CE, Mann F. Gating of Sema3E/PlexinD1 signaling by neuropilin-1 switches axonal repulsion to attraction during brain development. Neuron 2007; 56:807-22. [PMID: 18054858 PMCID: PMC2700040 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of functional neural circuits requires the guidance of axons in response to the actions of secreted and cell-surface molecules such as the semaphorins. Semaphorin 3E and its receptor PlexinD1 are expressed in the brain, but their functions are unknown. Here, we show that Sema3E/PlexinD1 signaling plays an important role in initial development of descending axon tracts in the forebrain. Early errors in axonal projections are reflected in behavioral deficits in Sema3E null mutant mice. Two distinct signaling mechanisms can be distinguished downstream of Sema3E. On corticofugal and striatonigral neurons expressing PlexinD1 but not Neuropilin-1, Sema3E acts as a repellent. In contrast, on subiculo-mammillary neurons coexpressing PlexinD1 and Neuropilin-1, Sema3E acts as an attractant. The extracellular domain of Neuropilin-1 is sufficient to convert repulsive signaling by PlexinD1 to attraction. Our data therefore reveal a "gating" function of neuropilins in semaphorin-plexin signaling during the assembly of forebrain neuronal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Chauvet
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy, CNRS UMR 6216, University of Mediterranee, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - Samia Cohen
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy, CNRS UMR 6216, University of Mediterranee, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - Yutaka Yoshida
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, and Neuroscience, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lylia Fekrane
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy, CNRS UMR 6216, University of Mediterranee, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - Jean Livet
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Odile Gayet
- INSERM U624, Case 915, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - Louis Segu
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, CNRS UMR 5106, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - Marie-Christine Buhot
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, CNRS UMR 5106, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence cedex, France
| | - Thomas M. Jessell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, and Neuroscience, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Christopher E. Henderson
- Departments of Pathology, Neurology and Neuroscience, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Fanny Mann
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille Luminy, CNRS UMR 6216, University of Mediterranee, Case 907, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 09, France
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Yu D, Cook MC, Shin D, Silva DG, Marshall J, Toellner K, Havran WL, Caroni P, Cooke MP, Morse HC, MacLennan ICM, Goodnow CC, Vinuesa CG. Axon growth and guidance genes identify T‐dependent germinal centre B cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2007; 86:3-14. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.icb.7100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Di Yu
- Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Matthew C Cook
- Australian National University Medical SchoolCanberraAustralia
| | - Dong‐Mi Shin
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of HealthRockvilleMDUSA
| | - Diego G Silva
- Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Jennifer Marshall
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | | | - Wendy L Havran
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Pico Caroni
- Friedrich Miescher InstituteBaselSwitzerland
| | - Michael P Cooke
- The Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research FoundationSan DiegoCAUSA
| | - Herbert C Morse
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of HealthRockvilleMDUSA
| | - Ian CM MacLennan
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
- Australian Phenomics FacilityCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Carola G Vinuesa
- Division of Immunology and Genetics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
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48
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Lin X, Ogiya M, Takahara M, Yamaguchi W, Furuyama T, Tanaka H, Tohyama M, Inagaki S. Sema4D-plexin-B1 implicated in regulation of dendritic spine density through RhoA/ROCK pathway. Neurosci Lett 2007; 428:1-6. [PMID: 17950529 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 09/02/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plexin-B1, Sema4D receptor, mediates retraction and extension signals in axon guidance by associating with PDZ-containing Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (PDZ-RhoGEFs) which can activate a small Rho GTPase RhoA. RhoA is implicated in spine formation by rearranging actin cytoskeleton. Exogenous application of Sema4D to cultured neurons caused activation of RhoA, increase of spine density and changes in spine shape. Sema4D-induced changes in spine density were blocked by either Rho-kinase (a downstream of RhoA, ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632 or by overexpression of plexin-B1 mutant lacking the C-terminus which no longer associates with PDZ-RhoGEFs. This study suggests that Sema4D-plexin-B1 play a crucial role in spine formation by regulating RhoA/ROCK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzong Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Deng S, Hirschberg A, Worzfeld T, Penachioni JY, Korostylev A, Swiercz JM, Vodrazka P, Mauti O, Stoeckli ET, Tamagnone L, Offermanns S, Kuner R. Plexin-B2, but not Plexin-B1, critically modulates neuronal migration and patterning of the developing nervous system in vivo. J Neurosci 2007; 27:6333-47. [PMID: 17554007 PMCID: PMC6672150 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5381-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins and their receptors, plexins, have emerged as important cellular cues regulating key developmental processes. B-type plexins directly regulate the actin cytoskeleton in a variety of cell types. Recently, B-type plexins have been shown to be expressed in striking patterns in the nervous system over critical developmental windows. However, in contrast to the well characterized plexin-A family, the functional role of plexin-B proteins in neural development and organogenesis in vertebrates in vivo is not known. Here, we have elucidated the functional contribution of the two neuronally expressed plexin-B proteins, Plexin-B1 or Plexin-B2, toward the development of the peripheral nervous system and the CNS by generating and analyzing constitutive knock-out mice. The development of the nervous system was found to be normal in mice lacking Plexin-B1, whereas mice lacking Plexin-B2 demonstrated defects in closure of the neural tube and a conspicuous disorganization of the embryonic brain. After analyzing mutant mice, which bypassed neural tube defects, we observed a key requirement for Plexin-B2 in proliferation and migration of granule cell precursors in the developing dentate gyrus, olfactory bulb, and cerebellum. Furthermore, we identified semaphorin 4C as a high-affinity ligand for Plexin-B2 in binding and functional assays. Semaphorin 4C stimulated activation of ErbB-2 and RhoA via Plexin-B2 and enhanced proliferation and migration of granule cell precursors. Semaphorin 4C-induced proliferation of ventricular zone neuroblasts was abrogated in mice lacking Plexin-B2. These genetic and functional analyses reveal a key requirement for Plexin-B2, but not Plexin-B1, in patterning of the vertebrate nervous system in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhua Deng
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Worzfeld
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Junia Y. Penachioni
- Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy, and
| | | | - Jakub M. Swiercz
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Vodrazka
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olivier Mauti
- Institute of Zoology, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Luca Tamagnone
- Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy, and
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rohini Kuner
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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50
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Mulder J, Wernérus H, Shi TJ, Pontén F, Hober S, Uhlén M, Hökfelt T. Systematically generated antibodies against human gene products: High throughput screening on sections from the rat nervous system. Neuroscience 2007; 146:1689-703. [PMID: 17478047 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Completion of the Human Genome Project and recent developments in proteomics make it possible to systematically generate affinity reagents to a large portion of the proteome. Recently an antibody-based human protein atlas covering many organs including four areas of the brain has been released (www.proteinatlas.org). Due to the heterogeneity, size, and availability of tissue a more thorough analysis of the human brain is associated with considerable difficulties. Here we applied 120 antibodies raised against 112 human gene products to the smaller rat brain, a rodent animal model, where a single section represents a 'superarray' including many brain areas, and consequently allowing analysis of a huge number of cell types and their neurochemicals. Immunoreactive structures were seen in the investigated brain tissue after incubation with 56 antibodies (46.6%), of which 25 (20.8%) showed a clearly discrete staining pattern that was limited to certain areas, or subsets of brain cells. Bioinformatics, pre-adsorption tests and Western blot analysis were applied to identify non-specific antibodies. Eleven antibodies, including such raised against four 'ambiguous' proteins, passed all validation criteria, and the expression pattern and subcellular distribution of these proteins were studied in detail. To further explore the potential of the systematically generated antibodies, all 11 antibodies that passed validation were used to analyze the spinal cord and lumbar dorsal root ganglia after unilateral transection of the sciatic nerve. Discrete staining patterns were observed for four of the proteins, and injury-induced regulation was found for one of them. In conclusion, the study presented here suggests that a significant portion (10%) of the antibodies generated to a human protein can be used to analyze orthologues present in the rodent brain and to produce a protein-based atlas of the rodent brain. It is hoped that this type of antibody-based, high throughput screening of brain tissue from various rodent disease models will provide new information on the brain chemical neuroanatomy and insights in processes underlying neurological pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mulder
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius v. 8, S171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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