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Businelle MS, Benson L, Hébert ET, Neil J, Kendzor DE, Frank-Pearce S, Kezbers KM, Vidrine D, Gaur A. Project phoenix: Pilot randomized controlled trial of a smartphone-delivered intervention for people who are not ready to quit smoking. Drug Alcohol Depend 2024; 260:111351. [PMID: 38838477 PMCID: PMC11179962 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most people who smoke cigarettes report they want to quit in the future, but only 20 % are ready to quit within the next 30 days. This 3-arm pilot randomized controlled trial examined the feasibility and initial efficacy of a novel smartphone-based intervention that aimed to induce smoking cessation attempts among adults not initially ready to quit. METHODS Participants randomized into the two intervention groups (Group 1: Phoenix App Only; Group 2: Phoenix App + Nicotine Replacement Therapy) received daily smoking cessation messages via smartphone application that were tailored to their current readiness to quit, while the attention control group (i.e., Factoid) received messages not related to smoking cessation. All participants completed a weekly survey for 26 weeks and used the app to set quit dates when/if desired. RESULTS Participants (N=152) were female (67.8 %), White (75.7 %), 50.0 years old (SD=12.5), and smoked 20.4 cigarettes per day (SD=10.5). Results indicated that the Phoenix interventions were feasible (e.g., participants viewed ~185 messages over 26 weeks; 74.8 % of weekly surveys were completed; 85.5 % completed the 26-week follow-up assessment). Phoenix participants set more quit dates, set quit dates sooner, were abstinent for more days, and used smoking cessation medications on more days than those assigned to the Factoid group. CONCLUSIONS This low-burden, smartphone-based smoking cessation induction intervention may increase smoking cessation attempts, and may reduce barriers that are encountered with traditional in-person or call-based interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov number: NCT03405129; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03405129.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Businelle
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - Lizbeth Benson
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Emily T Hébert
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, UT Health School of Public Health, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jordan Neil
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Darla E Kendzor
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Summer Frank-Pearce
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Krista M Kezbers
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Damon Vidrine
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Akshay Gaur
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Le Grande M, Borland R, Gravely S, Cummings M, McNeill A, Yong HH, Gartner CE. Support for banning sale of smoked tobacco products among adults who smoke: findings from the International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys (2018-2022). Tob Control 2024:tc-2023-058532. [PMID: 38886052 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2023-058532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many people continue to smoke despite strong policies to deter use, thus stronger regulatory measures may be required. In four high-income countries, we examined whether people who smoke would support a total ban on smoked tobacco products under two differing policy scenarios. METHODS Data were from 14 363 adults (≥18) who smoked cigarettes (≥monthly) and participated in at least one of the 2018, 2020 or 2022 International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys in Australia, Canada, England and the USA. In 2018, respondents were asked whether they would support a law that totally bans smoked tobacco if the government provides smoking cessation assistance (Cessation Assistance scenario). In 2020 and 2022, respondents were asked a slightly different question as to whether they would support a law that totally bans smoked tobacco if the government encourages people who smoke to use alternative nicotine products like vaping products and nicotine replacement products instead (substitution scenario). Responses (support vs oppose/don't know) were estimated on weighted data. RESULTS Support was greater for the cessation assistance scenario (2018, 36.6%) than the nicotine substitution scenario (2020, 26.9%; 2022, 26.3%, both p<0.0001). In the longitudinal analysis, there was a significant scenario by country interaction effect with lower support in Canada, the USA and Australia under the substitution scenario than in the cessation scenario, but equivalent levels in England under both scenarios. The strongest correlates of support under both scenarios were planning to quit smoking within 6 months, wanting to quit smoking 'a lot' and recent use of nicotine replacement therapy. CONCLUSIONS Opposition to banning smoked tobacco predominates among people who smoke, but less with a cessation assistance scenario than one encouraging nicotine substitution. Wanting to quit a lot was the strongest indicator of support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Le Grande
- Melbourne Centre for Behaviour Change, The University of Melbourne Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ron Borland
- Melbourne Centre for Behaviour Change, The University of Melbourne Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shannon Gravely
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Cummings
- Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ann McNeill
- UK Centre for Tobacco Control Studies, National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Hua H Yong
- Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Coral E Gartner
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland Faculty of Medicine, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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Jones SMW, Ton M, Heffner JL, Malen RC, Cohen SA, Newcomb PA. Association of financial worry with substance use, mental health, and quality of life in cancer patients. J Cancer Surviv 2023; 17:1824-1833. [PMID: 36595185 DOI: 10.1007/s11764-022-01319-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Financial worry is an under-appreciated negative effect of cancer. The relationship of financial worry and health behaviors in cancer is poorly characterized and has important clinical implications. This study examined the association of financial worry with substance misuse, mood, and quality of life. METHODS People with cancer (n = 1473; 6 to 20 months after diagnosis) were recruited from a SEER cancer registry in the Pacific Northwest. Participants completed an online survey assessing financial worry; misuse of cannabis, alcohol, and prescription drugs; tobacco smoking status; quality of life (physical and mental dimensions); anxiety; and depression. Multivariable regressions tested the association of financial worry to each health indicator and outcome. RESULTS In adjusted analyses, financial worry was associated with being a current vs. never smoker (odds ratio (OR) = 1.91, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01, 3.60), and a positive screen for an anxiety (OR = 3.01, 95% CI: 1.93, 4.68) and depressive (OR = 3.08, 95% CI: 1.89, 5.00) disorder. Financial worry was not associated with cannabis, alcohol, or prescription drug misuse (all ps > 0.05), but was associated with a decrease in physical (β = - 2.97, 95% CI: - 4.15, - 1.79) and mental (β = - 5.27, 95% CI: - 6.59, - 3.96) quality of life. CONCLUSION Financial worry among cancer survivors is associated with anxiety, depression, and worse quality of life. Of the evaluated substances, there was only an increased odds of current tobacco use with financial worry. Future longitudinal studies should inform the relationships between these factors. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS Financial worry and material hardship may both need to be addressed in cancer survivorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salene M W Jones
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
| | - Mimi Ton
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jaimee L Heffner
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Rachel C Malen
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Stacey A Cohen
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Polly A Newcomb
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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Bello MS, Pang RD, Colby SM, Cassidy RN, Zvolensky M, Langdon KJ. Interactive effects of financial strain and distress tolerance on prequit tobacco withdrawal symptoms in smokers preparing to initiate a quit attempt. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2023; 31:805-816. [PMID: 36649154 PMCID: PMC10349897 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Smokers experiencing greater financial strain are less likely to successfully quit smoking, possibly due to greater severity of tobacco withdrawal. However, limited research has explored whether individual-level psychological factors (i.e., distress tolerance) may buffer the deleterious effects of financial strain on withdrawal. This study examined the main and interactive effects of financial strain and distress tolerance on tobacco withdrawal experienced prior to quitting smoking among smokers preparing to initiate a quit attempt. Fifty-nine adult smokers completed a baseline session including a financial strain measure and subjective and behavioral assessments of distress tolerance. Participants were then instructed to initiate a quit attempt, without any behavioral or pharmacological assistance, 14 days following baseline. Prequit tobacco withdrawal symptoms were assessed once per day for 3 days prior to quit date. Linear regression models tested main and interactive effects between financial strain and distress tolerance on experiences and perceptions of prequit withdrawal. Findings demonstrated significant interactions between financial strain, distress tolerance, and perceptions of tolerating withdrawal. Negative associations found between higher distress tolerance and lower perceptions of tobacco withdrawal and negative mood as being "intolerable" prior to quitting were stronger for those experiencing greater levels of financial strain. Financial strain may negatively impact one's perceived ability to tolerate mood- and tobacco-related withdrawal prior to quitting. Yet, higher distress tolerance may buffer the effects of financial strain on smoking cessation processes. Psychosocial interventions designed to promote tolerance of distress from both internal and external stressors may benefit cessation efforts among smokers experiencing high financial strain. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel S. Bello
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Raina D. Pang
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Suzanne M. Colby
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Rachel N. Cassidy
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Michael Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Health Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kirsten J. Langdon
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
- Brown-Lifespan Center for Digital Health, Providence, RI, USA
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Zvolensky MJ, Heggeness LF, Mayorga N, Garey L, Buckner JD, Businelle MS, Redmond BY. Financial Strain Among Black Smokers in Terms of Abstinence Expectancies. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023:10.1007/s40615-023-01720-4. [PMID: 37488316 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01720-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd., Room 126, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
- HEALTH Institute, University of Houston, Houston, USA.
| | - Luke F Heggeness
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd., Room 126, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Nubia Mayorga
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd., Room 126, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Lorra Garey
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd., Room 126, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- HEALTH Institute, University of Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Julia D Buckner
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
| | - Michael S Businelle
- HEALTH Institute, University of Houston, Houston, USA
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma, OK, USA
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, USA
| | - Brooke Y Redmond
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd., Room 126, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
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Kim Y, Cho WK. Factors associated with successful smoking cessation in men with or without cardiovascular disease or cancer: Nationwide Korean population analysis. Tob Induc Dis 2023; 21:28. [PMID: 36814694 PMCID: PMC9940122 DOI: 10.18332/tid/159169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study was conducted to explore factors associated with smoking cessation in male smokers with cardiovascular disease (CVD) or cancer, the two leading causes of death worldwide, and to compare them with quitting factors in smokers without the two diseases. METHODS This is a secondary dataset analysis of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), nationally representative data from 2008-2019 (excluding 2013-2014), and included 12998 men without CVD or cancer (group without CVD or cancer), 1027 men with CVD (CVD group), and 616 men with cancer (cancer group). A Wald test with multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted. RESULTS The quitting success rates in the CVD and cancer groups were consistently higher than those in the group without CVD or cancer. Old age and willpower in the CVD group, and old age and being married in the cancer group were associated with quitting success. Secondhand smoking and methods of quitting other than willpower were related to quitting failure in both groups. When interaction effects between the groups were examined, household income was the only factor associated with successful cessation in the group without CVD or cancer (AOR=1.17, 1.18, and 1.40, among the second, third, and fourth highest income quartiles, respectively; p for interaction=0.023). Higher smoking amounts (AOR=0.85; p<0.001) and poor health perception (AOR=0.64; p=0.035) were associated with quitting failure in the group without CVD or cancer. However, no significant factor was detected related to smoking cessation in both the CVD and cancer groups when the interaction effect was investigated. CONCLUSIONS The quitting success rates in the CVD and cancer groups were higher, but no disease-specific quitting factors were identified. Therefore, being diagnosed with CVD or cancer itself could be inferred as a motive for quitting smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmee Kim
- Red Cross College of Nursing, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kyung Cho
- International Healthcare Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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Beliefs about harms of cigarette smoking among Norwegian adults born from 1899 to 1969. Do variations across education, smoking status and sex mirror the decline in smoking? PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271647. [PMID: 35921379 PMCID: PMC9348701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Smoking is one of the most important causes of socioeconomic disparities in morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to examine if beliefs about harms of smoking differed across gender, smoking status and education among Norwegian adults born between 1899 and 1969. Methods Using data from a nationally representative survey of smoking habits and a multinomial logit/negative binomial two-stage hurdle model design, we examined (first hurdle) the associations between birth cohort, gender, education and smoking status and four beliefs about cigarette smoking: i) smoking is not harmful, ii) do not know if smoking is harmful, iii) any number of cigarettes per day (CPD) is harmful and iv) smoking more than a given nonzero number of CPD is harmful, and (second hurdle) the predicted number of CPD that could be smoked without causing harm (from outcome iv). Results The probability of believing that smoking was not harmful was close to zero, regardless of birth cohort, sex, education and smoking status. The probability of not knowing if smoking was harmful decreased from around 0.7 to almost zero across cohorts. The probability of believing that smoking more than zero CPD was harmful increased from less than 0.1 to around 0.7, while the probability of believing that there is some safe level of smoking increased with cohorts born from 1900 to 1930 before declining. Respondents with primary/secondary education consistently believed smoking to be less harmful compared to respondents with tertiary education, but cohort trajectories were similar. Discussion The similar birth cohort trajectories in beliefs about the harms of smoking do not support the idea that Norwegian adults with lower education has had qualitatively different beliefs about the harmfulness of smoking compared to those with higher education. The persistent and large socioeconomic gradient is likely a result of other factors.
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Voigt EC, Mutter ER, Oettingen G. Effectiveness of a Motivational Smoking Reduction Strategy Across Socioeconomic Status and Stress Levels. Front Psychol 2022; 13:801028. [PMID: 35369175 PMCID: PMC8973437 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.801028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking consequences are seen disproportionately among low-SES smokers. We examine the self-regulatory strategy of mental contrasting with implementation intentions (MCII) as a smoking reduction tool and whether its effectiveness depends on subjective-SES. This pre-registered online experiment comprised a pre-screening, baseline survey, and follow-up. Participants reported past-week smoking, subjective-SES, perceived stress, and were randomized to an active control (n = 161) or MCII condition (n = 164). Data were collected via MTurk, during the U.S.’ initial wave of COVID-19. Participants were moderate-to-heavy smokers open to reducing or quitting. The primary outcome was self-reported smoking reduction, computed as the difference between recent smoking at baseline and follow-up. The secondary outcome was cessation, operationalized as self-reported 7-day point-prevalence abstinence at follow-up. Among those low—but not high—in subjective-SES, MCII (vs. control) improved smoking reduction by an average of 1.09 fewer cigarettes smoked per day, though this effect was not conclusive (p = 0.11). Similarly, quitting was descriptively more likely for those in the MCII than control condition, but the effect was non-significant (p = 0.11). Per an exploratory analysis, we observed that stress significantly moderated the condition effect (p = 0.01), such that MCII (vs. control) facilitated reduction among those experiencing high (p = 0.03), but not low stress (p = 0.15). Consistent with prior findings that MCII works best in vulnerable populations, MCII may be more effective for smoking reduction among high-stress than low-stress individuals. These findings contribute to growing research on income-related health disparities and smoking behavior change tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Voigt
- Department of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Elizabeth C. Voigt,
| | | | - Gabriele Oettingen
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
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Jones SM, Heffner JL. Financial anxiety: a potential new target to increase smoking cessation. Future Oncol 2022; 18:1035-1038. [PMID: 35132901 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2021-1570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Salene Mw Jones
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jaimee L Heffner
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Suen LW, Rafferty H, Le T, Chung K, Straus E, Chen E, Vijayaraghavan M. Factors associated with smoking cessation attempts in a public, safety-net primary care system. Prev Med Rep 2022; 26:101699. [PMID: 35145838 PMCID: PMC8802046 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Le Grande M, Borland R, Yong HH, McNeill A, Fong G, Cummings KM. Age-Related Interactions on Key Theoretical Determinants of Smoking Cessation: Findings from the ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys (2016-2020). Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 24:679-689. [PMID: 34755869 PMCID: PMC9122748 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper explores whether plans to quit, wanting to quit, and quit efficacy add predictive value over measures of habit strength and dependence in making quit attempts and/or attaining smoking abstinence. AIMS AND METHODS We used three waves of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey conducted in 2016, 2018, and 2020. Baseline daily smokers (N = 6710) who provided data for at least one wave-to-wave transition (W1 to W2, N = 3511 or W2 to W3, N = 3199) and provided outcome data at the next wave (follow-up) formed the analytic sample. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) logistic regression analyses examined predictors of quit attempts and abstinence at follow-up (1- and 6-month sustained abstinence). RESULTS Wanting and planning to quit were significantly positively associated with making quit attempts, but negatively associated with smoking abstinence. A significant interaction between the Heaviness of Smoking Index and age warranted an age-stratified analysis for both abstinence outcomes. Lower HSI predicted abstinence in only the younger smokers Motivation and plans to quit were positively associated with abstinence in younger smokers, but surprisingly were negatively associated with abstinence in older smokers. Quit efficacy was associated with abstinence in the older, but not the younger smokers. CONCLUSIONS Models of smoking abstinence are significantly improved by including motivational predictors of smoking. Age was an important moderator of the association between abstinence for both dependence and motivational variables. IMPLICATIONS The findings from this large cohort study indicate there are age-related differences in predictors of smoking abstinence but not quit attempts. These associations may reflect differential experiences of older and younger cohorts of smokers, which may have implications for interventions to motivate and assist smokers in quitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Le Grande
- Melbourne Centre for Behaviour Change, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Corresponding Author: Michael Le Grande, MPH, Melbourne Centre for Behaviour Change, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, 7th floor Redmond Barry Building, Parkville Campus, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia. Telephone/Fax: +61 434884121; E-mail:
| | - Ron Borland
- Melbourne Centre for Behaviour Change, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hua-Hie Yong
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Ann McNeill
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Denmark Hill, London, UK,Shaping Public Health Policies to Reduce Inequalities and Harm (SPECTRUM) Consortium, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Geoffrey Fong
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada,School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON,Canada,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - K Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Freitas-Lemos R, Keith DR, Tegge AN, Stein JS, Cummings KM, Bickel WK. Estimating the Impact of Tobacco Parity and Harm Reduction Tax Proposals Using the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:7835. [PMID: 34360124 PMCID: PMC8345477 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18157835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Taxes are a demonstrably effective method to suppress tobacco use. This study examined the effects of the tobacco parity (i.e., imposing taxes equally on all tobacco products) and the harm reduction (i.e., applying taxes in proportion to the products' levels of harm) tax proposals on demand and substitution across products. A crowdsourced sample of cigarette smokers (n = 35) completed purchasing trials with increasing tax magnitudes across different tax tiers in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace in a repeated-measures design. Products were placed in three tax tiers (high, medium, and no tax) according to each proposal's goal. The results indicated that total nicotine (mg) purchased was not significantly different between the proposals, with higher taxes yielding lower demand. However, as taxes increased, the tobacco parity proposal decreased the purchasing of all tobacco products and increased the purchasing of medicinal nicotine (i.e., the no tax tier). Conversely, the harm reduction proposal resulted in greater purchases of electronic nicotine delivery systems and smokeless tobacco (i.e., the medium tax tier). These findings support tobacco taxation as a robust tool for suppressing purchasing and suggest that differential taxation in proportion to product risk would be an effective way to incentivize smokers to switch from smoked to unsmoked products. Further studies should investigate the unintended consequences of their implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Freitas-Lemos
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (R.F.-L.); (D.R.K.); (A.N.T.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Diana R. Keith
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (R.F.-L.); (D.R.K.); (A.N.T.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Allison N. Tegge
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (R.F.-L.); (D.R.K.); (A.N.T.); (J.S.S.)
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Stein
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (R.F.-L.); (D.R.K.); (A.N.T.); (J.S.S.)
| | - K. Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (R.F.-L.); (D.R.K.); (A.N.T.); (J.S.S.)
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The social gradient in smoking: individual behaviour, norms and nicotine dependence in the later stages of the cigarette epidemic. SOCIAL THEORY & HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1057/s41285-021-00159-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe cigarette epidemic tends to develop in a similar pattern across diverse populations in different parts of the world. First, the prevalence of smoking increases, then it plateaus and finally it declines. The decline in smoking prevalence tends to be more pronounced in higher social strata. The later stages of the cigarette epidemic are characterized by emerging and persisting socioeconomic gradients in smoking. Due to its detrimental health consequences, smoking has been the subject of extensive research in a broad range of academic disciplines. I draw on literature from both the social and medical sciences in order to develop a model in which physiological nicotine dependence, individual smoking behaviour and norms surrounding smoking in the immediate social environment are related through reflexive processes. I argue that the emergence and persistence of social gradients in smoking at the later stages of the cigarette epidemic can be attributed to a combination of the pharmacological properties of nicotine, network homophily and the unequal distribution of material and non-material resources across social strata.
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Sampson L, Ettman CK, Abdalla SM, Colyer E, Dukes K, Lane KJ, Galea S. Financial hardship and health risk behavior during COVID-19 in a large US national sample of women. SSM Popul Health 2021; 13:100734. [PMID: 33521228 PMCID: PMC7823049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has caused over 300,000 US deaths thus far, but its long-term health consequences are not clear. Policies to contain the pandemic have led to widespread economic problems, which likely increase stress and resulting health risk behaviors, particularly among women, who have been hardest hit both by job loss and caregiving responsibilities. Further, women with pre-existing disadvantage (e.g., those without health insurance) may be most at risk for stress and consequent health risk behavior. Our objective was to estimate the associations between financial stressors from COVID-19 and health risk behavior changes since COVID-19, with potential effect modification by insurance status. We used multilevel logistic regression to assess the relationships between COVID-19-related financial stressors (job loss, decreases in pay, trouble paying bills) and changes in health risk behavior (less exercise, sleep, and healthy eating; more smoking/vaping and drinking alcohol), controlling for both individual-level and zip code-level confounders, among 90,971 US women who completed an online survey in March–April 2020. Almost 40% of women reported one or more COVID-19-related financial stressors. Each financial stressor was significantly associated with higher odds of each type of health risk behavior change. Overall, reporting one or more financial stressors was associated with 56% higher odds (OR = 1.56; 95% CI: 1.51, 1.60) of reporting two or more health risk behavior changes. This association was even stronger among women with no health insurance (OR = 2.46; 95% CI: 1.97, 3.07). COVID-19-related economic stress is thus linked to shifts in health risk behaviors among women, which may have physical health consequences for years to come. Further, the relationship between financial hardship and health risk behavior among women may be modified by health insurance status, as a marker for broader socioeconomic context and resources. The most socioeconomically vulnerable women are likely at highest risk for long-term health effects of COVID-19 financial consequences. Over 1/3 of women in this study reported COVID-19-related financial stress. Financial stress was associated with higher odds of health risk behavior changes. This relationship was modified by health insurance status among women. These behavior changes may eventually lead to cardiovascular disease. Women who are already more vulnerable are likely at even higher risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sampson
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Catherine K. Ettman
- Office of the Dean, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Salma M. Abdalla
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Elizabeth Colyer
- Sharecare Inc, 255 East Paces Ferry Road North East, Atlanta, GA, 30305, USA
| | - Kimberly Dukes
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center, Boston University School of Public Health, 85 East Newton Street, M921, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Kevin J. Lane
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Sandro Galea
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Office of the Dean, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
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Nollen NL, Ahluwalia JS, Sanderson Cox L, Okuyemi K, Lawrence D, Samuels L, Benowitz NL. Assessment of Racial Differences in Pharmacotherapy Efficacy for Smoking Cessation: Secondary Analysis of the EAGLES Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2032053. [PMID: 33464316 PMCID: PMC7816102 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.32053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Understanding Black vs White differences in pharmacotherapy efficacy and the underlying reasons is critically important to reducing tobacco-related health disparities. OBJECTIVE To compare pharmacotherapy efficacy and examine variables to explain Black vs White differences in smoking abstinence. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This study is a secondary analysis of the Evaluating Adverse Events in a Global Smoking Cessation Study (EAGLES) double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial, which took place at clinical trial centers, academic centers, and outpatient clinics in 29 states in the US. US Black and White smokers who smoked 10 or more cigarettes per day with and without psychiatric comorbidity were enrolled between November 2011 and January 2015. Data analysis was performed from July 2019 to January 2020. INTERVENTIONS Participants were randomized (1:1:1:1) in a double-blind, triple-dummy, placebo- and active-controlled (nicotine patch) trial of varenicline and bupropion for 12 weeks with follow-up through week 24. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Biochemically verified continuous cigarette abstinence rate (CAR) from weeks 9 to 24. Baseline, postbaseline treatment, and safety characteristics were examined as variables to explain race differences in abstinence. RESULTS Of the 1065 Black smokers enrolled, 255 were randomized to receive varenicline, 259 received bupropion, 286 received nicotine replacement therapy (NRT [ie, nicotine patch]), and 265 received placebo. Among the 3044 White smokers enrolled, 778 were randomized to receive varenicline, 769 received bupropion, 738 received NRT, and 759 received placebo. Participants were predominantly female (614 Black [57.7%] and 1786 White [58.7%] women) and heavy smokers (mean [SD] cigarettes per day, 18.2 [7.9] for Black and 20.0 [7.5] for White smokers), with a mean (SD) age of 47.2 (11.2) years for Black and 46.5 (12.7) years for White participants. Treatment and race were associated with CAR for weeks 9 to 24. The CAR was 4.9% lower for Black vs White participants (odds ratio [OR], 0.53; 95% CI, 0.41-0.69; P < .001); differences were found across all treatments. Pooling psychiatric and nonpsychiatric cohorts, varenicline (OR, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.90-3.63; P < .001), bupropion (OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.25-2.46; P = .001), and NRT (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.07-2.16; P = .02) had greater efficacy than placebo for White participants. Only varenicline (OR, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.26-5.48; P = .01) had greater efficacy than placebo for Black participants. Baseline, postbaseline, and safety characteristics differed by race, but these variables did not eliminate the association of race with CAR. Black participants had 49% reduced odds of CAR for weeks 9 to 24 compared with White participants in the adjusted model (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.39-0.66; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Black and White smokers achieved the highest rate of abstinence while taking varenicline, suggesting that it is the best first-line therapy for these groups. However, Black smokers were less responsive to all therapies, including placebo. Understanding variables (eg, socioeconomic or biological) beyond those may lead to improved treatment outcomes for Black smokers. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01456936.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L. Nollen
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City
| | - Jasjit S. Ahluwalia
- Alpert Medical School, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
- Alpert Medical School, Department of Medicine, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Lisa Sanderson Cox
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City
| | - Kolawole Okuyemi
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, The University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | | | | | - Neal L. Benowitz
- Department of Medicine, Bioengineering, and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
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16
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Arana-Chicas E, Cupertino AP, Goggin K, Richter KP, Harris KJ, Catley D. Stress, Depression and Quit Attempt Outcomes among Unmotivated Smokers. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:1564-1568. [PMID: 34130595 PMCID: PMC8388196 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1936053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stress and depressive symptoms have been linked to a reduced likelihood of sustaining smoking cessation. Because stress and depressive symptoms may negatively affect motivation to quit, stress and depression may also be important for whether or not smokers make a quit attempt. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between perceived stress and depressive symptoms and initiating a quit attempt in a smoking cessation induction trial. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of existing data from a randomized clinical trial (N = 255) comparing motivational interviewing to health education and brief advice for smoking cessation induction in smokers with low motivation to quit. RESULTS We observed positive associations between baseline predictors and quit attempts at week 12 (r = 0.192, p < 0.01 for depressive symptoms and r = 0.136, p < 0.05 for perceived stress). Logistic regression models revealed similar significant positive associations between baseline perceived stress and baseline depressive symptoms and making a quit attempt by week 12 (OR = 1.5, CI:1.03, 2.19 and OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.06; respectively). CONCLUSION Unexpectedly, this study found generally small but consistently positive associations between baseline depressive symptoms and baseline perceived stress and making a quit attempt by week 12. The results can be viewed as encouraging in that interventions to encourage quit attempts do not appear counter-productive for individuals higher in stress and depressive symptoms, but these patients very likely will need additional supports to sustain abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Arana-Chicas
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Ana Paula Cupertino
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Kathy Goggin
- Division of Health Services and Outcomes Research, Children's Mercy Kansas City, & Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Kimber P Richter
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Public Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Kari J Harris
- School of Public & Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Delwyn Catley
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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Morphett K, Puljević C, Borland R, Carter A, Hall W, Gartner C. Attitudes towards a hypothetical 'clean nicotine' product and harm reduction among smokers. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2020; 88:103020. [PMID: 33161296 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cleaner nicotine delivery devices, such as nicotine vaping products (NVPs), could expose smokers to less harm than combustible cigarettes. While use of NVPs is increasing, it is unknown how harm reduction attitudes are related to intention to use these or other "clean nicotine" products and how smokers would prefer to use them. METHODS A sample of 1,538 Australian smokers participated in an online survey. Questions covered use NVPs and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), and attitudes towards a hypothetical "clean nicotine" product and tobacco harm reduction. RESULTS Lifetime use of NVPs was reported by 21% of participants, while 42% reported that they would probably or definitely use NVPs as a cessation aid in the future. Around three-quarters expressed interest in using a hypothetical clean nicotine product as a short-term cessation aid (75.7%), a long-term substitute for cigarettes (72.4%), or as a partial replacement for cigarettes (74.9%). However, despite this interest, 52% endorsed the statement that using nicotine products long-term was undesirable because it maintained nicotine addiction. A binary logistic regression showed that interest in using the hypothetical "clean nicotine" product was associated with higher education, moderate nicotine dependence, support of tobacco harm reduction, and previous use of NRT and NVPs. CONCLUSION Most smokers were interested in the use of a hypothetical clean nicotine product that is as addictive as combustible cigarettes but much less harmful. However, many of the participants who were interested in the use of a hypothetical clean nicotine product also endorsed statements that long-term addiction to nicotine is undesirable. These seemingly contradictory findings have implications for communication with smokers about tobacco harm reduction approaches with non-smoked nicotine products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie Morphett
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Cheneal Puljević
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ron Borland
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrian Carter
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wayne Hall
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Coral Gartner
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
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18
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Jaworski A, Green B, Kennett K, Mayol A, Rowe R. Tobacco cessation experiences and needs: perspectives from Arabic-speaking communities. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2020; 21:1010-1028. [PMID: 32990528 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2020.1824837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Use of tobacco products is higher in Arabic-speaking communities in Australia, compared to other populations. 70 persons identifying as being from Arabic-speaking communities in Western Sydney participated in focus group discussions to explore experiences and needs relating to tobacco, alcohol and other drug treatment. Tobacco was rated as the substance of highest concern in this sample, however a pattern of change was observed. Widespread cigarette use supported by gendered norms that particularly encouraged smoking among men was shifting, with some decline in the social acceptability of cigarette smoking linked to experience of health impacts and the financial cost to families. In contrast, waterpipe tobacco smoking was described as a common and acceptable practice across age and gender cohorts, despite some participants challenging the cultural and health rationales of this practice. Preventing tobacco-related harm among younger populations was highly valued among study participants, drawing on strong support for families as key influencer of health behaviors. Cessation strategies viewed as effective among community members spoken with commonly centered upon the notion of individual willpower, and appreciated the disincentivising impacts of high taxation on cigarettes. This study prioritizes community-informed perspectives for reducing tobacco related harms amongst Arabic-speaking populations in Australia and offers direction to health promoters, public health workers and policymakers. Results indicate opportunities exist to improve tobacco control outcomes through strategies that align prevention and treatment options with relevant community beliefs and norms, and build on existing harm reduction behaviors and support seeking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Jaworski
- Drug and Alcohol Multicultural Education Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - Belinda Green
- Drug and Alcohol Multicultural Education Centre, Sydney, Australia.,NSW Health Education Centre Against Violence, North Parramatta, Australia
| | - Kate Kennett
- Centre for Population Health, Western Sydney Local Health District, Parramatta, Australia
| | - Abeny Mayol
- Drug and Alcohol Multicultural Education Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachel Rowe
- School of Public Health & Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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19
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Nollen NL, Mayo MS, Sanderson Cox L, Benowitz NL, Tyndale RF, Ellerbeck EF, Scheuermann TS, Ahluwalia JS. Factors That Explain Differences in Abstinence Between Black and White Smokers: A Prospective Intervention Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2020; 111:1078-1087. [PMID: 30657926 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black-white differences in smoking abstinence are not well understood. This trial sought to confirm previously reported differences in quitting between blacks and whites and to identify factors underlying this difference. METHODS During enrollment, 224 black and 225 white low-income smokers were stratified on race and within race on age and sex to ensure balance on these factors known to impact abstinence. The intervention included varenicline for 12 weeks and six guideline-based smoking cessation counseling sessions. The primary endpoint was cotinine-verified 7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence at week 26. A priori socioeconomic, smoking, treatment process (eg, treatment utilization, side effects, withdrawal relief), psychosocial, and biological factors were assessed to investigate race differences in abstinence. Unadjusted odds ratios (OR) were used to compare abstinence between blacks and whites. Adjusted odds ratios from logistic regression models were used to examine predictors of abstinence. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Blacks were less likely to achieve abstinence at week 26 (14.3% vs 24.4%, OR = 0.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.32 to 0.83, P = .007). Utilizing best subsets logistic regression, five factors associated with race jointly predicted abstinence: home ownership (yes/no, OR = 3.03, 95% CI = 1.72 to 5.35, P < .001), study visits completed (range = 0-6, OR = 2.81, 95% CI = 1.88 to 4.20, P < .001), income (household member/$1000, OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.06, P = .02), plasma cotinine (per 1 ng/mL, OR = 0.997, 95% CI = 0.994 to 0.999, P = .002), and neighborhood problems (range = 10-30, OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.81 to 0.96, P = .003). CONCLUSIONS The race difference in abstinence was fully explained by lack of home ownership, lower income, greater neighborhood problems, higher baseline cotinine, and higher visit completion, which were disproportionately represented among blacks. Findings illuminate factors that make it harder for blacks in the United States to quit smoking relative to whites and provide important areas for future studies to reduce tobacco-related health disparities.
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Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) among Employees of Hospitality Venues in the Light of Changes in Anti-Tobacco Legislation in Poland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17103691. [PMID: 32456242 PMCID: PMC7277566 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Numerous studies conducted in Europe and worldwide have indicated that employees of hospitality venues are the most exposed professional group to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in the workplace. The purpose of this study was to assess the exposure of employees of hospitality venues to ETS in the light of changes in anti-tobacco legislation in Poland. Materials and methods: The study consisted of two stages. The first stage was conducted in 2010, while the second in 2015. The study was conducted among employees of 300 randomly selected hospitality venues in the city of Łódź (Poland). In total, 2607 questionnaires were analysed. The study used two survey questionnaires created and recommended by the Institute for Global Tobacco Control to study exposure to ETS. Statistical analysis was made with Statistica 13.1 PL (StatSoft, Poland). Results: In the group of all nonsmoking employees, individuals exposed to ETS at work in 2010 accounted for 72.6%; while in 2015 it was 51.8%. Factors affecting exposure to ETS in the workplace included, among others: age, marital status, education, position held, presence of a smoking room on the premises, and noncompliance with the provisions of the anti-tobacco laws. Conclusions: The prevalence of tobacco smoking among employees of hospitality venues decreased in 2010–2015, however, it remained high. More than half of nonsmoking employees were exposed to ETS at work.
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Blank ML, Hoek J, Gendall P. Roll-your-own smokers' reactions to cessation-efficacy messaging integrated into tobacco packaging design: a sequential mixed-methods study. Tob Control 2020; 30:tobaccocontrol-2019-055570. [PMID: 32404520 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although loss-framed pictorial warning labels (PWLs) have increased knowledge of the health harms caused by smoking, they may elicit maladaptive responses among some smokers who have tried repeatedly, yet unsuccessfully, to quit smoking. However, research suggests that maladaptive responses may diminish if warnings are complemented with efficacy enhancing messages. Therefore, we explored New Zealand (NZ) adult roll-your-own (RYO) loose tobacco smokers' reactions to self-efficacy and response efficacy messages integrated into the RYO packaging structure and designed to complement PWLs. DESIGN We used a sequential mixed-methods design. In-depth interviews gauged participants' (n=22) acceptance of the designs and informed stimuli development for an online survey. The survey (n=785) compared self-efficacy and response efficacy designs to standard Quitline information, and examined agreement with emotions, beliefs and projected behaviours associated with quit attempts. RESULTS Our findings suggest placing gain-framed response efficacy messages on the inside flap of RYO tobacco pouches may stimulate specific emotional reactions, beliefs and projected behaviours associated with future quit attempts more effectively than NZ's status quo Quitline information. Those potentially more likely to benefit include smokers who have high baseline response efficacy and who intend to make a quit attempt. CONCLUSIONS Integrating cessation-related messaging within tobacco packaging could be a high reach, just-in-time micro-intervention at the point of decision-making. Enhanced efficacy messages could complement and enhance PWLs, and support quitting among groups where smoking prevalence is especially high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Blank
- Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
- Marketing, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Janet Hoek
- Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Philip Gendall
- Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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22
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Uphoff EP, Small N, Pickett KE. Using Birth Cohort Data to Assess the Impact of the UK 2008-2010 Economic Recession on Smoking During Pregnancy. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 21:1021-1026. [PMID: 29741730 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the well-known link between stress and smoking, evidence for associations between economic recession, financial stress, and smoking is contradictory. In this study, we assess whether women were more likely to continue smoking during pregnancy if they were exposed to the UK 2008-2010 economic recession during pregnancy than those who were unexposed, and whether this relationship is mediated by financial stress. METHODS We used cross-sectional data on 2775 pregnant women who were regular smokers before pregnancy and who were enrolled in the UK Born in Bradford cohort study between March 2007 and December 2010. The cutoff date for exposure to recession was set as August 1, 2008, based on local and national economic data. Multivariable logistic regression analysis included potential confounders: maternal age, parity, cohabitation, ethnicity, and maternal age. The mediating role of financial stress was analyzed using "worse off financially" and a "difficult financial situation" as indicators of financial stress in Sobel-Goodman mediation tests with bootstrap resampling. RESULTS After taking into account potential confounders, exposure to recession was associated with continued smoking during pregnancy (OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.41, p = 0.03). A worse financial situation and a difficult financial situation were identified as mediators, explaining 8.4% and 17.6%, respectively, of the relationship between exposure to recession and smoking during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Smoking during pregnancy is associated with exposure to the UK 2008-2010 economic recession during pregnancy, and this relationship is partly mediated by financial stress. IMPLICATIONS Health inequalities in smoking during pregnancy are affected by economic recession, as those who are most likely to smoke are also most likely to experience the financial stress resulting from economic recession. Socioeconomic conditions at the societal and individual level are important targets when aiming to reduce rates of smoking during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora P Uphoff
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Temple Bank House, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, UK.,Department of Health Sciences, Seebohm Rowntree Building, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Neil Small
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Kate E Pickett
- Department of Health Sciences, Seebohm Rowntree Building, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
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Hébert ET, Ra CK, Alexander AC, Helt A, Moisiuc R, Kendzor DE, Vidrine DJ, Funk-Lawler RK, Businelle MS. A Mobile Just-in-Time Adaptive Intervention for Smoking Cessation: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e16907. [PMID: 32149716 PMCID: PMC7091024 DOI: 10.2196/16907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Smartphone apps for smoking cessation could offer easily accessible, highly tailored, intensive interventions at a fraction of the cost of traditional counseling. Although there are hundreds of publicly available smoking cessation apps, few have been empirically evaluated using a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design. The Smart-Treatment (Smart-T2) app is a just-in-time adaptive intervention that uses ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) to assess the risk for imminent smoking lapse and tailors treatment messages based on the risk of lapse and reported symptoms. Objective This 3-armed pilot RCT aimed to determine the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of an automated smartphone-based smoking cessation intervention (Smart-T2) relative to standard in-person smoking cessation clinic care and the National Cancer Institute’s free smoking cessation app, QuitGuide. Methods Adult smokers who attended a clinic-based tobacco cessation program were randomized into groups and followed for 13 weeks (1 week prequitting through 12 weeks postquitting). All study participants received nicotine patches and gum and were asked to complete EMAs five times a day on study-provided smartphones for 5 weeks. Participants in the Smart-T2 group received tailored treatment messages after the completion of each EMA. Both Smart-T2 and QuitGuide apps offer on-demand smoking cessation treatment. Results Of 81 participants, 41 (50%) were women and 55 (68%) were white. On average, participants were aged 49.6 years and smoked 22.4 cigarettes per day at baseline. A total of 17% (14/81) of participants were biochemically confirmed 7-day point prevalence abstinent at 12 weeks postquitting (Smart-T2: 6/27, 22%, QuitGuide: 4/27, 15%, and usual care: 4/27, 15%), with no significant differences across groups (P>.05). Participants in the Smart-T2 group rated the app positively, with most participants agreeing that they can rely on the app to help them quit smoking, and endorsed the belief that the app would help them stay quit, and these responses were not significantly different from the ratings given by participants in the usual care group. Conclusions Dynamic smartphone apps that tailor intervention content in real time may increase user engagement and exposure to treatment-related materials. The results of this pilot RCT suggest that smartphone-based smoking cessation treatments may be capable of providing similar outcomes to traditional, in-person counseling. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02930200; https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02930200
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily T Hébert
- Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Chaelin K Ra
- Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Adam C Alexander
- Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Angela Helt
- Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Rachel Moisiuc
- Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Darla E Kendzor
- Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | | | - Rachel K Funk-Lawler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Michael S Businelle
- Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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Stockdale LA, Coyne SM. Bored and online: Reasons for using social media, problematic social networking site use, and behavioral outcomes across the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood. J Adolesc 2020; 79:173-183. [PMID: 31978836 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The current study examined motivations for social networking site use across three years during the transition from late adolescence to emerging adulthood. While research has been conducted examining reasons for social networking site usage and behavior, the clear majority have focused on samples of undergraduate college students and are cross-sectional. METHODS Changes in motivations for using social networking sites were examined in relation to problematic social networking site use and several behavioral and mental health outcomes in a sample of adolescents over three years. RESULTS Using social networking sites to connect with others was relatively stable over a three-year period. However, using social networking sites to seek information increased from late adolescence to emerging adulthood and was not related to any negative outcomes across three years. Using social networking sites to alleviate boredom also increased over time. Initial levels of social media use to alleviate boredom were associated with problematic social networking site use, financial stress, anxiety, and empathy at year three. Increases in using social networking sites to socially connect over time was related to problematic social networking site use, anxiety, delinquency, and empathy at year three. Using social networking sites for any reason was not related to depressive symptoms over three years. CONCLUSIONS The current study supports the growing body of literature suggesting that using social networking sites to alleviate boredom and socially connect, may place individuals at increased risk for developing pathological tendencies and patterns of behavior towards social networking sites.
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Montreuil A, Wellman RJ, O'Loughlin JL. Single-parent status and smoke-free home rules among daily smokers. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2019; 111:297-304. [PMID: 31858438 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-019-00274-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In Canada, the home has become the primary locale in which children are exposed to tobacco smoke. Single parents are less likely than two-parent families to ban smoking at home, but the extent to which this relates to economic inequalities across family structures is unclear. Our objective was to estimate the association between household structure (single- vs. non-single-parent family) and smoke-free home rules, accounting for indicators of economic disadvantage. METHODS Data were available in a telephone survey conducted in 2011-2012 in Québec, Canada, of 567 daily smokers (mean (SD) age 38.3 (8.1); 56.6% female) who lived with children. Poisson regression models with robust variance were used to determine whether single-parent status was independently associated with living in a smoke-free home after accounting for age, sex, language, household size, age of youngest child, neighbourhood material deprivation, socio-economic status and employment status. RESULTS Of 122 participants living in a single-parent family, 33 (27%) reported that their home was smoke-free, compared with 250 of 445 participants (56.2%) living in non-single-parent families. Single parents were approximately 40% less likely to live in smoke-free homes than other daily smokers, even after accounting for indicators of economic disadvantage. CONCLUSIONS Single parents, regardless of income or level of neighbourhood material deprivation, were less likely to report smoke-free home rules. These smokers represent a distinct subgroup that warrants targeted interventions to help them implement such rules by addressing their specific needs against a backdrop of creating more equitable access to the social determinants of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Montreuil
- Institut national de santé publique du Québec, 190 boul. Crémazie Est, Montréal, Québec, H2P 1E2, Canada. .,Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Robert J Wellman
- Department of Population and Health Sciences, Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer L O'Loughlin
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Département de médecine sociale et préventive, École de santé publique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Rogers E, Palacios J, Vargas E, Wysota C, Rosen M, Kyanko K, Elbel BD, Sherman S. Financial Hardship, Motivation to Quit and Post-Quit Spending Plans among Low-Income Smokers Enrolled in a Smoking Cessation Trial. Subst Abuse 2019; 13:1178221819878765. [PMID: 31636481 PMCID: PMC6785910 DOI: 10.1177/1178221819878765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Tobacco spending may exacerbate financial hardship in low-income populations by using funds that could go toward essentials. This study examined post-quit spending plans among low-income smokers and whether financial hardship was positively associated with motivation to quit in the sample. Methods: We analyzed data from the baseline survey of a randomized controlled trial testing novel a smoking cessation intervention for low-income smokers in New York City (N = 410). Linear regression was used to examine the relationship between financial distress, food insecurity, smoking-induced deprivation (SID) and motivation to quit (measured on a 0-10 scale). We performed summative content analyses of open-ended survey questions to identify the most common plans among participants with and without SID for how to use their tobacco money after quitting. Results: Participants had an average level of motivation to quit of 7.7 (SD = 2.5). Motivation to quit was not significantly related to having high financial distress or food insecurity (P > .05), but participants reporting SID had significantly lower levels of motivation to quit than those without SID (M = 7.4 versus 7.9, P = .04). Overall, participants expressed an interest in three main types of spending for after they quit: Purchases, Activities, and Savings/Investing, which could be further conceptualized as spending on Oneself or Family, and on Needs or Rewards. The top three spending plans among participants with and without SID were travel, clothing and savings. There were three needs-based spending plans unique to a small number of participants with SID: housing, health care and education. Conclusions: Financial distress and food insecurity did not enhance overall motivation to quit, while smokers with SID were less motivated to quit. Most low-income smokers, including those with SID, did not plan to use their tobacco money on household essentials after quitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Rogers
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,VA NY Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jose Palacios
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Vargas
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christina Wysota
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marc Rosen
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA.,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kelly Kyanko
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian D Elbel
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott Sherman
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,VA NY Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, USA
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The Association of Physical Activity and Mortality Risk Reduction Among Smokers: Results From 1998-2009 National Health Interview Surveys-National Death Index Linkage. J Phys Act Health 2019; 16:865-871. [PMID: 31387083 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2018-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mortality benefits of meeting the US federal guidelines for physical activity, which includes recommendations for both aerobic and muscle-strengthening activities, have never been examined among smokers. Our aim was to investigate the association between reporting to meet the guidelines and all-cause, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory disease mortality among smokers. METHODS We pooled data from the 1998-2009 National Health Interview Survey, which were linked to records in the National Death Index (n = 68,706). Hazard ratios (HR) were computed to estimate the effect of meeting the physical activity guidelines on mortality. RESULTS Smokers who reported meeting the guidelines for physical activity had 29% lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR: 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.62-0.81), 46% lower risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease (HR: 0.54; 95% CI, 0.39-0.76), and 26% lower risk of mortality from cancer (HR: 0.74; 95% CI, 0.59-0.93), compared with those who reported meeting neither the aerobic nor the muscle-strengthening recommendations of the guidelines. Meeting the aerobic recommendation of the guidelines was associated with a 42% decline in that risk (HR: 0.58; 95% CI, 0.44-0.77). CONCLUSION Smokers who adhere to physical activity guidelines show a significant reduction in mortality.
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Stull SW, Panlilio LV, Moran LM, Schroeder JR, Bertz JW, Epstein DH, Preston KL, Phillips KA. The chippers, the quitters, and the highly symptomatic: A 12-month longitudinal study of DSM-5 opioid- and cocaine-use problems in a community sample. Addict Behav 2019; 96:183-191. [PMID: 31108264 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual trajectories of drug use and drug-related problems are highly heterogeneous. There is no standard taxonomy of these trajectories, but one could be developed by defining natural categories based on changes in symptoms of substance-use disorders over time. METHODS Our study was conducted in a community sample in Baltimore, Maryland. At baseline, all participants were using opioids and/or cocaine, but none were in treatment. Drug use and symptomatology were assessed again at 12 months (N = 115). RESULTS We defined Quitters as participants who had not used for at least 30 days at follow-up (17%). For the remaining participants, we performed longitudinal cluster analysis on DSM symptom-counts, identifying three trajectory clusters: newly or persistently Symptomatic (40%) participants, Chippers (21.5%) with few symptoms, and Converted Chippers (21.5%) with improved symptom counts. Logistic regression showed that profiles of Quitters did not resemble Chippers, but instead resembled Symptomatic participants, having high probability of disorderly home neighborhood, nonwhite race, and negative mood. Quitters tended to have two protective factors: initiating opioid-agonist treatment during the study (reffect = 0.25, CL95 0.02-0.48) and lack of polydrug use (reffect = 0.25, CL95 0.004-0.49). Converted Chippers tended to be white, with orderly home neighborhoods and less negative mood (reffects 0.24 to 0.31, CL95 0.01-0.54). CONCLUSIONS Changes in DSM symptomology provided a meaningful measure of individual trajectories. Quitters shared psychosocial characteristics with Symptomatic participants, but not with participants who continued to use with few symptoms. This suggests that Quitters abstained out of necessity, not because their problems were less severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Stull
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., BRC Building, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Leigh V Panlilio
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., BRC Building, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Landhing M Moran
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., BRC Building, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | - Jeremiah W Bertz
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., BRC Building, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - David H Epstein
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., BRC Building, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Kenzie L Preston
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., BRC Building, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Karran A Phillips
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., BRC Building, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Marshall GL, Bryson W, Ronstant O, Canham S. Gender differences in the association between modifiable risk factors and financial hardship among middle-aged and older adults. Prev Med Rep 2019; 16:100962. [PMID: 31453074 PMCID: PMC6700445 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To identify associations between modifiable risk factors (cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and obesity) and financial hardship (difficulty paying bills, food insecurity and medication need) among middle-aged and older Americans in a nationally representative sample. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of 8212 persons age 50 years and older who completed the core 2010 Health and Retirement Study survey and the psychosocial questionnaire. We ran separate multinomial logistic regressions to assess the association of three modifiable risk factors and three different financial hardship indicators. Results Adjusting for all covariates, compared to men of normal weight, men who were obese had a 1.4 greater odds of difficulty paying their bills (95% CI: 1.08–1.76); former smokers had a 1.8 greater odds of being food insecure (95% CI: 1.05–2.95); current smokers were twice as likely to be food insecure (95% CI: 1.21–3.73); Compared to women who never smoked, current smokers had a 1.5 greater odds of having difficulty paying their bills (95% CI: 1.11–2.02); current smokers had a 1.8 greater odds of being food insecure (95% CI: 1.13–2.91); and women who were obese had a 1.5 greater odds of reducing medication due to cost (95% CI: 1.11, 2.02). Conclusion Our findings contribute to the literature on health behaviors and financial hardship by highlighting the cyclical nature between different indicators of socioeconomic status, modifiable risk factors, and poor health outcomes among middle-aged and older adults. Furthermore, findings highlight how modifiable risk factors may culminate in financial hardship in later life. This study contributes to the literature by describing the connection between health and individual and family finances. More than 60% of women in our sample had difficulty paying bills Close to 70% of women were food insecure, and 70% reduced medication use due to cost Modifiable risk behaviors – often socioeconomically patterned, may culminate in financial hardship in later life. This study highlights the importance of ongoing efforts to improve income equity between the genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian L Marshall
- University of Washington, Social Work Program, 19000 Commerce Street, Tacoma, WA 98202, United States of America
| | - William Bryson
- Clinical Faculty, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, WA 97239, United States of America
| | - Ola Ronstant
- University of Michigan, Assistant Research Scientist, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson St Room 3440 Ann Arbor, MI 48104 United States of America
| | - Sarah Canham
- College of Social Work, College of Architecture + Planning, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States of America
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Tobacco Use as a Health Disparity: What Can Pediatric Clinicians Do? CHILDREN-BASEL 2019; 6:children6020031. [PMID: 30791653 PMCID: PMC6406965 DOI: 10.3390/children6020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco use is a global health crisis, and has a tremendous and negative impact on health and wellbeing. Tobacco use disproportionately affects members of vulnerable populations, and by acting on multiple socioecological levels, serves to perpetuate and reinforce cycles of poverty. Members of the pediatric medical community can play a key role in interrupting cycles of tobacco use. Providers can serve as powerful allies to vulnerable communities by treating tobacco use in caregivers, counseling youth against using tobacco products, protecting children from the impact of secondhand smoke exposure, and advocating for economic, social, and health policies to disrupt intergenerational smoking.
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Collins BN, Nair US, Davis SM, Rodriguez D. Increasing Home Smoking Restrictions Boosts Underserved Moms' Bioverified Quit Success. Am J Health Behav 2019; 43:50-56. [PMID: 30522566 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.43.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Standard smoking cessation treatments remain relatively ineffective in vulnerable populations. This study tested whether efforts to restrict residential smoking mediated the counseling treatment - smoking cessation association in a child tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) reduction trial. Methods: Maternal smokers (N = 300) with young children from low-income minority communities were randomized to counseling or standard care control to promote child TSE reduction. Secondary mediation analyses controlled for factors associated with smoking cessation. Results: Counseling group mothers were more likely than controls to increase home smoking restrictions (OR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.1-3.4) and quit smoking (OR = 11.0, 95% CI 6.3-19.2). As hypothesized, increasing home smoking restrictions improved likelihood of bioverified quit status at end of treatment (OR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.1-5.9) and partially mediated the association between counseling intervention and quit status. Conclusions: Results suggest that among maternal smokers known to experience increased challenges to quitting smoking, encouraging efforts to protect children from TSE by increasing home smoking restrictions may be an important counseling intervention element that facilitates smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley N. Collins
- Professor, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA;,
| | - Uma S. Nair
- Assistant Professor, School of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Samantha M. Davis
- Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Daniel Rodriguez
- Professor, School of Nursing and Health Sciences, LaSalle University, Philadelphia, PA
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Preston KL, Schroeder JR, Kowalczyk WJ, Phillips K, Jobes ML, Dwyer M, Vahabzadeh M, Lin JL, Mezghanni M, Epstein DH. End-of-day reports of daily hassles and stress in men and women with opioid-use disorder: Relationship to momentary reports of opioid and cocaine use and stress. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 193:21-28. [PMID: 30336389 PMCID: PMC6239924 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Stress can be validly assessed "live" or by a summary evaluation of the very recent past. Using smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) combined with end-of-day (EOD) entries, we assessed the association between daily hassles, stressful events and use of opioids and cocaine, in opioid- and cocaine-using men and women. METHODS For up to 16 weeks, 161 outpatients in opioid-agonist treatment who reported cigarette smoking carried smartphones on which they reported stressful events (SEs) and drug use (DU) and completed an EOD questionnaire to report hassles encountered throughout the day, current perceived stress, cigarettes/day, and current mood. We compared EOD responses on days with and without SE and DU reports and on days when thrice-weekly urine drug screens indicated opioid or cocaine use or abstinence. RESULTS Participants (N = 161) made 11,544 EOD entries; EMA SEs were reported on 861 (7.5%) days, and DUs on 1685 (14.6%) days. The most frequently reported hassles in EOD entries were "not enough money" (31.4% of daily reports) and maintaining abstinence (18.7%). Total EOD hassles showed small but statistically significant associations [odds ratios (95% CIs)] with EMA SEs [1.09 (1.06-1.13)], DUs [1.08 (1.06-1.10)], and urine-positive opioid [1.06 (1.04-1.09)] and cocaine [1.03 (1.00-1.06)] results. Men and women had similar rates (mean/day (SD)) of hassles: men 2.25 (3.55); women 2.55 (3.76) (F1,159 = 0.53, p = 0.47). CONCLUSIONS Daily hassles, reported at the end of the day, are associated with both same-day stressful events and drug use. Monitoring hassles and devising specific coping strategies might be useful therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenzie L. Preston
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224,Correspondence Kenzie L. Preston, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, phone: 443.740.2326, fax: 443.740.2318,
| | | | - William J. Kowalczyk
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224,Present address: Hartwick College, Department of Psychology, Oneonta, NY, 13820
| | - Karran. Phillips
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Michelle L. Jobes
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Megan Dwyer
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Massoud Vahabzadeh
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Jia-Ling Lin
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Mustapha Mezghanni
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - David H. Epstein
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224
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Milcarz M, Polanska K, Bak-Romaniszyn L, Kaleta D. Tobacco Health Risk Awareness among Socially Disadvantaged People-A Crucial Tool for Smoking Cessation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15102244. [PMID: 30322112 PMCID: PMC6211097 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this cross-sectional survey was to assess the level of knowledge on harmful effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and active smoking among socially-disadvantaged people in Poland. The study was conducted among 1817 respondents aged 18–59 years, who used aid services from local social care institutions in Piotrkowski district. Majority of the participants were aware of the fact that smoking may cause serious diseases and lung cancer (92%). However, those percentages were lower for awareness of ETS and health risk (69.4%) and for awareness of smoking/ETS-associated risk of stroke and heart attack (57%, 68%). The male respondents and smokers had much higher odds of lacking knowledge that smoking causes serious diseases and lung cancer compared to the females (OR = 1.47 and OR = 1.86; p < 0.05) and non-smokers (OR = 2.35 and OR = 2.31; p < 0.001). In addition, those with temporary jobs and the unemployed had a higher risk of lack of knowledge on smoking and lung cancer risk (OR = 2.14 and OR = 1.66; p < 0.05) as well as ETS and the risk of stroke (OR = 1.52 and OR = 1.51; p < 0.05) as compared to those with permanent jobs. The smokers who were aware of four health consequences of smoking indicated an intention to quit smoking within the next month more frequently when compared to those who did not have the knowledge on all of the analyzed harmful effects of tobacco use (19.7% vs. 13.1%; p < 0.05). There is a need to improve knowledge on the dangers associated with active and passive smoking among socially disadvantaged populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Milcarz
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Kinga Polanska
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Leokadia Bak-Romaniszyn
- Department of Nutrition in Digestive Tract Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Dorota Kaleta
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland.
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Hobkirk AL, Krebs NM, Muscat JE. Income as a moderator of psychological stress and nicotine dependence among adult smokers. Addict Behav 2018; 84:215-223. [PMID: 29729584 PMCID: PMC6205698 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perceived stress and psychological distress are associated with more cigarette craving and withdrawal, higher nicotine dependence, and less success during quit attempts. Low income smokers have disproportionately higher rates of smoking and may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of stress on smoking dependence. The aim of the current study was to assess if lower income smokers have a stronger association between stress and nicotine dependence than higher income smokers. METHODS Data were obtained from the Pennsylvania Adult Smoking Study, which included 351 daily smokers. Subjects completed PhenX Toolkit and other self-report measures of socioeconomic factors, the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6), Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), and the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist (HONC). Moderation analyses using linear regression examined income-related differences in the association between stress and nicotine dependence. RESULTS Income groups were categorized by an annual household income of $50,000 based on visual-inspection of scatter plots of income by nicotine dependence. Compared to higher income smokers, lower income smokers had significantly higher mean levels of nicotine dependence on the FTND [3.74 vs. 4.79, p < 0.001], perceived stress [15.63 vs. 17.95, p = 0.004], and psychological distress [5.30 vs. 6.86, p = 0.001], respectively. There were interaction effects, such that lower income smokers had a strong, positive associations between FTND and perceived stress (B = -0.11, CI = -0.17 to -0.04, p = 0.002) and psychological distress (B = -0.13, CI = -0.25 to -0.02, p = 0.022) whereas no association was found in higher income smokers. No significant moderation effects were found for the HONC or when income groups were categorized by U.S. federal poverty level. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight that the relationship between increasing stress and FTND was found in lower but not higher income groups. Future research should examine socioeconomic, environmental and psychosocial factors that may facilitate increased smoking during stress-induced craving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa L Hobkirk
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, 500 University Drive, MC CH69, Hershey, PA 17033, United States.
| | - Nicolle M Krebs
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, 500 University Drive, MC CH69, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Joshua E Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, 500 University Drive, MC CH69, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
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Chung-Hall J, Fong GT, Driezen P, Craig L. Smokers' support for tobacco endgame measures in Canada: findings from the 2016 International Tobacco Control Smoking and Vaping Survey. CMAJ Open 2018; 6:E412-E422. [PMID: 30266779 PMCID: PMC6182113 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20180025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Canadian government has committed to an endgame target of less than 5% tobacco use by 2035. The aims of this study were to assess baseline levels of support for potential endgame policies among Canadian smokers, by province/region, demographic characteristics and smoking-related correlates, and to identify predictors of support. METHODS We analyzed data for 3215 adult (age ≥ 18 yr) smokers from the Canadian arm of the 2016 International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey. We estimated weighted percentages of support for endgame measures for 6 provinces/regions of the country. We used weighted logistic regression models to identify predictors of support for 14 endgame strategies. RESULTS Among cigarette endgame policies, support was highest for reducing nicotine content (70.2%), raising the legal age for purchase (69.8%), increasing access to alternative nicotine products (65.8%) and banning marketing (58.5%). Among e-cigarette policies, there was majority support for restricting youth access (86.1%), restricting nicotine content (64.9%), prohibiting use in smoke-free places (63.4%) and banning marketing (54.8%). The level of support for other endgame measures ranged from 28.9% to 45.2%. Support for cigarette and e-cigarette policies was generally higher among smokers with intentions to quit and those from Quebec. Support for e-cigarette policies was generally lower among smokers who also used e-cigarettes daily. INTERPRETATION There is considerable support among Canadian smokers for endgame policies that go beyond current approaches to tobacco control. Our findings provide a baseline for evaluating future trends in smokers' support for innovative measures to radically reduce smoking rates in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Chung-Hall
- Department of Psychology (Chung-Hall, Fong, Driezen, Craig) and School of Public Health and Health Systems (Fong), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (Fong), Toronto, Ont
| | - Geoffrey T Fong
- Department of Psychology (Chung-Hall, Fong, Driezen, Craig) and School of Public Health and Health Systems (Fong), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (Fong), Toronto, Ont.
| | - Pete Driezen
- Department of Psychology (Chung-Hall, Fong, Driezen, Craig) and School of Public Health and Health Systems (Fong), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (Fong), Toronto, Ont
| | - Lorraine Craig
- Department of Psychology (Chung-Hall, Fong, Driezen, Craig) and School of Public Health and Health Systems (Fong), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (Fong), Toronto, Ont
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Kalkhoran S, Berkowitz SA, Rigotti NA, Baggett TP. Financial Strain, Quit Attempts, and Smoking Abstinence Among U.S. Adult Smokers. Am J Prev Med 2018; 55:80-88. [PMID: 29628382 PMCID: PMC6014904 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigarette smoking is substantially more prevalent and rates of smoking cessation are lower in low-SES adults. Financial strain may be one explanation for this. This study assessed the association between financial strain, quit attempts, and successful smoking cessation among adult smokers in the U.S. METHODS Longitudinal data on adult current smokers (aged ≥18 years) from Waves 1 and 2 of the nationally representative Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study (2013-2015) were analyzed in 2017. Negative binomial regression and logistic regression models assessed the association between financial strain and (1) quit attempts and (2) cigarette abstinence, adjusting for important confounders. RESULTS Smokers with financial strain made more quit attempts than smokers without financial strain (adjusted incidence-rate ratio=1.34, 95% CI=1.07, 1.68), but financial strain was not associated with smoking abstinence at follow-up (AOR=0.86, 95% CI=0.70, 1.05). Low income was associated with less smoking abstinence at follow-up (AOR=0.66, 95% CI=0.50, 0.87, for <100% federal poverty level; AOR=0.64, 95% CI=0.48, 0.85, for 100%-199% of federal poverty level). Smokers with baseline financial strain who quit at follow-up had lower odds of financial strain at follow-up (AOR=0.57, 95% CI=0.36, 0.89). CONCLUSIONS Financially strained smokers made slightly more quit attempts than non-strained smokers but were no more likely to successfully quit. Low-income (less than 200% of the federal poverty level) smokers were less likely to quit than higher-income smokers, suggesting that financial strain alone may not explain the low quit rates in this population. Further efforts are needed to increase the success of quit attempts in low-income and financially strained smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kalkhoran
- Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Seth A Berkowitz
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of General Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nancy A Rigotti
- Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Travis P Baggett
- Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Institute for Research, Quality, and Policy in Homeless Health Care, Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program, Boston, Massachusetts
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Siahpush M, Farazi PA, Maloney SI, Dinkel D, Nguyen MN, Singh GK. Socioeconomic status and cigarette expenditure among US households: results from 2010 to 2015 Consumer Expenditure Survey. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e020571. [PMID: 29909369 PMCID: PMC6009464 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine (1) the association between household socioeconomic status (SES) and whether a household spends money on cigarettes and (2) socioeconomic variations in proportion of total household expenditure spent on cigarettes among smoking households. METHODS We pooled data from six consecutive years, 2010-2015, of the Consumer Expenditure Interview Survey. The interviews involved a structured questionnaire about household income, demographics and expenditures including expenditure on cigarettes. Households that reported cigarette expenditure in the previous 3 months were distinguished as smoking households. SES indicators were household poverty status, education and occupation of the head of household. Logistic regression was used to assess the association of household smoking status with SES. Fractional logistic regression was used to assess the association of cigarette expenditure as a proportion of total household expenditure with SES. The analysis sample size was 39 218. RESULTS The probability of spending money on cigarettes was higher among lower SES households. Households in poverty compared with those above 300% of poverty threshold had 1.86 (95% CI 1.61 to 2.16), households headed by a person with less than high school education compared with those headed by a person with at least a bachelor's degree had 3.37 (95% CI 2.92 to 3.89) and households headed by a blue-collar work compared with those headed by a person in a managerial occupation had 1.45 (95% CI 1.26 to 1.66) higher odds of spending money on cigarettes. Similarly, the proportion of total household expenditure spent on cigarettes was higher among lower SES smoking households. CONCLUSION Lower SES households are more likely to spend money on cigarettes and spend a larger proportion of their total expenditure on cigarettes. We recommend strategies effective in reducing smoking among low SES smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Siahpush
- Department of Health Promotion, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Paraskevi A Farazi
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Shannon I Maloney
- Department of Health Promotion, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Danae Dinkel
- School of Health and Kinesiology, College of Education, University of Nebraska, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Minh N Nguyen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Gopal K Singh
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Office of Health Equity, Health Resources and Services Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Morphett K, Carter A, Hall W, Lucke J, Partridge B, Gartner C. Do Neurobiological Understandings of Smoking Influence Quitting Self-Efficacy or Treatment Intentions? Nicotine Tob Res 2018. [PMID: 28645199 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Addiction is increasingly defined as a "brain disease" caused by changes to neurochemistry. While nicotine addiction has historically been excluded in the brain disease model of addiction (BDMA), it is beginning to be labeled a chronic brain disease. We investigated whether Australian smokers endorse brain-based explanations of smoking, and whether these beliefs are associated with quitting self-efficacy or treatment intentions. Method Cross-sectional study of Australian smokers (N = 1538) who completed a survey measuring their agreement with statements on the brain's role in smoking. Logistic regressions tested associations between these items and socio-demographic variables, quitting self-efficacy and intention to use cessation medications. Results The majority (57.9%) agreed that smoking changed brain chemistry and 34.4% agreed that smoking was a brain disease. Younger participants and those with more education were more likely to endorse brain-based understandings of smoking. Participants who agreed smoking changed brain chemistry were more likely to report an intention to use cessation medicines (OR 1.5, 95% CI = 1.0-2.2) as were those who agreed that smoking was a brain disease (OR 1.5, 95% CI = 1.1-2.1). Self-efficacy did not differ between those who agreed and disagreed that smoking changed brain chemistry. However, those who agreed that smoking was a brain disease had higher self-efficacy than those who disagreed (OR 1.7, 95% CI = 1.3-2.3). Conclusion A neurobiological view of smoking does not dominate public understandings of smoking in Australia. Endorsement of neurobiological explanations of smoking were associated with increased intention to use cessation aids, but were not associated with reduced self-efficacy. Implications Explaining tobacco dependence in neurobiological terms is unlikely to induce feelings of fatalism in relation to smoking cessation. Those who endorse biomedical explanations of smoking may be more open to using cessation pharmacotherapies. Describing smoking in terms of alterations in brain chemistry may be more acceptable to smokers than labeling smoking a "brain disease" or "brain disorder."
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie Morphett
- University of Queensland School of Public Health, Public Health Building, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,University of Queensland School of Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Site, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adrian Carter
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Site, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wayne Hall
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Site, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,University of Queensland Centre for Youth Substance Abuse, Floor K, Mental Health Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jayne Lucke
- University of Queensland School of Public Health, Public Health Building, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,LaTrobe University, Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brad Partridge
- Research Development Unit, Caboolture Hospital, Metro North Hospital and Health Service (MNHHS), Caboolture, Queensland, Australia.,The University of Queensland, Prince Charles Hospital Northside Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Herston, Australia
| | - Coral Gartner
- University of Queensland School of Public Health, Public Health Building, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Site, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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McKenna CS, Law C, Pearce A. Financial Strain, Parental Smoking, and the Great Recession: An Analysis of the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Nicotine Tob Res 2018; 19:1521-1525. [PMID: 27707885 PMCID: PMC5896540 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Introduction During the recent "Great Recession," many families in the United Kingdom experienced increased financial strain (FS). The aim of this study was to determine if increases in FS, occurring over the period of the "Great Recession," were associated with increased risks of persistent and relapsed tobacco use among parents. Methods We analyzed the Millennium Cohort Study, a longitudinal study of 18819 children born in the United Kingdom between 2000 and 2002. Surveys at 7 (T1, 2008) and 11 years (T2, 2012) spanned the "Great Recession." Three measures of increased FS were defined; "became income poor" (self-reported household income dropped below the "poverty line" between T1 and T2); "developed difficulty managing" (parental report of being "financially comfortable" at T1 and finding it "difficult to manage" at T2); "felt worse off" (parental report of feeling financially "worse off" at T2, compared to T1). Poisson regression was used to estimate risk ratios (RR), adjusted RRs (aRR), and 95% confidence intervals for three outcomes: "persistent tobacco use," "new reported tobacco use," and "relapsed tobacco use." Results Parents in households which "became income poor" over the period of the "Great Recession" were significantly more likely to report "persistent tobacco use" (aRR = 2.17 [1.83-2.57]) or "new reported tobacco use" (aRR = 1.72 [1.04-2.83]). Ninety-five percent of "new reported tobacco users" had evidence of prior tobacco use suggesting the majority were "relapsed tobacco users." Similar patterns were seen for those who "developed difficulty managing" and "felt worse off." Conclusions Increased tobacco use among financially strained families has the potential to widen inequalities and undermine the public health policies that have had positive impacts on tobacco consumption in the United Kingdom. Implications While several studies have shown that FS is associated with a higher prevalence of tobacco use, heavier smoking, and relapsed tobacco use, most of this work used cross-sectional data and none has focused on parents. We used longitudinal data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study, between 2008 and 2012, to examine the association between FS and parental smoking. We show that parents who experienced increased FS, over the period of the "Great Recession," were more likely to continue using tobacco or to relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caoimhe S McKenna
- Population, Policy and Practice, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Catherine Law
- Population, Policy and Practice, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Anna Pearce
- Population, Policy and Practice, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK
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40
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Baggett TP, Yaqubi A, Berkowitz SA, Kalkhoran SM, McGlave C, Chang Y, Campbell EG, Rigotti NA. Subsistence difficulties are associated with more barriers to quitting and worse abstinence outcomes among homeless smokers: evidence from two studies in Boston, Massachusetts. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:463. [PMID: 29631559 PMCID: PMC5891993 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5375-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Three-quarters of homeless people smoke cigarettes. Competing priorities for shelter, food, and other subsistence needs may be one explanation for low smoking cessation rates in this population. We analyzed data from two samples of homeless smokers to examine the associations between subsistence difficulties and 1) smoking cessation readiness, confidence, and barriers in a cross-sectional study, and 2) smoking abstinence during follow-up in a longitudinal study. Methods We conducted a survey of homeless smokers (N = 306) in 4/2014–7/2014 and a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) for homeless smokers (N = 75) in 10/2015–6/2016 at Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program. In both studies, subsistence difficulties were characterized as none, low, or high based on responses to a 5-item scale assessing the frequency of past-month difficulty finding shelter, food, clothing, a place to wash, and a place to go to the bathroom. Among survey participants, we used linear regression to assess the associations between subsistence difficulty level and readiness to quit, confidence to quit, and a composite measure of perceived barriers to quitting. Among RCT participants, we used repeated-measures logistic regression to examine the association between baseline subsistence difficulty level and carbon monoxide-defined brief smoking abstinence assessed 14 times over 8 weeks of follow-up. Analyses adjusted for demographic characteristics, substance use, mental illness, and nicotine dependence. Results Subsistence difficulties were common in both study samples. Among survey participants, greater subsistence difficulties were associated with more perceived barriers to quitting (p < 0.001) but not with cessation readiness or confidence. A dose-response relationship was observed for most barriers, particularly psychosocial barriers. Among RCT participants, greater baseline subsistence difficulties predicted less smoking abstinence during follow-up in a dose-response fashion. In adjusted analyses, individuals with the highest level of subsistence difficulty had one-third the odds of being abstinent during follow-up compared to those without subsistence difficulties (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.11–0.93) despite making a similar number of quit attempts. Conclusions Homeless smokers with greater subsistence difficulties perceive more barriers to quitting and are less likely to do so despite similar readiness, confidence, and attempts. Future studies should assess whether addressing subsistence difficulties improves cessation outcomes in this population. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02565381.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis P Baggett
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Tobacco Research & Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Institute for Research, Quality, and Policy in Homeless Health Care, Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Awesta Yaqubi
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Tobacco Research & Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seth A Berkowitz
- Division of General Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sara M Kalkhoran
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Tobacco Research & Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claire McGlave
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Tobacco Research & Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuchiao Chang
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Tobacco Research & Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric G Campbell
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Mongan Institute Health Policy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nancy A Rigotti
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Tobacco Research & Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Mongan Institute Health Policy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Rogers CJ, Forster M, Unger JB. Ethnic variations in the relationship between multiple stress domains and use of several types of tobacco/nicotine products among a diverse sample of adults. Addict Behav Rep 2018; 7:96-102. [PMID: 29892703 PMCID: PMC5993881 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Financial strain and discrimination are consistent predictors of negative health outcomes and maladaptive coping behaviors, including tobacco use. Although there is considerable information exploring stress and smoking, limited research has examined the relationship between patterns of stress domains and specific tobacco/nicotine product use. Even fewer studies have assessed ethnic variations in these relationships. Methods This study investigated the relationship between discrimination and financial strain and current tobacco/nicotine product use and explored the ethnic variation in these relationships among diverse sample of US adults (N = 1068). Separate logistic regression models assessed associations between stress domains and tobacco/nicotine product use, adjusting for covariates (e.g., age, gender, race/ethnicity, and household income). Due to statistically significant differences, the final set of models was stratified by race/ethnicity. Results Higher levels of discrimination were associated with higher odds of all three tobacco/nicotine product categories. Financial strain was positively associated with combustible tobacco and combined tobacco/nicotine product use. Financial strain was especially risky for Non-Hispanic Whites (AOR:1.191, 95%CI:1.083-1.309) and Blacks/African Americans (AOR:1.542, 95%CI:1.106-2.148), as compared to other groups, whereas discrimination was most detrimental for Asians/Pacific Islanders (AOR:3.827, 95%CI:1.832-7.997) and Hispanics/Latinas/Latinos (AOR:2.517, 95%CI:1.603-3.952). Conclusions Findings suggest discrimination and financial stressors are risk factors for use of multiple tobacco/nicotine products, highlighting the importance of prevention research that accounts for these stressors. Because ethnic groups may respond differently to stress/strain, prevention research needs to identify cultural values, beliefs, and coping strategies that can buffer the negative consequences of discrimination and financial stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Rogers
- Department of Health Sciences, California State University, Northridge. 18111 Nordhoff St. Northridge, California, CA 91330, United States
| | - Myriam Forster
- Department of Health Sciences, California State University, Northridge. 18111 Nordhoff St. Northridge, California, CA 91330, United States
| | - Jennifer B Unger
- Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Kaufman P, Kang J, Kennedy RD, Beck P, Ferrence R. Impact of smoke-free housing policy lease exemptions on compliance, enforcement and smoking behavior: A qualitative study. Prev Med Rep 2018; 10:29-36. [PMID: 29552455 PMCID: PMC5852412 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper investigates the impacts of smoke-free housing policies on compliance, enforcement and smoking behavior. From 2012 to 2014, we studied two affordable housing providers in Canada with comprehensive smoke-free policies: Waterloo Regional Housing that required new leases to be non-smoking and exempted existing leases, and Yukon Housing Corporation that required all leases (existing and new) to be non-smoking. Focus groups and key informant interviews were conducted with 31 housing and public health staff involved in policy development and implementation, and qualitative interviews with 56 tenants. Both types of smoke-free policies helped tenants to reduce and quit smoking. However, exempting existing tenants from the policy created challenges for monitoring compliance and enforcing the policy, and resulted in ongoing tobacco smoke exposure. Moreover, some new tenants were smoking in exempted units, which undermined the policy and maintained smoking behavior. Our findings support the implementation of complete smoke-free housing policies that do not exempt existing leases to avoid many of the problems experienced by staff and tenants. In jurisdictions where exempting existing leases is still required by law, adequate staff resources for monitoring and enforcement, along with consistent and clear communication (particularly regarding balconies, patios and outdoor spaces) will encourage compliance. Smoke-free housing policy exemptions contribute to continued tobacco smoke exposure. Smoke-free housing policy exemptions contribute to compliance/enforcement issues. Resources for proactive policy enforcement will help to encourage compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Kaufman
- Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St., Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Julie Kang
- Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St., Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Ryan David Kennedy
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Pippa Beck
- Smoking and Health Action Foundation, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roberta Ferrence
- Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St., Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Martinez SA, Beebe LA, Thompson DM, Wagener TL, Terrell DR, Campbell JE. A structural equation modeling approach to understanding pathways that connect socioeconomic status and smoking. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192451. [PMID: 29408939 PMCID: PMC5800669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The inverse association between socioeconomic status and smoking is well established, yet the mechanisms that drive this relationship are unclear. We developed and tested four theoretical models of the pathways that link socioeconomic status to current smoking prevalence using a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. Using data from the 2013 National Health Interview Survey, we selected four indicator variables (poverty ratio, personal earnings, educational attainment, and employment status) that we hypothesize underlie a latent variable, socioeconomic status. We measured direct, indirect, and total effects of socioeconomic status on smoking on four pathways through four latent variables representing social cohesion, financial strain, sleep disturbance, and psychological distress. Results of the model indicated that the probability of being a smoker decreased by 26% of a standard deviation for every one standard deviation increase in socioeconomic status. The direct effects of socioeconomic status on smoking accounted for the majority of the total effects, but the overall model also included significant indirect effects. Of the four mediators, sleep disturbance and psychological distress had the largest total effects on current smoking. We explored the use of structural equation modeling in epidemiology to quantify effects of socioeconomic status on smoking through four social and psychological factors to identify potential targets for interventions. A better understanding of the complex relationship between socioeconomic status and smoking is critical as we continue to reduce the burden of tobacco and eliminate health disparities related to smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney A. Martinez
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Laura A. Beebe
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - David M. Thompson
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Theodore L. Wagener
- Department of Pediatrics, Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Deirdra R. Terrell
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Janis E. Campbell
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
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Kendzor DE, Businelle MS, Waters AF, Frank SG, Hébert ET. Financial strain indirectly influences smoking cessation through withdrawal symptom severity. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 183:55-61. [PMID: 29227838 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Financial strain has an adverse impact on smoking cessation. However, the mechanisms through which financial strain influences cessation remain unclear. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether financial strain indirectly influenced smoking cessation through withdrawal symptom severity. METHODS Participants (N=139) were primarily Black (63.3%) and female (57.6%) adults enrolled in a smoking cessation program at a safety-net hospital. A self-report financial strain questionnaire was completed one week prior to the scheduled quit date, and the Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale (WSWS) was completed on the day after the scheduled quit date. Biochemically-verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence was assessed four weeks after the scheduled quit date. Adjusted mediation analyses were conducted using the PROCESS macro for SPSS to evaluate the indirect effects of financial strain on smoking cessation via post-quit withdrawal symptom severity. RESULTS Analyses indicated a significant indirect effect of financial strain on smoking cessation through total withdrawal symptom severity, B=0.027; 95% CI (0.003, 0.066); and specifically anger, B=0.035; 95% CI (0.008, 0.074), anxiety, B=0.021; 95% CI (0.001, 0.051), and sleep symptoms, B=0.015; 95% CI (0.005, 0.043). Greater pre-quit financial strain was associated with greater post-quit withdrawal symptom severity, which increased the likelihood of non-abstinence 4 weeks after the scheduled quit attempt. The direct effect of financial strain on smoking cessation was not significant in any of the mediation models. CONCLUSIONS Findings: suggest that withdrawal severity is an underlying mechanism through which financial strain influences smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darla E Kendzor
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, 655 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Michael S Businelle
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, 655 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Aaron F Waters
- Louisiana State University, Department of Psychology, 236 Audubon Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
| | - Summer G Frank
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, 655 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Emily T Hébert
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, 655 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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Twyman L, Bonevski B, Paul C, Bryant J, West R, Siahpush M, D'este C, Oldmeadow C, Palazzi K. What factors are associated with abstinence amongst socioeconomically disadvantaged smokers? A cross-sectional survey of use of cessation aids and quitting approach. Drug Alcohol Rev 2018; 37:170-179. [PMID: 28616900 DOI: 10.1111/dar.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS This study aimed to compare current and ex-smokers' sociodemographic and psychosocial characteristics, use of cessation aids and abrupt versus gradual quitting approaches. DESIGN AND METHODS A cross-sectional survey of financially disadvantaged adults attending a community service organisation was conducted in New South Wales, Australia, between February 2012 and December 2013. Sociodemographic and psychosocial factors, use of cessation aids and gradual versus abrupt quit approach were assessed. χ2 tests and logistic regression compared characteristics of current and ex-smokers. RESULTS Of 905 individuals who completed the survey, 639 (71%) were current smokers and 107 (12%) were ex-smokers. Ex-smokers were older [odds ratio (OR) = 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01, 1.05], had higher odds of being female (OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.06, 2.65), lower odds of being financially stressed (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.76, 0.99), lower odds of anxiety and depression symptoms (OR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.84, 0.98) and lower odds of having friends and family who were smokers (ORs ranged from 0.30-0.43). Ex-smokers had lower odds of using cessation aids and higher odds of reporting abrupt quitting during their last quit attempt (OR = 4.48, 95% CI = 2.66, 7.54). CONCLUSIONS Lower levels of disadvantage, less smoking in social networks, less use of cessation aids and abrupt (vs. gradual) quitting approaches were associated with being an ex-smoker. Lower use of evidence based methods to quit by disadvantaged ex-smokers requires further exploration. [Twyman L, Bonevski B, Paul C, Bryant J, West R, Siahpush M, D'este C, Oldmeadow C, Palazzi K. What factors are associated with abstinence amongst socioeconomically disadvantaged smokers? A cross-sectional survey of use of cessation aids and quitting approach. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;00:000-000].
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Twyman
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Billie Bonevski
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Christine Paul
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Jamie Bryant
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour and Health Behaviour Research Group, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Robert West
- Health Behaviour Research Centre Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Health Promotion, Social and Behavioral Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA
| | - Mohammad Siahpush
- Department of Health Promotion, Social and Behavioral Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA
| | - Catherine D'este
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Christopher Oldmeadow
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
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46
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Golden SD, Farrelly MC, Luke DA, Ribisl KM. Comparing projected impacts of cigarette floor price and excise tax policies on socioeconomic disparities in smoking. Tob Control 2018; 25:i60-i66. [PMID: 27697949 PMCID: PMC5099216 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background About half of all US states have cigarette minimum price laws (MPLs) that require a per cent mark-up on prices, but research suggests they may not be very effective in raising prices. An alternative type of MPL sets a floor price below which packs cannot be sold, and may be more promising. This new type of MPL policy has only been implemented in 1 city, therefore its benefits relative to excise taxes is difficult to assess. Methods We constructed a set of possible state floor price MPL options, and matched them to possible state excise tax hikes designed to produce similar average price increases. Using self-reported price and cigarette consumption data from 23 521 participants in the 2010–2011 Tobacco Use Supplement of the Current Population Survey, we projected changes in pack prices and cigarette consumption following implementation of each paired MPL and tax option, for lower and higher income groups. Results We project that state MPLs set at the average reported pack price would raise prices by $0.33 and reduce cigarette consumption by about 4%; a tax with a similar average price effect would reduce consumption by 2.3%. MPLs and taxes that raise average prices by more than $2.00 would reduce consumption by 15.9% and 13.5%, respectively. In all models, we project that MPLs will reduce income-based smoking disparities more than their comparable excise taxes. Conclusions Floor price cigarette MPLs set at or above what consumers currently report paying could reduce both tobacco use and socioeconomic disparities in smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley D Golden
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Douglas A Luke
- Center for Public Health Systems Science, George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kurt M Ribisl
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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47
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Sheffer CE, Bickel WK, Franck CT, Panissidi L, Pittman JC, Stayna H, Evans S. Improving tobacco dependence treatment outcomes for smokers of lower socioeconomic status: A randomized clinical trial. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 181:177-185. [PMID: 29065390 PMCID: PMC7780926 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence-based treatments for tobacco dependence are significantly less effective for smokers of lower socioeconomic status which contributes to socioeconomic disparities in smoking prevalence rates and health. We aimed to reduce the socioeconomic gradient in treatment outcomes by systematically adapting evidence-based, cognitive-behavioral treatment for tobacco dependence for diverse lower socioeconomic smokers. METHODS Participants were randomized to adapted or standard treatment, received six 1-h group treatment sessions, and were followed for six months. We examined the effectiveness of the adapted treatment to improve treatment outcomes for lower socioeconomic groups. RESULTS Participants (n=227) were ethnically, racially, and socioeconomically diverse. The adapted treatment significantly reduced the days to relapse for the two lowest socioeconomic groups: SES1: M=76.6 (SD 72.9) vs. 38.3 (SD 60.1) days to relapse (RR=0.63 95% CI, 0.45, 0.88, p=0.0013); SES2: M=88.2 (SD 67.3) vs. 40.1 (SD 62.6 days to relapse (RR=0.57 95% CI, 0.18, 0.70, p=0.0024). Interactions between socioeconomic status and condition were significant for initial abstinence (OR=1.26, 95% CI 1.09, 1.46, p=0.002), approached significance for 3-month abstinence (OR=0.90, 95% CI 0.80, 1.01, p<0.071), and were not significant for 6-month abstinence (OR=0.99 95% CI 0.88, 1.10, p=0.795). No significant differences in long-term abstinence were observed. CONCLUSION Systematic adaption of evidence-based treatment for tobacco dependence can significantly improve initial and short-term treatment outcomes for diverse lower socioeconomic smokers and reduce inequities in days to relapse. Novel methods of providing targeted extended support are needed to improve long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Sheffer
- City University of New York School of Medicine, City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY 10031, United States.
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Advanced Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States
| | | | - Luana Panissidi
- City University of New York School of Medicine, City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY 10031, United States
| | - Jami C Pittman
- City University of New York School of Medicine, City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY 10031, United States
| | - Helen Stayna
- City University of New York School of Medicine, City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY 10031, United States
| | - Shenell Evans
- City University of New York School of Medicine, City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY 10031, United States
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Siahpush M, Tibbits M, Soliman GA, Grimm B, Shaikh RA, McCarthy M, Wan N, Ramos AK, Correa A. Neighbourhood exposure to point-of-sale price promotions for cigarettes is associated with financial stress among smokers: results from a population-based study. Tob Control 2017; 26:703-708. [PMID: 28119499 PMCID: PMC5577380 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the association between neighbourhood exposure to point-of-sale (POS) cigarette price promotions and financial stress among smokers in a Midwestern metropolitan area in the USA. METHODS Survey data from 888 smokers provided information on sociodemographic and smoking related variables. Financial stress was measured with the question: 'In the last six months, because of lack of money, was there a time when you were unable to buy food or pay any important bills on time, such as electricity, telephone, credit card, rent or your mortgage? (Yes/No).' Using audit data from 504 tobacco retailers, we estimated a score of POS price promotions for each respondent by summing the different types of promotion in each store in their neighbourhood, as defined by a 1-km roadway buffer. RESULTS Adjusted results provided strong support for an association between higher scores of neighbourhood POS cigarette price promotions and a higher probability of financial stress (p=0.007). CONCLUSION Exposure to POS cigarette price promotions is associated with financial stress. This finding, coupled with previous reports that smokers with financial stress are less likely to attempt to quit or succeed in quitting smoking, suggests that POS cigarette price promotions may act as an impediment to smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Siahpush
- Department of Health Promotion, Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Melissa Tibbits
- Department of Health Promotion, Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Ghada A Soliman
- Department of Health Promotion, Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Brandon Grimm
- Department of Health Promotion, Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Raees A Shaikh
- Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Molly McCarthy
- Department of Health Promotion, Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Neng Wan
- Department of Geography, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Athena K Ramos
- Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Antonia Correa
- Center for Reducing Health Disparities, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Preston KL, Kowalczyk WJ, Phillips KA, Jobes ML, Vahabzadeh M, Lin JL, Mezghanni M, Epstein DH. Context and craving during stressful events in the daily lives of drug-dependent patients. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:2631-2642. [PMID: 28593441 PMCID: PMC5709189 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4663-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Knowing how stress manifests in the lives of people with substance-use disorders could help inform mobile "just in time" treatment. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this paper is to examine discrete episodes of stress, as distinct from the fluctuations in background stress assessed in most EMA studies. METHODS For up to 16 weeks, outpatients on opioid-agonist treatment carried smartphones on which they initiated an entry whenever they experienced a stressful event (SE) and when randomly prompted (RP) three times daily. Participants reported the severity of stress and craving and the context of the report (location, activities, companions). Decomposition of covariance was used to separate within-person from between-person effects; r effect sizes below are within-person. RESULTS Participants (158 of 182; 87%) made 1787 stress-event entries. Craving for opioids increased with stress severity (r effect = 0.50). Stress events tended to occur in social company (with acquaintances, 0.63, friends, 0.17, or on the phone, 0.41) rather than with family (spouse, -0.14; child, -0.18), and in places with more overall activity (bars, 0.32; outside, 0.28; walking, 0.28) and more likelihood of unexpected experiences (with strangers, 0.17). Being on the internet was slightly protective (-0.22). Our prior finding that being at the workplace protects against background stress in our participants was partly supported in these stressful-event data. CONCLUSIONS The contexts of specific stressful events differ from those we have seen in prior studies of ongoing background stress. However, both are associated with drug craving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenzie L. Preston
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD,to whom reprint requests should be sent, , phone: 443.740.2326, fax: 443.740.2318
| | - William J. Kowalczyk
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD
| | - Karran A. Phillips
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michelle L. Jobes
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD
| | - Massoud Vahabzadeh
- Biomedical Informatics Section, Administrative Management Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Jia-Ling Lin
- Biomedical Informatics Section, Administrative Management Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Mustapha Mezghanni
- Biomedical Informatics Section, Administrative Management Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - David H. Epstein
- Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD
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50
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Martire KA, Clare P, Courtney RJ, Bonevski B, Boland V, Borland R, Doran CM, Farrell M, Hall W, Iredale JM, Siahpush M, Mattick RP. Smoking and finances: baseline characteristics of low income daily smokers in the FISCALS cohort. Int J Equity Health 2017; 16:157. [PMID: 28854980 PMCID: PMC5577825 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-017-0643-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Financial stress is a barrier to successful smoking cessation and a key predictor of relapse. Little is known about the financial situation of low-income Australian daily smokers. This study aims to describe and investigate associations between the financial functioning, tobacco use and quitting behaviours of low income daily smokers. METHODS Low-income Australian adult smokers in the 'Financial Intervention for Smoking Cessation Among Low-income Smokers (FISCALS) randomised clinical trial completed a structured telephone questionnaire. RESULTS The median number of cigarettes typically smoked by the 1047 participants was 23 per day. The median spent on tobacco per week was AU$80. Three quarters (73.0%) reported some financial stress and 43.2% reported smoking-induced deprivation. Financial stress was significantly associated with deprivation (IRR: 1.23, 95% CI 1.21, 1.26, p < 0.001). There were no significant associations either between adjusted financial stress or deprivation and motivation to quit or certainty of quit success. CONCLUSIONS Financial stress and smoking induced deprivation were prevalent among low-income daily smokers, but they were not associated with motivation to quit. Smoking cessation interventions need to be responsive to the role financial stress plays in reducing quit attempts and increasing relapse. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian and New Zealand Clinical trials Registry ACTRN12612000725864 6/07/2012.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip Clare
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Ryan J. Courtney
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Billie Bonevski
- School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, University Dr, Callaghan, NSW 2308 Australia
| | - Veronica Boland
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Ron Borland
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
| | - Christopher M. Doran
- Centre for Indigenous Health Equity Research, School of Human, Health and Social Sciences, Central Queensland University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael Farrell
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Wayne Hall
- Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jaimi M. Iredale
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Mohammad Siahpush
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, 42nd and Emile, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Richard P. Mattick
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
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