1
|
Beccari G, Tini F, Foroud NA, Ederli L, Gardiner DM, Benfield AH, Harris LJ, Sulyok M, Romani R, Bellezza I, Covarelli L. A comparison between the role of enniatins and deoxynivalenol in Fusarium virulence on different tissues of common wheat. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:463. [PMID: 38802782 PMCID: PMC11129500 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04945-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium avenaceum are two of the most important causal agents of Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat. They can produce mycotoxins that accumulate in infected wheat heads, including deoxynivalenol (DON) and enniatins (ENNs), produced by F. graminearum and F. avenaceum, respectively. While the role of DON as a virulence factor in F. graminearum toward wheat is well known, ENNs in F. avenaceum has been poorly explored. Results obtained to-date indicate that ENNs may confer an advantage to F. avenaceum only on particular hosts. RESULTS In this study, with the use of ENN-producing and ENN non-producing F. avenaceum strains, the role of ENNs on F. avenaceum virulence was investigated on the root, stem base and head of common wheat, and compared with the role of DON, using DON-producing and DON non-producing F. graminearum strains. The DON-producing F. graminearum strain showed a significantly higher ability to cause symptoms and colonise each of the tested tissues than the non-producing strain. On the other hand, the ability to produce ENNs increased initial symptoms of the disease and fungal biomass accumulation, measured by qPCR, only in wheat heads, and not in roots or stem bases. LC-MS/MS analysis was used to confirm the presence of ENNs and DON in the different strains, and results, both in vitro and in wheat heads, were consistent with the genetics of each strain. CONCLUSION While the key role of DON on F. graminearum virulence towards three different wheat tissues was noticeable, ENNs seemed to have a role only in influencing F. avenaceum virulence on common wheat heads probably due to an initial delay in the appearance of symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Tini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Nora A Foroud
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Luisa Ederli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Aurelie H Benfield
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Linda J Harris
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln, Austria
| | - Roberto Romani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bellezza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
He Y, Yang X, Xia X, Wang Y, Dong Y, Wu L, Jiang P, Zhang X, Jiang C, Ma H, Ma W, Liu C, Whitford R, Tucker MR, Zhang Z, Li G. A phase-separated protein hub modulates resistance to Fusarium head blight in wheat. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:710-726.e10. [PMID: 38657607 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating wheat disease. Fhb1, the most widely applied genetic locus for FHB resistance, is conferred by TaHRC of an unknown mode of action. Here, we show that TaHRC alleles distinctly drive liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) within a proteinaceous complex, determining FHB susceptibility or resistance. TaHRC-S (susceptible) exhibits stronger LLPS ability than TaHRC-R (resistant), and this distinction is further intensified by fungal mycotoxin deoxynivalenol, leading to opposing FHB symptoms. TaHRC recruits a protein class with intrinsic LLPS potentials, referred to as an "HRC-containing hub." TaHRC-S drives condensation of hub components, while TaHRC-R comparatively suppresses hub condensate formation. The function of TaSR45a splicing factor, a hub member, depends on TaHRC-driven condensate state, which in turn differentially directs alternative splicing, switching between susceptibility and resistance to wheat FHB. These findings reveal a mechanism for FHB spread within a spike and shed light on the roles of complex condensates in controlling plant disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; CIMMYT-JAAS Joint Center for Wheat Diseases, The Research Center of Wheat Scab, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiujuan Yang
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yifan Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lei Wu
- CIMMYT-JAAS Joint Center for Wheat Diseases, The Research Center of Wheat Scab, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- CIMMYT-JAAS Joint Center for Wheat Diseases, The Research Center of Wheat Scab, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- CIMMYT-JAAS Joint Center for Wheat Diseases, The Research Center of Wheat Scab, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation in Downstream of Huaihe River (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Cong Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hongxiang Ma
- College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wujun Ma
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ryan Whitford
- Centre for Crop and Food Innovation (CCFI), State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre (SABC), Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
He WJ, Yang P, Huang T, Liu YF, Zhang YW, Zhang WM, Zhang TT, Zheng MR, Ma L, Zhao CX, Li HP, Liao YC, Wu AB, Zhang JB. Detoxifying bacterial genes for deoxynivalenol epimerization confer durable resistance to Fusarium head blight in wheat. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024. [PMID: 38593377 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) and the presence of mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) pose serious threats to wheat production and food safety worldwide. DON, as a virulence factor, is crucial for the spread of FHB pathogens on plants. However, germplasm resources that are naturally resistant to DON and DON-producing FHB pathogens are inadequate in plants. Here, detoxifying bacteria genes responsible for DON epimerization were used to enhance the resistance of wheat to mycotoxin DON and FHB pathogens. We characterized the complete pathway and molecular basis leading to the thorough detoxification of DON via epimerization through two sequential reactions in the detoxifying bacterium Devosia sp. D6-9. Epimerization efficiently eliminates the phytotoxicity of DON and neutralizes the effects of DON as a virulence factor. Notably, co-expressing of the genes encoding quinoprotein dehydrogenase (QDDH) for DON oxidation in the first reaction step, and aldo-keto reductase AKR13B2 for 3-keto-DON reduction in the second reaction step significantly reduced the accumulation of DON as virulence factor in wheat after the infection of pathogenic Fusarium, and accordingly conferred increased disease resistance to FHB by restricting the spread of pathogenic Fusarium in the transgenic plants. Stable and improved resistance was observed in greenhouse and field conditions over multiple generations. This successful approach presents a promising avenue for enhancing FHB resistance in crops and reducing mycotoxin contents in grains through detoxification of the virulence factor DON by exogenous resistance genes from microbes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie He
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Yang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Jiangsu Ruihua Agricultural Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Suqian, China
| | - Tao Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Fan Liu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Wei Zhang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Min Zhang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tian-Tian Zhang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng-Ru Zheng
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Ma
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chang-Xing Zhao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - He-Ping Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Cai Liao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ai-Bo Wu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Bo Zhang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Niu G, Yang Q, Liao Y, Sun D, Tang Z, Wang G, Xu M, Wang C, Kang J. Advances in Understanding Fusarium graminearum: Genes Involved in the Regulation of Sexual Development, Pathogenesis, and Deoxynivalenol Biosynthesis. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:475. [PMID: 38674409 PMCID: PMC11050156 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The wheat head blight disease caused by Fusarium graminearum is a major concern for food security and the health of both humans and animals. As a pathogenic microorganism, F. graminearum produces virulence factors during infection to increase pathogenicity, including various macromolecular and small molecular compounds. Among these virulence factors, secreted proteins and deoxynivalenol (DON) are important weapons for the expansion and colonization of F. graminearum. Besides the presence of virulence factors, sexual reproduction is also crucial for the infection process of F. graminearum and is indispensable for the emergence and spread of wheat head blight. Over the last ten years, there have been notable breakthroughs in researching the virulence factors and sexual reproduction of F. graminearum. This review aims to analyze the research progress of sexual reproduction, secreted proteins, and DON of F. graminearum, emphasizing the regulation of sexual reproduction and DON synthesis. We also discuss the application of new gene engineering technologies in the prevention and control of wheat head blight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Niu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.N.); (Q.Y.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Z.T.); (G.W.); (M.X.)
| | - Qing Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.N.); (Q.Y.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Z.T.); (G.W.); (M.X.)
| | - Yihui Liao
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.N.); (Q.Y.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Z.T.); (G.W.); (M.X.)
| | - Daiyuan Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.N.); (Q.Y.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Z.T.); (G.W.); (M.X.)
| | - Zhe Tang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.N.); (Q.Y.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Z.T.); (G.W.); (M.X.)
| | - Guanghui Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.N.); (Q.Y.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Z.T.); (G.W.); (M.X.)
| | - Ming Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.N.); (Q.Y.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Z.T.); (G.W.); (M.X.)
| | - Chenfang Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.N.); (Q.Y.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Z.T.); (G.W.); (M.X.)
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jiangang Kang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (G.N.); (Q.Y.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (Z.T.); (G.W.); (M.X.)
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Perochon A, Doohan FM. Trichothecenes and Fumonisins: Key Players in Fusarium-Cereal Ecosystem Interactions. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:90. [PMID: 38393168 PMCID: PMC10893083 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16020090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Fusarium fungi produce a diverse array of mycotoxic metabolites during the pathogenesis of cereals. Some, such as the trichothecenes and fumonisins, are phytotoxic, acting as non-proteinaceous effectors that facilitate disease development in cereals. Over the last few decades, we have gained some depth of understanding as to how trichothecenes and fumonisins interact with plant cells and how plants deploy mycotoxin detoxification and resistance strategies to defend themselves against the producer fungi. The cereal-mycotoxin interaction is part of a co-evolutionary dance between Fusarium and cereals, as evidenced by a trichothecene-responsive, taxonomically restricted, cereal gene competing with a fungal effector protein and enhancing tolerance to the trichothecene and resistance to DON-producing F. graminearum. But the binary fungal-plant interaction is part of a bigger ecosystem wherein other microbes and insects have been shown to interact with fungal mycotoxins, directly or indirectly through host plants. We are only beginning to unravel the extent to which trichothecenes, fumonisins and other mycotoxins play a role in fungal-ecosystem interactions. We now have tools to determine how, when and where mycotoxins impact and are impacted by the microbiome and microfauna. As more mycotoxins are described, research into their individual and synergistic toxicity and their interactions with the crop ecosystem will give insights into how we can holistically breed for and cultivate healthy crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fiona M. Doohan
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, UCD Earth Institute and UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gutiérrez-Sánchez A, Plasencia J, Monribot-Villanueva JL, Rodríguez-Haas B, Ruíz-May E, Guerrero-Analco JA, Sánchez-Rangel D. Virulence factors of the genus Fusarium with targets in plants. Microbiol Res 2023; 277:127506. [PMID: 37783182 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium spp. comprise various species of filamentous fungi that cause severe diseases in plant crops of both agricultural and forestry interest. These plant pathogens produce a wide range of molecules with diverse chemical structures and biological activities. Genetic functional analyses of some of these compounds have shown their role as virulence factors (VF). However, their mode of action and contributions to the infection process for many of these molecules are still unknown. This review aims to analyze the state of the art in Fusarium VF, emphasizing their biological targets on the plant hosts. It also addresses the current experimental approaches to improve our understanding of their role in virulence and suggests relevant research questions that remain to be answered with a greater focus on species of agroeconomic importance. In this review, a total of 37 confirmed VF are described, including 22 proteinaceous and 15 non-proteinaceous molecules, mainly from Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium graminearum and, to a lesser extent, in Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium solani.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Gutiérrez-Sánchez
- Laboratorios de Fitopatología y Biología Molecular, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico; Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Javier Plasencia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Juan L Monribot-Villanueva
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Rodríguez-Haas
- Laboratorios de Fitopatología y Biología Molecular, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - Eliel Ruíz-May
- Laboratorio de Proteómica, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico
| | - José A Guerrero-Analco
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico.
| | - Diana Sánchez-Rangel
- Laboratorios de Fitopatología y Biología Molecular, Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología, A. C. Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico; Investigador por México - CONAHCyT en la Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados del Instituto de Ecología, A. C. (INECOL), Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz 91073, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sherif M, Kirsch N, Splivallo R, Pfohl K, Karlovsky P. The Role of Mycotoxins in Interactions between Fusarium graminearum and F. verticillioides Growing in Saprophytic Cultures and Co-Infecting Maize Plants. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:575. [PMID: 37756001 PMCID: PMC10538043 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum (FG) and Fusarium verticillioides (FV) co-occur in infected plants and plant residues. In maize ears, the growth of FV is stimulated while FG is suppressed. To elucidate the role of mycotoxins in these effects, we used FG mutants with disrupted synthesis of nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) and a FV mutant with disrupted synthesis of fumonisins to monitor fungal growth in mixed cultures in vitro and in co-infected plants by real-time PCR. In autoclaved grains as well as in maize ears, the growth of FV was stimulated by FG regardless of the production of DON or NIV by the latter, whereas the growth of FG was suppressed. In autoclaved grains, fumonisin-producing FV suppressed FG more strongly than a fumonisin-nonproducing strain, indicating that fumonisins act as interference competition agents. In co-infected maize ears, FG suppression was independent of fumonisin production by FV, likely due to heterogeneous infection and a lower level of fumonisins in planta. We conclude that (i) fumonisins are agents of interference competition of FV, and (ii) trichothecenes play no role in the interaction between FG and FV. We hypothesize the following: (i) In vitro, FG stimulates the FV growth by secreting hydrolases that mobilize nutrients. In planta, suppression of plant defense by FG may additionally play a role. (ii) The biological function of fumonisin production in planta is to protect kernels shed on the ground by accumulating protective metabolites before competitors become established. Therefore, to decipher the biological function of mycotoxins, the entire life history of mycotoxin producers must be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Sherif
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Phytopathology Unit, Plant Protection Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo 11753, Egypt
| | - Nadine Kirsch
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for National and International Plant Health, Julius Kühn-Institut, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Richard Splivallo
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Nectariss Grasse SAS, 06130 Grasse, France
| | - Katharina Pfohl
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for National and International Plant Health, Julius Kühn-Institut, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dong F, Chen X, Lei X, Wu D, Zhang Y, Lee YW, Mokoena MP, Olaniran AO, Li Y, Shen G, Liu X, Xu JH, Shi JR. Effect of Crop Rotation on Fusarium Mycotoxins and Fusarium Species in Cereals in Sichuan Province (China). PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:1060-1066. [PMID: 36122196 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-22-0024-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of crop rotation on Fusarium mycotoxins and species in cereals in Sichuan Province. A total of 311 cereal samples were randomly collected and analyzed from 2018 to 2019 in Sichuan Province. The results of mycotoxin analysis showed that the major trichothecene mycotoxins in Sichuan Province were nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON), and the mean concentration of total trichothecenes (including NIV, fusarenone X [4ANIV], DON, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol [3ADON], and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol [15ADON]) in wheat was significantly higher than that in maize and rice. The concentration of total trichothecenes in the succeeding crops was significantly higher than that in the previous crops. In addition, wheat grown after maize had reduced incidence and concentration of trichothecene mycotoxins compared with that grown after rice, and ratooning rice grown after rice had increased incidence and concentration of trichothecene mycotoxins. Our data indicated that Fusarium asiaticum with the NIV chemotype was predominant in wheat and rice samples, while the number of the NIV chemotypes of F. asiaticum and Fusarium meridionale and the 15ADON chemotype of Fusarium graminearum in maize were almost the same. Although the composition of Fusarium species was affected by crop rotations, there were no differences when comparing the same crop rotation except for the maize-wheat rotation. Moreover, the same species and chemotype of Fusarium strains originated from different crops in various rotations, but there were no significant differences in pathogenicity in wheat and rice. These results contribute to the knowledge of the effect of crop rotation on Fusarium mycotoxins and species affecting cereals in Sichuan Province, which may lead to improved strategies for control of Fusarium mycotoxins and fungal disease in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, P.R. China
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Xiangxiang Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P.R. China
| | - Xinyu Lei
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, P.R. China
| | - Deliang Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Institution of Agricultural Product Quality Standard and Testing Research, Tibet Academy and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850032, P.R. China
| | - Yin-Won Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Mduduzi P Mokoena
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ademola O Olaniran
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ying Li
- Institution of Agricultural Product Quality Standard and Testing Research, Tibet Academy and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850032, P.R. China
| | - Guanghui Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, P.R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, P.R. China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P.R. China
| | - Jian Hong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, P.R. China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P.R. China
| | - Jian Rong Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, P.R. China
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang Y, Dhanasekaran S, Ngea GLN, Yang Q, Zhang H. Overexpression of the SDR gene improves the ability of Meyerozyma guilliermondii to degrade patulin in pears and juices. Food Chem 2023; 417:135785. [PMID: 36913869 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular enzymes of antagonistic yeast are effective in controlling patulin (PAT) contamination. However, countless enzymes that have been revealed remain functionally uncharacterized. The study built on previous transcriptomic data obtained by our research group to amplify and express a gene encoding a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) in Meyerozyma guilliermondii. Overexpression of SDR increased the tolerance of M. guilliermondii to PAT and the ability to degrade PAT of the intracellular enzymes. Furthermore, MgSDR-overexpressed M. guilliermondii showed higher PAT degradation in juices (apple and peach) and controlled the blue mold of pears at 20 °C and 4 °C while significantly reduced the content of PAT and the biomass of Penicillium expansum in decayed tissues than wild-type M. guilliermondii. This study provides theoretical references for the subsequent heterologous expression, formulation, and application of the SDR protein from M. guilliermondii and contributes to elucidating the PAT degradation mechanism of antagonistic yeasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Solairaj Dhanasekaran
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Qiya Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hongyin Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Savignac JM, Atanasova V, Chereau S, Ducos C, Gallegos N, Ortega V, Ponts N, Richard-Forget F. Carotenoids Occurring in Maize Affect the Redox Homeostasis of Fusarium graminearum and Its Production of Type B Trichothecene Mycotoxins: New Insights Supporting Their Role in Maize Resistance to Giberella Ear Rot. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:3285-3296. [PMID: 36780464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of Gibberella ear rot (GER) in maize, a devastating fungal disease resulting in yield reduction and contamination of grains with type B trichothecene (TCTB) mycotoxins. Reducing GER damage requires the implementation of an integrated management strategy in which the use of resistant maize genotypes is a key factor. The present study aimed at providing new phenotyping tools to improve breeding pipelines by investigating the yet understudied contribution of carotenoids to GER resistance. Here, we demonstrated for the first time the efficiency of carotenoid extracts from various maize genotypes to inhibit the production of TCTB by F. graminearum. We further suggested that zeaxanthin could be a key actor of this inhibition efficiency, notably via a negative transcriptional control of several biosynthetic genes of the TCTB pathway. Besides, we demonstrated that zeaxanthin treatments led to profound perturbations in the fungal redox homeostasis by affecting the expression of key genes encoding ROS detoxifying enzymes, several of them being involved in F. graminearum virulence during plant infection. Altogether, our data support the contribution of carotenoids to the mechanisms employed by maize to counteract F. graminearum infection and its production of TCTB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Savignac
- Syngenta France SAS, Route de Vignolles lieu dit La Grangette, 32220 Lombez, France
- INRAE, UR 1264 Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Vessela Atanasova
- INRAE, UR 1264 Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sylvain Chereau
- INRAE, UR 1264 Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Christine Ducos
- INRAE, UR 1264 Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nathalie Gallegos
- INRAE, UR 1264 Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Véronique Ortega
- Syngenta France SAS, Route de Vignolles lieu dit La Grangette, 32220 Lombez, France
| | - Nadia Ponts
- INRAE, UR 1264 Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Moraes WB, Madden LV, Gillespie J, Paul PA. Environment, Grain Development, and Harvesting Strategy Effects on Zearalenone Contamination of Grain from Fusarium Head Blight-Affected Wheat Spikes. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:225-238. [PMID: 35994731 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-22-0190-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by the fungus Fusarium graminearum, is associated with grain contamination with mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA). Unlike DON, less is known about factors affecting ZEA production during FHB epidemics. The objective of this study was to quantify ZEA contamination of wheat grain as influenced by temperature, relative humidity, FHB index (IND), grain maturation, simulated late-season rainfall, and harvest timing. Mean ZEA concentrations were low (<1.1 ppm) during the early stages of grain development (25 to 31 days after anthesis [DAA]) but rapidly increased 35 to 51 DAA in field experiments, particularly under rainy conditions. Five or ten consecutive days with simulated rainfall shortly before harvest greatly increased ZEA contamination. Similarly, extremely high levels of ZEA (51.8 to 468.6 ppm) were observed in grain from spikes exposed to 100% relative humidity (RH) at all tested temperatures and mean IND levels under controlled conditions. Interestingly, at RH ≤ 90%, ZEA concentrations were very low (0.1 to 3.6 ppm) at all tested temperatures, even at IND above 90%. At 100% RH, mean ZEA contamination was significantly higher at 20 and 25°C (235.1 and 278.2 ppm) than at 30°C (104.7 ppm). Grain harvested early and not exposed to rainfall had lower mean ZEA than grain harvested late and/or subjected to preharvest rainfall. This study was the first to associate ZEA contamination of grain from FHB-affected wheat spikes with temperature and moisture and show through designed experiments that early harvest could be a useful strategy for reducing ZEA contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanderson Bucker Moraes
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Laurence V Madden
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - James Gillespie
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - Pierce A Paul
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Moraes WB, Madden LV, Baik BK, Gillespie J, Paul PA. Environmental Conditions After Fusarium Head Blight Visual Symptom Development Affect Contamination of Wheat Grain with Deoxynivalenol and Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:206-224. [PMID: 36131392 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-22-0199-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat, caused by the fungus Fusarium graminearum, is associated with grain contamination with mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON). Although FHB is often positively correlated with DON, this relationship can break down under certain conditions. One possible explanation for this could be the conversion of DON to DON-3-glucoside (D3G), which is typically missed by common DON testing methods. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of temperature, relative humidity (RH), and preharvest rainfall on DON, D3G, and the D3D/DON relationship. D3G levels were higher in grain from spikes exposed to 100% RH than to 70, 80, or 90% RH at 20 and 25°C across all tested levels of mean FHB index (percentage of diseased spikelets per spike). Mean D3G contamination was higher at 20°C than at 25 or 30°C. There were significantly positive linear relationships between DON and D3G. Rainfall treatments resulted in significantly higher mean D3G than the rain-free check and induced preharvest sprouting, as indicated by low falling numbers (FNs). There were significant positive relationships between the rate of increase in D3G per unit increase in DON (a measure of conversion) and sprouting. As FN decreased, the rate of D3G conversion increased, and this rate of conversion per unit decrease in FN was greater at relatively low than at high mean DON levels. These results provide strong evidence that moisture after FHB visual symptom development was associated with DON-to-D3G conversion and constitute valuable new information for understanding this complex disease-mycotoxin system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanderson Bucker Moraes
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Laurence V Madden
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Byung-Kee Baik
- USDA-ARS-CSWQRU, Soft Wheat Quality Laboratory, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - James Gillespie
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - Pierce A Paul
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Góral T, Przetakiewicz J, Ochodzki P, Wiewióra B, Wiśniewska H. Quantification of DNA of Fusarium culmorum and Trichothecene Genotypes 3ADON and NIV in the Grain of Winter Wheat. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121449. [PMID: 36558783 PMCID: PMC9788549 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a wheat disease caused by fungi of the genus Fusarium. The aim of the study was to find relationships between the weather conditions in the experimental years and the locations and the amount of F. culmorum DNA and trichothecene genotypes, as well as the proportions between them. A three-year field experiment (2017, 2018 and 2019) was established in two locations (Poznań, Radzików). The DNA of F. culmorum was detected in all grain samples in an average amount of 20,124 pg per 1 μg of wheat DNA. The average amount of DNA from the 3ADON genotype was 4879 pg/μg and the amount of DNA from the NIV genotype was 3330 pg/μg. Weather conditions strongly affected the amount of DNA of F. culmorum and trichothecene genotypes detected in the grain. In the three experimental years, a high variability was observed in the coefficients of correlation between DNA concentrations and the FHB index, FDK, ergosterol and the corresponding toxins. There were significant correlations between disease incidence, fungal biomass (quantified as the total amount of fungal DNA or DNA trichothecene genotypes) and toxins (DON, 3AcDON and NIV) concentrations. The 3ADON trichothecene genotype dominated over the NIV genotype (ratio 1.5); however, this varied greatly depending on environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Góral
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-733-4636
| | - Jarosław Przetakiewicz
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland
| | - Piotr Ochodzki
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland
| | - Barbara Wiewióra
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland
| | - Halina Wiśniewska
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Strzeszyńska Str., 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Moraes WB, Madden LV, Paul PA. Efficacy of Genetic Resistance and Fungicide Application Against Fusarium Head Blight and Mycotoxins in Wheat Under Persistent Pre- and Postanthesis Moisture. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2839-2855. [PMID: 35471074 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-22-0263-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Field experiments were conducted to investigate the efficacy of fungicide treatments in combination with genetic resistance against Fusarium head blight (FHB) and its associated mycotoxins under persistently wet pre- and postanthesis conditions in plots inoculated with Fusarium graminearum-colonized corn spawn. Treatments consisted of a single application of prothioconazole + tebuconazole at early anthesis (PA), or at 3 (P3), 6 (P6), or 9 (P9) days after early anthesis, or PA followed by a single application of metconazole at 3 (PA+C3), 6 (PA+C6), or 9 (PA+C9) days after early anthesis. PA and P3 were the most efficacious of the single-application treatments in terms of mean percentage control of FHB index (IND), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), and mean increase in grain yield and test weight (TW) relative to the nontreated susceptible check (S_CK). The double-application treatments (PA+C3, PA+C6, and PA+C9) were the most effective of all tested fungicide programs. However, relative to S_CK, the highest overall mean percentage reduction in IND, DON, and ZEA and increase in grain yield and TW were observed when the double-application fungicide programs were integrated with genetic resistance. The estimated net cash income (NCI) of the integrated management (IM) programs was consistently higher than the NCI of other tested programs across different grain prices and fungicide application costs. Thus, the benefits of the two-treatment IM programs under highly favorable conditions for FHB development were enough to offset the cost of two applications, making these programs profitable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanderson Bucker Moraes
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Laurence V Madden
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Pierce A Paul
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Haidoulis JF, Nicholson P. Tissue-specific transcriptome responses to Fusarium head blight and Fusarium root rot. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1025161. [PMID: 36352885 PMCID: PMC9637937 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1025161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) and Fusarium root rot (FRR) are important diseases of small-grain cereals caused by Fusarium species. While host response to FHB has been subject to extensive study, very little is known about response to FRR and the transcriptome responses of FHB and FRR have not been thoroughly compared. Brachypodium distachyon (Bd) is an effective model for investigating host responses to both FHB and FRR. In this study the transcriptome response of Bd to F. graminearum (Fg) infection of heads and roots was investigated. An RNA-seq analysis was performed on both Bd FHB and FRR during the early infection. Additionally, an RNA-seq analysis was performed on in vitro samples of Fg for comparison with Fg gene expression in planta. Differential gene expression and gene-list enrichment analyses were used to compare FHB and FRR transcriptome responses in both Bd and Fg. Differential expression of selected genes was confirmed using RT-qPCR. Most genes associated with receptor signalling, cell-wall modification, oxidative stress metabolism, and cytokinin and auxin biosynthesis and signalling genes were generally upregulated in FHB or were downregulated in FRR. In contrast, Bd genes involved in jasmonic acid and ethylene biosynthesis and signalling, and antimicrobial production were similarly differentially expressed in both tissues in response to infection. A transcriptome analysis of predicted Fg effectors with the same infected material revealed elevated expression of core tissue-independent genes including cell-wall degradation enzymes and the gene cluster for DON production but also several tissue-dependent genes including those for aurofusarin production and cutin degradation. This evidence suggests that Fg modulates its transcriptome to different tissues of the same host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Nicholson
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, England
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mapook A, Hyde KD, Hassan K, Kemkuignou BM, Čmoková A, Surup F, Kuhnert E, Paomephan P, Cheng T, de Hoog S, Song Y, Jayawardena RS, Al-Hatmi AMS, Mahmoudi T, Ponts N, Studt-Reinhold L, Richard-Forget F, Chethana KWT, Harishchandra DL, Mortimer PE, Li H, Lumyong S, Aiduang W, Kumla J, Suwannarach N, Bhunjun CS, Yu FM, Zhao Q, Schaefer D, Stadler M. Ten decadal advances in fungal biology leading towards human well-being. FUNGAL DIVERS 2022; 116:547-614. [PMID: 36123995 PMCID: PMC9476466 DOI: 10.1007/s13225-022-00510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are an understudied resource possessing huge potential for developing products that can greatly improve human well-being. In the current paper, we highlight some important discoveries and developments in applied mycology and interdisciplinary Life Science research. These examples concern recently introduced drugs for the treatment of infections and neurological diseases; application of -OMICS techniques and genetic tools in medical mycology and the regulation of mycotoxin production; as well as some highlights of mushroom cultivaton in Asia. Examples for new diagnostic tools in medical mycology and the exploitation of new candidates for therapeutic drugs, are also given. In addition, two entries illustrating the latest developments in the use of fungi for biodegradation and fungal biomaterial production are provided. Some other areas where there have been and/or will be significant developments are also included. It is our hope that this paper will help realise the importance of fungi as a potential industrial resource and see the next two decades bring forward many new fungal and fungus-derived products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ausana Mapook
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
| | - Kevin D. Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Innovative Institute of Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510225 China
| | - Khadija Hassan
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
| | - Blondelle Matio Kemkuignou
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
| | - Adéla Čmoková
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Frank Surup
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Brunswick, Germany
| | - Eric Kuhnert
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Pathompong Paomephan
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Tian Cheng
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center / Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Yinggai Song
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruvishika S. Jayawardena
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
| | - Abdullah M. S. Al-Hatmi
- Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center / Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nadia Ponts
- INRAE, UR1264 Mycology and Food Safety (MycSA), 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Lena Studt-Reinhold
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | | | - K. W. Thilini Chethana
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
| | - Dulanjalee L. Harishchandra
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruit Diseases and Pests in North China, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097 China
| | - Peter E. Mortimer
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Huili Li
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Saisamorm Lumyong
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, 10300 Thailand
| | - Worawoot Aiduang
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Jaturong Kumla
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Nakarin Suwannarach
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200 Thailand
| | - Chitrabhanu S. Bhunjun
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
| | - Feng-Ming Yu
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100 Thailand
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Doug Schaefer
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201 Yunnan China
| | - Marc Stadler
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Brunswick, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Brunswick, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Toxigenicity of F. graminearum Residing on Host Plants Alternative to Wheat as Influenced by Environmental Conditions. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080541. [PMID: 36006203 PMCID: PMC9414964 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is an important pathogen that causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) in several cereal crops worldwide. The potential of this pathogen to contaminate cereals with trichothecene mycotoxins presents a health risk for both humans and animals. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of different trichothecene genotypes of F. graminearum isolated from an alternative host plant to produce mycotoxins under different spring wheat grain incubation conditions. Fourteen F. graminearum strains were isolated from seven alternative host plants and identified as 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON) and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON) genotypes. These strains were cultivated on spring wheat grains at 25 °C and 29 °C for 5 weeks. The mycotoxins produced were analysed with a high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) coupled to a Thermo Scientific TSQ Quantiva MS/MS detector. The obtained results showed that the F. graminearum strains from alternative host plants could produce nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), fusarenon-X (FUS-X), 3-ADON, deoxynivalenol-3-ß-d-glucoside (D3G), 15-ADON, and zearalenone (ZEA). F. graminearum strains produced DON and ZEA under both temperatures, with the mean concentrations varying from 363 to 112,379 µg kg−1 and from 1452 to 44,816 µg kg−1, respectively. Our results indicated the possible role of dicotyledonous plants, including weeds, as a reservoir of inoculum sources of F. graminearum-induced Fusarium head blight, associated with the risk of mycotoxin contamination in spring wheat.
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang J, Zhu W, Goodwin PH, Lin Q, Xia M, Xu W, Sun R, Liang J, Wu C, Li H, Wang Q, Yang L. Response of Fusarium pseudograminearum to Biocontrol Agent Bacillus velezensis YB-185 by Phenotypic and Transcriptome Analysis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080763. [PMID: 35893131 PMCID: PMC9331925 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of biological control agents (BCAs) is a promising alternative control measure for Fusarium crown rot (FCR) of wheat caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum. A bacterial strain, YB-185, was isolated from the soil of wheat plants with FCR and identified as Bacillus velezensis. YB-185 exhibited strong inhibition of F. pseudograminearum mycelial growth and conidial germination in culture. Seed treatment with YB-185 in greenhouse and field resulted in reductions in disease by 66.1% and 57.6%, respectively, along with increased grain yield. Microscopy of infected root tissues confirmed that YB-185 reduced root invasion by F. pseudograminearum. RNA-seq of F. pseudograminearum during co-cultivation with B. velezensis YB-185 revealed 5086 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) compared to the control. Down-regulated DEGs included genes for glucan synthesis, fatty acid synthesis, mechanosensitive ion channels, superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxin, thioredoxin, and plant-cell-wall-degrading enzymes, whereas up-regulated DEGs included genes for chitin synthesis, ergosterol synthesis, glutathione S-transferase, catalase, and ABC transporters. In addition, fungal cell apoptosis increased significantly, as indicated by TUNEL staining, and the scavenging rate of 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical cation (ABTS·+) in the fungus significantly decreased. Thus, F. pseudograminearum may be trying to maintain normal cell functions by increasing cell wall and membrane synthesis, antioxidant and anti-stress responses, detoxification of bacterial antimicrobial compounds, and transportation of damaging compounds from its cells. However, cell death and free radical accumulation still occurred, indicating that the responses were insufficient to prevent cell damage. Bacillus velezensis YB-185 is a promising BCA against FCR that acts by directly damaging F. pseudograminearum, thus reducing its ability to colonize roots and produce symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Henan Agricultural Microbiology Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.X.); (W.X.); (R.S.); (J.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Wenqian Zhu
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Henan Agricultural Microbiology Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.X.); (W.X.); (R.S.); (J.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Paul H. Goodwin
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Qitong Lin
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Henan Agricultural Microbiology Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.X.); (W.X.); (R.S.); (J.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Mingcong Xia
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Henan Agricultural Microbiology Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.X.); (W.X.); (R.S.); (J.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Wen Xu
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Henan Agricultural Microbiology Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.X.); (W.X.); (R.S.); (J.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Runhong Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Henan Agricultural Microbiology Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.X.); (W.X.); (R.S.); (J.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Juan Liang
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Henan Agricultural Microbiology Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.X.); (W.X.); (R.S.); (J.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Chao Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Henan Agricultural Microbiology Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.X.); (W.X.); (R.S.); (J.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Honglian Li
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China;
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Lirong Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection Research, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Henan Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Henan Agricultural Microbiology Innovation Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (Q.L.); (M.X.); (W.X.); (R.S.); (J.L.); (C.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-371-6585-2150
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Whitney K, Gracia-Gomez G, Anderson JA, Simsek S. Time Course Metabolite Profiling of Fusarium Head Blight-Infected Hard Red Spring Wheat Using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Quadrupole Time of Flight/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:4152-4163. [PMID: 35298172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is an important food crop, yet its value is reduced by fungal infections (ex. Fusarium graminearum). Metabolite profiling is a useful tool for explaining resistance mechanisms. By analyzing near-isogenic lines (NILs) with contrasting Fhb1 alleles and three wheat varieties, a time course resulting in 61 relevant metabolites was studied. The presence of one metabolite as resistant related constitutive late in the time course was detected. Results confirm the presence of hydroxycinnamic acid amides conjugated with polyamine derivatives (hydroxycinnamic acid amides, HCAAs), which have been shown to induce thickening of cell walls. These compounds are shared by resistant and susceptible genotypes with no difference in intensities but vary in time as early- or late-occurring, suggesting that for the NIL studied here, HCAAs were a normal part of the host reaction. Overall, metabolites synthesized as a result of infection were observed regardless of susceptibility but occurred at different times after infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Whitney
- Department of Food Science & Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Gerardo Gracia-Gomez
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - James A Anderson
- Department of Agronomy & Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, 411 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Senay Simsek
- Department of Food Science & Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li T, Kim D, Lee J. NADPH Oxidase Gene, FgNoxD, Plays a Critical Role in Development and Virulence in Fusarium graminearum. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:822682. [PMID: 35308369 PMCID: PMC8928025 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.822682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase is an enzyme that generates reactive oxygen species from oxygen and NADPH and is highly conserved in eukaryotes. In Fusarium graminearum, a series of different Nox enzymes have been identified. NoxA is involved in sexual development and ascospore production and, like NoxB, also contributes to pathogenicity. Both NoxA and NoxB are regulated by the subunit NoxR, whereas NoxC is usually self-regulated by EF-hand motifs found on the enzyme. In this study, we characterized another NADPH oxidase in F. graminearum, FgNoxD. In the FgNoxD deletion mutant, vegetative growth and conidia production were reduced, while sexual development was totally abolished. The FgNoxD deletion mutant also showed reduced resistance to cell wall perturbing agents; cell membrane inhibitors; and osmotic, fungicide, cold, and extracellular oxidative stress, when compared to the wild type. Moreover, in comparison to the wild type, the FgNoxD deletion mutant exhibited reduced virulence against the host plant. The FgNoxD deletion mutant produced less deoxynivalenol than the wild type, and the Tri5 and Tri6 gene expression was also downregulated. In conclusion, our findings show that FgNoxD is involved in the survival against various stresses, conidiation, sexual development, and virulence, highlighting this enzyme as a new target to control the disease caused by F. graminearum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiying Li
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Dohyun Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jungkwan Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Successful Silencing of the Mycotoxin Synthesis Gene TRI5 in Fusarium culmorum and Observation of Reduced Virulence in VIGS and SIGS Experiments. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030395. [PMID: 35327949 PMCID: PMC8953179 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Crops constantly experience various biotic stresses during their life cycle, and Fusarium spp. remain one of the most serious groups of pathogens affecting plants. The ability to manipulate the expression of certain microorganism genes via RNAi creates the opportunity for new-generation dsRNA-based preparations to control a large number of diseases. In this study, we applied virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), and spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) to silence the trichothecene-producing gene TRI5 in F. culmorum as a means to reduce its aggressiveness on spring wheat. Treatment of the fungus with dsTRI5RNA in vitro reduced deoxynivalenol (DON) and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-A-DON) accumulations by 53–85% and 61–87%, respectively, and reduced TRI5 expression by 84–97%. VIGS decreased the proportion of infected wheat spikelets by 73%, but upregulation was observed for TRI5. SIGS on wheat leaves and ears using certain dsTRI5RNA amounts negatively impacted F. culmorum growth. However, when performing in vivo analyses of TRI5 mRNA levels, the upregulation of the gene was determined in the variants where fungal colonization was restricted, suggesting a compensatory reaction of the pathogen to RNAi.
Collapse
|
22
|
Machado FJ, de Barros AV, McMaster N, Schmale DG, Vaillancourt LJ, Del Ponte EM. Aggressiveness and Mycotoxin Production by Fusarium meridionale Compared with F. graminearum on Maize Ears and Stalks in the Field. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:271-277. [PMID: 34142851 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-21-0149-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium meridionale and F. graminearum both cause Gibberella ear rot (GER) and Gibberella stalk rot (GSR) of maize in Brazil, but the former is much more common. Recent work with two isolates of each from maize suggested this dominance could be caused by greater aggressiveness and competitiveness of F. meridionale on maize. We evaluated pathogenicity and toxigenicity of 16 isolates of F. graminearum and 24 isolates of F. meridionale recovered from both wheat and maize. Strains were individually inoculated into ears of four maize hybrids in field trials. GER severity varied significantly between isolates within each species. Although ranges overlapped, the average GER severity induced by F. meridionale (25.2%) was two times as high overall as that induced by F. graminearum (12.8%) for isolates obtained from maize but was similar for those isolated from wheat (19.9 and 21.4%, respectively). In contrast, severity of GSR was slightly higher for F. graminearum (22.2%) than for F. meridionale (19.8%), with no effect of the host of origin. Deoxynivalenol and its acetylated form 15ADON were the main mycotoxins produced by F. graminearum (7/16 strains), and nivalenol toxin was produced by F. meridionale (17/24 strains). Six isolates of F. graminearum and three of F. meridionale also produced zearalenone. Results confirmed that F. meridionale from maize is, on average, more aggressive on maize but also suggested greater complexity related to diversity among the isolates within each species and their interactions with different hybrids. Further studies involving other components of the disease cycle are needed to more fully explain observed patterns of host dominance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franklin J Machado
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, U.S.A
| | - Aline V de Barros
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, U.S.A
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Nicole McMaster
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, U.S.A
| | - David G Schmale
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, U.S.A
| | | | - Emerson M Del Ponte
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chtioui W, Balmas V, Delogu G, Migheli Q, Oufensou S. Bioprospecting Phenols as Inhibitors of Trichothecene-Producing Fusarium: Sustainable Approaches to the Management of Wheat Pathogens. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020072. [PMID: 35202101 PMCID: PMC8875213 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium spp. are ubiquitous fungi able to cause Fusarium head blight and Fusarium foot and root rot on wheat. Among relevant pathogenic species, Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum cause significant yield and quality loss and result in contamination of the grain with mycotoxins, mainly type B trichothecenes, which are a major health concern for humans and animals. Phenolic compounds of natural origin are being increasingly explored as fungicides on those pathogens. This review summarizes recent research activities related to the antifungal and anti-mycotoxigenic activity of natural phenolic compounds against Fusarium, including studies into the mechanisms of action of major exogenous phenolic inhibitors, their structure-activity interaction, and the combined effect of these compounds with other natural products or with conventional fungicides in mycotoxin modulation. The role of high-throughput analysis tools to decipher key signaling molecules able to modulate the production of mycotoxins and the development of sustainable formulations enhancing potential inhibitors’ efficacy are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wiem Chtioui
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (W.C.); (V.B.); (Q.M.)
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (W.C.); (V.B.); (Q.M.)
| | - Giovanna Delogu
- Istituto CNR di Chimica Biomolecolare, Traversa La Crucca 3, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (W.C.); (V.B.); (Q.M.)
- Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Safa Oufensou
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (W.C.); (V.B.); (Q.M.)
- Nucleo di Ricerca sulla Desertificazione, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-079-229-297
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang X, Li C, Xue B, Ji P, Li Y, Sun L, Wang S. Development of a Rapid Sporulation Method of Fusarium graminearum Using Liquid Cultivation. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:34-38. [PMID: 34282928 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-21-0911-sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is an important fungus causing a variety of maize diseases, including stalk rot, ear rot, and sheath rot. However, conidia of F. graminearum are not easily obtained under normal culture conditions, which seriously affects the identification and pathogenicity assessment of the isolates and screening of resistance sources. This study was undertaken to develop and utilize a rapid sporulation technique of F. graminearum using liquid cultivation, which could meet the needs of various tests. The results show that the optimum conditions for sporulation of F. graminearum were as follows: culture medium, 0.154 mol/liter of saline; temperature, 28 to 30°C; incubation time, 96 h; initial pH, 9 to 10; illumination, continuous ultraviolet light; and shaking speed, 150 rpm. Using this culture method, conidial concentration of tested F. graminearum strains can reach >1.5 × 105 conidia/ml. Compared with the existing methods using mung bean and carboxylmethyl cellulose as matrix, saline is relatively inexpensive, and the culture process, relatively quick. Overall, this study provided a systematic, rapid, and simple method to obtain a large number of conidia of F. graminearum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Agricultural College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P. R. China
| | - Chunjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P. R. China
| | - Baiyan Xue
- Agricultural College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P. R. China
| | - Pingsheng Ji
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31794, U.S.A
| | - Yonggang Li
- Agricultural College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P. R. China
| | - Lei Sun
- Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Environment Resources, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Environment Resources, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ye W, Zhu M, Li S, Cen Y, Liu T, Li H, Liu H, Zhang W. The excavation of novel toxin-resistance proteins against trichothecenes toxins in Paramyrothecium roridum. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:369-378. [PMID: 34634329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Trichothecene toxins cause serious hazard towards human health and economical crops. However, there are no sufficient molecular strategies to reduce the hazard of trichothecene toxins. Thus it is urgent to exploit novel approaches to control the hazard of trichothecenes. In this study, four trichothecene toxin-resistance genes including mfs1, GNAT1, TRP1 and tri12 in Paramyrothecium roridum were excavated based on genome sequencing results, and then expressed in toxin-sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae BJ5464, the toxin resistance genes pdr5, pdr10 and pdr15 of which were firstly knocked out simultaneously by the introduction of TAA stop codon employing CRISPR/Cas9 system. Therefore, three novel hazardous toxin-resistance genes mfs1, GNAT1, TRP1 in P. roridum were firstly excavated by the co-incubation of DON toxin and toxin resistant genes-containing BJ5464 strains. The in vitro function and properties of novel toxin-resistance genes coding proteins including GNAT1, MFS1 and TRP1 were identified by heterologous expression and cellular location analysis as well as in vitro biochemical reaction. The excavation of novel trichothecene toxin-resistance genes provide novel molecular clues for controlling the harm of trichothecenes, meanwhile, this study will also pave a new way for the yield improvement of trichothecenes by heterologous expression to facilitate the development of trichothecenes as anti-tumor lead compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Muzi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Saini Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Youfei Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Taomei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Haohua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Hongxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tang Z, Tang H, Wang W, Xue Y, Chen D, Tang W, Liu W. Biosynthesis of a New Fusaoctaxin Virulence Factor in Fusarium graminearum Relies on a Distinct Path To Form a Guanidinoacetyl Starter Unit Priming Nonribosomal Octapeptidyl Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:19719-19730. [PMID: 34784713 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a pathogenic fungus causing huge economic losses worldwide via crop infection leading to yield reduction and grain contamination. The process through which the fungal invasion occurs remains poorly understood. We recently characterized fusaoctaxin A in F. graminearum, where this octapeptide virulence factor results from an assembly line encoded in fg3_54, a gene cluster proved to be involved in fungal pathogenicity and host adaptation. Focusing on genes in this cluster that are related to fungal invasiveness but not to the biosynthesis of fusaoctaxin A, we here report the identification and characterization of fusaoctaxin B, a new octapeptide virulence factor with comparable activity in wheat infection. Fusaoctaxin B differs from fusaoctaxin A at the N-terminus by possessing a guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) unit, formation of which depends on the combined activities of the protein products of fgm1-3. Fgm1 is a cytochrome P450 protein that oxygenates l-Arg to 4(R)-hydroxyl-l-Arg in a regio- and stereoselective manner. Then, Cβ-Cγ bond cleavage proceeds in the presence of Fgm3, a pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent lyase, giving guanidinoacetaldehyde and l-Ala. Rather than being directly oxidized to GAA, the guanidine-containing aldehyde undergoes spontaneous cyclization and subsequent enzymatic dehydrogenation to provide glycociamidine, which is linearized by Fgm2, a metallo-dependent amidohydrolase. The GAA path in F. graminearum is distinct from that previously known to involve l-Arg:l-Gly aminidotransferase activity. To provide this nonproteinogenic starter unit that primes nonribosomal octapeptidyl assembly, F. graminearum employs new chemistry to process l-Arg through inert C-H bond activation, selective C-C bond cleavage, cyclization-based alcohol dehydrogenation, and amidohydrolysis-associated linearization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Haoyu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wanqiu Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yufeng Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dandan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weihua Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.,Huzhou Center of Bio-Synthetic Innovation, 1366 Hongfeng Road, Huzhou 313000, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hafez M, Abdelmagid A, Aboukhaddour R, Adam LR, Daayf F. Fusarium Root Rot Complex in Soybean: Molecular Characterization, Trichothecene Formation, and Cross-Pathogenicity. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:2287-2302. [PMID: 33938238 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-21-0083-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soybean is threatened by many pathogens that negatively affect this crop's yield and quality, such as various Fusarium species that cause wilting and root rot diseases. Fusarium root rot (FRR) in soybean can be caused by F. graminearum and other Fusarium spp. that are associated with Fusarium head blight (FHB) in cereals. Therefore, it was important to inquire whether Fusarium pathogens from soybean can cause disease in wheat and vice versa. Here, we investigated the FRR complex in Manitoba (Canada) from symptomatic plants, using both culture- and molecular-based methods. We developed a molecular diagnostic toolkit to detect and differentiate between several Fusarium spp. involved in FHB and FRR, then we evaluated cross-pathogenicity of selected Fusarium isolates collected from soybean and wheat, and the results indicate that isolates recovered from one host can infect the other host. Trichothecene production by selected Fusarium spp. was also analyzed chemically via liquid chromatography mass spectrometry in both soybean (root) and wheat (spike) tissues. Trichothecenes were also analyzed in soybean seeds from plants with FRR to check the potentiality of trichothecene translocation from infected roots to the seeds. All of the tested Fusarium isolates were capable of producing trichothecenes in wheat spikes and soybean roots, but no trichothecenes were detected in soybean seeds. This study provided evidence, for the first time, that trichothecenes were produced by several Fusarium spp. (F. cerealis, F. culmorum, and F. sporotrichioides) during FRR development in soybean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hafez
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T2N2, Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Center, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdelmagid
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T2N2, Canada
- Department of Plant Pathology, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Reem Aboukhaddour
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Center, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lorne R Adam
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T2N2, Canada
| | - Fouad Daayf
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T2N2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Xi K, Shan L, Yang Y, Zhang G, Zhang J, Guo W. Species Diversity and Chemotypes of Fusarium Species Associated With Maize Stalk Rot in Yunnan Province of Southwest China. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:652062. [PMID: 34759893 PMCID: PMC8575069 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.652062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize stalk rot caused by Fusarium species is one of the most important fungal diseases of maize throughout the world. The disease is responsible for considerable yield losses and has also been associated with mycotoxin contamination of the crop. In this study, a survey of maize stalk rot was performed in seven locations of Yunnan Province in China during the cropping season of 2015 and 2016. Based on morphological and molecular characteristics, 204 isolates belonging to 12 Fusarium spp. from symptomatic stalks of maize were identified. Among the isolated strains, 83 were identified as Fusarium meridionale (40.5%), 46 as Fusarium boothii (22.5%), 34 as Fusarium temperatum (16.5%), 12 as Fusarium equiseti (5.9%), 10 as Fusarium asiaticum (4.9%), six as Fusarium proliferatum (3.0%), four as Fusarium verticillioides (2.0%), four as Fusarium incarnatum (2.0%), two as Fusarium avenaceum (1.0%), one as Fusarium cerealis (0.5%), one as Fusarium graminearum (0.5%), and one as Fusarium cortaderiae (0.5%). Fusarium cortaderiae was the first report on the causal agent of maize stalk rot disease in China. These isolates were divided into five chemotypes: nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), beauvericin (BEA), zearalenone (ZEN), and fumonisin (FUM). Phylogenetic analysis based on partial sequences of the translation elongation factor 1α (TEF1-α) showed a high degree of interspecific polymorphisms among the isolates. Pathogenicity analysis on maize stalks indicated that all the 12 species of Fusarium were able to cause the disease symptoms with different aggressiveness. This study on population, pathogenicity, and toxigenic chemotypes of Fusarium species associated with maize stalk rot in Yunnan Province of southwest China, will help design an effective integrated control strategy for this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaifei Xi
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Liuying Shan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Yini Yang
- The Central Agricultural Broadcasting and Television School, Beijing, China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- General Office of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liu G, Zuo DY, Yang P, He WJ, Yang Z, Zhang JB, Wu AB, Yi SY, Li HP, Huang T, Liao YC. A Novel Deoxynivalenol-Activated Wheat Arl6ip4 Gene Encodes an Antifungal Peptide with Deoxynivalenol Affinity and Protects Plants against Fusarium Pathogens and Mycotoxins. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110941. [PMID: 34829228 PMCID: PMC8618893 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most widespread trichothecene mycotoxins in contaminated cereal products. DON plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of Fusarium graminearum, but the molecular mechanisms of DON underlying Fusarium–wheat interactions are not yet well understood. In this study, a novel wheat ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 6-interacting protein 4 gene, TaArl6ip4, was identified from DON-treated wheat suspension cells by suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). The qRT-PCR result suggested that TaArl6ip4 expression is specifically activated by DON in both the Fusarium intermediate susceptible wheat cultivar Zhengmai9023 and the Fusarium resistant cultivar Sumai3. The transient expression results of the TaARL6IP4::GFP fusion protein indicate that TaArl6ip4 encodes a plasma membrane and nucleus-localized protein. Multiple sequence alignment using microscale thermophoresis showed that TaARL6IP4 comprises a conserved DON binding motif, 67HXXXG71, and exhibits DON affinity with a dissociation constant (KD) of 91 ± 2.6 µM. Moreover, TaARL6IP4 exhibited antifungal activity with IC50 values of 22 ± 1.5 µM and 25 ± 2.6 µM against Fusarium graminearum and Alternaria alternata, respectively. Furthermore, TaArl6ip4 interacted with the plasma membrane of Fusarium graminearum spores, resulting in membrane disruption and the leakage of cytoplasmic materials. The heterologous over-expression of TaArl6ip4 conferred greater DON tolerance and Fusarium resistance in Arabidopsis. Finally, we describe a novel DON-induced wheat gene, TaArl6ip4, exhibiting antifungal function and DON affinity that may play a key role in Fusarium–wheat interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (D.-Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (W.-J.H.); (Z.Y.); (J.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.); (H.-P.L.)
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dong-Yun Zuo
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (D.-Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (W.-J.H.); (Z.Y.); (J.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.); (H.-P.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (D.-Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (W.-J.H.); (Z.Y.); (J.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.); (H.-P.L.)
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei-Jie He
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (D.-Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (W.-J.H.); (Z.Y.); (J.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.); (H.-P.L.)
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zheng Yang
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (D.-Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (W.-J.H.); (Z.Y.); (J.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.); (H.-P.L.)
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jing-Bo Zhang
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (D.-Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (W.-J.H.); (Z.Y.); (J.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.); (H.-P.L.)
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ai-Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China;
| | - Shu-Yuan Yi
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (D.-Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (W.-J.H.); (Z.Y.); (J.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.); (H.-P.L.)
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - He-Ping Li
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (D.-Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (W.-J.H.); (Z.Y.); (J.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.); (H.-P.L.)
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (D.-Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (W.-J.H.); (Z.Y.); (J.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.); (H.-P.L.)
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (Y.-C.L.)
| | - Yu-Cai Liao
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (G.L.); (D.-Y.Z.); (P.Y.); (W.-J.H.); (Z.Y.); (J.-B.Z.); (S.-Y.Y.); (H.-P.L.)
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (Y.-C.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Leslie JF, Moretti A, Mesterházy Á, Ameye M, Audenaert K, Singh PK, Richard-Forget F, Chulze SN, Ponte EMD, Chala A, Battilani P, Logrieco AF. Key Global Actions for Mycotoxin Management in Wheat and Other Small Grains. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:725. [PMID: 34679018 PMCID: PMC8541216 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins in small grains are a significant and long-standing problem. These contaminants may be produced by members of several fungal genera, including Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Claviceps, and Penicillium. Interventions that limit contamination can be made both pre-harvest and post-harvest. Many problems and strategies to control them and the toxins they produce are similar regardless of the location at which they are employed, while others are more common in some areas than in others. Increased knowledge of host-plant resistance, better agronomic methods, improved fungicide management, and better storage strategies all have application on a global basis. We summarize the major pre- and post-harvest control strategies currently in use. In the area of pre-harvest, these include resistant host lines, fungicides and their application guided by epidemiological models, and multiple cultural practices. In the area of post-harvest, drying, storage, cleaning and sorting, and some end-product processes were the most important at the global level. We also employed the Nominal Group discussion technique to identify and prioritize potential steps forward and to reduce problems associated with human and animal consumption of these grains. Identifying existing and potentially novel mechanisms to effectively manage mycotoxin problems in these grains is essential to ensure the safety of humans and domesticated animals that consume these grains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John F. Leslie
- Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Department of Plant Pathology, 1712 Claflin Avenue, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of the Science of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Ákos Mesterházy
- Cereal Research Non-Profit Ltd., Alsókikötő sor 9, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Maarten Ameye
- Department of Plant and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Department of Plant and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Pawan K. Singh
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, Mexico 06600, DF, Mexico;
| | | | - Sofía N. Chulze
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council-National University of Río Cuarto (CONICET-UNRC), 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina;
| | - Emerson M. Del Ponte
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil;
| | - Alemayehu Chala
- College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 5, Hawassa 1000, Ethiopia;
| | - Paola Battilani
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Universitá Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via E. Parmense, 84-29122 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Antonio F. Logrieco
- Institute of the Science of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Machado FJ, Kuhnem PR, Casa RT, McMaster N, Schmale DG, Vaillancourt LJ, Del Ponte EM. The Dominance of Fusarium meridionale Over F. graminearum Causing Gibberella Ear Rot in Brazil May Be Due to Increased Aggressiveness and Competitiveness. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1774-1781. [PMID: 33656353 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-20-0515-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In Brazil, Gibberella ear rot (GER) of maize is caused mainly by Fusarium meridionale, whereas F. graminearum is a minor contributor. To test the hypothesis that F. meridionale is more aggressive than F. graminearum on maize, six experiments were conducted in the south (summer) and one in the central-south (winter), totaling seven conditions (year × location × hybrid). Treatments consisted of F. graminearum or F. meridionale (two isolates of each) inoculated once 4 days after silk, inoculated sequentially and alternately (F. graminearum → F. meridionale or F. meridionale → F. graminearum) 6 days apart, or (in the central-south) inoculated sequentially without alternating species (F. meridionale → F. meridionale or F. graminearum → F. graminearum). Overall, severity was two times greater in the south (37.0%), where summer temperatures were warmer (20 to 25°C) than in central-south. In the south, severity was greatest in F. meridionale treatments (67.8%); followed by F. meridionale → F. graminearum (41.1%), then F. graminearum → F. meridionale (19.4%), and lowest in F. graminearum (2.1%), suggesting an antagonistic relationship. In the central-south (15 to 20°C), severity was generally higher in the sequential nonalternating inoculation treatments (F. meridionale → F. meridionale or F. graminearum → F. graminearum) than when either species was inoculated only once. Only nivalenol (NIV) or deoxynivalenol was detected when F. meridionale or F. graminearum, respectively, was inoculated singly, or sequentially with no alternation. Both toxins were found in grains harvested from the F. meridionale → F. graminearum treatment, whereas only NIV was found in kernels from the F. graminearum → F. meridionale treatment, suggesting that F. meridionale was more competitive than F. graminearum in coinoculations. The dominance of F. meridionale as a cause of GER in Brazil may be due in part to its higher aggressiveness and competitiveness compared with F. graminearum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franklin J Machado
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa MG, Brazil
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, U.S.A
| | - Paulo R Kuhnem
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Fitotecnia, Faculdade de Agronomia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T Casa
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages SC, Brazil
| | - Nicole McMaster
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, U.S.A
| | - David G Schmale
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, U.S.A
| | | | - Emerson M Del Ponte
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang L, Yan Z, Zhou H, Fan Y, Wang C, Zhang J, Liao Y, Wu A. Validation of LC-MS/MS Coupled with a Chiral Column for the Determination of 3- or 15-Acetyl Deoxynivalenol Mycotoxins from Fusarium graminearum in Wheat. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:659. [PMID: 34564663 PMCID: PMC8473124 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The major causal agents Fusarium graminearum (F. graminearum) and Fusarium asiaticum could produce multiple mycotoxins in infected wheat, which threatens the health of humans and animals. Specifically, deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivatives 3- and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON and 15-ADON) are commonly detected mycotoxins in cereal grains. However, the good chromatographic separation of 3-ADON and 15-ADON remains challenging. Here, an LC-MS/MS method for the chemotype determination of Fusarium strains was developed and validated. 3- and 15-ADON could be separated chromatographically in this study with sufficiently low limits of detection (LODs; 4 μg/kg) and limits of quantification (LOQs; 8 μg/kg). The satisfying intraday and interday reproducibility (both %RSDr and %RSDR were <20%) of this method indicated good stability. The recoveries of all analytes were in the range of 80-120%. In addition, three F. graminearum complex (FGC) strains, i.e., PH-1 (chemotype 15-ADON), F-1 (chemotype 3-ADON) and 5035 (chemotype 15-ADON), were selected to verify the accuracy of the method in differentiating phenotypes. The validation results showed that this LC-MS/MS method based on sample pretreatment is effective and suitable for the chromatographic separation of 3-ADON and 15-ADON in wheat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wang
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China; (L.W.); (Z.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Zheng Yan
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China; (L.W.); (Z.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China; (L.W.); (Z.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Yingying Fan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Urumqi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affiairs, Urumqi 830091, China; (Y.F.); (C.W.)
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Urumqi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affiairs, Urumqi 830091, China; (Y.F.); (C.W.)
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yucai Liao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Aibo Wu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200030, China; (L.W.); (Z.Y.); (H.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lu Y, Qiu J, Wang S, Xu J, Ma G, Shi J, Bao Z. Species Diversity and Toxigenic Potential of Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti Species Complex Isolates from Rice and Soybean in China. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:2628-2636. [PMID: 33393357 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-20-1907-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC) strains are generally considered moderately virulent to many agricultural crops and produce a variety of mycotoxins, which represent a serious threat to food safety and public health. The occurrence of the FIESC strain in agricultural crops has been reported in various climatic regions, but detailed information on the species composition and toxigenic ability is rare in China. In this study, phylogenetic analyses were performed with combined sequences of EF-1a and RPB2 of 186 Fusarium isolates obtained from rice (Oryza sativa) and soybean (Glycine max). Twelve species were identified and 156 of the isolates were resolved within the Incarnatum clade of the FIESC species. Host influenced the population composition: rice isolates belonged to 12 species, among which FIESC 16, 18, and 24 strains were predominant; whereas five species were found among soybean isolates and FIESC 1, 16, and 18 strains dominated. Forty-three isolates were arbitrarily selected and analyzed for their Tri gene sequences and mycotoxigenic potential. Phylogenetic results based on the combined Tri5, Tri7, and Tri13 sequences were coincident with those from housekeeping markers. Type-A and -B trichothecenes were the main metabolites. Diacetoxyscirpenol was detected in all strains at varying concentrations. Nivalenol, 4-acetyl nivalenol, 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol, and neosolaniol were produced in members of the FIESC 1, 3, 7, 8, 15, 16, 17, and 18 strains. Our findings contribute valuable phylogenetic and toxigenic information necessary for the risk evaluation of mycotoxins in agricultural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunan Lu
- College of Marine Life and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Jianbo Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Shufang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jianhong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Guizhen Ma
- College of Marine Life and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Jianrong Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zenghai Bao
- College of Marine Life and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Genome-wide association study for deoxynivalenol production and aggressiveness in wheat and rye head blight by resequencing 92 isolates of Fusarium culmorum. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:630. [PMID: 34461830 PMCID: PMC8404269 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07931-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fusarium culmorum is an important pathogen causing head blight of cereals in Europe. This disease is of worldwide importance leading to reduced yield, grain quality, and contamination by mycotoxins. These mycotoxins are harmful for livestock and humans; therefore, many countries have strict regulatory limits for raw materials and processed food. Extensive genetic diversity is described among field populations of F. culmorum isolates for aggressiveness and production of the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). However, the causes for this quantitative variation are not clear, yet. We analyzed 92 isolates sampled from different field populations in Germany, Russia, and Syria together with an international collection for aggressiveness and DON production in replicated field experiments at two locations in two years with two hosts, wheat and rye. The 30x coverage whole-genome resequencing of all isolates resulted in the identification of 130,389 high quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were used for the first genome-wide association study in this phytopathogenic fungus. Results In wheat, 20 and 27 SNPs were detected for aggressiveness and DON content, respectively, of which 10 overlapped. Additionally, two different SNPs were significantly associated with aggressiveness in rye that were among those SNPs being associated with DON production in wheat. Most of the SNPs explained only a small proportion of genotypic variance (pG), however, four SNPs were associated with major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with pG ranging from 12 to 48%. The QTL with the highest pG was involved in DON production and associated with a SNP most probably located within the Tri4 gene. Conclusions The diversity of 92 isolates of F. culmorum were captured using a heuristic approach. Key phenotypic traits, SNPs, and candidate genes underlying aggressiveness and DON production were identified. Clearly, many QTLs are responsible for aggressiveness and DON content in wheat, both traits following a quantitative inheritance. Several SNPs involved in DON metabolism, among them the Tri4 gene of the trichothecene pathway, were inferred as important source of variation in fungal aggressiveness. Using this information underlying the phenotypic variation will be of paramount importance in evaluating strategies for successful resistance breeding. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07931-5.
Collapse
|
35
|
Dos Santos ID, Pizzutti IR, Dias JV, Fontana MEZ, Souza DM, Cardoso CD. Mycotoxins in wheat flour: occurrence and co-occurrence assessment in samples from Southern Brazil. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2021; 14:151-161. [PMID: 34114946 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2021.1920053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this survey was to evaluate the presence and concentration as well as the co-occurrence of legislated and non-legislated mycotoxins in wheat flour samples from Brazil. A total of 200 wheat flour samples were analysed by a validated multi-mycotoxins method. DON was the mycotoxin with the highest occurrence, being present in 100% of the analysed samples and showing contamination in both years and regions (53-2905 μg kg-1). ZEN was detected in 51% (<LOQ-50 μg kg-1) of the samples, while T-2 (not legislated in Brazil) was detected in 13.5% (<LOQ-1506 μg kg-1) of all samples. Regarding co-occurrence, all samples were contaminated with two to three mycotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Duarte Dos Santos
- Department of Technology and Food Science, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Ionara Regina Pizzutti
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Jonatan Vinicius Dias
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, National Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Food and Feed, Wageningen
| | - Marlos Eduardo Zorzella Fontana
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Darliana Mello Souza
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Carmem Dickow Cardoso
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Laurent B, Moinard M, Spataro C, Chéreau S, Zehraoui E, Blanc R, Lasserre P, Ponts N, Foulongne-Oriol M. QTL mapping in Fusarium graminearum identified an allele of FgVe1 involved in reduced aggressiveness. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 153:103566. [PMID: 33991664 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is one of the most frequent causal agents of the Fusarium Head Blight, a cereal disease spread throughout the world, reducing grain production and quality. F. graminearum isolates are genetically and phenotypically highly diverse. Notably, remarkable variations of aggressiveness between isolates have been observed, which could reflect an adaptive potential of this pathogen. In this study, we aimed to characterize the genetic basis of aggressiveness variation observed in an F1 population (n = 94), for which genome sequences of both parental strains are available. Aggressiveness was assessed by a panel of in planta and in vitro proxies during two phenotyping trials including, among others, disease severity and mycotoxin accumulation in wheat spike. One major and single QTL was mapped for all the traits measured, on chromosome I, that explained up to 90% of the variance for disease severity. The confidence interval at the QTL spanned 1.2 Mb and contained 428 genes on the reference genome. Of these, four candidates were selected based on the postulate that a non-synonymous mutation affecting protein function may be responsible for phenotypic differences. Finally, a new mutation was identified and functionally validated in the gene FgVe1, coding for a velvet protein known to be involved in pathogenicity and secondary metabolism production in several fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Enric Zehraoui
- INRAE, MycSA, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France; Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, EGFV, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Richard Blanc
- INRAE, UCA, UMR 1095 GDEC, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Nadia Ponts
- INRAE, MycSA, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Palacios SA, Del Canto A, Erazo J, Torres AM. Fusarium cerealis causing Fusarium head blight of durum wheat and its associated mycotoxins. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 346:109161. [PMID: 33773354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) is a very important fungal disease that affects small grain cereals worldwide. This disease not only causes yield loses but also crops contamination with mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV). Species within the Fusarium graminearum species complex have been described as the main causal agents of this disease, however lately there have been few reports of Fusarium cerealis causing the disease in wheat and barley in different parts of the world. This study evaluated the aggressiveness of F. cerealis to durum wheat cultivars and also mycotoxin production in planta. Moreover, the mycotoxin profile of F. cerealis strains was characterized molecularly and chemically. All durum wheat cultivars showed typical FHB symptoms but the disease severity varied among them in levels up to 66%. In addition, seventeen different compounds were detected in the infected heads including DON, NIV and nivalenol-3-β-d-glucose (NIV3G). NIV was detected in all cultivars and was the most produced mycotoxin with levels ranging from 1.04 to 6.8 mg/kg. On the other hand, the molecular analysis of F. cerealis strains showed that all of them possessed NIV genotype while the chemical assessment showed that the strains were able to produce not only this toxin in vitro but also DON, zearalenone and other twenty-one secondary metabolites. The increasing incidence of F. cerealis and the possible contamination of crops with the mycotoxins that it produces are of great concern for food security and world cereal trade since it has been reported that NIV is more toxic for humans and animals than DON.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Palacios
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta 36, Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - A Del Canto
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta 36, Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - J Erazo
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta 36, Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - A M Torres
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto (UNRC), Ruta 36, Km 601, Río Cuarto 5800, Córdoba, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gimeno A, Stanley CE, Ngamenie Z, Hsung MH, Walder F, Schmieder SS, Bindschedler S, Junier P, Keller B, Vogelgsang S. A versatile microfluidic platform measures hyphal interactions between Fusarium graminearum and Clonostachys rosea in real-time. Commun Biol 2021; 4:262. [PMID: 33637874 PMCID: PMC7910300 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01767-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Routinely, fungal-fungal interactions (FFI) are studied on agar surfaces. However, this format restricts high-resolution dynamic imaging. To gain experimental access to FFI at the hyphal level in real-time, we developed a microfluidic platform, a FFI device. This device utilises microchannel geometry to enhance the visibility of hyphal growth and provides control channels to allow comparisons between localised and systemic effects. We demonstrate its function by investigating the FFI between the biological control agent (BCA) Clonostachys rosea and the plant pathogen Fusarium graminearum. Microscope image analyses confirm the inhibitory effect of the necrotrophic BCA and we show that a loss of fluorescence in parasitised hyphae of GFP-tagged F. graminearum coincides with the detection of GFP in mycelium of C. rosea. The versatility of our device to operate under both water-saturated and nutrient-rich as well as dry and nutrient-deficient conditions, coupled with its spatio-temporal output, opens new opportunities to study relationships between fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gimeno
- Ecological Plant Protection in Arable Crops, Plant Protection, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
- Molecular Plant Biology and Phytopathology, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claire E Stanley
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Plant-Soil Interactions, Agroecology and Environment Research Division, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Zacharie Ngamenie
- Ecological Plant Protection in Arable Crops, Plant Protection, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ming-Hui Hsung
- Plant-Soil Interactions, Agroecology and Environment Research Division, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Walder
- Plant-Soil Interactions, Agroecology and Environment Research Division, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie S Schmieder
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Pilar Junier
- Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Beat Keller
- Molecular Plant Biology and Phytopathology, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Vogelgsang
- Ecological Plant Protection in Arable Crops, Plant Protection, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chiotta ML, Alaniz Zanon MS, Palazzini JM, Alberione E, Barros GG, Chulze SN. Fusarium graminearum species complex occurrence on soybean and F. graminearum sensu stricto inoculum maintenance on residues in soybean-wheat rotation under field conditions. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 130:208-216. [PMID: 32619320 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aims of this study were to determine the occurrence of Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) on soybean pods, seeds and roots, including rhizoplane, during the period of soybean crop in rotation with wheat and to evaluate the FGSC dynamics on wheat and soybean residues during two soybean growing seasons in rotation with wheat, particularly F. graminearum sensu stricto (FGss). METHODS AND RESULTS Soybean roots, pods and seeds were analysed during 2012/13 and 2013/14 seasons. The morphological identification of FGSC and mycotoxin analysis was done. Crop residues were taken in both soybean season in wheat rotation and FGss were quantificated by real-time PCR. The results showed that Fusarium species, mainly FGSC, survive in a soybean crop in rotation with wheat. Isolation frequency of these species was higher on soybean pods than on seeds at R6 stage. Deoxynivalenol contamination on soybean seeds was higher in the 2013/14 season in comparison with the 2012/13 season. Low isolation levels of Fusarium species and species that did not belong to FGSC were observed in soybean root, whereas in rhizoplane a higher level was observed. Fusarium species inoculum on residues remained stable during crop succession and the FGSC were recovered from both wheat and soybean residues. Real time PCR data showed a higher DNA concentration of FGss in wheat residues in the first developmental stages of soybean plants, being the levels more significant during 2012/13 season. With regard to soybean residues collected during the wheat growing stages, an increase in DNA from anthesis until wheat harvest was observed. CONCLUSIONS In a no-till production system, the populations of FGSC can colonize wheat and soybean residues to become an inoculum source. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides new data on the occurrence of FGSC populations in soybean plant and FGss on residues in soybean-wheat rotation, a cultural practice commonly used in in Argentina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M L Chiotta
- Instituto de Investigación sobre Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Argentina (CONICET), National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC), Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M S Alaniz Zanon
- Instituto de Investigación sobre Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Argentina (CONICET), National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC), Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - J M Palazzini
- Instituto de Investigación sobre Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Argentina (CONICET), National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC), Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - G G Barros
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC), Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - S N Chulze
- Instituto de Investigación sobre Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Argentina (CONICET), National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC), Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Maor U, Barda O, Sadhasivam S, Bi Y, Levin E, Zakin V, Prusky DB, Sionov E. Functional roles of LaeA, polyketide synthase, and glucose oxidase in the regulation of ochratoxin A biosynthesis and virulence in Aspergillus carbonarius. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:117-129. [PMID: 33169928 PMCID: PMC7749749 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus carbonarius is the major producer of ochratoxin A (OTA) among Aspergillus species, but the contribution of this secondary metabolite to fungal virulence has not been assessed. We characterized the functions and addressed the roles of three factors in the regulation of OTA synthesis and pathogenicity in A. carbonarius: LaeA, a transcriptional factor regulating the production of secondary metabolites; polyketide synthase, required for OTA biosynthesis; and glucose oxidase (GOX), regulating gluconic acid (GLA) accumulation and acidification of the host tissue during fungal growth. Deletion of laeA in A. carbonarius resulted in significantly reduced OTA production in colonized nectarines and grapes. The ∆laeA mutant was unable to efficiently acidify the colonized tissue, as a direct result of diminished GLA production, leading to attenuated virulence in infected fruit compared to the wild type (WT). The designed Acpks-knockout mutant resulted in complete inhibition of OTA production in vitro and in colonized fruit. Interestingly, physiological analysis revealed that the colonization pattern of the ∆Acpks mutant was similar to that of the WT strain, with high production of GLA in the colonized tissue, suggesting that OTA accumulation does not contribute to A. carbonarius pathogenicity. Disruption of the Acgox gene inactivated GLA production in A. carbonarius, and this mutant showed attenuated virulence in infected fruit compared to the WT strain. These data identify the global regulator LaeA and GOX as critical factors modulating A. carbonarius pathogenicity by controlling transcription of genes important for fungal secondary metabolism and infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uriel Maor
- Institute of Postharvest and Food SciencesThe Volcani CenterAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and NutritionThe Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and EnvironmentThe Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Omer Barda
- Institute of Postharvest and Food SciencesThe Volcani CenterAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Sudharsan Sadhasivam
- Institute of Postharvest and Food SciencesThe Volcani CenterAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and EngineeringGansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Elena Levin
- Institute of Postharvest and Food SciencesThe Volcani CenterAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Varda Zakin
- Institute of Postharvest and Food SciencesThe Volcani CenterAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Dov B. Prusky
- Institute of Postharvest and Food SciencesThe Volcani CenterAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
- College of Food Science and EngineeringGansu Agricultural UniversityLanzhouChina
| | - Edward Sionov
- Institute of Postharvest and Food SciencesThe Volcani CenterAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hao G, McCormick S, Usgaard T, Tiley H, Vaughan MM. Characterization of Three Fusarium graminearum Effectors and Their Roles During Fusarium Head Blight. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:579553. [PMID: 33329641 PMCID: PMC7734257 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.579553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) on wheat, barley, and other grains. During infection, F. graminearum produces deoxynivalenol (DON), which contaminates grain and functions as a virulence factor to promote FHB spread throughout the wheat head. F. graminearum secretes hundreds of putative effectors, which can interfere with plant immunity to promote disease development. However, the function of most of these putative effectors remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the expression profiles of 23 F. graminearum effector-coding genes during the early stage of wheat head infection. Gene expression analyses revealed that three effectors, FGSG_01831, FGSG_03599, and FGSG_12160, respectively, were highly induced in both a FHB susceptible and a moderately resistant variety. We generated deletion mutants for these effector genes and performed FHB virulence assays on wheat head using point and dip inoculations to evaluate FHB spread and initial infection. No statistically significant difference in FHB spread was observed in the deletion mutants. However, deletion mutants Δ01831 displayed a significant reduction in initial infection, and thus resulted in less DON contamination. To investigate the potential mechanisms involved, these three effectors were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. N. benthamiana leaves expressing these individual effectors had significantly reduced production of reactive oxygen species induced by chitin, but not by flg22. Furthermore, FGSG_01831 and FGSG_03599 markedly suppressed Bax-induced cell death when co-expressed with Bax in N. benthamiana leaves. Our study provides new insights into the functions of these effectors and suggests they play collective or redundant roles that likely ensure the successful plant infection.
Collapse
|
42
|
Gardiner DM, Rusu A, Barrett L, Hunter GC, Kazan K. Can natural gene drives be part of future fungal pathogen control strategies in plants? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1431-1439. [PMID: 32593207 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Globally, fungal pathogens cause enormous crop losses and current control practices are not always effective, economical or environmentally sustainable. Tools enabling genetic management of wild pathogen populations could potentially solve many problems associated with plant diseases. A natural gene drive from a heterologous species can be used in the globally important cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum to remove pathogenic traits from contained populations of the fungus. The gene drive element became fixed in a freely crossing population in only three generations. Repeat-induced point mutation (RIP), a natural genome defence mechanism in fungi that causes C to T mutations during meiosis in highly similar sequences, may be useful to recall the gene drive following release, should a failsafe mechanism be required. We propose that gene drive technology is a potential tool to control plant pathogens once its efficacy is demonstrated under natural settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Gardiner
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland, 4067, Australia
| | - Anca Rusu
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland, 4067, Australia
| | - Luke Barrett
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clunies Ross Street, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Gavin C Hunter
- Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clunies Ross Street, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Kemal Kazan
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland, 4067, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
A Comparative Transcriptome Analysis, Conserved Regulatory Elements and Associated Transcription Factors Related to Accumulation of Fusariotoxins in Grain of Rye ( Secale cereale L.) Hybrids. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197418. [PMID: 33049995 PMCID: PMC7582487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Detoxification of fusariotoxin is a type V Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance and is considered a component of type II resistance, which is related to the spread of infection within spikes. Understanding this type of resistance is vital for FHB resistance, but to date, nothing is known about candidate genes that confer this resistance in rye due to scarce genomic resources. In this study, we generated a transcriptomic resource. The molecular response was mined through a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of two rye hybrids differing in the build-up of fusariotoxin contents in grain upon pathogen infection. Gene mining identified candidate genes and pathways contributing to the detoxification of fusariotoxins in rye. Moreover, we found cis regulatory elements in the promoters of identified genes and linked them to transcription factors. In the fusariotoxin analysis, we found that grain from the Nordic seed rye hybrid "Helltop" accumulated 4 times higher concentrations of deoxynivalenol (DON), 9 times higher nivalenol (NIV), and 28 times higher of zearalenone (ZEN) than that of the hybrid "DH372" after artificial inoculation under field conditions. In the transcriptome analysis, we identified 6675 and 5151 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in DH372 and Helltop, respectively, compared to non-inoculated control plants. A Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that DEGs were associated with glycolysis and the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in Helltop, whereas carbon fixation in photosynthesis organisms were represented in DH372. The gene ontology (GO) enrichment and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of DEGs lead to identification of the metabolic and biosynthetic processes of peptides and amides in DH372, whereas photosynthesis, negative regulation of catalytic activity, and protein-chromophore linkage were the significant pathways in Helltop. In the process of gene mining, we found four genes that were known to be involved in FHB resistance in wheat and that were differentially expressed after infection only in DH372 but not in Helltop. Based on our results, we assume that DH372 employed a specific response to pathogen infection that led to detoxification of fusariotoxin and prevented their accumulation in grain. Our results indicate that DH372 might resist the accumulation of fusariotoxin through activation of the glycolysis and drug metabolism via cytochrome P450. The identified genes in DH372 might be regulated by the WRKY family transcription factors as associated cis regulatory elements found in the in silico analysis. The results of this study will help rye breeders to develop strategies against type V FHB.
Collapse
|
44
|
Hales B, Steed A, Giovannelli V, Burt C, Lemmens M, Molnár-Láng M, Nicholson P. Type II Fusarium head blight susceptibility conferred by a region on wheat chromosome 4D. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4703-4714. [PMID: 32473016 PMCID: PMC7410183 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) causes significant grain yield and quality reductions in wheat and barley. Most wheat varieties are incapable of preventing FHB spread through the rachis, but disease is typically limited to individually infected spikelets in barley. We point-inoculated wheat lines possessing barley chromosome introgressions to test whether FHB resistance could be observed in a wheat genetic background. The most striking differential was between 4H(4D) substitution and 4H addition lines. The 4H addition line was similarly susceptible to the wheat parent, but the 4H(4D) substitution line was highly resistant, which suggests that there is an FHB susceptibility factor on wheat chromosome 4D. Point inoculation of Chinese Spring 4D ditelosomic lines demonstrated that removing 4DS results in high FHB resistance. We genotyped four Chinese Spring 4DS terminal deletion lines to better characterize the deletions in each line. FHB phenotyping indicated that lines del4DS-2 and del4DS-4, containing smaller deletions, were susceptible and had retained the susceptibility factor. Lines del4DS-3 and del4DS-1 contain larger deletions and were both significantly more resistant, and hence had presumably lost the susceptibility factor. Combining the genotyping and phenotyping results allowed us to refine the susceptibility factor to a 31.7 Mbp interval on 4DS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Hales
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Andrew Steed
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Vincenzo Giovannelli
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Christopher Burt
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Marc Lemmens
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute for Biotechnology in Plant Production, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA Tulln, Tulln, Austria
| | - Marta Molnár-Láng
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Paul Nicholson
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hales B, Steed A, Giovannelli V, Burt C, Lemmens M, Molnár-Láng M, Nicholson P. Type II Fusarium head blight susceptibility conferred by a region on wheat chromosome 4D. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4703-4714. [PMID: 32473016 DOI: 10.1101/2020.02.06.937425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) causes significant grain yield and quality reductions in wheat and barley. Most wheat varieties are incapable of preventing FHB spread through the rachis, but disease is typically limited to individually infected spikelets in barley. We point-inoculated wheat lines possessing barley chromosome introgressions to test whether FHB resistance could be observed in a wheat genetic background. The most striking differential was between 4H(4D) substitution and 4H addition lines. The 4H addition line was similarly susceptible to the wheat parent, but the 4H(4D) substitution line was highly resistant, which suggests that there is an FHB susceptibility factor on wheat chromosome 4D. Point inoculation of Chinese Spring 4D ditelosomic lines demonstrated that removing 4DS results in high FHB resistance. We genotyped four Chinese Spring 4DS terminal deletion lines to better characterize the deletions in each line. FHB phenotyping indicated that lines del4DS-2 and del4DS-4, containing smaller deletions, were susceptible and had retained the susceptibility factor. Lines del4DS-3 and del4DS-1 contain larger deletions and were both significantly more resistant, and hence had presumably lost the susceptibility factor. Combining the genotyping and phenotyping results allowed us to refine the susceptibility factor to a 31.7 Mbp interval on 4DS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Hales
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Andrew Steed
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Vincenzo Giovannelli
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Christopher Burt
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Marc Lemmens
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute for Biotechnology in Plant Production, Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA Tulln, Tulln, Austria
| | - Marta Molnár-Láng
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Paul Nicholson
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mentges M, Glasenapp A, Boenisch M, Malz S, Henrissat B, Frandsen RJ, Güldener U, Münsterkötter M, Bormann J, Lebrun M, Schäfer W, Martinez‐Rocha AL. Infection cushions of Fusarium graminearum are fungal arsenals for wheat infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1070-1087. [PMID: 32573086 PMCID: PMC7368127 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is one of the most destructive plant pathogens worldwide, causing fusarium head blight (FHB) on cereals. F. graminearum colonizes wheat plant surfaces with specialized unbranched hyphae called runner hyphae (RH), which develop multicelled complex appressoria called infection cushions (IC). IC generate multiple penetration sites, allowing the fungus to enter the plant cuticle. Complex infection structures are typical for several economically important plant pathogens, yet with unknown molecular basis. In this study, RH and IC formed on the surface of wheat paleae were isolated by laser capture microdissection. RNA-Seq-based transcriptomic analyses were performed on RH and IC and compared to mycelium grown in complete medium (MY). Both RH and IC displayed a high number of infection up-regulated genes (982), encoding, among others, carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes: 140), putative effectors (PE: 88), or secondary metabolism gene clusters (SMC: 12 of 67 clusters). RH specifically up-regulated one SMC corresponding to aurofusarin biosynthesis, a broad activity antibiotic. IC specifically up-regulated 248 genes encoding mostly putative virulence factors such as 7 SMC, including the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol and the newly identified fusaoctaxin A, 33 PE, and 42 CAZymes. Furthermore, we studied selected candidate virulence factors using cellular biology and reverse genetics. Hence, our results demonstrate that IC accumulate an arsenal of proven and putative virulence factors to facilitate the invasion of epidermal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mentges
- Molekulare PhytopathologieInstitut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Anika Glasenapp
- Molekulare PhytopathologieInstitut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Marike Boenisch
- Molekulare PhytopathologieInstitut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Sascha Malz
- Molekulare PhytopathologieInstitut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
| | | | - Rasmus J.N. Frandsen
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkKgs. LyngbyDenmark
| | - Ulrich Güldener
- Department of BioinformaticsTechnical University of MunichTUM School of Life Sciences WeihenstephanFreisingGermany
| | - Martin Münsterkötter
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems BiologyMünchenGermany
- Present address:
Functional Genomics and BioinformaticsSopron UniversitySopronHungary
| | - Jörg Bormann
- Molekulare PhytopathologieInstitut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
| | | | - Wilhelm Schäfer
- Molekulare PhytopathologieInstitut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Ana Lilia Martinez‐Rocha
- Molekulare PhytopathologieInstitut für Pflanzenwissenschaften und MikrobiologieUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kim HS, Lohmar JM, Busman M, Brown DW, Naumann TA, Divon HH, Lysøe E, Uhlig S, Proctor RH. Identification and distribution of gene clusters required for synthesis of sphingolipid metabolism inhibitors in diverse species of the filamentous fungus Fusarium. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:510. [PMID: 32703172 PMCID: PMC7376913 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06896-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphingolipids are structural components and signaling molecules in eukaryotic membranes, and many organisms produce compounds that inhibit sphingolipid metabolism. Some of the inhibitors are structurally similar to the sphingolipid biosynthetic intermediate sphinganine and are referred to as sphinganine-analog metabolites (SAMs). The mycotoxins fumonisins, which are frequent contaminants in maize, are one family of SAMs. Due to food and feed safety concerns, fumonisin biosynthesis has been investigated extensively, including characterization of the fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster in the agriculturally important fungi Aspergillus and Fusarium. Production of several other SAMs has also been reported in fungi, but there is almost no information on their biosynthesis. There is also little information on how widely SAM production occurs in fungi or on the extent of structural variation of fungal SAMs. RESULTS Using fumonisin biosynthesis as a model, we predicted that SAM biosynthetic gene clusters in fungi should include a polyketide synthase (PKS), an aminotransferase and a dehydrogenase gene. Surveys of genome sequences identified five putative clusters with this three-gene combination in 92 of 186 Fusarium species examined. Collectively, the putative SAM clusters were distributed widely but discontinuously among the species. We propose that the SAM5 cluster confers production of a previously reported Fusarium SAM, 2-amino-14,16-dimethyloctadecan-3-ol (AOD), based on the occurrence of AOD production only in species with the cluster and on deletion analysis of the SAM5 cluster PKS gene. We also identified SAM clusters in 24 species of other fungal genera, and propose that one of the clusters confers production of sphingofungin, a previously reported Aspergillus SAM. CONCLUSION Our results provide a genomics approach to identify novel SAM biosynthetic gene clusters in fungi, which should in turn contribute to identification of novel SAMs with applications in medicine and other fields. Information about novel SAMs could also provide insights into the role of SAMs in the ecology of fungi. Such insights have potential to contribute to strategies to reduce fumonisin contamination in crops and to control crop diseases caused by SAM-producing fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Seon Kim
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Jessica M Lohmar
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Mark Busman
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Daren W Brown
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Todd A Naumann
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, USA
| | | | - Erik Lysøe
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Robert H Proctor
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Chen A, Ju Z, Wang J, Wang J, Wang H, Wu J, Yin Y, Zhao Y, Ma Z, Chen Y. The RasGEF FgCdc25 regulates fungal development and virulence in Fusarium graminearum via cAMP and MAPK signalling pathways. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:5109-5124. [PMID: 32537857 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ras GTPases act as molecular switches to control various cellular processes by coupling integrated signals in eukaryotes. Activities of Ras GTPases are triggered by Ras GTPase guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RasGEFs) in general, whereas the role of RasGEF in plant pathogenic fungi is largely unknown. In this study, we characterized the only RasGEF protein in Fusarium graminearum, FgCdc25, by combining genetic, cytological and phenotypic strategies. FgCdc25 directly interacted with RasGTPase FgRas2, but not FgRas1, to regulate growth and sexual reproduction. Mutation of the FgCDC25 gene resulted in decreased toxisome formation and deoxynivalenol (DON) production, which was largely depended on cAMP signalling. In addition, FgCdc25 indirectly interacted with FgSte11 in FgSte11-Ste7-Gpmk1 cascade, and the ΔFgcdc25 strain totally abolished the formation of infection structures and was nonpathogenic in planta, which was partially recovered by addition of exogenous cAMP. In contrast, FgCdc25 directly interplayed with FgBck1 in FgBck1-MKK1-Mgv1 cascade to negatively control cell wall integrity. Collectively, these results suggest that FgCdc25 modulates cAMP and MAPK signalling pathways and further regulates fungal development, DON production and plant infection in F. graminearum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhenzhen Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jinli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hongkai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiayu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanni Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Youfu Zhao
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
O'Mara SP, Broz K, Boenisch M, Zhong Z, Dong Y, Kistler HC. The Fusarium graminearum t-SNARE Sso2 Is Involved in Growth, Defense, and DON Accumulation and Virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:888-901. [PMID: 32484730 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-20-0012-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The plant-pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum, causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease on small grain cereals, produces toxic trichothecenes that require facilitated export for full virulence. Two potential modes of mycotoxin transport are membrane-bound transporters, which move toxins across cellular membranes, and N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment receptor (SNARE)-mediated vesicular transport, by which toxins may be packaged as cargo in vesicles bound for organelles or the plasma membrane. In this study, we show that deletion of a gene (Sso2) for a subapically localized t-SNARE protein results in growth alteration, increased sensitivity to xenobiotics, altered gene expression profiles, and reduced deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation in vitro and in planta as well as reduced FHB symptoms on wheat. A double deletion mutant generated by crossing the ∆sso2 deletion mutant with an ATP-binding cassette transporter deletion mutant (∆abc1) resulted in an additive reduction in DON accumulation and almost complete loss of FHB symptoms in planta. These results suggest an important role of Sso2-mediated subapical exocytosis in FHB progression and xenobiotic defense and are the first report of an additive reduction in F. graminearum DON accumulation upon deletion of two distinct modes of cellular export. This research provides useful information which may aid in formulating novel management plans of FHB or other destructive plant diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean P O'Mara
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A
| | - Karen Broz
- USDA ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A
| | - Marike Boenisch
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A
| | - Zixuan Zhong
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yanhong Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A
| | - H Corby Kistler
- USDA ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Khan MK, Pandey A, Athar T, Choudhary S, Deval R, Gezgin S, Hamurcu M, Topal A, Atmaca E, Santos PA, Omay MR, Suslu H, Gulcan K, Inanc M, Akkaya MS, Kahraman A, Thomas G. Fusarium head blight in wheat: contemporary status and molecular approaches. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:172. [PMID: 32206506 PMCID: PMC7080935 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-2158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease that occurs in wheat is caused by Fusarium graminearum and is a major risk to wheat yield. Although several research efforts focusing on FHB have been conducted in the past several decades, conditions have become more critical due to the increase in its virulent forms. In such a scenario, conferring complete resistance in plants seems to be difficult for handling this issue. The phenotyping for FHB and finding a solution for it at the genetic level comprises a long-term process as FHB infection is largely affected by environmental conditions. Modern molecular strategies have played a crucial role in revealing the host-pathogen interaction in FHB. The integration of molecular biology-based methods such as genome-wide association studies and marker-based genomic selection has provided potential cultivars for breeding programs. In this review, we aim at outlining the contemporary status of the studies conducted on FHB in wheat. The influence of FHB in wheat on animals and human health is also discussed. In addition, a summary of the advancement in the molecular technologies for identifying and developing the FHB-resistant wheat genetic resources is provided. It also suggests the future measures that are required to reduce the world's vulnerability to FHB which was one of the main goals of the US Wheat and Barley Scab Initiative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd. Kamran Khan
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, 42079 Turkey
| | - Anamika Pandey
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, 42079 Turkey
| | - Tabinda Athar
- Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040 Pakistan
| | - Saumya Choudhary
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, 211007 India
- Biomedical Informatics Centre, National Institute of Pathology–Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Ravi Deval
- Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly, India
| | - Sait Gezgin
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, 42079 Turkey
| | - Mehmet Hamurcu
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, 42079 Turkey
| | - Ali Topal
- Department of Field Crops, Selcuk University, Konya, 42079 Turkey
| | - Emel Atmaca
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, 42079 Turkey
| | - Pamela Aracena Santos
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, 42079 Turkey
| | - Makbule Rumeysa Omay
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, 42079 Turkey
| | - Hatice Suslu
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, 42079 Turkey
| | - Kamer Gulcan
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, 42079 Turkey
| | - Merve Inanc
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, 42079 Turkey
| | - Mahinur S. Akkaya
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116023 Liaoning China
| | - Abdullah Kahraman
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Harran University, Sanliurfa, 63300 Turkey
| | - George Thomas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, 211007 India
| |
Collapse
|