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Hasan A, Alonazi WB, Ibrahim M, Bin L. Immunoinformatics and Reverse Vaccinology Approach for the Identification of Potential Vaccine Candidates against Vandammella animalimors. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1270. [PMID: 39065039 PMCID: PMC11278545 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Vandammella animalimorsus is a Gram-negative and non-motile bacterium typically transmitted to humans through direct contact with the saliva of infected animals, primarily through biting, scratches, or licks on fractured skin. The absence of a confirmed post-exposure treatment of V. animalimorsus bacterium highlights the imperative for developing an effective vaccine. We intended to determine potential vaccine candidates and paradigm a chimeric vaccine against V. animalimorsus by accessible public data analysis of the strain by utilizing reverse vaccinology. By subtractive genomics, five outer membranes were prioritized as potential vaccine candidates out of 2590 proteins. Based on the instability index and transmembrane helices, a multidrug transporter protein with locus ID A0A2A2AHJ4 was designated as a potential candidate for vaccine construct. Sixteen immunodominant epitopes were retrieved by utilizing the Immune Epitope Database. The epitope encodes the strong binding affinity, nonallergenic properties, non-toxicity, high antigenicity scores, and high solubility revealing the more appropriate vaccine construct. By utilizing appropriate linkers and adjuvants alongside a suitable adjuvant molecule, the epitopes were integrated into a chimeric vaccine to enhance immunogenicity, successfully eliciting both adaptive and innate immune responses. Moreover, the promising physicochemical features, the binding confirmation of the vaccine to the major innate immune receptor TLR-4, and molecular dynamics simulations of the designed vaccine have revealed the promising potential of the selected candidate. The integration of computational methods and omics data has demonstrated significant advantages in discovering novel vaccine targets and mitigating vaccine failure rates during clinical trials in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Hasan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (A.H.); (M.I.)
| | - Wadi B. Alonazi
- Health Administration Department, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Muhammad Ibrahim
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (A.H.); (M.I.)
| | - Li Bin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (A.H.); (M.I.)
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Kaye AD, Perilloux DM, Field E, Orvin CA, Zaheri SC, Upshaw WC, Behara R, Parker-Actlis TQ, Kaye AM, Ahmadzadeh S, Shekoohi S, Varrassi G. Rabies Vaccine for Prophylaxis and Treatment of Rabies: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e62429. [PMID: 39011185 PMCID: PMC11248466 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.62429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Rabies, a millennia-old viral infection transmitted through animal bites, poses a lethal threat to humans, with a historic fatality rate of 100% if left untreated. Louis Pasteur's introduction of the rabies vaccine in 1885 marked a turning point in the battle against rabies, preventing numerous cases. The purpose of this paper is to review the historical development, current challenges, and future prospects of rabies vaccination and treatment, with emphasis on the importance of continued research and collaborative efforts in the quest to eradicate this deadly infection. Historical vaccine development progressed from inactivated to live-attenuated forms, with modern recombinant techniques showing promise. The preventive measures at present primarily involve vaccination, but challenges persist, such as differing safety profiles and immunogenicity among vaccine types. Pre-exposure prophylaxis with a three-dose vaccine series is crucial, especially in high-risk scenarios. Post-exposure prophylaxis combines human rabies immunoglobulin and inactivated rabies virus vaccine. The quest for the next generation of vaccines explores genetically modified and viral vector-based approaches; emerging treatments include gene therapy, virus-like particles, and monoclonal antibodies, offering hope for improved outcomes. Economic barriers to post-exposure prophylaxis, limited education, and awareness challenge rabies control. Cost-effective solutions and comprehensive awareness campaigns are vital for the successful eradication of rabies. More research and collaborative endeavors remain pivotal in the ongoing journey to eradicate rabies, one of the deadliest infectious diseases known to humans, if not met with prophylactic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Kaye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Dominique M Perilloux
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Elizabeth Field
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Cody A Orvin
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Spencer C Zaheri
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - William C Upshaw
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Raju Behara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Tomasina Q Parker-Actlis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Adam M Kaye
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University of the Pacific, Stockton, USA
| | - Shahab Ahmadzadeh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Sahar Shekoohi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
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Montero DA, Vidal RM, Velasco J, Carreño LJ, Torres JP, Benachi O. MA, Tovar-Rosero YY, Oñate AA, O'Ryan M. Two centuries of vaccination: historical and conceptual approach and future perspectives. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1326154. [PMID: 38264254 PMCID: PMC10803505 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1326154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past two centuries, vaccines have been critical for the prevention of infectious diseases and are considered milestones in the medical and public health history. The World Health Organization estimates that vaccination currently prevents approximately 3.5-5 million deaths annually, attributed to diseases such as diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, influenza, and measles. Vaccination has been instrumental in eradicating important pathogens, including the smallpox virus and wild poliovirus types 2 and 3. This narrative review offers a detailed journey through the history and advancements in vaccinology, tailored for healthcare workers. It traces pivotal milestones, beginning with the variolation practices in the early 17th century, the development of the first smallpox vaccine, and the continuous evolution and innovation in vaccine development up to the present day. We also briefly review immunological principles underlying vaccination, as well as the main vaccine types, with a special mention of the recently introduced mRNA vaccine technology. Additionally, we discuss the broad benefits of vaccines, including their role in reducing morbidity and mortality, and in fostering socioeconomic development in communities. Finally, we address the issue of vaccine hesitancy and discuss effective strategies to promote vaccine acceptance. Research, collaboration, and the widespread acceptance and use of vaccines are imperative for the continued success of vaccination programs in controlling and ultimately eradicating infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Montero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto M. Vidal
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juliana Velasco
- Unidad de Paciente Crítico, Clínica Hospital del Profesor, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Formación de Especialista en Medicina de Urgencia, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leandro J. Carreño
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan P. Torres
- Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Pediátrica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel A. Benachi O.
- Área de Biotecnología, Tecnoacademia Neiva, Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje, Regional Huila, Neiva, Colombia
| | - Yenifer-Yadira Tovar-Rosero
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y de la Educación, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | - Angel A. Oñate
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Miguel O'Ryan
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Harris J, Uren A, Smith J, Titmus E, Young M. Evaluating the benefit of serology during potential Australian bat lyssavirus and rabies post-exposure prophylaxis. Aust N Z J Public Health 2023; 47:100091. [PMID: 37939599 DOI: 10.1016/j.anzjph.2023.100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for potential lyssavirus exposures consists of wound management, rabies vaccination and may include rabies immunoglobulin (RIG). Rabies serology is sometimes indicated if there is risk of PEP failure. OBJECTIVES Evaluate the benefit of serology by indication. METHODS Chart review of potential lyssavirus exposures managed at a Public Health Unit (June 2015 - December 2022) where serology was requested was conducted. The proportion of non-therapeutic titres was compared by sex, age, Indigenous status, serology indication, and whether RIG was given. RESULTS 46 notifications with serology were included. Males (5/19) and people over 40 (3/16) were more likely to demonstrate a non-therapeutic response. 2/3 of cases where vaccine doses were not given in the deltoid were non-therapeutic. The rate of non-therapeutic titres was similar for RIG given into the ipsilateral arm (2/11) and given excess RIG for weight (1/4). Although this small sample was inconclusive in isolation, it was also noted that all cases who did not receive RIG had therapeutic serology, whereas 6/35 of those receiving RIG had non-therapeutic serology. CONCLUSIONS This study supports broader literature questioning the utility of systemic RIG administration as likely limited and potentially detrimental considering the increased risk of immune interference. IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH Highlights a need to review Australian national guidelines to align with World Health Organization advice recommending local RIG administration only.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Harris
- Metro North Health, Queensland Health, Australia.
| | | | - James Smith
- Metro North Health, Queensland Health, Australia
| | - Emily Titmus
- Metro North Health, Queensland Health, Australia
| | - Megan Young
- Metro North Health, Queensland Health, Australia
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Hongtu Q, BoLi L, Jianguo C, Shusheng P, Ming M. Immunogenicity of rabies virus G mRNA formulated with lipid nanoparticles and nucleic acid immunostimulators in mice. Vaccine 2023; 41:7129-7137. [PMID: 37866995 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Rabies is a preventable zoonotic disease caused by rabies virus (RABV) with high mortality. Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have opened up new avenues for vaccine development and pandemic preparedness with potent scalability, which may overcome the only licensed rabies inactived vaccine' shortcoming of time and cost wasting. Here, we designed an RABV mRNA vaccines expressed RABV G protein and capsulated with lipid nanoparticle (LNP) and different nucleic acid immunostimulator (CPG 1018, CPG 2395 and Poly I:C) and then assessed the immunogenicity and protective capacity in mice. While RABV mRNA capsulated with LNP and CPG 1018 could induce more potent humoral response with highest and durable RABV-G specific IgG titers and virus neutralizing titers, but also induced stronger RABV G-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) responses, including the highest proportions of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)- producing CD4+/CD8 + T cells according to a flow cytometry assay in mice. In addition, in the pre- and post-exposure challenge assays, LNP + CPG 1018 capsulated RABV G mRNA induced 100 % protection against 25 LD50 of RABV infection with highest inhibition efficacy of viral replication with the decreased virus genome detected by qRT-PCR. These results showed that RABV G mRNA capsulated with LNP immune-stimulating nucleic acids CPG 1018 showed promise as a safe and economical rabies vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Hongtu
- Scientific Research Department, Chengdu Qingbaijiang District People's Hospital, Chengdu, China.
| | - Liu BoLi
- Emergency Department, Chengdu Qingbaijiang District People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Jianguo
- Medical Laboratory, Chengdu Qingbaijiang District People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Shusheng
- Medical Laboratory, Chengdu Qingbaijiang District People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Ming
- Medical Laboratory, Chengdu Qingbaijiang District People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
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Khairullah AR, Kurniawan SC, Hasib A, Silaen OSM, Widodo A, Effendi MH, Ramandinianto SC, Moses IB, Riwu KHP, Yanestria SM. Tracking lethal threat: in-depth review of rabies. Open Vet J 2023; 13:1385-1399. [PMID: 38107233 PMCID: PMC10725282 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i11.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
An infectious disease known as rabies (family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus) causes severe damage to mammals' central nervous systems (CNS). This illness has been around for a very long time. The majority of human cases of rabies take place in underdeveloped regions of Africa and Asia. Following viral transmission, the Rhabdovirus enters the peripheral nervous system and proceeds to the CNS, where it targets the encephalon and produces encephalomyelitis. Postbite prophylaxis requires laboratory confirmation of rabies in both people and animals. All warm-blooded animals can transmit the Lyssavirus infection, while the virus can also develop in the cells of cold-blooded animals. In the 21st century, more than 3 billion people are in danger of contracting the rabies virus in more than 100 different nations, resulting in an annual death toll of 50,000-59,000. There are three important elements in handling rabies disease in post exposure prophylaxis (PEP), namely wound care, administration of anti-rabies serum, and anti-rabies vaccine. Social costs include death, lost productivity as a result of early death, illness as a result of vaccination side effects, and the psychological toll that exposure to these deadly diseases has on people. Humans are most frequently exposed to canine rabies, especially youngsters and the poor, and there are few resources available to treat or prevent exposure, making prevention of human rabies challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Rafif Khairullah
- Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Shendy Canadya Kurniawan
- Master Program of Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Sciences, Specialisation in Molecule, Cell and Organ Functioning, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Abdullah Hasib
- School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Otto Sahat Martua Silaen
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Agus Widodo
- Department of Health, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Ikechukwu Benjamin Moses
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika, Mataram, Indonesia
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Gowda V, Dinesh S, Sharma S. Manipulative neuroparasites: uncovering the intricacies of neurological host control. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:314. [PMID: 37603130 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03637-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Manipulative neuroparasites are a fascinating group of organisms that possess the ability to hijack the nervous systems of their hosts, manipulating their behavior in order to enhance their own survival and reproductive success. This review provides an overview of the different strategies employed by manipulative neuroparasites, ranging from viruses to parasitic worms and fungi. By examining specific examples, such as Toxoplasma gondii, Leucochloridium paradoxum, and Ophiocordyceps unilateralis, we highlight the complex mechanisms employed by these parasites to manipulate their hosts' behavior. We explore the mechanisms through which these parasites alter the neural processes and behavior of their hosts, including the modulation of neurotransmitters, hormonal pathways, and neural circuits. This review focuses less on the diseases that neuroparasites induce and more on the process of their neurological manipulation. We also investigate the fundamental mechanisms of host manipulation in the developing field of neuroparasitology, which blends neuroscience and parasitology. Finally, understanding the complex interaction between manipulative neuroparasites and their hosts may help us to better understand the fundamentals of behavior, neurology, and host-parasite relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishvas Gowda
- Department of Bioinformatics, BioNome, Bangalore, 560043, India
| | - Susha Dinesh
- Department of Bioinformatics, BioNome, Bangalore, 560043, India
| | - Sameer Sharma
- Department of Bioinformatics, BioNome, Bangalore, 560043, India.
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Mbatha LS, Akinyelu J, Maiyo F, Kudanga T. Future prospects in mRNA vaccine development. Biomed Mater 2023; 18:052006. [PMID: 37589309 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aceceb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The recent advancements in messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccine development have vastly enhanced their use as alternatives to conventional vaccines in the prevention of various infectious diseases and treatment of several types of cancers. This is mainly due to their remarkable ability to stimulate specific immune responses with minimal clinical side effects. This review gives a detailed overview of mRNA vaccines currently in use or at various stages of development, the recent advancements in mRNA vaccine development, and the challenges encountered in their development. Future perspectives on this technology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Londiwe Simphiwe Mbatha
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Jude Akinyelu
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti state, Nigeria
| | - Fiona Maiyo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Kabarak University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tukayi Kudanga
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Gong Z, Huang P, Jin H, Bai Y, Li H, Qian M, Sun J, Jiao C, Zhang M, Li Y, Zhang H, Wang H. A recombinant rabies virus chimera expressing the DC-targeting molecular MAB2560 shows enhanced vaccine immunogenicity through activation of dendritic cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011254. [PMID: 37093869 PMCID: PMC10124880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies, caused by the rabies virus (RABV), is an ancient and neglected zoonotic disease posing a large public health threat to humans and animals in developing countries. Immunization of animals with a rabies vaccine is the most effective way to control the epidemic and the occurrence of the disease in humans. Therefore, the development of cost-effective and efficient rabies vaccines is urgently needed. The activation of dendritic cells (DCs) is known to play an important role in improving the host immune response induced by rabies vaccines. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we constructed a recombinant virus, rCVS11-MAB2560, based on the reverse genetic system of the RABV CVS11 strain. The MAB2560 protein (a DC-targeting molecular) was chimeric expressed on the surface of the viral particles to help target and activate the DCs when this virus was used as inactivated vaccine. Our results demonstrated that inactivated rCVS11-MAB2560 was able to promote the recruitment and/or proliferation of DC cells, T cells and B cells in mice, and induce good immune memory after two immunizations. Moreover, the inactivated recombinant virus rCVS11-MAB2560 could produce higher levels of virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNAs) in both mice and dogs more quickly than rCVS11 post immunization. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In summary, the recombinant virus rCVS11-MAB2560 chimeric-expressing the molecular adjuvant MAB2560 can stimulate high levels of humoral and cellular immune responses in vivo and can be used as an effective inactivated rabies vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongli Jin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Changchun Sino Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Changchun, China
| | - Yujie Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hailun Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Meichen Qian
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingxuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Cuicui Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mengyao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hualei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Kozak M, Hu J. The Integrated Consideration of Vaccine Platforms, Adjuvants, and Delivery Routes for Successful Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030695. [PMID: 36992279 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines have proven to be the most cost-efficient and reasonable way to fight and exterminate virulent pathogens. Vaccines can be designed using a variety of platforms including inactivated/attenuated pathogen or subunits of it. The most recent COVID mRNA vaccines have employed nucleic acid sequences for the antigen of interest to combat the pandemic. Different vaccine platforms have been chosen for different licensed vaccines which all have shown their ability to induce durable immune responses and protection. In addition to platforms, different adjuvants have been used to strengthen the immunogenicity of vaccines. Among the delivery routes, intramuscular injection has been the most common for vaccination. In this review, we present a historical overview of the integrated consideration of vaccine platforms, adjuvants, and delivery routes in the success of vaccine development. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of each choice in the efficacy of vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kozak
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jiafen Hu
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Wang Z, Ma W, Fu X, Qi Y, Zhao Y, Zhang S. Development and applications of mRNA treatment based on lipid nanoparticles. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 65:108130. [PMID: 36933868 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based therapies such as messenger RNA have the potential to revolutionize modern medicine and enhance the performance of existing pharmaceuticals. The key challenges of mRNA-based therapies are delivering the mRNA safely and effectively to the target tissues and cells and controlling its release from the delivery vehicle. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have been widely studied as drug carriers and are considered to be state-of-the-art technology for nucleic acid delivery. In this review, we begin by presenting the advantages and mechanisms of action of mRNA therapeutics. Then we discuss the design of LNP platforms based on ionizable lipids and the applications of mRNA-LNP vaccines for prevention of infectious diseases and for treatment of cancer and various genetic diseases. Finally, we describe the challenges and future prospects of mRNA-LNP therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Wanting Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Xingxing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Yanfei Qi
- Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Yinan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Shubiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China.
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Carbohydrates: Binding Sites and Potential Drug Targets for Neural-Affecting Pathogens. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 29:449-477. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12390-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Shi C, Tian L, Zheng W, Zhu Y, Sun P, Liu L, Liu W, Song Y, Xia X, Xue X, Zheng X. Recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 AAV-RABVG expressing a Rabies Virus G protein confers long-lasting immune responses in mice and non-human primates. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1439-1451. [PMID: 35579916 PMCID: PMC9154782 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2078226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three or four intramuscular doses of the inactivated human rabies virus vaccines are needed for pre- or post-exposure prophylaxis in humans. This procedure has made a great contribution to prevent human rabies deaths, which bring huge economic burdens in developing countries. Herein, a recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9, AAV9-RABVG, harbouring a RABV G gene, was generated to serve as a single dose rabies vaccine candidate. The RABV G protein was stably expressed in the 293T cells infected with AAV9-RABVG. A single dose of 2 × 1011 v.p. of AAV9-RABVG induced robust and long-term positive seroconversions in BALB/c mice with a 100% survival from a lethal RABV challenge. In Cynomolgus Macaques vaccinated with a single dose of 1 × 1013 v.p. of AAV9-RABVG, the titres of rabies VNAs increased remarkably from 2 weeks after immunity, and maintained over 31.525 IU/ml at 52 weeks. More DCs were activated significantly for efficient antigen presentations of RABV G protein, and more B cells were activated to be responsible for antibody responses. Significantly more RABV G specific IFN-γ-secreting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and IL-4-secreting CD4+ T cells were activated, and significantly higher levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-10 were secreted to aid immune responses. Overall, the AAV9-RABVG was a single dose rabies vaccine candidate with great promising by inducing robust, long-term humoral responses and both Th1 and Th2 cell-mediated immune responses in mice and non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjuan Shi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Zheng
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yelei Zhu
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Peilu Sun
- Institute of Materia Medical, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lele Liu
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenkai Liu
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Song
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghong Xue
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases of Special Animal, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuexing Zheng
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Fang Z, Lyu J, Li J, Li C, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Chen K. Application of bioreactor technology for cell culture-based viral vaccine production: Present status and future prospects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:921755. [PMID: 36017347 PMCID: PMC9395942 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.921755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioreactors are widely used in cell culture-based viral vaccine production, especially during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In this context, the development and application of bioreactors can provide more efficient and cost-effective vaccine production to meet the global vaccine demand. The production of viral vaccines is inseparable from the development of upstream biological processes. In particular, exploration at the laboratory-scale is urgently required for further development. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the existing upstream biological processes, to enable the selection of pilot-scale conditions for academic and industrial scientists to maximize the yield and quality of vaccine development and production. Reviewing methods for optimizing the upstream process of virus vaccine production, this review discusses the bioreactor concepts, significant parameters and operational strategies related to large-scale amplification of virus. On this basis, a comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the various process optimization methods for the production of various viruses (SARS-CoV-2, Influenza virus, Tropical virus, Enterovirus, Rabies virus) in bioreactors is presented. Meanwhile, the types of viral vaccines are briefly introduced, and the established animal cell lines for vaccine production are described. In addition, it is emphasized that the co-development of bioreactor and computational biology is urgently needed to meet the challenges posed by the differences in upstream production scales between the laboratory and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbiao Fang
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingting Lyu
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaonan Li
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yikai Guo
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Wang, ; Yanjun Zhang, ; Keda Chen,
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Wang, ; Yanjun Zhang, ; Keda Chen,
| | - Keda Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Wang, ; Yanjun Zhang, ; Keda Chen,
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15
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Carpenter A, Waltenburg MA, Hall A, Kile J, Killerby M, Knust B, Negron M, Nichols M, Wallace RM, Behravesh CB, McQuiston JH. Vaccine Preventable Zoonotic Diseases: Challenges and Opportunities for Public Health Progress. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10070993. [PMID: 35891157 PMCID: PMC9319643 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10070993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases represent a heavy global burden, causing important economic losses, impacting animal health and production, and costing millions of human lives. The vaccination of animals and humans to prevent inter-species zoonotic disease transmission is an important intervention. However, efforts to develop and implement vaccine interventions to reduce zoonotic disease impacts are often limited to the veterinary and agricultural sectors and do not reflect the shared burden of disease. Multisectoral collaboration, including co-development opportunities for human and animal vaccines, expanding vaccine use to include animal reservoirs such as wildlife, and strategically using vaccines to interrupt complex transmission cycles is needed. Addressing zoonoses requires a multi-faceted One Health approach, wherein vaccinating people and animals plays a critical role.
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Abstract
mRNA vaccines have brought about a great revolution in the vaccine fields owing to their simplicity and adaptability in antigen design, potential to induce both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and demonstrated high efficacy, and rapid and low-cost production by using the same manufacturing platform for different mRNA vaccines. Multiple mRNA vaccines have been investigated for both infectious diseases and cancers, showing significant superiority to other types of vaccines. Although great success of mRNA vaccines has been achieved in the control of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, there are still multiple challenges for the future development of mRNA vaccines. In this review, the most recent developments of mRNA vaccines against both infectious diseases and cancers are summarized for an overview of this field. Moreover, the challenges are also discussed on the basis of these developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Jianzhu Chen
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Qiaobing Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA;
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17
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Harris JE. The repeated setbacks of HIV vaccine development laid the groundwork for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. HEALTH POLICY AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 11:100619. [PMID: 35340773 PMCID: PMC8935961 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlpt.2022.100619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The decades-long effort to produce a workable HIV vaccine has hardly been a waste of public and private resources. To the contrary, the scientific know-how acquired along the way has served as the critical foundation for the development of vaccines against the novel, pandemic SARS-CoV-2 virus. We retell the real-world story of HIV vaccine research - with all its false leads and missteps - in a way that sheds light on the current state of the art of antiviral vaccines. We find that HIV-related R&D had more than a general spillover effect. In fact, the repeated failures of phase 2 and 3 clinical trials of HIV vaccine candidates have served as a critical stimulus to the development of successful vaccine technologies today. We rebut the counterargument that HIV vaccine development has been no more than a blind alley, and that recently developed vaccines against COVID-19 are really descendants of successful vaccines against Ebola, MERS, and SARS. These successful vaccines likewise owe much to the vicissitudes of HIV vaccine development. We then discuss how the failures of HIV vaccine development have taught us how adapt SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to immune escape from emerging variants. Finally, we inquire whether recent advances in the development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 might in turn further the development of an HIV vaccine - what we describe as a reverse spillover effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Harris
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Eisner Health, Los Angeles, CA 90015, USA
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18
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Entrican G, Francis MJ. Applications of platform technologies in veterinary vaccinology and the benefits for one health. Vaccine 2022; 40:2833-2840. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Pavli A, Maltezou HC. Travel vaccines throughout history. Travel Med Infect Dis 2022; 46:102278. [PMID: 35167951 PMCID: PMC8837496 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinations are an important component of travel medicine. Beyond protection of travelers, vaccines are administered to prevent the importation of vaccine-preventable diseases at home and at destination. Proof of immunization to travel dates back to the first smallpox vaccine, developed by Edward Jenner in 1796. However, it took one century to generate the next vaccines against cholera, rabies, and typhoid fever. During the 20th century the armamentarium of vaccines used in travelers largely expanded with yellow fever, poliomyelitis, tetravalent meningococcal, and hepatitis A vaccines. The International Certificate of Inoculation and Vaccination was implemented in 1933. Currently there are vaccines administered to travelers following risk assessment, but also vaccines required according to the 2005 International Health Regulations and vaccines required at certain countries. Finally, within less than one year after the declaration of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the first COVID-19 vaccines were launched and approved for emergency use to control the pandemic. Despite practical and ethical challenges, COVID-19 vaccine verifications have been widely used since spring 2021 in many activities, including international travel. In this article, we review the course of development of travel vaccines focusing on those for which a proof of vaccination has been or is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Androula Pavli
- Department of Travel Medicine, National Public Health Organization, Athens, Greece
| | - Helena C Maltezou
- Directorate of Research, Studies, and Documentation, National Public Health Organization, Athens, Greece.
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20
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Alameh MG, Weissman D, Pardi N. Messenger RNA-Based Vaccines Against Infectious Diseases. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 440:111-145. [PMID: 32300916 DOI: 10.1007/82_2020_202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In vitro-transcribed, messenger RNA-based infectious disease vaccines have the potential to successfully address many of the weaknesses of traditional vaccine platforms, such as the lack of potency and/or durability of vaccine protection, time-consuming, and expensive manufacturing, and, in some cases, safety issues. This optimism is fueled by a great deal of impressive recent data demonstrating that mRNA vaccines have many of the attributes that are necessary for a viable new vaccine class for human use. This review briefly describes mRNA vaccine types, discusses the most relevant and recent publications on infectious disease mRNA vaccines, and highlights the hurdles that need to be overcome to bring this promising novel vaccine modality to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Drew Weissman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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21
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H S R, Khobragade A, Satapathy D, Gupta M, Kumar S, Bhomia V, V R, Desai M, Agrawal AD. Safety and Immunogenicity of a novel three-dose recombinant nanoparticle rabies G protein vaccine administered as simulated post exposure immunization: A randomized, comparator controlled, multicenter, phase III clinical study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:4239-4245. [PMID: 34499574 PMCID: PMC8828110 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1957413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies vaccines are lifesaving in human post animal exposure. However, the compliance to the complete course of vaccine is found to be only 60%. Hence, there is a need for safe and immunogenic, shorter course vaccine that can enhance the compliance and effectively prevent the disease. OBJECTIVES To establish a noninferiority of a novel three-dose recombinant rabies G protein vaccine to be administered as simulated postexposure prophylaxis when compared to five-dose WHO prequalified vaccine for better safety and immunogenicity. METHODS A multi-centric, open label, assessor blind, center-specific block randomized, parallel design, phase III clinical study was conducted among 800 subjects. The eligible subjects were randomized in 2:1 ratio for recombinant rabies G protein vaccine and the reference vaccine. Subjects in recombinant rabies G protein vaccine arm received three doses of vaccine on days 0, 3, and 7, while subjects in reference vaccine arm received five doses of WHO prequalified vaccine on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28. RESULTS The socio-demographic characteristics of the two arms were comparable. About 9.9% subjects in recombinant rabies G protein vaccine arm and 17.2% subjects in reference arm reported adverse events. The sero-protection on day 14 was found to be 99.24% and 97.72% in recombinant rabies G protein vaccine arm and reference vaccine arm respectively and the difference was statistically nonsignificant. CONCLUSION The novel three-dose recombinant rabies G protein vaccine administered as simulated postexposure prophylaxis was noninferior to five dose WHO prequalified vaccine in terms of safety and immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravish H S
- Department of Community Medicine, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Science, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Durga Satapathy
- Department of Community Medicine, VSS Institute of Medical Science and Research, Sambalpur, India
| | - Monica Gupta
- Consultant Physician, Samvedna Hospital, Varanasi, India
| | - Surendra Kumar
- Department of Community Medicine, S P Medical College and A.G Hospitals, Bikaner, India
| | - Vinay Bhomia
- Consultant Physician, Sanjivani Superspeciality Hospital Pvt. Ltd, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Ramasubramanian V
- Senior Consultant, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Apollo Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Maharshi Desai
- Senior Consultant, Infectious Diseases, Apollo Hospitals International Ltd, Gandhinagar, India
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22
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Thakur KT, Epstein S, Bilski A, Balbi A, Boehme AK, Brannagan TH, Wesley SF, Riley CS. Neurologic Safety Monitoring of COVID-19 Vaccines: Lessons From the Past to Inform the Present. Neurology 2021; 97:767-775. [PMID: 34475124 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has triggered a global effort to rapidly develop and deploy effective and safe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations. Vaccination has been one of the most effective medical interventions in human history, although potential safety risks of novel vaccines must be monitored, identified, and quantified. Adverse events must be carefully assessed to define whether they are causally associated with vaccination or coincidence. Neurologic adverse events following immunizations are overall rare but with significant morbidity and mortality when they occur. Here, we review neurologic conditions seen in the context of prior vaccinations and the current data to date on select COVID-19 vaccines including mRNA vaccines and the adenovirus-vector COVID-19 vaccines, ChAdOx1 nCOV-19 (AstraZeneca) and Ad26.COV2.S Johnson & Johnson (Janssen/J&J).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Teresa Thakur
- From the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York.
| | - Samantha Epstein
- From the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York
| | - Amanda Bilski
- From the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York
| | - Alanna Balbi
- From the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York
| | - Amelia K Boehme
- From the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York
| | - Thomas H Brannagan
- From the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York
| | - Sarah Flanagan Wesley
- From the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York
| | - Claire S Riley
- From the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York
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23
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Markarian NM, Abrahamyan L. AMDV Vaccine: Challenges and Perspectives. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091833. [PMID: 34578415 PMCID: PMC8472842 DOI: 10.3390/v13091833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) is known to cause the most significant disease in the mink industry. It is globally widespread and manifested as a deadly plasmacytosis and hyperglobulinemia. So far, measures to control the viral spread have been limited to manual serological testing for AMDV-positive mink. Further, due to the persistent nature of this virus, attempts to eradicate Aleutian disease (AD) have largely failed. Therefore, effective strategies to control the viral spread are of crucial importance for wildlife protection. One potentially key tool in the fight against this disease is by the immunization of mink against AMDV. Throughout many years, several researchers have tried to develop AMDV vaccines and demonstrated varying degrees of protection in mink by those vaccines. Despite these attempts, there are currently no vaccines available against AMDV, allowing the continuation of the spread of Aleutian disease. Herein, we summarize previous AMDV immunization attempts in mink as well as other preventative measures with the purpose to shed light on future studies designing such a potentially crucial preventative tool against Aleutian disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M. Markarian
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
| | - Levon Abrahamyan
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Research Group on Infectious Diseases of Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Correspondence:
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24
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Bernardino TC, Astray RM, Pereira CA, Boldorini VL, Antoniazzi MM, Jared SGS, Núñez EGF, Jorge SAC. Production of Rabies VLPs in Insect Cells by Two Monocistronic Baculoviruses Approach. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 63:1068-1080. [PMID: 34228257 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00366-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is an ancient zoonotic disease that still causes the death of over 59,000 people worldwide each year. The rabies lyssavirus encodes five proteins, including the envelope glycoprotein and the matrix protein. RVGP is the only protein exposed on the surface of viral particle, and it can induce immune response with neutralizing antibody formation. RVM has the ability to assist with production process of virus-like particles. VLPs were produced in recombinant baculovirus system. In this work, two recombinant baculoviruses carrying the RVGP and RVM genes were constructed. From the infection and coinfection assays, we standardized the best multiplicity of infection and the best harvest time. Cell supernatants were collected, concentrated, and purified by sucrose gradient. Each step was used for protein detection through immunoassays. Sucrose gradient analysis enabled to verify the separation of VLPs from rBV. Through the negative contrast technique, we visualized structures resembling rabies VLPs produced in insect cells and rBV in the different fractions of the sucrose gradient. Using ELISA to measure total RVGP, the recovery efficiency of VLPs at each stage of the purification process was verified. Thus, these results encourage further studies to confirm whether rabies VLPs are a promising candidate for a veterinary rabies vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaissa Consoni Bernardino
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, CEP, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Renato Mancini Astray
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, CEP, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Pereira
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, CEP, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia Boldorini
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, CEP, 05503-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eutimio Gustavo Fernández Núñez
- Grupo de Engenharia de Bioprocessos. Escola de Artes, Ciências E Humanidades (EACH), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Soraia Attie Calil Jorge
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Viral, Instituto Butantan, Av Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, CEP, 05503-900, Brazil.
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25
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Abolaban FA, Djouider FM. Gamma irradiation-mediated inactivation of enveloped viruses with conservation of genome integrity: Potential application for SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine development. Open Life Sci 2021; 16:558-570. [PMID: 34131589 PMCID: PMC8174122 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2021-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation inactivation of enveloped viruses occurs as the result of damages at the molecular level of their genome. The rapidly emerging and ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia pandemic prompted by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a global health crisis and an economic devastation. The readiness of an active and safe vaccine against the COVID-19 has become a race against time in this unqualified global panic caused by this pandemic. In this review, which we hope will be helpful in the current situation of COVID-19, we analyze the potential use of γ-irradiation to inactivate this virus by damaging at the molecular level its genetic material. This inactivation is a vital step towards the design and development of an urgently needed, effective vaccine against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad A. Abolaban
- Nuclear Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80204, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fathi M. Djouider
- Nuclear Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80204, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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26
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Negm II, Ragab YM, Mohamed AF. Outer membrane proteins of Salmonella typhimurium as an adjuvant in rabies vaccine. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2021; 10:132-140. [PMID: 34222125 PMCID: PMC8217580 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2021.10.2.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of the present study was to evaluate the immune-enhancing potential of Salmonella typhimurium outer membrane protein (OMP) and alum as adjuvants towards inactivated Vero cells rabies vaccine (FRV/K2). MATERIALS AND METHODS Six groups of female Sprague Dawley albino rats (10/group) were used in the evaluation of immunogenicity and safety of vaccines and adjuvants. Total immunoglobulin G secreted interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and the percentage of proliferated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were measured. Biochemical analysis and histopathological examination were used to test safety profiles. RESULTS OMP adjuvanted rabies vaccine (FRV/K2+OMP) (OMP combined locally prepared vaccine) induced significantly higher neutralizing antibodies on day 21 post-vaccination relative to free (FRV/K2) vaccine and alum adsorbed vaccine (FRV/K2+alum) (alum adsorbed locally prepared vaccine). (FRV/K2+OMP) induced a significantly higher level of IFN-γ on day 14 post-vaccination. CD8+ T cells were significantly higher post-vaccination with reference (RV), free (FRV/K2), and (FRV/K2+OMP) than (FRV/K2+alum). On the contrary, CD4+ T cells were significantly elevated post-vaccination with (FRV/K2+alum) at p<0.05. Biochemical analysis and histopathological examination revealed that OMP could be used safely as an adjuvant for the development of more effective rabies vaccines. CONCLUSION Outer membrane proteins adjuvanted rabies vaccines would be beneficial to induce rapid neutralizing antibodies and essential cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Ibrahim Negm
- The Egyptian Holding Company for the Production of Vaccines, Sera and Drugs, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasser M. Ragab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aly Fahmy Mohamed
- International Center for Training and Advanced Researches (ICTAR-Egypt), Cairo, Egypt
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27
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Xu C, Lau CL, Clark J, Rafferty AC, Mills DJ, Ramsey L, Gilbert B, Doi SAR, Furuya-Kanamori L. Immunogenicity after pre- and post-exposure rabies vaccination: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Vaccine 2021; 39:1044-1050. [PMID: 33478786 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are a myriad of vaccine schedules for rabies pre- (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) that differ in the number and timedoses, number of visits, length of schedule, and route of administration. The objective of this study was to systematically review the evidence and investigate how thedifferences in schedules influence titres over time. METHODS Four databaseswere searched from inception to January 2020 for rabies PrEP and PEP studies. Adose-response meta-analysis was utilised to pool geometric mean titres (GMT) over time. Subgroup analyses by route of administration, age group, and schedule were conducted. RESULTS 80 studies met the inclusion criteria and contributed with 191 datasets and 12,413 participants. Both intradermal (ID) and intramuscular (IM) PrEP/PEP produce adequate GMTs. Significantly lower GMT levels were achieved in older (>50yrs) compared to younger (<50yrs) participants. Short 1-week schedules were as effective as longer schedules that can take between 3 and 12 weeks to complete. CONCLUSIONS Several effective ID and IM schedules were identified, the selection of a schedule should take into account the patient's needs, costs, availability to return for subsequent doses, and the time required to complete the schedule. Older individuals warrant special attention as they develop lower antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Xu
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Colleen L Lau
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; Dr Deb The Travel Doctor, Travel Medicine Alliance, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Justin Clark
- Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anna C Rafferty
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Deborah J Mills
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; Dr Deb The Travel Doctor, Travel Medicine Alliance, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lani Ramsey
- Travel-Bug Vaccination Clinic, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Suhail A R Doi
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Luis Furuya-Kanamori
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
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28
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Kakar A, Gogia A, Solanki SK, Jadiya A, Singh D. Safety and immunogenicity of SURE RAB™, an inactivated cell culture derived rabies vaccine: A comparative, phase III clinical trial. Indian J Med Microbiol 2021; 39:63-66. [PMID: 33526271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rabies is a viral zoonotic disease widespread across the world. In India, various cell culture vaccines are available for pre and post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) but are not sufficient to meet the rising demand. The present study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of Rabies vaccine Human I.P. (Brand name: SURE RAB™) in PEP and demonstrated its non-inferiority to already approved rabies vaccine (Brand name: VERORAB). MATERIAL AND METHODS It was a phase-III randomized, open label, comparative, single centre clinical trial in post exposure subjects. Safety and immunogenicity were evaluated at Day 0, 14 and 45 ± 7 post vaccination. Day 14 serum samples were analyzed by Enzyme Linked Immunesorbent assay (IgG ELISA, Bio-Rad) and Day 0, 14 and 45 ± 7 serum were tested by Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test (RFFIT). Paired t-test was applied to compare the results of Rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNA). The severity of adverse reactions was measured on a scale of excellent, good, fair and bad; p-value (p < 0.05) was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS All the subjects achieved a protective titer value between 0.5 and 9.0 IU/ml by Day 14 tested by ELISA and significant rise in the antibody titer in all the groups when tested after 45 days. Statistically significant p-value (p < 0.001) observed with RFFIT test indicated biological potency of rabies vaccine. Adverse events and safety was comparable statistically between three groups (p = 0.886) and Group I + II combined versus Group III (p = 0.495). CONCLUSION The study results conclusively demonstrate that SURE RAB™ is comparable to VERORAB in terms of safety and immunogenicity and can be used for PEP in rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Kakar
- Department of Medicine, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060, India.
| | - Atul Gogia
- Department of Medicine, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060, India.
| | | | - Arjit Jadiya
- Department of Medicine, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060, India.
| | - Deepika Singh
- Department of Medicine, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060, India.
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Krsak M, Henao-Martínez AF, Franco-Paredes C. COVID-19: Way Forward With Serosurveillance Without Overemphasizing Neutralizing Antibodies. Viral Immunol 2020; 34:130-133. [PMID: 33181055 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Serosurveillance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is lagging due to concerns regarding testing performance and interpretation of what represents protective immunity. The scientific community has pointed out concerns related to suboptimal performance of certain tests, although a selection of tests with sensitivity and specificity of >99% is available. Neutralizing antibodies represent a generally accepted surrogate marker of immunological protection against viral infections. In COVID-19, we argue that focusing only on neutralizing antibodies may not be necessary and that evidence of spontaneous clearance of COVID-19 may be a reliable surrogate marker of individuals' immune competency toward future reinfections (regardless of its mechanism) for a period of time. Furthermore, current polymerase chain reaction testing lacks the ability to determine the duration of transmissibility, thus alternatives for direct testing of replicating virus are needed. Broadly applied viable virus testing together with serosurveillance will help reopen the economy with more precision and speed, and help guide isolation, quarantine, and cohorting protocols in conglomerate settings such as correctional facilities, nursing facilities, schools, and long-distance travel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Krsak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Andrés F Henao-Martínez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Carlos Franco-Paredes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Instituto Nacional de Salud, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gomez, México City, México
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30
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Using the Past to Maximize the Success Probability of Future Anti-Viral Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040566. [PMID: 33019507 PMCID: PMC7712378 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid obtaining of safe, effective, anti-viral vaccines has recently risen to the top of the international agenda. To maximize the success probability of future anti-viral vaccines, the anti-viral vaccines successful in the past are summarized here by virus type and vaccine type. The primary focus is on viruses with both single-stranded RNA genomes and a membrane envelope, given the pandemic past of influenza viruses and coronaviruses. The following conclusion is reached, assuming that success of future strategies is positively correlated with strategies successful in the past. The primary strategy, especially for emerging pandemic viruses, should be development of vaccine antigens that are live-attenuated viruses; the secondary strategy should be development of vaccine antigens that are inactivated virus particles. Support for this conclusion comes from the complexity of immune systems. These conclusions imply the need for a revision in current strategic planning.
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Preparation and qualification of internal rabies reference standards for use in the rabies rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9893. [PMID: 32555434 PMCID: PMC7303118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) international standard rabies immune globulins (SRIGs) allow the standardisation of the cell-based rapid fluorescent-focus inhibition test (RFFIT) for rabies virus neutralising antibody measurement. SRIG stocks have been depleted. We describe the preparation and qualification of two internal rabies reference standards (IRRSs), calibrated against WHO SRIGs. Candidate IRRSs IMORAB2, from human rabies immunoglobulin; and GCIRAB1, from pooled serum samples from healthy adults immunised with licensed rabies vaccine, were generated. IRRSs were qualified for use in RFFIT based on pre-determined acceptance criteria. Unitage (IU/mL) was assigned using WHO-1 and WHO-2 SRIGs as calibrators. Geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) (% geometric coefficient of variation), calibrated against WHO-1 and WHO-2 SRIGs, were: 1.8 IU/mL (18.7%) and 1.5 IU/mL (17.8%) for IMORAB2; and 2.9 IU/mL (17.5%) and 2.5 IU/mL (16.7%), respectively, for GCIRAB1. We demonstrated IRRS specificity in competition studies using homologous (inactivated Pitman Moore rabies virus) and heterologous (inactivated vesicular stomatitis virus) antigens and acceptable accuracy/linearity of WHO SRIGs using IRRSs as calibrators. Concordance between IRRS and the WHO-1 SRIG was demonstrated using (non-)clinical human serum samples. The candidate reference standards are suitable for use as IRRS in the in-house rabies RFFIT. Funding:Sanofi Pasteur.
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32
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Mohsen MO, Augusto G, Bachmann MF. The 3Ds in virus-like particle based-vaccines: "Design, Delivery and Dynamics". Immunol Rev 2020; 296:155-168. [PMID: 32472710 PMCID: PMC7496916 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines need to be rationally designed in order be delivered to the immune system for maximizing induction of dynamic immune responses. Virus‐like particles (VLPs) are ideal platforms for such 3D vaccines, as they allow the display of complex and native antigens in a highly repetitive form on their surface and can easily reach lymphoid organs in intact form for optimal activation of B and T cells. Adjusting size and zeta potential may allow investigators to further fine‐tune delivery to lymphoid organs. An additional way to alter vaccine transfer to lymph nodes and spleen may be the formulation with micron‐sized adjuvants that creates a local depot and results in a slow release of antigen and adjuvant. Ideally, the adjuvant in addition stimulates the innate immune system. The dynamics of the immune response may be further enhanced by inclusion of Toll‐like receptor ligands, which many VLPs naturally package. Hence, considering the 3Ds in vaccine development may allow for enhancement of their attributes to tackle complex diseases, not usually amenable to conventional vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona O Mohsen
- Interim Translational Research Institute "iTRI", National Center for Cancer Care & Research (NCCCR), Doha, Qatar.,Department of BioMedical Research, Immunology RIA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Augusto
- Department of BioMedical Research, Immunology RIA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin F Bachmann
- Department of BioMedical Research, Immunology RIA, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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33
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Moulenat T, Petit C, Bosch Castells V, Houillon G. Purified Vero Cell Rabies Vaccine (PVRV, Verorab ®): A Systematic Review of Intradermal Use Between 1985 and 2019. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:E40. [PMID: 32156005 PMCID: PMC7157209 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purified Vero cell rabies vaccine (PVRV; Verorab®, Sanofi Pasteur) has been used in rabies prevention since 1985. Evolving rabies vaccination trends, including shorter intradermal (ID) regimens with reduced volume, along with WHO recommendation for ID administration has driven recent ID PVRV regimen assessments. Thus, a consolidated review comparing immunogenicity of PVRV ID regimens during pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is timely and beneficial in identifying gaps in current research. A search of seven databases for studies published from 1985 to November 2019 identified 35 studies. PrEP was assessed in 10 studies (n = 926) with 1-3-site, 1-3-visit regimens of up to 3-months duration. Seroconversion (rabies virus neutralizing antibodies [RVNA] ≥ 0.5 IU/mL) rates of 90-100% were reported within weeks, irrespective of regimen, with robust booster responses at 1 year (100% seroconversion rates by day 14 post-booster). However, data are lacking for the current WHO-recommended, 2-site, 1-week ID PrEP regimen. PEP was assessed in 25 studies (n = 2136) across regimens of 1-week to 90-day duration. All ID PEP regimens assessed induced ≥ 99% seroconversion rates (except in HIV participants) by day 14-28. This review confirms ID PVRV suitability for rabies prophylaxis and highlights the heterogeneity of use in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Moulenat
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques (ISPB)—Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France;
| | - Céline Petit
- Sanofi Pasteur, 14 Espace Henry Vallée, 69007 Lyon, France; (C.P.); (V.B.C.)
| | | | - Guy Houillon
- Sanofi Pasteur, 14 Espace Henry Vallée, 69007 Lyon, France; (C.P.); (V.B.C.)
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34
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The science of vaccine safety: Summary of meeting at Wellcome Trust. Vaccine 2020; 38:1869-1880. [PMID: 31987690 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines are everywhere hugely successful but are also under attack. The reason for the latter is the perception by some people that vaccines are unsafe. However that may be, vaccine safety, life any other scientific subject, must be constantly studied. It was from this point of view that a meeting was organized at the Wellcome Trust in London in May 2019 to assess some aspects of vaccine safety as subjects for scientific study. The objective of the meeting was to assess what is known beyond reasonable doubt and conversely what areas need additional studies. Although the meeting could not cover all aspects of vaccine safety science, many of the most important issues were addressed by a group of about 30 experts to determine what is already known and what additional studies are merited to assess the safety of the vaccines currently in use. The meeting began with reviews of the current situation in different parts of the world, followed by reviews of specific controversial areas, including the incidence of certain conditions after vaccination and the safety of certain vaccine components. Lastly, information about the human papillomavirus vaccine was considered because its safety has been particularly challenged by vaccine opponents. The following is a summary of the meeting findings. In addition to this summary, the meeting organizers will explore opportunities to perform studies that would enlarge knowledge of vaccine safety.
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35
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Neevel AMG, Urias E, Claassen E, van de Burgwal LHM. Quantity vs. quality: an assessment of the current pipeline for rabies. Trop Med Int Health 2019; 25:397-407. [PMID: 31872495 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To gain insight in the potential of the current pipeline for rabies to decrease the burden of disease by evaluating its relevance to high-risk countries. METHODS Rabies-related patent documents and clinical trials were retrieved from Espacenet and the WHO ICTRP, respectively. Data were cleaned, modulated and categorised into a pre-defined set of indicators those were used for (statistical) analyses on the number of patent applications, patent quality and type of stakeholders involved for different geographical areas. RESULTS Analysis of 583 unique patent families applied for in the period 1954-2017 showed a steep growth in the yearly number of patent applications. A significant portion of new patent applications concern Chinese patents with relatively low quality that are filed by a dispersed group of applicants. Excluding these patents, the number of patent applications has been virtually stable over the years. A shift is seen in public stakeholders becoming more prolific as patent applicants. This shift is also reflected in clinical trials; key sponsors of clinical trials include public and private stakeholders originating from high-risk rabies countries. The majority of clinical trials investigate adjustments to existing vaccines that may improve accessibility. CONCLUSION The results show a discrepancy between the quantity and quality of rabies patent applications that reflects national patent regulations rather than real progress in decreasing the burden of disease. This is in contrast to clinical trials, which focus on incremental innovations that are tested in clinical trials but may nevertheless have a potentially strong impact in high-risk countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M G Neevel
- Athena Institute, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Viroclinics Biosciences, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eduardo Urias
- Athena Institute, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,UNU-MERIT, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Elabora Consultoria, São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Eric Claassen
- Athena Institute, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linda H M van de Burgwal
- Athena Institute, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Artemis One Health, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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36
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Fooks AR, Banyard AC, Ertl HCJ. New human rabies vaccines in the pipeline. Vaccine 2019; 37 Suppl 1:A140-A145. [PMID: 30153997 PMCID: PMC6863069 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rabies remains endemic in more than 150 countries. In 99% of human cases, rabies virus is transmitted by dogs. The disease, which is nearly always fatal, is preventable by vaccines given either before and/or after exposure to a rabid animal. Numerous factors including the high cost of vaccines, the relative complexity of post-exposure vaccination protocols requiring multiple doses of vaccine, which in cases of severe exposure have to be combined with a rabies immune globulin, lack of access to health care, and insufficient surveillance contribute to the estimated 59,000 human deaths caused by rabies each year. New, less expensive and more immunogenic rabies vaccines are needed together with improved surveillance and dog rabies control to reduce the death toll of human rabies. Here, we discuss new rabies vaccines that are in clinical and pre-clinical testing and evaluate their potential to replace current vaccines.
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37
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Advances in RNA Vaccines for Preventive Indications: A Case Study of A Vaccine Against Rabies. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040132. [PMID: 31569785 PMCID: PMC6963972 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a global need for effective and affordable rabies vaccines, which is unmet by current vaccines due to limitations in their production capacities, required administration schedules, storage requirements, and cost. Many different experimental approaches previously used for bacterial and viral vaccines have been applied to rabies, but with variable success. One of the most promising new concepts is the use of messenger RNA (mRNA) in encoding the main rabies virus antigen, the envelope glycoprotein (RABV-G). CureVac has applied their proprietary technology platform for the production of mRNA to this problem, resulting in the rabies vaccine candidate CV7201. Following preclinical studies in mice and pigs showing that CV7201 could induce neutralizing immune responses that protected against rabies virus, different dosages and routes of administration of CV7201 were tested in a phase 1 human study. This clinical study proved that mRNA vaccination was safe and had an acceptable reactogenicity profile, but immune responses depended on the mode of administration, and they did not unequivocally support CV7201 for further development as a prophylactic vaccine with this particular formulation. Further, preclinical studies using RABV-G mRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) showed an improved response in both mice and nonhuman primates, and these encouraging results are currently being followed up in clinical studies in humans. This review summarizes the recent advances in mRNA vaccines against rabies.
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38
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Fontana D, Marsili F, Garay E, Battagliotti J, Etcheverrigaray M, Kratje R, Prieto C. A simplified roller bottle platform for the production of a new generation VLPs rabies vaccine for veterinary applications. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 65:70-75. [PMID: 31300130 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a neglected disease with an estimated annual mortality of 55,000 human deaths, affecting mainly low-income countries. Over 95% of these cases result from virus transmission through the bite of infected dogs and for this reason there is a real need for a cheap and effective rabies veterinary vaccine to be used in mass vaccination campaigns. In this work, we describe the establishment of a simple platform for the production of a virus-like particles based rabies vaccine using mammalian cells and roller bottles as culture system. Adherent cells were cultured during more than 15 days and VLPs were continuously produced and secreted to the culture supernatant. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of VLPs were tested through rabies virus neutralizing antibody test and NIH potency test. These viral particles induced high titer of long lasting neutralizing antibodies and protected mice against active virus challenge. Therefore, this development represents a promising platform for the production of a new generation and virus-free rabies vaccine candidate for veterinary applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Fontana
- UNL, Biotechnological Development Laboratory, FBCB, Edificio FBCB-Ciudad Universitaria UNL, C.C. 242. (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina; UNL, CONICET, Cell Culture Laboratory, FBCB, Edificio FBCB-Ciudad Universitaria UNL, C.C. 242. (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Federico Marsili
- UNL, Biotechnological Development Laboratory, FBCB, Edificio FBCB-Ciudad Universitaria UNL, C.C. 242. (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ernesto Garay
- UNL, Biotechnological Development Laboratory, FBCB, Edificio FBCB-Ciudad Universitaria UNL, C.C. 242. (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Juan Battagliotti
- UNL, Biotechnological Development Laboratory, FBCB, Edificio FBCB-Ciudad Universitaria UNL, C.C. 242. (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marina Etcheverrigaray
- UNL, CONICET, Cell Culture Laboratory, FBCB, Edificio FBCB-Ciudad Universitaria UNL, C.C. 242. (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Kratje
- UNL, CONICET, Cell Culture Laboratory, FBCB, Edificio FBCB-Ciudad Universitaria UNL, C.C. 242. (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Claudio Prieto
- UNL, Biotechnological Development Laboratory, FBCB, Edificio FBCB-Ciudad Universitaria UNL, C.C. 242. (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cellargen Biotech S.R.L. Antonia Godoy 6369, C.C. 242. (S3000ZAA), Santa Fe, Argentina
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39
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Wang J, Teng Y, Zhao G, Li F, Hou A, Sun B, Kong W, Gao F, Cai L, Jiang C. Exosome-Mediated Delivery of Inducible miR-423-5p Enhances Resistance of MRC-5 Cells to Rabies Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071537. [PMID: 30934732 PMCID: PMC6479321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human diploid cell line Medical Research Council -5 (MRC-5) is commonly utilized for vaccine development. Although a rabies vaccine developed in cultured MRC-5 cells exists, the poor susceptibility of MRC-5 cells to the rabies virus (RABV) infection limits the potential yield of this vaccine. The underlying mechanism of MRC-5 cell resistance to RABV infection remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that viral infection increased exosomal release from MRC-5 cells; conversely, blocking exosome release promoted RABV infection in MRC-5 cells. Additionally, RABV infection up-regulated microRNA (miR)-423-5p expression in exosomes, resulting in feedback inhibition of RABV replication by abrogating the inhibitory effect of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) on type I interferon (IFN) signaling. Furthermore, intercellular delivery of miR-423-5p by exosomes inhibited RABV replication in MRC-5 cells. We also show that RABV infection increased IFN-β production in MRC-5 cells and that blocking the type I IFN receptor promoted RABV infection. In conclusion, MRC-5 cells were protected from RABV infection by the intercellular delivery of exosomal miR-423-5p and the up-regulation of IFN-β. These findings reveal novel antiviral mechanisms in MRC-5 cells against RABV infection. miR-423-5p, exosomes, and IFN signaling pathways may therefore be potential targets for improving MRC-5 cell-based rabies vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yawei Teng
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Guanshu Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Fang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Ali Hou
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Bo Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Feng Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Linjun Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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Olayan E, El-Khadragy M, Mohamed AF, Mohamed AK, Shebl RI, Yehia HM. Evaluation of Different Stabilizers and Inactivating Compounds for the Enhancement of Vero Cell Rabies Vaccine Stability and Immunogenicity: In Vitro Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4518163. [PMID: 31008105 PMCID: PMC6441502 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4518163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation of rabies virus is essential for rabies vaccine preparation where the inactivating compound that is currently recommended for rabies vaccine preparation is β-propiolactone (β-PL). This compound is considered better than phenol and formalin but it is expensive and potentially carcinogenic. Data revealed that Ascorbic acid (AA) with cupric ions could yield complete and irreversible inactivation of rabies virus without adversely affecting its antigenicity. Additionally, the results of testing the vaccine potency with the selected inactivating compounds were comparable (P<0.05), and ED50 was higher than the recommended World Health Organization (WHO) limits. The use of HemaGel (plasma substitute) for testing vaccine stabilization was compared with the currently used vaccine stabilizers (human albumin and lactose). HemaGel yielded better stability than the other tested stabilizers. Monitoring of cellular and humoral immune responses indicated that both the total IgG level against rabies vaccine and the IFN and IL5 levels obtained with the HemaGel-stabilized vaccines were higher than those obtained with human albumin- and lactose-stabilized vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtesam Olayan
- Chair Vaccines Research of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal El-Khadragy
- Chair Vaccines Research of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aly Fahmy Mohamed
- Holding Company for Production of Sera, Vaccines and Drugs (VACSEA), Egypt
| | | | - Rania Ibrahim Shebl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University (ACU), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hany M. Yehia
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Home Economics, Helwan University, Egypt
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Astawa INM, Agustini NLP, Masa Tenaya IW, Aryawiguna IPGW. Protective antibody response of Balb/c mice to Bali rabies virus isolate propagated in BHK-21 cells. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1596-1603. [PMID: 30210066 PMCID: PMC6207530 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective antibody response of Balb/c mice to Bali rabies virus (RABV) in BHK-21
cells was studied. The virus was isolated from a rabid dog and was adapted to replicate in
BHK-21 cell culture for seven passages. The BHK-21-adapted Bali RABV (BHK-Bali RABV) was
inactivated with binary ethylenimine and 24 mice were immunized twice at 21-days intervals
with the inactivated virus and Rabisin® vaccine. Virus replication was detected using
indirect immunofluorescence, immunocytochemistry, and western blotting assays.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay examination 2 weeks after the first immunization
revealed RABV antibody titers that were mostly below the minimum protective level (<0.5
equivalent unit, EU). Antibody titers increased sharply after the second immunization.
Antibody titers in serum of mice induced by inactivated BHK-Bali RABV one week after the
second immunization were slightly lower (0.8–3.8 EU) than those induced by Rabisin vaccine
(0.9–6.3 EU). RABV antibody titers were stable for at least 6 weeks after the second
immunization. Both Rabisin vaccine and inactivated BHK-Bali RABV induced neutralizing
antibodies with neutralization titers (50% protective dose per ml) of
29.84 for 0.1 ml Rabisin, 211.41 for 0.2
ml Rabisin, 27.41 for 0.1 ml BHK-Bali RABV,
and 28.25 for 0.2 ml BHK-Bali RABV. Thus, inactivated BHK-Bali
RABV induces a protective immune response in Balb/c mice, but at lower levels compared to
induction by Rabisin vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nyoman Mantik Astawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Jln. PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Ni Luh Putu Agustini
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Disease Investigation Center, Regional IV. Denpasar Bali, Indonesia
| | - I Wayan Masa Tenaya
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Disease Investigation Center, Regional IV. Denpasar Bali, Indonesia
| | - I Putu Gede Widnyana Aryawiguna
- Undergraduate Student at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Jln. PB Sudirman, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
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El-Sayed A. Advances in rabies prophylaxis and treatment with emphasis on immunoresponse mechanisms. Int J Vet Sci Med 2018; 6:8-15. [PMID: 30255072 PMCID: PMC6149183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a vaccine-preventable fatal disease in man and most mammals. Although rabies is recorded in 150 territories and is responsible for at least 60,000 human deaths every year worldwide, it is a neglected tropical problem. Most of the rabies free countries are considered to be fragile free as the disease may re-emerge easily through wild mammals. For the performance of effective rabies eradication programs, a complex set of strategies and activities is required. At the time, a joint project of WHO-OIE-FAO which was announced in 2015, plans to control animal-human-ecosystems rabies interface. For effective rabies control, prophylactic policies must be applied. These include various educational outreaches for farmers and people living in endemic areas, enforced legislation for responsible dog ownership, control programs for the free-ranging stray dog and cat populations, field large-scale vaccination campaigns, and the development of new vaccine delivery strategies for both humans and animals. The present work presents the advances in the development of new safe, effective and economic vaccines for domestic dogs, and oral vaccines for the control of the disease in wild animals. It presents also some therapeutic protocols used for the treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A El-Sayed
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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43
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Mahecha MP, Ojeda E, Vega DA, Sarmiento-Monroy JC, Anaya JM. Guillain-Barré syndrome in Colombia: where do we stand now? Immunol Res 2018; 65:72-81. [PMID: 27421717 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-016-8816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rapid-onset muscle weakness disease caused by the immune-mediated damage of the peripheral nervous system. Since there is an increase incidence of GBS cases in Latin America, particularly in Colombia, and most of them are currently preceded by Zika virus (ZIKV) infection, we aimed to assess the available evidence of the disease in Colombia through a systematic literature review. Out of 51 screened abstracts, only 16 corresponded to articles that met inclusion criteria, of which 15 were case reports or case series. A total of 796 cases of GBS were reported in the included articles. The majority of patients were males (66.8 %) and younger than 50 years old (94 %). An infectious disease before the onset of GBS was registered in 31 % of patients, with gastrointestinal or respiratory symptoms being the most frequently observed. In those cases in which electrodiagnostic tests were performed, the most common subphenotype was acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (17 %). Death was reported in 15 % of patients. Data regarding GBS in Colombia is scant and heterogeneous. Taking into account the burden of the disease and the recent rise of GBS cases associated with ZIKV, a careful patient evaluation and a systematic collection of data are warranted. A form to data gathering is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María P Mahecha
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No 63-C-69, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ernesto Ojeda
- Neurology Department, Mederi - Hospital Universitario Mayor, Calle 24 No. 29-45, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniel A Vega
- Intensive Care Unit, Mederi - Hospital Universitario Mayor, Calle 24 No. 29-45, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan C Sarmiento-Monroy
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No 63-C-69, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No 63-C-69, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Singh R, Singh KP, Cherian S, Saminathan M, Kapoor S, Manjunatha Reddy GB, Panda S, Dhama K. Rabies - epidemiology, pathogenesis, public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control: a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2017. [PMID: 28643547 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1343516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a zoonotic, fatal and progressive neurological infection caused by rabies virus of the genus Lyssavirus and family Rhabdoviridae. It affects all warm-blooded animals and the disease is prevalent throughout the world and endemic in many countries except in Islands like Australia and Antarctica. Over 60,000 peoples die every year due to rabies, while approximately 15 million people receive rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) annually. Bite of rabid animals and saliva of infected host are mainly responsible for transmission and wildlife like raccoons, skunks, bats and foxes are main reservoirs for rabies. The incubation period is highly variable from 2 weeks to 6 years (avg. 2-3 months). Though severe neurologic signs and fatal outcome, neuropathological lesions are relatively mild. Rabies virus exploits various mechanisms to evade the host immune responses. Being a major zoonosis, precise and rapid diagnosis is important for early treatment and effective prevention and control measures. Traditional rapid Seller's staining and histopathological methods are still in use for diagnosis of rabies. Direct immunofluoroscent test (dFAT) is gold standard test and most commonly recommended for diagnosis of rabies in fresh brain tissues of dogs by both OIE and WHO. Mouse inoculation test (MIT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are superior and used for routine diagnosis. Vaccination with live attenuated or inactivated viruses, DNA and recombinant vaccines can be done in endemic areas. This review describes in detail about epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, advances in diagnosis, vaccination and therapeutic approaches along with appropriate prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Singh
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- b Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis (CADRAD) , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Susan Cherian
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Mani Saminathan
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Sanjay Kapoor
- c Department of Veterinary Microbiology , LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , Hisar , Haryana , India
| | - G B Manjunatha Reddy
- d ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics , Bengaluru , Karnataka , India
| | - Shibani Panda
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- a Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , Uttar Pradesh , India
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Inactivated Recombinant Rabies Viruses Displaying Canine Distemper Virus Glycoproteins Induce Protective Immunity against Both Pathogens. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02077-16. [PMID: 28148801 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02077-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of multivalent vaccines is an attractive methodology for the simultaneous prevention of several infectious diseases in vulnerable populations. Both canine distemper virus (CDV) and rabies virus (RABV) cause lethal disease in wild and domestic carnivores. While RABV vaccines are inactivated, the live-attenuated CDV vaccines retain residual virulence for highly susceptible wildlife species. In this study, we developed recombinant bivalent vaccine candidates based on recombinant vaccine strain rabies virus particles, which concurrently display the protective CDV and RABV glycoprotein antigens. The recombinant viruses replicated to near-wild-type titers, and the heterologous glycoproteins were efficiently expressed and incorporated in the viral particles. Immunization of ferrets with beta-propiolactone-inactivated recombinant virus particles elicited protective RABV antibody titers, and animals immunized with a combination of CDV attachment protein- and fusion protein-expressing recombinant viruses were protected from lethal CDV challenge. However, animals that were immunized with only a RABV expressing the attachment protein of CDV vaccine strain Onderstepoort succumbed to infection with a more recent wild-type strain, indicating that immune responses to the more conserved fusion protein contribute to protection against heterologous CDV strains.IMPORTANCE Rabies virus and canine distemper virus (CDV) cause high mortality rates and death in many carnivores. While rabies vaccines are inactivated and thus have an excellent safety profile and high stability, live-attenuated CDV vaccines can retain residual virulence in highly susceptible species. Here we generated recombinant inactivated rabies viruses that carry one of the CDV glycoproteins on their surface. Ferrets immunized twice with a mix of recombinant rabies viruses carrying the CDV fusion and attachment glycoproteins were protected from lethal CDV challenge, whereas all animals that received recombinant rabies viruses carrying only the CDV attachment protein according to the same immunization scheme died. Irrespective of the CDV antigens used, all animals developed protective titers against rabies virus, illustrating that a bivalent rabies virus-based vaccine against CDV induces protective immune responses against both pathogens.
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van de Burgwal LHM, Neevel AMG, Pittens CACM, Osterhaus ADME, Rupprecht CE, Claassen E. Barriers to innovation in human rabies prophylaxis and treatment: A causal analysis of insights from key opinion leaders and literature. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 64:599-611. [PMID: 28318148 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is an essentially 100% fatal, zoonotic disease, caused by Lyssaviruses. Currently, the disease is vaccine-preventable with pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP and PEP). Still, rabies virus is estimated to cause up to 60,000 human deaths annually, of which the vast majority occurs in rural Asia and Africa, due to the inaccessibility of prophylaxis and non-existence of treatment. Despite these unmet clinical needs, rabies control mainly focuses on the sylvatic reservoir and drug innovation receives relatively little attention compared to other neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). As such, the lag of innovation in human rabies prophylaxis and treatment cannot be explained by limited return on investment alone. Strategies countering rabies-specific innovation barriers are important for the acceleration of innovation in human rabies prophylaxis and treatment. Barriers throughout society, science, business development and market domains were identified through literature review and 23 semi-structured interviews with key opinion leaders worldwide. A subsequent root cause analysis revealed causal relations between innovation barriers and a limited set of root causes. Finally, prioritization by experts indicated their relative importance. Root causes, which are fundamental to barriers, were aggregated into four types: market and commercial, stakeholder collaboration, public health and awareness, and disease trajectory. These were found in all domains of the innovation process and thus are relevant for all stakeholders. This study identifies barriers that were not previously described in this specific context, for example the competition for funding between medical and veterinary approaches. The results stress the existence of barriers beyond the limited return on investment and thereby explain why innovation in human rabies medication is lagging behind NTDs with a lower burden of disease. A re-orientation on the full spectrum of barriers that hinder innovation in rabies prophylaxis and treatment is necessary to meet unmet societal and medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H M van de Burgwal
- Athena Institute, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Artemis One Health, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A M G Neevel
- Athena Institute, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Viroclinics Biosciences, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - A D M E Osterhaus
- Artemis One Health, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Viroclinics Biosciences, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover (RIZ), Germany
| | | | - E Claassen
- Athena Institute, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Artemis One Health, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Viroclinics Biosciences, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Babazadeh T, Nikbakhat HA, Daemi A, Yegane-kasgari M, Ghaffari-fam S, Banaye-Jeddi M. Epidemiology of acute animal bite and the direct cost of rabies vaccination. JOURNAL OF ACUTE DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joad.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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48
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Two potential recombinant rabies vaccines expressing canine parvovirus virion protein 2 induce immunogenicity to canine parvovirus and rabies virus. Vaccine 2016; 34:4392-8. [PMID: 27449079 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Both rabies virus (RABV) and canine parvovirus (CPV) cause lethal diseases in dogs. In this study, both high egg passage Flury (HEP-Flury) strains of RABV and recombinant RABV carrying double RABV glycoprotein (G) gene were used to express the CPV virion protein 2 (VP2) gene, and were designated rHEP-VP2 and, rHEP-dG-VP2 respectively. The two recombinant RABVs maintained optimal virus titration according to their viral growth kinetics assay compared with the parental strain HEP-Flury. Western blotting indicated that G protein and VP2 were expressed in vitro. The expression of VP2 in Crandell feline kidney cells post-infection by rHEP-VP2 and rHEP-dG-VP2 was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence assay with antibody against VP2. Immunogenicity of recombinant rabies viruses was tested in Kunming mice. Both rHEP-VP2 and rHEP-dG-VP2 induced high levels of rabies antibody compared with HEP-Flury. Mice immunized with rHEP-VP2 and rHEP-dG-VP2 both had a high level of antibodies against VP2, which can protect against CPV infection. A challenge experiment indicated that more than 80% mice immunized with recombinant RABVs survived after infection of challenge virus standard 24 (CVS-24). Together, this study showed that recombinant RABVs expressing VP2 induced protective immune responses to RABV and CPV. Therefore, rHEP-VP2 and rHEP-dG-VP2 might be potential combined vaccines for RABV and CPV.
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Lee KL, Twyman RM, Fiering S, Steinmetz N. Virus-based nanoparticles as platform technologies for modern vaccines. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 8:554-78. [PMID: 26782096 PMCID: PMC5638654 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscale engineering is revolutionizing the development of vaccines and immunotherapies. Viruses have played a key role in this field because they can function as prefabricated nanoscaffolds with unique properties that are easy to modify. Viruses are immunogenic via multiple pathways, and antigens displayed naturally or by engineering on the surface can be used to create vaccines against the cognate virus, other pathogens, specific molecules or cellular targets such as tumors. This review focuses on the development of virus-based nanoparticle systems as vaccines indicated for the prevention or treatment of infectious diseases, chronic diseases, cancer, and addiction. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:554-578. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1383 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin L. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Engineering and Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | | | - Steven Fiering
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756
| | - Nicole Steinmetz
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Radiology, Materials Science and Engineering, and Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University and Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106;
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50
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Yendo ACA, de Costa F, Cibulski SP, Teixeira TF, Colling LC, Mastrogiovanni M, Soulé S, Roehe PM, Gosmann G, Ferreira FA, Fett-Neto AG. A rabies vaccine adjuvanted with saponins from leaves of the soap tree (Quillaja brasiliensis) induces specific immune responses and protects against lethal challenge. Vaccine 2016; 34:2305-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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