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Novak JK, Gardner JG. Current models in bacterial hemicellulase-encoding gene regulation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:39. [PMID: 38175245 PMCID: PMC10766802 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12977-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The discovery and characterization of bacterial carbohydrate-active enzymes is a fundamental component of biotechnology innovation, particularly for renewable fuels and chemicals; however, these studies have increasingly transitioned to exploring the complex regulation required for recalcitrant polysaccharide utilization. This pivot is largely due to the current need to engineer and optimize enzymes for maximal degradation in industrial or biomedical applications. Given the structural simplicity of a single cellulose polymer, and the relatively few enzyme classes required for complete bioconversion, the regulation of cellulases in bacteria has been thoroughly discussed in the literature. However, the diversity of hemicelluloses found in plant biomass and the multitude of carbohydrate-active enzymes required for their deconstruction has resulted in a less comprehensive understanding of bacterial hemicellulase-encoding gene regulation. Here we review the mechanisms of this process and common themes found in the transcriptomic response during plant biomass utilization. By comparing regulatory systems from both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as drawing parallels to cellulase regulation, our goals are to highlight the shared and distinct features of bacterial hemicellulase-encoding gene regulation and provide a set of guiding questions to improve our understanding of bacterial lignocellulose utilization. KEY POINTS: • Canonical regulatory mechanisms for bacterial hemicellulase-encoding gene expression include hybrid two-component systems (HTCS), extracytoplasmic function (ECF)-σ/anti-σ systems, and carbon catabolite repression (CCR). • Current transcriptomic approaches are increasingly being used to identify hemicellulase-encoding gene regulatory patterns coupled with computational predictions for transcriptional regulators. • Future work should emphasize genetic approaches to improve systems biology tools available for model bacterial systems and emerging microbes with biotechnology potential. Specifically, optimization of Gram-positive systems will require integration of degradative and fermentative capabilities, while optimization of Gram-negative systems will require bolstering the potency of lignocellulolytic capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Novak
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland - Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Gardner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland - Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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2
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Guedes LM, Aguilera N, Kuster VC, da Silva Carneiro RG, de Oliveira DC. Integrated insights into the cytological, histochemical, and cell wall composition features of Espinosa nothofagi (Hymenoptera) gall tissues: implications for functionality. PROTOPLASMA 2024:10.1007/s00709-024-01985-4. [PMID: 39249158 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-024-01985-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Many insect-induced galls are considered complex structures due to their tissue compartmentalization and multiple roles performed by them. The current study investigates the complex interaction between Nothofagus obliqua host plant and the hymenopteran gall-inducer Espinosa nothofagi, focusing on cell wall properties and cytological features. The E. nothofagi galls present an inner cortex with nutritive and storage tissues, as well as outer cortex with epidermis, chlorenchyma, and water-storing parenchyma. The water-storing parenchyma cells are rich in pectins, heteromannans, and xyloglucans in their walls, and have large vacuoles. Homogalacturonans contribute to water retention, and periplasmic spaces function as additional water reservoirs. Nutritive storage cell walls support nutrient storage, with plasmodesmata facilitating nutrient mobilization crucial for larval nutrition. Their primary and sometimes thick secondary cell walls support structural integrity and act as a carbon reserve. The absent labeling of non-cellulosic epitopes indicates a predominantly cellulosic nature in nutritive cell walls, facilitating larval access to lipid, protein, and reducing sugar-rich contents. The nutritive tissue, with functional chloroplasts and high metabolism-related organelles, displays signs of self-sufficiency, emphasizing its role in larval nutrition and cellular maintenance. Overall, the intricate cell wall composition in E. nothofagi galls showcases adaptations for water storage, nutrient mobilization, and larval nutrition, contributing significantly to our understanding of plant-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubia María Guedes
- Laboratorio de Semioquímica Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160‑C, 4030000, Concepción, Chile
| | - Narciso Aguilera
- Laboratorio de Semioquímica Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160‑C, 4030000, Concepción, Chile
| | - Vinícius Coelho Kuster
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Jataí, Campus Jatobá, Cidade Universitária, Jataí, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Renê Gonçalves da Silva Carneiro
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Denis Coelho de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Anatomia, Desenvolvimento Vegetal E Interações, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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3
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Thompson RA. A neutral theory of plant carbon allocation. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpad151. [PMID: 38102767 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
How plants use the carbon they gain from photosynthesis remains a key area of study among plant ecologists. Although numerous theories have been presented throughout the years, the field lacks a clear null model. To fill this gap, I have developed the first null model, or neutral theory, of plant carbon allocation using probability theory, plant biochemistry and graph theory at the level of a leaf. Neutral theories have been used to establish a null hypothesis in molecular evolution and community assembly to describe how much of an ecological phenomenon can be described by chance alone. Here, the aim of a neutral theory of plant carbon allocation is to ask: how is carbon partitioned between sinks if one assumes plants do not prioritize certain sinks over others? Using the biochemical network of plant carbon metabolism, I show that, if allocation was strictly random, carbon is more likely to be allocated to storage, defense, respiration and finally growth. This 'neutral hierarchy' suggests that a sink's biochemical distance from photosynthesis plays an important role in carbon allocation patterns, highlighting the potentially adaptive role of this biochemical network for plant survival in variable environments. A brief simulation underscores that our ability to measure the carbon allocation from photosynthesis to a given sink is unreliable due to simple probabilistic rules. While neutral theory may not explain all patterns of carbon allocation, its utility is in the minimal assumptions and role as a null model against which future data should be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alex Thompson
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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4
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Liu X, LeRoy CJ, Wang G, Guo Y, Song S, Wang Z, Wu J, Luan F, Song Q, Fang X, Yang Q, Huang D, Liu J. Leaf defenses of subtropical deciduous and evergreen trees to varying intensities of herbivory. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16350. [PMID: 37953769 PMCID: PMC10637251 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Generally, deciduous and evergreen trees coexist in subtropical forests, and both types of leaves are attacked by numerous insect herbivores. However, trees respond and defend themselves from herbivores in different ways, and these responses may vary between evergreen and deciduous species. We examined both the percentage of leaf area removed by herbivores as well as the percentage of leaves attacked by herbivores to evaluate leaf herbivore damage across 14 subtropical deciduous and evergreen tree species, and quantified plant defenses to varying intensities of herbivory. We found that there was no significant difference in mean percentage of leaf area removed between deciduous and evergreen species, yet a higher mean percentage of deciduous leaves were damaged compared to evergreen leaves (73.7% versus 60.2%). Although percent leaf area removed was mainly influenced by hemicellulose concentrations, there was some evidence that the ratio of non-structural carbohydrates:lignin and the concentration of tannins contribute to herbivory. We also highlight that leaf defenses to varying intensities of herbivory varied greatly among subtropical plant species and there was a stronger response for deciduous trees to leaf herbivore (e.g., increased nitrogen or lignin) attack than that of evergreen trees. This work elucidates how leaves respond to varying intensities of herbivory, and explores some of the underlying relationships between leaf traits and herbivore attack in subtropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory for Bamboo Germplasm Resources and Utilization, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | | | - Guobing Wang
- Department of Scientific Research, Administration of Jiangxi Guanshan National Nature Reserve, Yichun, China
| | - Yuan Guo
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory for Bamboo Germplasm Resources and Utilization, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shuwang Song
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory for Bamboo Germplasm Resources and Utilization, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhipei Wang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory for Bamboo Germplasm Resources and Utilization, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jingfang Wu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory for Bamboo Germplasm Resources and Utilization, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | | | - Qingni Song
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory for Bamboo Germplasm Resources and Utilization, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiong Fang
- College of Land Resources and Environment, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qingpei Yang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory for Bamboo Germplasm Resources and Utilization, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dongmei Huang
- School of Humanities and Public Administration, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory for Bamboo Germplasm Resources and Utilization, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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5
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Peltier DMP, Lemoine J, Ebert C, Xu X, Ogle K, Richardson AD, Carbone MS. An incubation method to determine the age of available nonstructural carbon in woody plant tissues. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023:tpad015. [PMID: 36738259 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Radiocarbon (∆14C) measurements of nonstructural carbon enable inference on the age and turnover time of stored photosynthate (e.g., sugars, starch), of which the largest pool in trees resides in the main bole. Because of potential issues with extraction-based methods, we introduce an incubation method to capture the ∆14C of nonstructural carbon via respired CO2. In this study, we compared the ∆14C obtained from these incubations with ∆14C from a well-established extraction method, using increment cores from a mature trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides). To understand any potential ∆14C disagreement, the yields from both methods were also benchmarked against the phenol-sulfuric acid concentration assay. We found incubations captured less than 100% of measured sugar and starch carbon, with recovery ranging from ~ 3% in heartwood to 85% in shallow sapwood. However, extractions universally over-yielded (mean 273 ± 101% expected sugar carbon; as high as 480%), where sugars represented less than half of extracted soluble carbon, indicating very poor specificity. While separation of soluble and insoluble nonstructural carbon is ostensibly a strength of extraction based methods, there was also evidence of poor separation of these two fractions in extractions. The ∆14C of respired CO2 and ∆14C from extractions were similar in the sapwood, while extractions resulted in comparatively higher ∆14C (older carbon) in heartwood and bark. Because yield and ∆14C discrepancies were largest in old tissues, incubations may better capture the ∆14C of nonstructural carbon that is actually metabolically available. That is, we suggest extractions include metabolically irrelevant carbon from dead tissues or cells, as well as carbon that is neither sugar nor starch. In contrast, nonstructural carbon captured by extractions must be respired to be measured. We thus suggest incubations of live tissues are a potentially viable, inexpensive, and versatile method to study the ∆14C of metabolically relevant (available) nonstructural carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew M P Peltier
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, AZ
| | - Jim Lemoine
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, AZ
| | - Chris Ebert
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, AZ
| | - Xiaomei Xu
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California-Irvine, CA
| | - Kiona Ogle
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, AZ
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, AZ
| | - Andrew D Richardson
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, AZ
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, AZ
| | - Mariah S Carbone
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, AZ
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6
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Sarmiento-López LG, López-Espinoza MY, Juárez-Verdayes MA, López-Meyer M. Genome-wide characterization of the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase gene family in Solanum lycopersicum L. and gene expression analysis in response to arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15257. [PMID: 37159836 PMCID: PMC10163873 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) are a glycoside hydrolase protein family involved in the biosynthesis of xyloglucans, with essential roles in the regulation of plant cell wall extensibility. By taking advantage of the whole genome sequence in Solanum lycopersicum, 37 SlXTHs were identified in the present work. SlXTHs were classified into four subfamilies (ancestral, I/II, III-A, III-B) when aligned to XTHs of other plant species. Gene structure and conserved motifs showed similar compositions in each subfamily. Segmental duplication was the primary mechanism accounting for the expansion of SlXTH genes. In silico expression analysis showed that SlXTH genes exhibited differential expression in several tissues. GO analysis and 3D protein structure indicated that all 37 SlXTHs participate in cell wall biogenesis and xyloglucan metabolism. Promoter analysis revealed that some SlXTHs have MeJA- and stress-responsive elements. qRT-PCR expression analysis of nine SlXTHs in leaves and roots of mycorrhizal colonized vs. non-colonized plants showed that eight of these genes were differentially expressed in leaves and four in roots, suggesting that SlXTHs might play roles in plant defense induced by arbuscular mycorrhiza. Our results provide valuable insight into the function of XTHs in S. lycopersicum, in addition to the response of plants to mycorrhizal colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis G. Sarmiento-López
- Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Sinaloa-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Guasave, Sinaloa, México
| | - Maury Yanitze López-Espinoza
- Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Sinaloa-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Guasave, Sinaloa, México
| | - Marco Adán Juárez-Verdayes
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Coahuila, México
| | - Melina López-Meyer
- Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Sinaloa-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Guasave, Sinaloa, México
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7
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Peng Y, Yuan J, Heděnec P, Yue K, Ni X, Li W, Wang D, Yuan C, Tan S, Wu F. Mycorrhizal association and life form dominantly control plant litter lignocellulose concentration at the global scale. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:926941. [PMID: 35937380 PMCID: PMC9355614 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.926941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulose is a major component of plant litter and plays a dominant role in regulating the process of litter decomposition, but we lack a global perspective on plant litter initial lignocellulose concentration. Here, we quantitatively assessed the global patterns and drivers of litter initial concentrations of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose using a dataset consisting of 6,021 observations collected from 795 independent publications. We found that (1) globally, the median concentrations of leaf litter lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose were 20.3, 22.4, and 15.0% of litter mass, respectively; and (2) litter initial concentrations of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose were regulated by phylogeny, plant functional type, climate, and soil properties, with mycorrhizal association and lifeform the dominant predictors. These results clearly highlighted the importance of mycorrhizal association and lifeform in controlling litter initial lignocellulose concentration at the global scale, which will help us to better understand and predict the role of lignocellulose in global litter decomposition models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Peng
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ji Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Petr Heděnec
- Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, University Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Kai Yue
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiangyin Ni
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dingyi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chaoxiang Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Siyi Tan
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fuzhong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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8
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Yanagui K, Camargo ELO, Abreu LGFD, Nagamatsu ST, Fiamenghi MB, Silva NV, Carazzolle MF, Nascimento LC, Franco SF, Bressiani JA, Mieczkowski PA, Grassi MCB, Pereira GAG. Internode elongation in energy cane shows remarkable clues on lignocellulosic biomass biosynthesis in Saccharum hybrids. Gene 2022; 828:146476. [PMID: 35413393 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Energy cane is a dedicated crop to high biomass production and selected during Saccharum breeding programs to fit specific industrial needs for 2G bioethanol production. Internode elongation is one of the most important characteristics in Saccharum hybrids due to its relationship with crop yield. In this study, we selected the third internode elongation of the energy cane. To characterize this process, we divided the internode into five sections and performed a detailed transcriptome analysis (RNA-Seq) and cell wall characterization. The histological analyses revealed a remarkable gradient that spans from cell division and protoxylem lignification to the internode maturation and complete vascular bundle lignification. RNA-Seq analysis revealed more than 11,000 differentially expressed genes between the sections internal. Gene ontology analyzes showed enriched categories in each section, as well as the most expressed genes in each section, presented different biological processes. We found that the internode elongation and division zones have a large number of unique genes. Evaluated the specific profile of genes related to primary and secondary cell wall formation, cellulose synthesis, hemicellulose, lignin, and growth-related genes. For each section these genes presented different profiles along the internode in elongation in energy cane. The results of this study provide an overview of the regulation of gene expression of an internode elongation in energy cane. Gene expression analysis revealed promising candidates for transcriptional regulation of energy cane lignification and evidence key genes for the regulation of internode development, which can serve as a basis for understanding the molecular regulatory mechanisms that support the growth and development of plants in the Saccahrum complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Yanagui
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy (LGE), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), 13083-864 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo L O Camargo
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy (LGE), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), 13083-864 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luís Guilherme F de Abreu
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy (LGE), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), 13083-864 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Sheila T Nagamatsu
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy (LGE), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), 13083-864 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mateus B Fiamenghi
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy (LGE), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), 13083-864 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Nicholas V Silva
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy (LGE), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), 13083-864 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Carazzolle
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy (LGE), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), 13083-864 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro C Nascimento
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy (LGE), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), 13083-864 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Sulamita F Franco
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy (LGE), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), 13083-864 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - José A Bressiani
- GranBio Investimentos SA, AV. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 2777, cj. 1503, Alto de Pinheiros, São Paulo 01452-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Piotr A Mieczkowski
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Maria Carolina B Grassi
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy (LGE), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), 13083-864 Campinas, SP, Brazil; Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials (RSB), Impact Hub Geneva, Rue Fendt 1, 1201, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gonçalo Amarante G Pereira
- Laboratory of Genomics and BioEnergy (LGE), Institute of Biology, Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Bioagents, Campinas State University (UNICAMP), 13083-864 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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9
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Rivai RR, Miyamoto T, Awano T, Takada R, Tobimatsu Y, Umezawa T, Kobayashi M. Nitrogen deficiency results in changes to cell wall composition of sorghum seedlings. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23309. [PMID: 34857783 PMCID: PMC8640004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02570-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] has been gaining attention as a feedstock for biomass energy production. While it is obvious that nitrogen (N) supply significantly affects sorghum growth and biomass accumulation, our knowledge is still limited regarding the effect of N on the biomass quality of sorghum, such as the contents and structures of lignin and other cell wall components. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of N supply on the structure and composition of sorghum cell walls. The cell walls of hydroponically cultured sorghum seedlings grown under sufficient or deficient N conditions were analyzed using chemical, two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, gene expression, and immunohistochemical methods. We found that the level of N supply considerably affected the cell wall structure and composition of sorghum seedlings. Limitation of N led to a decrease in the syringyl/guaiacyl lignin unit ratio and an increase in the amount and alteration of tissue distribution of several hemicelluloses, including mixed linkage (1 → 3), (1 → 4)-β-d-glucan, and arabinoxylan. At least some of these cell wall alterations could be associated with changes in gene expression. Nitrogen status is thus one of the factors affecting the cell wall properties of sorghum seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ramdan Rivai
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.,Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bogor, 16003, Indonesia
| | - Takuji Miyamoto
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.,Sakeology Center, Niigata University, Ikarashi, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Awano
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Rie Takada
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yuki Tobimatsu
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Umezawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Masaru Kobayashi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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10
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Guendel A, Hilo A, Rolletschek H, Borisjuk L. Probing the Metabolic Landscape of Plant Vascular Bundles by Infrared Fingerprint Analysis, Imaging and Mass Spectrometry. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1717. [PMID: 34827716 PMCID: PMC8615794 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fingerprint analysis is a common technique in forensic and criminal investigations. Similar techniques exist in the field of infrared spectroscopy to identify biomolecules according to their characteristic spectral fingerprint features. These unique markers are located in a wavenumber range from 1800 to 600 cm-1 in the mid infrared region. Here, a novel bioanalytical concept of correlating these spectral features with corresponding mass spectrometry datasets to unravel metabolic clusters within complex plant tissues was applied. As proof of concept, vascular bundles of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) were investigated, one of the most important and widely cultivated temperate zone oilseed crops. The link between mass spectrometry data and spectral data identified features that co-aligned within both datasets. Regions of origin were then detected by searching for these features in hyperspectral images of plant tissues. This approach, based on co-alignment and co-localization, finally enabled the detection of eight distinct metabolic clusters, reflecting functional and structural arrangements within the vascular bundle. The proposed analytical concept may assist future synergistic research approaches and may lead to biotechnological innovations with regard to crop yield and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; (A.G.); (A.H.); (H.R.)
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11
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Summer dormancy in an endangered riparian shrub Myricaria laxiflora: Changes in branches, leaves, and nonstructural carbohydrates. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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12
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Xing K, Zhao M, Niinemets Ü, Niu S, Tian J, Jiang Y, Chen HYH, White PJ, Guo D, Ma Z. Relationships Between Leaf Carbon and Macronutrients Across Woody Species and Forest Ecosystems Highlight How Carbon Is Allocated to Leaf Structural Function. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:674932. [PMID: 34177992 PMCID: PMC8226226 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.674932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Stoichiometry of leaf macronutrients can provide insight into the tradeoffs between leaf structural and metabolic investments. Structural carbon (C) in cell walls is contained in lignin and polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins). Much of leaf calcium (Ca) and a fraction of magnesium (Mg) were further bounded with cell wall pectins. The macronutrients phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and nitrogen (N) are primarily involved in cell metabolic functions. There is limited information on the functional interrelations among leaf C and macronutrients, and the functional dimensions characterizing the leaf structural and metabolic tradeoffs are not widely appreciated. We investigated the relationships between leaf C and macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) concentrations in two widespread broad-leaved deciduous woody species Quercus wutaishanica (90 individuals) and Betula platyphylla (47 individuals), and further tested the generality of the observed relationships in 222 woody eudicots from 15 forest ecosystems. In a subsample of 20 broad-leaved species, we also analyzed the relationships among C, Ca, lignin, and pectin concentrations in leaf cell walls. We found a significant leaf C-Ca tradeoff operating within and across species and across ecosystems. This basic relationship was explained by variations in the share of cell wall lignin and pectin investments at the cell scale. The C-Ca tradeoffs were mainly driven by soil pH and mean annual temperature and precipitation, suggesting that leaves were more economically built with less C and more Ca as soil pH increased and at lower temperature and lower precipitation. However, we did not detect consistent patterns among C-N, and C-Mg at different levels of biological organization, suggesting substantial plasticity in N and Mg distribution among cell organelles and cell protoplast and cell wall. We observed two major axes of macronutrient differentiation: the cell-wall structural axis consisting of protein-free C and Ca and the protoplasm metabolic axis consisting of P and K, underscoring the decoupling of structural and metabolic elements inherently linked with cell wall from protoplasm investment strategies. We conclude that the tradeoffs between leaf C and Ca highlight how carbon is allocated to leaf structural function and suggest that this might indicate biogeochemical niche differentiation of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixiong Xing
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Center for Forest Ecosystem Studies and Qianyanzhou Ecological Station, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingfei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Shuli Niu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Center for Forest Ecosystem Studies and Qianyanzhou Ecological Station, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Y. H. Chen
- College of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
- College of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fujian, China
| | - Philip J. White
- The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dali Guo
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Center for Forest Ecosystem Studies and Qianyanzhou Ecological Station, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zeqing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Center for Forest Ecosystem Studies and Qianyanzhou Ecological Station, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Tsamir-Rimon M, Ben-Dor S, Feldmesser E, Oppenhimer-Shaanan Y, David-Schwartz R, Samach A, Klein T. Rapid starch degradation in the wood of olive trees under heat and drought is permitted by three stress-specific beta amylases. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1398-1414. [PMID: 32880972 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbon reserve use is a major drought response in trees, enabling tree survival in conditions prohibiting photosynthesis. However, regulation of starch metabolism under drought at the whole-tree scale is still poorly understood. To this end, we combined measurements of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs), tree physiology and gene expression. The experiment was conducted outside on olive trees in pots under 90 d of seasonal spring to summer warming. Half of the trees were also subjected to limited water conditions for 28 d. Photosynthesis decreased in dehydrating trees from 19 to 0.5 µmol m-2 s-1 during the drought period. Starch degradation and mannitol production were a major drought response, with mannitol increasing to 71% and 41% out of total NSCs in shoots and roots, respectively. We identified the gene family members potentially relevant either to long-term or stress-induced carbon storage. Partitioning of expression patterns among β amylase and starch synthase family members was observed, with three β amylases possibly facilitating the rapid starch degradation under heat and drought. Our results suggest a group of stress-related, starch metabolism genes, correlated with NSC fluctuations during drought and recovery. The daily starch metabolism gene expression was different from the stress-mode starch metabolism pattern, where some genes are uniquely expressed during the stress-mode response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mor Tsamir-Rimon
- Plant & Environmental Sciences Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Shifra Ben-Dor
- Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Ester Feldmesser
- Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Yaara Oppenhimer-Shaanan
- Plant & Environmental Sciences Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Rakefet David-Schwartz
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Alon Samach
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Tamir Klein
- Plant & Environmental Sciences Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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14
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Roig-Oliver M, Bresta P, Nadal M, Liakopoulos G, Nikolopoulos D, Karabourniotis G, Bota J, Flexas J. Cell wall composition and thickness affect mesophyll conductance to CO2 diffusion in Helianthus annuus under water deprivation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:7198-7209. [PMID: 32905592 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Water deprivation affects photosynthesis, leaf anatomy, and cell wall composition. Although the former effects have been widely studied, little is known regarding those changes in cell wall major (cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectin, and lignin) and minor (cell wall-bound phenolics) compounds in plants acclimated to short- and long-term water deprivation and during recovery. In particular, how these cell wall changes impact anatomy and/or photosynthesis, specifically mesophyll conductance to CO2 diffusion (gm), has been scarcely studied. To induce changes in photosynthesis, cell wall composition and anatomy, Helianthus annuus plants were studied under five conditions: (i) control (i.e. without stress) (CL); (ii) long-term water deficit stress (LT); (iii) long-term water deficit stress with recovery (LT-Rec); (iv) short-term water deficit stress (ST); and (v) short-term water deficit stress with recovery (ST-Rec), resulting in a wide photosynthetic range (from 3.80 ± 1.05 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 to 24.53 ± 0.42 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1). Short- and long-term water deprivation and recovery induced distinctive responses of the examined traits, evidencing a cell wall dynamic turnover during plants acclimation to each condition. In particular, we demonstrated for the first time how gm correlated negatively with lignin and cell wall-bound phenolics and how the (cellulose+hemicelloses)/pectin ratio was linked to cell wall thickness (Tcw) variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margalida Roig-Oliver
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), INAGEA, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Panagiota Bresta
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Morphology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, Athens, Greece
| | - Miquel Nadal
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), INAGEA, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Georgios Liakopoulos
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Morphology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimosthenis Nikolopoulos
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Morphology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, Athens, Greece
| | - George Karabourniotis
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Morphology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75, Botanikos, Athens, Greece
| | - Josefina Bota
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), INAGEA, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Jaume Flexas
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), INAGEA, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
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15
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Ding SS, Zhu JP, Wang Y, Wu B, Zhao Z. Immobilization of the extracellular recombinant Lucky9 xylanase from Bacillus subtilis enhances activity at high temperature and pH. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:2733-2739. [PMID: 33091216 PMCID: PMC7714079 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In the paper industry, chlorine is often used to treat the pulp for bleaching. After pulping, a large amount of xylan is present in the fiber. Xylanase can be used to degrade xylan in an eco-friendly process called biobleaching, which can help minimize the usage of chlorine in the delignification process. However, a bottleneck in the adoption of biobleaching is the cost of xylanase and the requirement that xylanase be active and stable at extreme conditions. Here, we investigated whether using sodium alginate beads to immobilize an extracellular xylanase from Bacillus subtilis (Lucky9) can reduce the potential cost of enzyme usage. The optimal pH and the activity of the immobilized enzyme were increased at optimal temperature compared with the free enzyme. In addition, immobilized xylanase was shown to be more stable than free xylanase. The results of this study suggest that the immobilized xylanase has potential applications in the biobleaching industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Sai Ding
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jin-Peng Zhu
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Bin Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zongpei Zhao
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China
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16
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Popielarska-Konieczna M, Sala K, Abdullah M, Tuleja M, Kurczyńska E. Extracellular matrix and wall composition are diverse in the organogenic and non-organogenic calli of Actinidia arguta. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:779-798. [PMID: 32232559 PMCID: PMC7235053 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Differences in the composition and the structural organisation of the extracellular matrix correlate with the morphogenic competence of the callus tissue that originated from the isolated endosperm of kiwifruit. The chemical composition and structural organisation of the extracellular matrix, including the cell wall and the layer on its surface, may correspond with the morphogenic competence of a tissue. In the presented study, this relationship was found in the callus tissue that had been differentiated from the isolated endosperm of the kiwiberry, Actinidia arguta. The experimental system was based on callus samples of exactly the same age that had originated from an isolated endosperm but were cultured under controlled conditions promoting either an organogenic or a non-organogenic pathway. The analyses which were performed using bright field, fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy techniques showed significant differences between the two types of calli. The organogenic tissue was compact and the outer walls of the peripheral cells were covered with granular structures. The non-organogenic tissue was composed of loosely attached cells, which were connected via a net-like structure. The extracellular matrices from both the non- and organogenic tissues were abundant in pectic homogalacturonan and extensins (LM19, LM20, JIM11, JIM12 and JIM20 epitopes), but the epitopes that are characteristic for rhamnogalacturonan I (LM5 and LM6), hemicellulose (LM25) and the arabinogalactan protein (LM2) were detected only in the non-organogenic callus. Moreover, we report the epitopes, which presence is characteristic for the Actinidia endosperm (LM21 and LM25, heteromannan and xyloglucan) and for the endosperm-derived cells that undergo dedifferentiation (loss of LM21 and LM25; appearance or increase in the content of LM5, LM6, LM19, JIM11, JIM12, JIM20, JIM8 and JIM16 epitopes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Popielarska-Konieczna
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University in Cracow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sala
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Mohib Abdullah
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University in Cracow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Monika Tuleja
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University in Cracow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Cracow, Poland
| | - Ewa Kurczyńska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland
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17
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Osman NA, Ujang FA, Roslan AM, Ibrahim MF, Hassan MA. The effect of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Final Discharge on the Characteristics of Pennisetum purpureum. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6613. [PMID: 32313095 PMCID: PMC7171106 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytoremediation is one of the environmental-friendly and cost-effective systems for the treatment of wastewater, including industrial wastewater such as palm oil mill effluent final discharge (POME FD). However, the effects of the wastewater on the phytoremediator plants, in term of growth performance, lignocellulosic composition, and the presence of nutrients and heavy metals in the plants are not yet well studied. In the present work, we demonstrated that POME FD increased the growth of P. purpureum. The height increment of P. purpureum supplied with POME FD (treatment) was 61.72% as compared to those supplied with rain water (control) which was 14.42%. For lignocellulosic composition, the cellulose percentages were 38.77 ± 0.29% (treatment) and 34.16 ± 1.01% (control), and the difference was significant. These results indicated that POME FD could be a source of plant nutrients, which P. purpureum can absorb for growth. It was also found that the heavy metals (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb) inside the plant were below the standard limit of the World Health Organization (WHO). Since POME FD was shown to have no adverse effects on P. purpureum, further research regarding the potential application of P. purpureum following phytoremediation of POME FD such as biofuel production is warranted to evaluate its potential use to fit into the waste-to-wealth agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Atiqah Osman
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Farhana Aziz Ujang
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Muhaimin Roslan
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohamad Faizal Ibrahim
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ali Hassan
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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18
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Kumar R, Bishop E, Bridges WC, Tharayil N, Sekhon RS. Sugar partitioning and source-sink interaction are key determinants of leaf senescence in maize. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2597-2611. [PMID: 31158300 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Source-sink communication is one of the key regulators of senescence; however, the mechanisms underlying such regulation are largely unknown. We analysed senescence induced by the lack of grain sink in maize, termed source-sink regulated senescence (SSRS), and compared the associated physiological and metabolic changes with those accompanying natural senescence. Phenotypic characterization of 31 diverse field-grown inbreds revealed substantial variation for both SSRS and natural senescence. Partitioning of excess carbohydrates to alternative sinks, mainly internodes and husks, emerged as a critical mechanism underlying both SSRS and stay-green. Time-course analyses of SSRS sensitive (B73) and resistant (PHG35) inbreds confirmed the role of sugar partitioning in SSRS and stay-green. Elevated hemicellulose content in PHG35 internodes highlighted the role of the cell wall as a significant alternative sink. Sugar signalling emerged as an important regulator of SSRS as evident from an increased accumulation of trehalose-6-phosphate and decreased transcript levels of snf1-related protein kinase1, two signalling components associated with senescence, in B73. These findings demonstrate a crucial role of sugar partitioning, signalling, and utilization in SSRS. Available genetic variation for SSRS and a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms would help modify sugar partitioning and senescence to enhance the productivity of maize and related grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634
| | - Eugene Bishop
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634
| | - William C Bridges
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634
| | - Nishanth Tharayil
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634
| | - Rajandeep S Sekhon
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634
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19
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Marzec-Schmidt K, Ludwików A, Wojciechowska N, Kasprowicz-Maluśki A, Mucha J, Bagniewska-Zadworna A. Xylem Cell Wall Formation in Pioneer Roots and Stems of Populus trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1419. [PMID: 31781142 PMCID: PMC6861220 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of gene expression, as determined by the genetics of the tree species, is a major factor in determining wood quality. Therefore, the identification of genes that play a role in xylogenesis is extremely important for understanding the mechanisms shaping the plant phenotype. Efforts to develop new varieties characterized by higher yield and better wood quality will greatly benefit from recognizing and understanding the complex transcriptional network underlying wood development. The present study provides a detailed comparative description of the changes that occur in genes transcription and the biosynthesis of cell-wall-related compounds during xylogenesis in Populus trichocarpa pioneer roots and stems. Even though results of microarray analysis indicated that only approximately 10% of the differentially expressed genes were common to both organs, many fundamental mechanisms were similar; e.g. the pattern of expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of cell wall proteins, polysaccharides, and lignins. Gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) shows that the composition of monosaccharides was also very similar, with an increasing amount of xylose building secondary cell wall hemicellulose and pectins, especially in the stems. While hemicellulose degradation was typical for stems, possibly due to the intensive level of cell wall lignification. Notably, the main component of lignins in roots were guiacyl units, while syringyl units were dominant in stems, where fibers are especially needed for support. Our study is the first comprehensive analysis, at the structural and molecular level, of xylogenesis in under- and aboveground tree parts, and clearly reveals the great complexity of molecular mechanisms underlying cell wall formation and modification during xylogenesis in different plant organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Marzec-Schmidt
- Department of General Botany, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
- *Correspondence: Katarzyna Marzec-Schmidt, Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna,
| | - Agnieszka Ludwików
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Wojciechowska
- Department of General Botany, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Kasprowicz-Maluśki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Mucha
- Laboratory of Ecology, Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Science, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna
- Department of General Botany, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
- *Correspondence: Katarzyna Marzec-Schmidt, Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna,
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20
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Amos RA, Mohnen D. Critical Review of Plant Cell Wall Matrix Polysaccharide Glycosyltransferase Activities Verified by Heterologous Protein Expression. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:915. [PMID: 31379900 PMCID: PMC6646851 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The life cycle and development of plants requires the biosynthesis, deposition, and degradation of cell wall matrix polysaccharides. The structures of the diverse cell wall matrix polysaccharides influence commercially important properties of plant cells, including growth, biomass recalcitrance, organ abscission, and the shelf life of fruits. This review is a comprehensive summary of the matrix polysaccharide glycosyltransferase (GT) activities that have been verified using in vitro assays following heterologous GT protein expression. Plant cell wall (PCW) biosynthetic GTs are primarily integral transmembrane proteins localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi of the plant secretory system. The low abundance of these enzymes in plant tissues makes them particularly difficult to purify from native plant membranes in quantities sufficient for enzymatic characterization, which is essential to study the functions of the different GTs. Numerous activities in the synthesis of the major cell wall matrix glycans, including pectins, xylans, xyloglucan, mannans, mixed-linkage glucans (MLGs), and arabinogalactan components of AGP proteoglycans have been mapped to specific genes and multi-gene families. Cell wall GTs include those that synthesize the polymer backbones, those that elongate side branches with extended glycosyl chains, and those that add single monosaccharide linkages onto polysaccharide backbones and/or side branches. Three main strategies have been used to identify genes encoding GTs that synthesize cell wall linkages: analysis of membrane fractions enriched for cell wall biosynthetic activities, mutational genetics approaches investigating cell wall compositional phenotypes, and omics-directed identification of putative GTs from sequenced plant genomes. Here we compare the heterologous expression systems used to produce, purify, and study the enzyme activities of PCW GTs, with an emphasis on the eukaryotic systems Nicotiana benthamiana, Pichia pastoris, and human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. We discuss the enzymatic properties of GTs including kinetic rates, the chain lengths of polysaccharide products, acceptor oligosaccharide preferences, elongation mechanisms for the synthesis of long-chain polymers, and the formation of GT complexes. Future directions in the study of matrix polysaccharide biosynthesis are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Amos
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Debra Mohnen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Debra Mohnen
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21
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Landhäusser SM, Chow PS, Dickman LT, Furze ME, Kuhlman I, Schmid S, Wiesenbauer J, Wild B, Gleixner G, Hartmann H, Hoch G, McDowell NG, Richardson AD, Richter A, Adams HD. Standardized protocols and procedures can precisely and accurately quantify non-structural carbohydrates. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1764-1778. [PMID: 30376128 PMCID: PMC6301340 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs), the stored products of photosynthesis, building blocks for growth and fuel for respiration, are central to plant metabolism, but their measurement is challenging. Differences in methods and procedures among laboratories can cause results to vary widely, limiting our ability to integrate and generalize patterns in plant carbon balance among studies. A recent assessment found that NSC concentrations measured for a common set of samples can vary by an order of magnitude, but sources for this variability were unclear. We measured a common set of nine plant material types, and two synthetic samples with known NSC concentrations, using a common protocol for sugar extraction and starch digestion, and three different sugar quantification methods (ion chromatography, enzyme, acid) in six laboratories. We also tested how sample handling, extraction solvent and centralizing parts of the procedure in one laboratory affected results. Non-structural carbohydrate concentrations measured for synthetic samples were within about 11.5% of known values for all three methods. However, differences among quantification methods were the largest source of variation in NSC measurements for natural plant samples because the three methods quantify different NSCs. The enzyme method quantified only glucose, fructose and sucrose, with ion chromatography we additionally quantified galactose, while the acid method quantified a large range of mono- and oligosaccharides. For some natural samples, sugars quantified with the acid method were two to five times higher than with other methods, demonstrating that trees allocate carbon to a range of sugar molecules. Sample handling had little effect on measurements, while ethanol sugar extraction improved accuracy over water extraction. Our results demonstrate that reasonable accuracy of NSC measurements can be achieved when different methods are used, as long as protocols are robust and standardized. Thus, we provide detailed protocols for the extraction, digestion and quantification of NSCs in plant samples, which should improve the comparability of NSC measurements among laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Landhäusser
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Corresponding author ()
| | - Pak S Chow
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - L Turin Dickman
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Morgan E Furze
- Harvard University, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Iris Kuhlman
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll Str. 10, Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra Schmid
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Wiesenbauer
- University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Althanstraße 14, Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Wild
- Stockholm University, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm, Sweden
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Earth Sciences, Guldhedsgatan 5 A, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gerd Gleixner
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll Str. 10, Jena, Germany
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll Str. 10, Jena, Germany
| | - Günter Hoch
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrew D Richardson
- Harvard University, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Northern Arizona University, Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Andreas Richter
- University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Althanstraße 14, Vienna, Austria
| | - Henry D Adams
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, 301 Physical Sciences, Stillwater, OK, USA
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Yue PP, Fu GQ, Hu YJ, Bian J, Li MF, Shi ZJ, Peng F. Changes of Chemical Composition and Hemicelluloses Structure in Differently Aged Bamboo ( Neosinocalamus affinis) Culms. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:9199-9208. [PMID: 30102859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To study the differences in chemical composition analysis and spatial distribution of young Neosinocalamus affinis bamboo, we used the methods of standard of National Renewable Energy Laboratory and confocal Raman microscopy, respectively. It was found that the acid-soluble lignin and acid-insoluble lignin content showed an inverse relationship with the increasing bamboo age. Raman analysis revealed that Raman signal intensity of lignin in both the secondary cell wall and the compound middle lamella regions showed a similar increase trend with growth of bamboo. In addition, eight hemicellulosic fractions were obtained by successively treating holocellulose of the 2-, 4-, 8-, and 12-month-old Neosinocalamus affinis bamboo culms with DMSO and alkaline solution. The ratio of arabinose to xylose of hemicelluloses was increased with the growth of bamboo. FT-IR and NMR analyses revealed that DMSO-soluble hemicelluloses of young bamboo culms are mainly composed of highly substituted xylans and β-d-glucans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Pan Yue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry , Beijing Forestry University , No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Gen-Que Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry , Beijing Forestry University , No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Ya-Jie Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry , Beijing Forestry University , No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Jing Bian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry , Beijing Forestry University , No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Ming-Fei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry , Beijing Forestry University , No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Zheng-Jun Shi
- College of Material Science and Technology , Southwest Forestry University , Kunming 650224 , China
| | - Feng Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry , Beijing Forestry University , No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District , Beijing 100083 , China
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23
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Minow MAA, Ávila LM, Turner K, Ponzoni E, Mascheretti I, Dussault FM, Lukens L, Rossi V, Colasanti J. Distinct gene networks modulate floral induction of autonomous maize and photoperiod-dependent teosinte. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:2937-2952. [PMID: 29688423 PMCID: PMC5972621 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Temperate maize was domesticated from its tropical ancestor, teosinte. Whereas temperate maize is an autonomous day-neutral plant, teosinte is an obligate short-day plant that requires uninterrupted long nights to induce flowering. Leaf-derived florigenic signals trigger reproductive growth in both teosinte and temperate maize. To study the genetic mechanisms underlying floral inductive pathways in maize and teosinte, mRNA and small RNA genome-wide expression analyses were conducted on leaf tissue from plants that were induced or not induced to flower. Transcriptome profiles reveal common differentially expressed genes during floral induction, but a comparison of candidate flowering time genes indicates that photoperiod and autonomous pathways act independently. Expression differences in teosinte are consistent with the current paradigm for photoperiod-induced flowering, where changes in circadian clock output trigger florigen production. Conversely, differentially expressed genes in temperate maize link carbon partitioning and flowering, but also show altered expression of circadian clock genes that are distinct from those altered upon photoperiodic induction in teosinte. Altered miRNA399 levels in both teosinte and maize suggest a novel common connection between flowering and phosphorus perception. These findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying a strengthened autonomous pathway that enabled maize growth throughout temperate regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A A Minow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luis M Ávila
- Plant Agriculture Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katie Turner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elena Ponzoni
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Iride Mascheretti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Forest M Dussault
- Research and Development, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lewis Lukens
- Plant Agriculture Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Rossi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Joseph Colasanti
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Weber R, Schwendener A, Schmid S, Lambert S, Wiley E, Landhäusser SM, Hartmann H, Hoch G. Living on next to nothing: tree seedlings can survive weeks with very low carbohydrate concentrations. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:107-118. [PMID: 29424009 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The usage of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) to indicate carbon (C) limitation in trees requires knowledge of the minimum tissue NSC concentrations at lethal C starvation, and the NSC dynamics during and after severe C limitation. We completely darkened and subsequently released seedlings of two deciduous and two evergreen temperate tree species for varying periods. NSCs were measured in all major organs, allowing assessment of whole-seedling NSC balances. NSCs decreased fast in darkness, but seedlings survived species-specific whole-seedling starch concentrations as low as 0.4-0.8% per dry matter (DM), and sugar (sucrose, glucose and fructose) concentrations as low as 0.5-2.0% DM. After re-illumination, the refilling of NSC pools began within 3 wk, while the resumption of growth was delayed or restricted. All seedlings had died after 12 wk of darkness, and starch and sugar concentrations in most tissues were lower than 1% DM. We conclude that under the applied conditions, tree seedlings can survive several weeks with very low NSC reserves probably also using alternative C sources like lipids, proteins or hemicelluloses; lethal C starvation cannot be assumed, if NSC concentrations are higher than the minimum concentrations found in surviving seedlings; and NSC reformation after re-illumination occurs preferentially over growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Weber
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Schwendener
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Schmid
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Savoyane Lambert
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knöll Strasse 10, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Erin Wiley
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Simon M Landhäusser
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knöll Strasse 10, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Günter Hoch
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
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25
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Pinder AP, Panter I, Abbott GD, Keely BJ. Deterioration of the Hanson Logboat: chemical and imaging assessment with removal of polyethylene glycol conserving agent. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13697. [PMID: 29057970 PMCID: PMC5651872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14057-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The state of preservation of wood in two samples from the Hanson Logboat, currently on display in Derby Museum and Art Gallery, was analysed using elemental analysis (EA), pyrolysis–gas chromatography/flame ionisation detection (Py-GC/FID), pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py–GC/MS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The samples were collected in 2003, after the boat had undergone conservation, and in 2011 after the condition of the boat began to deteriorate. Solvent extraction enabled removal of polyethylene glycol, with which the wood had been impregnated during conservation, allowing the degradation of the cellulose and lignin polymeric components of the woods to be assessed. Elemental compositions (C, H, N, O, S), Py–GC/FID, Py-GC/MS and SEM imaging reveal extensive degradation of the wood polymers during the eight year period since conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Pinder
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Ian Panter
- York Archaeological Trust, 47 Aldwark, York, YO1 7BX, UK
| | - Geoffrey D Abbott
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Drummond Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Brendan J Keely
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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26
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Pan L, Yang Z, Wang J, Wang P, Ma X, Zhou M, Li J, Gang N, Feng G, Zhao J, Zhang X. Comparative proteomic analyses reveal the proteome response to short-term drought in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184289. [PMID: 28910323 PMCID: PMC5598972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought is a major abiotic stress that impairs growth and productivity of Italian ryegrass. Comparative analysis of drought responsive proteins will provide insight into molecular mechanism in Lolium multiflorum drought tolerance. Using the iTRAQ-based approach, proteomic changes in tolerant and susceptible lines were examined in response to drought condition. A total of 950 differentially accumulated proteins was found to be involved in carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and signal transduction pathway, such as β-D-xylosidase, β-D-glucan glucohydrolase, glycerate dehydrogenase, Cobalamin-independent methionine synthase, glutamine synthetase 1a, Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, diacylglycerol, and inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate, which might contributed to enhance drought tolerance or adaption in Lolium multiflorum. Interestingly, the two specific metabolic pathways, arachidonic acid and inositol phosphate metabolism including differentially accumulated proteins, were observed only in the tolerant lines. Cysteine protease cathepsin B, Cysteine proteinase, lipid transfer protein and Aquaporin were observed as drought-regulated proteins participating in hydrolysis and transmembrane transport. The activities of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase, peroxiredoxin, dehydroascorbate reductase, peroxisomal ascorbate peroxidase and monodehydroascorbate reductase associated with alleviating the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in stress inducing environments. Our results showed that drought-responsive proteins were closely related to metabolic processes including signal transduction, antioxidant defenses, hydrolysis, and transmembrane transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Pan
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongfu Yang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Pengxi Wang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meiliang Zhou
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nie Gang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangyan Feng
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junming Zhao
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinquan Zhang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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27
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Differential Responses in Non-structural Carbohydrates of Machilus ichangensis Rehd. et Wils. and Taxus wallichiana Zucc. Var. chinensis (Pilg.) Florin Seedlings to Elevated Ozone. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8090323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) enrichment could change the carbon (C) metabolism and decrease the C stock for tree species. To assess the differences in response of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) between Machilus ichangensis Rehd. et Wils. (M. ichangensis) and Taxus wallichiana Zucc. var. chinensis (Pilg.) Florin (T. wallichiana) with elevated O3, one-year-old container seedlings of the two species were grown with ambient air (AA), 100 ppb (elevated O3 treatment 1, E1-O3), and 150 ppb (elevated O3 treatment 2, E2-O3) treatments using open top chambers. During the experiment, net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of M. ichangensis and T. wallichiana were examined once each month from April to October. At the end of experiment, plants were harvested to examine the NSC concentrations and tissue C stocks. Results suggest elevated O3 significantly decreased Pn and total C stock for both M. ichangensis and T. wallichiana, while it also significantly decreased the NSC concentrations in the foliage of the two species, and the roots of T. wallichiana. However, the concentrations of NSCs and their components in other tissues did not change obviously. Significant increases in the ratio of soluble sugars to starch were observed in the foliage of M. ichangensis and the roots of T. wallichiana. For M. ichangensis, Pn was significantly and positively correlated with NSCs and their components only in foliage. In contrast, NSCs in both foliage and roots were significantly and positively correlated with Pn for T. wallichiana. Based on the results for Pn, total C stock, and NSC concentrations, M. ichangensis appeared more sensitive to elevated O3 than T. wallichiana. It is suggested that the strategies of C allocation in the two species are different with elevated O3.
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28
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Betekhtin A, Rojek M, Milewska-Hendel A, Gawecki R, Karcz J, Kurczynska E, Hasterok R. Spatial Distribution of Selected Chemical Cell Wall Components in the Embryogenic Callus of Brachypodium distachyon. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167426. [PMID: 27893856 PMCID: PMC5125709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brachypodium distachyon L. Beauv. (Brachypodium) is a species that has become an excellent model system for gaining a better understanding of various areas of grass biology and improving plant breeding. Although there are some studies of an in vitro Brachypodium culture including somatic embryogenesis, detailed knowledge of the composition of the main cell wall components in the embryogenic callus in this species is missing. Therefore, using the immunocytochemical approach, we targeted 17 different antigens of which five were against the arabinogalactan proteins (AGP), three were against extensins, six recognised pectic epitopes and two recognised hemicelluloses. These studies were complemented by histological and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. We revealed that the characteristic cell wall components of Brachypodium embryogenic calli are AGP epitopes that are recognised by the JIM16 and LM2 antibodies, an extensin epitope that is recognised by the JIM11 antibody and a pectic epitopes that is recognised by the LM6 antibody. Furthermore, we demonstrated that AGPs and pectins are the components of the extracellular matrix network in Brachypodium embryogenic culture. Additionally, SEM analysis demonstrated the presence of an extracellular matrix on the surface of the calli cells. In conclusion, the chemical compositions of the cell walls and ECMSN of Brachypodium callus show spatial differences that correlate with the embryogenic character of the cells. Thus, the distribution of pectins, AGPs and hemicelluloses can be used as molecular markers of embryogenic cells. The presented data extends the knowledge about the chemical composition of the embryogenic callus cells of Brachypodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Betekhtin
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rojek
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Milewska-Hendel
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Robert Gawecki
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jagna Karcz
- Scanning Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Kurczynska
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Robert Hasterok
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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29
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Martínez-Vilalta J, Sala A, Asensio D, Galiano L, Hoch G, Palacio S, Piper FI, Lloret F. Dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates in terrestrial plants: a global synthesis. ECOL MONOGR 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF; Cerdanyola del Vallès E-08193 Barcelona Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona; Cerdanyola del Vallès E-08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Anna Sala
- Division of Biological Sciences; University of Montana; Missoula Montana 59812 USA
| | | | - Lucía Galiano
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL; CH-8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Institute of Hydrology; University of Freiburg; Freiburg D-79098 Germany
| | - Günter Hoch
- Department of Environmental Sciences-Botany; University of Basel; 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Sara Palacio
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC); Avenida Nuestra Señora de la Victoria 16 22700 Jaca Spain
| | - Frida I. Piper
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP); Simpson 471 Coyhaique Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad; Las Palmeras 3425 Santiago Chile
| | - Francisco Lloret
- CREAF; Cerdanyola del Vallès E-08193 Barcelona Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona; Cerdanyola del Vallès E-08193 Barcelona Spain
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30
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Hartmann H, Trumbore S. Understanding the roles of nonstructural carbohydrates in forest trees - from what we can measure to what we want to know. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:386-403. [PMID: 27061438 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Contents 386 I. 386 II. 388 III. 392 IV. 392 V. 396 VI. 399 399 References 399 SUMMARY: Carbohydrates provide the building blocks for plant structures as well as versatile resources for metabolic processes. The nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC), mainly sugars and starch, fulfil distinct functional roles, including transport, energy metabolism and osmoregulation, and provide substrates for the synthesis of defence compounds or exchange with symbionts involved in nutrient acquisition or defence. At the whole-plant level, NSC storage buffers the asynchrony of supply and demand on diel, seasonal or decadal temporal scales and across plant organs. Despite its central role in plant function and in stand-level carbon cycling, our understanding of storage dynamics, its controls and response to environmental stresses is very limited, even after a century of research. This reflects the fact that often storage is defined by what we can measure, that is, NSC concentrations, and the interpretation of these as a proxy for a single function, storage, rather than the outcome of a range of NSC source and sink functions. New isotopic tools allow direct quantification of timescales involved in NSC dynamics, and show that NSC-C fixed years to decades previously is used to support tree functions. Here we review recent advances, with emphasis on the context of the interactions between NSC, drought and tree mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Hartmann
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knöll Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Susan Trumbore
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knöll Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
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31
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Dynamic allocation and transfer of non-structural carbohydrates, a possible mechanism for the explosive growth of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla). Sci Rep 2016; 6:25908. [PMID: 27181522 PMCID: PMC4867622 DOI: 10.1038/srep25908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Moso bamboo can rapidly complete its growth in both height and diameter within only 35-40 days after shoot emergence. However, the underlying mechanism for this "explosive growth" remains poorly understood. We investigated the dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) in shoots and attached mature bamboos over a 20-month period. The results showed that Moso bamboos rapidly completed their height and diameter growth within 38 days. At the same time, attached mature bamboos transferred almost all the NSCs of their leaves, branches, and especially trunks and rhizomes to the "explosively growing" shoots via underground rhizomes for the structural growth and metabolism of shoots. Approximately 4 months after shoot emergence, this transfer stopped when the leaves of the young bamboos could independently provide enough photoassimilates to meet the carbon demands of the young bamboos. During this period, the NSC content of the leaves, branches, trunks and rhizomes of mature bamboos declined by 1.5, 23, 28 and 5 fold, respectively. The trunk contributed the most NSCs to the shoots. Our findings provide new insight and a possible rational mechanism explaining the "explosive growth" of Moso bamboo and shed new light on understanding the role of NSCs in the rapid growth of Moso bamboo.
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32
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Germino MJ. A carbohydrate quandary. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 35:1141-1145. [PMID: 26507272 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Germino
- US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Boise, ID 83702, USA
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33
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Preparation and Analysis of Cello- and Xylooligosaccharides. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2015_306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Klein T, Hoch G. Tree carbon allocation dynamics determined using a carbon mass balance approach. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:147-159. [PMID: 25157793 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tree internal carbon (C) fluxes between compound and compartment pools are difficult to measure directly. Here we used a C mass balance approach to decipher these fluxes and provide a full description of tree C allocation dynamics. We collected independent measurements of tree C sinks, source and pools in Pinus halepensis in a semi-arid forest, and converted all fluxes to g C per tree d(-1) . Using this data set, a process flowchart was created to describe and quantify the tree C allocation on diurnal to annual time-scales. The annual C source of 24.5 kg C per tree yr(-1) was balanced by C sinks of 23.5 kg C per tree yr(-1) , which partitioned into 70%, 17% and 13% between respiration, growth, and litter (plus export to soil), respectively. Large imbalances (up to 57 g C per tree d(-1) ) were observed as C excess during the wet season, and as C deficit during the dry season. Concurrent changes in C reserves (starch) were sufficient to buffer these transient C imbalances. The C pool dynamics calculated using the flowchart were in general agreement with the observed pool sizes, providing confidence regarding our estimations of the timing, magnitude, and direction of the internal C fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamir Klein
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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35
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36
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Gilson A, Barthes L, Delpierre N, Dufrêne É, Fresneau C, Bazot S. Seasonal changes in carbon and nitrogen compound concentrations in a Quercus petraea chronosequence. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:716-729. [PMID: 25122620 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Forest productivity declines with tree age. This decline may be due to changes in metabolic functions, resource availability and/or changes in resource allocation (between growth, reproduction and storage) with tree age. Carbon and nitrogen remobilization/storage processes are key to tree growth and survival. However, studies of the effects of tree age on these processes are scarce and have not yet considered seasonal carbon and nitrogen variations in situ. This study was carried out in a chronosequence of sessile oak (Quercus petraea Liebl.) for 1 year to survey the effects of tree age on the seasonal changes of carbon and nitrogen compounds in several tree compartments, focusing on key phenological stages. Our results highlight a general pattern of carbon and nitrogen function at all tree ages, with carbon reserve remobilization at budburst for growth, followed by carbon reserve formation during the leafy season and carbon reserve use during winter for maintenance. The variation in concentrations of nitrogen compounds shows less amplitude than that of carbon compounds. Storage as proteins occurs later, and mainly depends on leaf nitrogen remobilization and root uptake in autumn. We highlight several differences between tree age groups, in particular the loss of carbon storage function of fine and medium-sized roots with tree ageing. Moreover, the pattern of carbon compound accumulation in branches supports the hypothesis of a preferential allocation of carbon towards growth until the end of wood formation in juvenile trees, at the expense of the replenishment of carbon stores, while mature trees start allocating carbon to storage right after budburst. Our results demonstrate that at key phenological stages, physiological and developmental functions differ with tree age, and together with environmental conditions, influence the carbon and nitrogen concentration variations in sessile oaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Gilson
- Université Paris-Sud, UMR 8079, Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, F-91405 Orsay, France CNRS, UMR 8079, Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, F-91405 Orsay, France AgroParisTech, UMR 8079, Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, F-75231 Paris, France
| | - Laure Barthes
- Université Paris-Sud, UMR 8079, Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, F-91405 Orsay, France CNRS, UMR 8079, Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, F-91405 Orsay, France AgroParisTech, UMR 8079, Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, F-75231 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Delpierre
- Université Paris-Sud, UMR 8079, Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, F-91405 Orsay, France CNRS, UMR 8079, Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, F-91405 Orsay, France AgroParisTech, UMR 8079, Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, F-75231 Paris, France
| | - Éric Dufrêne
- Université Paris-Sud, UMR 8079, Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, F-91405 Orsay, France CNRS, UMR 8079, Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, F-91405 Orsay, France AgroParisTech, UMR 8079, Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, F-75231 Paris, France
| | - Chantal Fresneau
- Université Paris-Sud, UMR 8079, Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, F-91405 Orsay, France CNRS, UMR 8079, Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, F-91405 Orsay, France AgroParisTech, UMR 8079, Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, F-75231 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Bazot
- Université Paris-Sud, UMR 8079, Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, F-91405 Orsay, France CNRS, UMR 8079, Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Orsay, F-91405 Orsay, France AgroParisTech, UMR 8079, Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, F-75231 Paris, France
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Franková L, Fry SC. Biochemistry and physiological roles of enzymes that 'cut and paste' plant cell-wall polysaccharides. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:3519-50. [PMID: 23956409 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell-wall matrix is equipped with more than 20 glycosylhydrolase activities, including both glycosidases and glycanases (exo- and endo-hydrolases, respectively), which between them are in principle capable of hydrolysing most of the major glycosidic bonds in wall polysaccharides. Some of these enzymes also participate in the 'cutting and pasting' (transglycosylation) of sugar residues-enzyme activities known as transglycosidases and transglycanases. Their action and biological functions differ from those of the UDP-dependent glycosyltransferases (polysaccharide synthases) that catalyse irreversible glycosyl transfer. Based on the nature of the substrates, two types of reaction can be distinguished: homo-transglycosylation (occurring between chemically similar polymers) and hetero-transglycosylation (between chemically different polymers). This review focuses on plant cell-wall-localized glycosylhydrolases and the transglycosylase activities exhibited by some of these enzymes and considers the physiological need for wall polysaccharide modification in vivo. It describes the mechanism of transglycosylase action and the classification and phylogenetic variation of the enzymes. It discusses the modulation of their expression in plants at the transcriptional and translational levels, and methods for their detection. It also critically evaluates the evidence that the enzyme proteins under consideration exhibit their predicted activity in vitro and their predicted action in vivo. Finally, this review suggests that wall-localized glycosylhydrolases with transglycosidase and transglycanase abilities are widespread in plants and play important roles in the mechanism and control of plant cell expansion, differentiation, maturation, and wall repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Franková
- Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
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Adams HD, Germino MJ, Breshears DD, Barron-Gafford GA, Guardiola-Claramonte M, Zou CB, Huxman TE. Nonstructural leaf carbohydrate dynamics of Pinus edulis during drought-induced tree mortality reveal role for carbon metabolism in mortality mechanism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 197:1142-1151. [PMID: 23311898 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Vegetation change is expected with global climate change, potentially altering ecosystem function and climate feedbacks. However, causes of plant mortality, which are central to vegetation change, are understudied, and physiological mechanisms remain unclear, particularly the roles of carbon metabolism and xylem function. We report analysis of foliar nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) and associated physiology from a previous experiment where earlier drought-induced mortality of Pinus edulis at elevated temperatures was associated with greater cumulative respiration. Here, we predicted faster NSC decline for warmed trees than for ambient-temperature trees. Foliar NSC in droughted trees declined by 30% through mortality and was lower than in watered controls. NSC decline resulted primarily from decreased sugar concentrations. Starch initially declined, and then increased above pre-drought concentrations before mortality. Although temperature did not affect NSC and sugar, starch concentrations ceased declining and increased earlier with higher temperatures. Reduced foliar NSC during lethal drought indicates a carbon metabolism role in mortality mechanism. Although carbohydrates were not completely exhausted at mortality, temperature differences in starch accumulation timing suggest that carbon metabolism changes are associated with time to death. Drought mortality appears to be related to temperature-dependent carbon dynamics concurrent with increasing hydraulic stress in P. edulis and potentially other similar species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry D Adams
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Matthew J Germino
- US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Snake River Field Station, 970 Lusk St, Boise, ID, 83706, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, 83209, USA
| | - David D Breshears
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | | | | | - Chris B Zou
- Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Travis E Huxman
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA
- Center for Environmental Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA
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Guillon F, Larré C, Petipas F, Berger A, Moussawi J, Rogniaux H, Santoni A, Saulnier L, Jamme F, Miquel M, Lepiniec L, Dubreucq B. A comprehensive overview of grain development in Brachypodium distachyon variety Bd21. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:739-55. [PMID: 22016425 PMCID: PMC3254678 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A detailed and comprehensive understanding of seed reserve accumulation is of great importance for agriculture and crop improvement strategies. This work is part of a research programme aimed at using Brachypodium distachyon as a model plant for cereal grain development and filling. The focus was on the Bd21-3 accession, gathering morphological, cytological, and biochemical data, including protein, lipid, sugars, starch, and cell-wall analyses during grain development. This study highlighted the existence of three main developmental phases in Brachypodium caryopsis and provided an extensive description of Brachypodium grain development. In the first phase, namely morphogenesis, the embryo developed rapidly reaching its final morphology about 18 d after fertilization (DAF). Over the same period the endosperm enlarged, finally to occupy 80% of the grain volume. During the maturation phase, carbohydrates were continuously stored, mainly in the endosperm, switching from sucrose to starch accumulation. Large quantities of β-glucans accumulated in the endosperm with local variations in the deposition pattern. Interestingly, new β-glucans were found in Brachypodium compared with other cereals. Proteins (i.e. globulins and prolamins) were found in large quantities from 15 DAF onwards. These proteins were stored in two different sub-cellular structures which are also found in rice, but are unusual for the Pooideae. During the late stage of development, the grain desiccated while the dry matter remained fairly constant. Brachypodium exhibits some significant differences with domesticated cereals. Beta-glucan accumulates during grain development and this cell wall polysaccharide is the main storage carbohydrate at the expense of starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Guillon
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, F-44300 Nantes, France
| | - C. Larré
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, F-44300 Nantes, France
| | - F. Petipas
- UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA, F-78026 Cedex Versailles, France
| | - A. Berger
- UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA, F-78026 Cedex Versailles, France
| | - J. Moussawi
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, F-44300 Nantes, France
| | - H. Rogniaux
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, F-44300 Nantes, France
| | - A. Santoni
- UMRLEG, INRA, F-21065 DIJON Cedex, France
| | - L. Saulnier
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, F-44300 Nantes, France
| | - F. Jamme
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers. Saint-Aubin, BP 48F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - M. Miquel
- UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA, F-78026 Cedex Versailles, France
| | - L. Lepiniec
- UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA, F-78026 Cedex Versailles, France
| | - B. Dubreucq
- UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA, F-78026 Cedex Versailles, France
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Oberhuber W, Swidrak I, Pirkebner D, Gruber A. Temporal dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates and xylem growth in Pinus sylvestris exposed to drought. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH. JOURNAL CANADIEN DE LA RECHERCHE FORESTIERE 2011. [PMID: 22003262 DOI: 10.1139/x11-084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Wood formation requires a continuous supply of carbohydrates for structural growth and metabolism. In the montane belt of the central Austrian Alps we monitored the temporal dynamics of xylem growth and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in stem sapwood of Pinus sylvestris L. during the growing season 2009, which was characterized by exceptional soil dryness within the study area. Soil water content dropped below 10 % at the time of maximum xylem growth end of May. Histological analyses have been used to describe cambial activity and xylem growth. Determination of NSC was performed using specific enzymatic assays revealing that total NSC ranged from 0.8 to 1.7 % dry matter throughout the year. Significant variations (P < 0.05) of the size of the NSC pool were observed during the growing season. Starch showed persistent abundance throughout the year reaching a maximum shortly before onset of late wood formation in mid-July. Seasonal dynamics of NSC and xylem growth suggest that (i) high sink activity occurred at start of the growing season in spring and during late wood formation in summer and (ii) there was no particular shortage in NSC, which caused P. sylvestris to draw upon stem reserves more heavily during drought in 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Oberhuber
- Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Institute of Botany, Sternwartestrasse 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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41
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Transport of Carbon and Nitrogen Between Litter and Soil Organic Matter in a Northern Hardwood Forest. Ecosystems 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-011-9414-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Gremer
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA.
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Schädel C, Richter A, Blöchl A, Hoch G. Hemicellulose concentration and composition in plant cell walls under extreme carbon source-sink imbalances. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2010; 139:241-255. [PMID: 20113432 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2010.01360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hemicelluloses account for one-quarter of the global dry plant biomass and therefore are the second most abundant biomass fraction after cellulose. Despite their quantitative significance, the responsiveness of hemicelluloses to atmospheric carbon oversupply is still largely unknown, although hemicelluloses could serve as carbon sinks with increasing CO(2) concentrations. This study aimed at clarifying the role hemicelluloses play as carbon sinks, analogous to non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), by experimentally manipulating the plants' carbon supply. Sixteen plant species from four different plant functional types (grasses, herbs, seedlings of broad-leaved trees and conifers) were grown for 2 months in greenhouses at either extremely low (140 ppm), medium (280 ppm) or high (560 ppm) atmospheric CO(2) concentrations, thus inducing situations of massive C-limitation or -oversupply. Above and belowground biomass as well as NSC significantly increased in all species and tissues with increasing CO(2) concentrations. Increasing CO(2) concentrations had no significant effect on total hemicellulose concentrations in leaves and woody tissues in all species, except for two out of four grass species, where hemicellulose concentrations increased with atmospheric CO(2) supply. Despite the overall stable total hemicellulose concentrations, the monosaccharide spectra of hemicelluloses showed a significant increase in glucose monomers in leaves of woody species as C-supply increased. In summary, total hemicellulose concentrations in de novo built biomass seem to be largely unaffected by changed atmospheric CO(2) concentrations, while significant increases of hemicellulose-derived glucose with increasing CO(2) concentrations in leaves of broad-leaved and conifer tree seedlings showed differential responses among the different hemicellulose classes in response to varying CO(2) concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schädel
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Naschitz S, Naor A, Genish S, Wolf S, Goldschmidt EE. Internal management of non-structural carbohydrate resources in apple leaves and branch wood under a broad range of sink and source manipulations. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 30:715-27. [PMID: 20460388 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpq028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) grown in a Mediterranean climate depends on regular irrigation throughout the growing season. The objective of the current study was to elucidate the changes in carbohydrate storage and utilization by mature, field-grown apple trees in response to water availability to the trees and to the level of cropping. Fourteen-year-old apple trees cv. 'Golden Delicious' were grown under various combinations of irrigation rate (11, 33 or 77 l day(-)(1) per tree) and crop level ( approximately 100, approximately 300 or >1000 fruits per tree) beginning 47 days after full bloom (DAFB). Non-structural carbohydrate concentrations were measured at 78 (leaves and branch wood), 102 (leaves), 183 (branch wood) and 214 (branch wood) DAFB. Midday stem water potential (SWP) was measured at 2-week intervals between June and October. Trunk cross-sectional area was measured 47 and 265 DAFB. At harvest, 139 DAFB, the fruits of each tree were counted and weighed. SWP at 102 DAFB ranged between -0.6 and -2.7 MPa. Fruit fresh weight at harvest was positively related to SWP measured 37 days before harvest with distinct slopes for light/intermediate and heavy crop levels. Leaf and branch wood starch concentrations 78 and 102 DAFB were positively related to irrigation rate and negatively related to crop level. Mean fruit weight at harvest was positively related to branch wood starch concentration and neared maximum at a concentration of 40 mg g(-)(1) dry weight. Branch wood starch concentration recovered after harvest, especially in water-stressed trees. Sorbitol concentration was negatively related to irrigation rate. The sorbitol-to-starch concentration ratio in leaves at 102 DAFB was closely proportional to SWP. It is suggested that branch wood starch concentration represents the overall balance between carbon sources and sinks and may therefore serve as a reliable indicator of photo-assimilate availability. In water-stressed trees, sorbitol is prioritized over starch, probably to support osmotic adjustment, thereby suppressing fruit growth even further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaul Naschitz
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Mangelsen E, Wanke D, Kilian J, Sundberg E, Harter K, Jansson C. Significance of light, sugar, and amino acid supply for diurnal gene regulation in developing barley caryopses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:14-33. [PMID: 20304969 PMCID: PMC2862414 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.154856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The caryopses of barley (Hordeum vulgare), as of all cereals, are complex sink organs optimized for starch accumulation and embryo development. While their early to late development has been studied in great detail, processes underlying the caryopses' diurnal adaptation to changes in light, temperature, and the fluctuations in phloem-supplied carbon and nitrogen have remained unknown. In an attempt to identify diurnally affected processes in developing caryopses at the early maturation phase, we monitored global changes of both gene expression and metabolite levels. We applied the 22 K Barley1 GeneChip microarray and identified 2,091 differentially expressed (DE) genes that were assigned to six major diurnal expression clusters. Principal component analysis and other global analyses demonstrated that the variability within the data set relates to genes involved in circadian regulation, storage compound accumulation, embryo development, response to abiotic stress, and photosynthesis. The correlation of amino acid and sugar profiles with expression trajectories led to the identification of several hundred potentially metabolite-regulated DE genes. A comparative analysis of our data set and publicly available microarray data disclosed suborgan-specific expression of almost all diurnal DE genes, with more than 350 genes specifically expressed in the pericarp, endosperm, or embryo tissues. Our data reveal a tight linkage between day/night cycles, changes in light, and the supply of carbon and nitrogen. We present a model that suggests several phases of diurnal gene expression in developing barley caryopses, summarized as starvation and priming, energy collection and carbon fixation, light protection and chaperone activity, storage and growth, and embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Mangelsen
- Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
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46
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Schädel C, Blöchl A, Richter A, Hoch G. Quantification and monosaccharide composition of hemicelluloses from different plant functional types. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2010; 48:1-8. [PMID: 19926487 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hemicelluloses are the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature after cellulose. So far, the chemical heterogeneity of cell-wall hemicelluloses and the relatively large sample-volume required in existing methods represent major obstacles for large-scale, cross-species analyses of this important plant compound. Here, we apply a new micro-extraction method to analyse hemicelluloses and the ratio of 'cellulose and lignin' to hemicelluloses in different tissues of 28 plant species comprising four plant functional types (broad-leaved trees, conifers, grasses and herbs). For this study, the fiber analysis after Van Soest was modified to enable the simultaneous quantitative and qualitative measurements of hemicelluloses in small sample volumes. Total hemicellulose concentrations differed markedly among functional types and tissues with highest concentration in sapwood of broad-leaved trees (31% d.m. in Fraxinus excelsior) and lowest concentration between 10 and 15% d.m. in leaves and bark of woody species as well as in roots of herbs. As for total hemicellulose concentrations, plant functional types and tissues exhibited characteristic ratios between the sum of cellulose plus lignin and hemicelluloses, with very high ratios (>4) in bark of trees and low ratios (<2) in all investigated leaves. Additional HPLC analyses of hydrolysed hemicelluloses showed xylose to be the dominant hemicellulose monosaccharide in tissues of broad-leaved trees, grasses and herbs while coniferous species showed higher amounts of arabinose, galactose and mannose. Overall, the micro-extraction method permitted for the simultaneous determination of hemicelluloses of various tissues and plant functional types which exhibited characteristic hemicellulose concentrations and monosaccharide patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schädel
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Switzerland, Schönbeinstrasse 6, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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47
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González MV, Sadras VO, Equiza MA, Tognetti JA. Suboptimal temperature favors reserve formation in biennial carrot (Daucus carota) plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2009; 137:10-21. [PMID: 19493310 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2009.01247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In response to suboptimal temperatures, temperate annual plants often increase root:shoot ratios, build-up carbohydrates and display typical morphological and anatomical changes. We know less about the responses of biennials such as carrot. As a model plant, carrot has the additional feature of two functionally and morphologically distinct root parts: the taproot, which stores carbohydrate and other compounds, and the fibrous root system involved in acquisition of water and nutrients. Here, we analyze the effects of temperature (12 vs 25°C) on growth, carbohydrate accumulation and whole-plant morphology in two carrot cultivars. Our working hypothesis is that suboptimal temperature favors active formation of reserve structures, rather than passive accumulation of storage carbohydrates. In comparison with plants grown at 25°C, plants grown at 12°C had: (1) higher fibrous root:shoot ratio (13%) , (2) thicker (10-15%) and smaller (up to two- to three-fold) leaves, (3) lower leaf cuticular permeance (two- to four-fold), (4) higher taproot:shoot ratio (two-fold), (5) higher phloem:xylem ratios in taproot (two- to six-fold), (6) unchanged percentage dry matter content (%DMC) in leaves, petioles or fibrous roots and (7) higher %DMC in taproot (20%). However, %DMC of individual taproot tissues (phloem and xylem) was unaffected by temperatures and was consistently higher in the phloem (up to 30%). Therefore, the higher %DMC of whole taproots at 12°C was attributed solely to the increased development of phloem tissue. Carrot, therefore, shares many of the most conspicuous elements of temperate plant responses to low temperatures. Consistently with our hypothesis, however, carrots grown at suboptimal temperature promoted reserve structures, rather than the increase in carbohydrate concentration typical of most temperate annual species and woody perennials.
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Affiliation(s)
- María V González
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 276, Balcarce 7620, Argentina
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48
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Schädel C, Blöchl A, Richter A, Hoch G. Short-term dynamics of nonstructural carbohydrates and hemicelluloses in young branches of temperate forest trees during bud break. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 29:901-911. [PMID: 19457884 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpp034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) are the most important C reserves in the tissues of deciduous and evergreen tree species. Besides NSC, cell-wall hemicelluloses as the second most abundant polysaccharides in plants have often been discussed to serve as additional mobile carbon (C) reserves during periods of enhanced carbon-sink activities. To assess the significance of hemicelluloses as mobile carbon reserves, branches of two deciduous (Carpinus betulus L. and Fagus sylvatica L.) and two evergreen (Picea abies L. and Pinus sylvestris L.) tree species were sampled in a mature mixed forest stand in short intervals before and during bud break to assess NSC and hemicellulose concentrations in response to the increased carbon demand during bud break. Starch concentrations in branch sapwood of deciduous trees strongly decreased immediately before bud break and increased after bud break. In both evergreen species, only small changes of NSC were found in branch sapwood. However, 1-year-old needles exhibited a significant increase in starch concentration shortly before bud break which declined again after flushing. Hemicellulose concentrations (on an NSC-free dry matter basis) in branch sapwood of Carpinus decreased significantly shortly before bud break, but increased again after bud break. Contrarily, in Fagus branch sapwood, hemicellulose concentrations remained constant during bud break. Moderate increases of total hemicellulose concentrations before bud break were found in 1-year-old needles of both conifers, which could be explained by an accumulation of glucose units within the hemicellulose fraction. Overall, cell-wall hemicelluloses appeared to respond in a species-specific manner to the enhanced carbon demand during bud break. Hemicelluloses in branch sapwood of Carpinus and in 1-year-old needles of conifers likely act as additional carbon reserves similar to starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schädel
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Sullivan AP, Holden AS, Patterson LA, McMeeking GR, Kreidenweis SM, Malm WC, Hao WM, Wold CE, Collett JL. A method for smoke marker measurements and its potential application for determining the contribution of biomass burning from wildfires and prescribed fires to ambient PM2.5organic carbon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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