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Li NC, Iannuzo N, Christenson SA, Langlais PR, Kraft M, Ledford JG, Li X. Investigation of lactotransferrin messenger RNA expression levels as an anti-type 2 asthma biomarker. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024:S0091-6749(24)00524-4. [PMID: 38797239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactotransferrin (LTF) has an immunomodulatory function, and its expression levels are associated with asthma susceptibility. OBJECTIVES We sought to investigate LTF messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels in human bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) as an anti-type 2 (T2) asthma biomarker. METHODS Association analyses between LTF mRNA expression levels in BECs and asthma-related phenotypes were performed in the Severe Asthma Research Program (SARP) cross-sectional (n = 155) and longitudinal (n = 156) cohorts using a generalized linear model. Correlation analyses of mRNA expression levels between LTF and all other genes were performed by Spearman correlation. RESULTS Low LTF mRNA expression levels were associated with asthma susceptibility and severity (P < .025), retrospective and prospective asthma exacerbations, and low lung function (P < 8.3 × 10-3). Low LTF mRNA expression levels were associated with high airway T2 inflammation biomarkers (sputum eosinophils and fractional exhaled nitric oxide; P < 8.3 × 10-3) but were not associated with blood eosinophils or total serum IgE. LTF mRNA expression levels were negatively correlated with expression levels of TH2 or asthma-associated genes (POSTN, NOS2, and MUC5AC) and eosinophil-related genes (IL1RL1, CCL26, and IKZF2) and positively correlated with expression levels of TH1 and inflammation genes (IL12A, MUC5B, and CC16) and TH17-driven cytokines or chemokines for neutrophils (CXCL1, CXCL6, and CSF3) (P < 3.5 × 10-6). CONCLUSIONS Low LTF mRNA expression levels in BECs are associated with asthma susceptibility, severity, and exacerbations through upregulation of airway T2 inflammation. LTF is a potential anti-T2 biomarker, and its expression levels may help determine the balance of eosinophilic and neutrophilic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Li
- University of Arizona Internship, Basis Tucson North, Tucson, Ariz
| | - Natalie Iannuzo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz
| | - Stephanie A Christenson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Paul R Langlais
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz
| | - Monica Kraft
- Samuel Bronfman Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Julie G Ledford
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz
| | - Xingnan Li
- Samuel Bronfman Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Genomics and Precision Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz.
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2
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Wang W, An Q, Huang K, Dai Y, Meng Q, Zhang Y. Unlocking the power of Lactoferrin: Exploring its role in early life and its preventive potential for adult chronic diseases. Food Res Int 2024; 182:114143. [PMID: 38519174 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Nutrition during the early postnatal period exerts a profound impact on both infant development and later-life health. Breast milk, which contains lactoferrin, a dynamic protein, plays a crucial role in the growth of various biological systems and in preventing numerous chronic diseases. Based on the relationship between early infant development and chronic diseases later in life, this paper presents a review of the effects of lactoferrin in early life on neonates intestinal tract, immune system, nervous system, adipocyte development, and early intestinal microflora establishment, as well as the preventive and potential mechanisms of early postnatal lactoferrin against adult allergy, inflammatory bowel disease, depression, cancer, and obesity. Furthermore, we summarized the application status of lactoferrin in the early postnatal period and suggested directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qin An
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kunlun Huang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunping Dai
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyong Meng
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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3
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Ashraf MF, Zubair D, Bashir MN, Alagawany M, Ahmed S, Shah QA, Buzdar JA, Arain MA. Nutraceutical and Health-Promoting Potential of Lactoferrin, an Iron-Binding Protein in Human and Animal: Current Knowledge. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:56-72. [PMID: 37059920 PMCID: PMC10104436 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03658-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin is a natural cationic iron-binding glycoprotein of the transferrin family found in bovine milk and other exocrine secretions, including lacrimal fluid, saliva, and bile. Lactoferrin has been investigated for its numerous powerful influences, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-osteoporotic, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, and other beneficial health effects. Lactoferrin demonstrated several nutraceutical and pharmaceutical potentials and have a significant impact on improving the health of humans and animals. Lactoferrin plays a critical role in keeping the normal physiological homeostasis associated with the development of pathological disorders. The current review highlights the medicinal value, nutraceutical role, therapeutic application, and outstanding favorable health sides of lactoferrin, which would benefit from more exploration of this glycoprotein for the design of effective medicines, drugs, and pharmaceuticals for safeguarding different health issues in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dawood Zubair
- Iqraa Medical Complex, Johar Town Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | | | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Agriculture Faculty, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Shabbir Ahmed
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Qurban Ali Shah
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, 3800, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Jameel Ahmed Buzdar
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, 3800, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Arain
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, 3800, Balochistan, Pakistan.
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4
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Zhang Q, Zhao HJ, Huang LY, Song CL, Li HQ, Zhao XH. Low-level Cu-fortification of bovine lactoferrin: Focus on its effect on in vitro anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 6:100520. [PMID: 37251637 PMCID: PMC10209677 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine lactoferrin (LF) per 1 g was reacted with 0.16, 0.32, and 0.64 mg CuCl2 to reach 10%, 20%, and 40% copper-saturation, respectively, aiming to assess their anti-inflammatory activities to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. The macrophages treated with CuCl2 at 0.051 μg/mL dose did not have obvious change in cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. However, LF and Cu-fortified LF products (10-80 μg/mL doses) mostly showed inhibitory effects on the stimulated macrophages dose-dependently. Moreover, Cu-fortified LF products of lower Cu-fortifying levels at lower doses exerted weaker inhibition on the stimulated macrophages than LF, leading to higher cell viability but decreased LDH release. Meanwhile, LF and Cu-fortified LF products at 10 and 20 μg/mL doses showed different activities to the stimulated cells, via partly decreasing or increasing the production of inflammatory mediators namely prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and ROS production, depending on the used Cu-fortifying and dose levels. Compared with LF, Cu-fortified LF product (Cu-fortifying level of 0.16 mg/g LF) at 10 μg/mL dose showed enhanced inhibition on the production of PGE2, ROS, IL-1β, and TNF-α, evidencing increased anti-inflammatory activity. However, the inhibition of Cu-fortified LF product (Cu-fortifying level of 0.32 mg/g LF) at 20 μg/mL dose on the production of these inflammatory mediators was mostly reduced. It is thus proposed that both Cu-fortifying and dose levels could affect LF's anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-stimulated macrophages, while the Cu-fortifying level of LF could govern activity change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, China
| | - Hui-Juan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Liu-Yan Huang
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, China
| | - Chun-Li Song
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, China
| | - Hua-Qiang Li
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, China
| | - Xin-Huai Zhao
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China
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Ohradanova-Repic A, Praženicová R, Gebetsberger L, Moskalets T, Skrabana R, Cehlar O, Tajti G, Stockinger H, Leksa V. Time to Kill and Time to Heal: The Multifaceted Role of Lactoferrin and Lactoferricin in Host Defense. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1056. [PMID: 37111542 PMCID: PMC10146187 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein present in most human exocrine fluids, particularly breast milk. Lactoferrin is also released from neutrophil granules, and its concentration increases rapidly at the site of inflammation. Immune cells of both the innate and the adaptive immune system express receptors for lactoferrin to modulate their functions in response to it. On the basis of these interactions, lactoferrin plays many roles in host defense, ranging from augmenting or calming inflammatory pathways to direct killing of pathogens. Complex biological activities of lactoferrin are determined by its ability to sequester iron and by its highly basic N-terminus, via which lactoferrin binds to a plethora of negatively charged surfaces of microorganisms and viruses, as well as to mammalian cells, both normal and cancerous. Proteolytic cleavage of lactoferrin in the digestive tract generates smaller peptides, such as N-terminally derived lactoferricin. Lactoferricin shares some of the properties of lactoferrin, but also exhibits unique characteristics and functions. In this review, we discuss the structure, functions, and potential therapeutic uses of lactoferrin, lactoferricin, and other lactoferrin-derived bioactive peptides in treating various infections and inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, we summarize clinical trials examining the effect of lactoferrin supplementation in disease treatment, with a special focus on its potential use in treating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ohradanova-Repic
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Praženicová
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Laura Gebetsberger
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tetiana Moskalets
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Rostislav Skrabana
- Laboratory of Structural Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ondrej Cehlar
- Laboratory of Structural Biology of Neurodegeneration, Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gabor Tajti
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladimir Leksa
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
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6
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Kaczyńska K, Jampolska M, Wojciechowski P, Sulejczak D, Andrzejewski K, Zając D. Potential of Lactoferrin in the Treatment of Lung Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:192. [PMID: 37259341 PMCID: PMC9960651 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is a multifunctional iron-binding glycoprotein that exhibits a variety of properties, such as immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer, that can be used to treat numerous diseases. Lung diseases continue to be the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Many of the therapies currently used to treat these diseases have limited efficacy or are associated with side effects. Therefore, there is a constant pursuit for new drugs and therapies, and LF is frequently considered a therapeutic agent and/or adjunct to drug-based therapies for the treatment of lung diseases. This article focuses on a review of the existing and most up-to-date literature on the contribution of the beneficial effects of LF on the treatment of lung diseases, including asthma, viral infections, cystic fibrosis, or lung cancer, among others. Although in vitro and in vivo studies indicate significant potency of LF in the treatment of the listed diseases, only in the case of respiratory tract infections do human studies seem to confirm them by demonstrating the effectiveness of LF in reducing episodes of illness and shortening the recovery period. For lung cancer, COVID-19 and sepsis, the reports are conflicting, and for other diseases, there is a paucity of human studies conclusively confirming the beneficial effects of LF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kaczyńska
- Department of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Jampolska
- Department of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Wojciechowski
- Department of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Sulejczak
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kryspin Andrzejewski
- Department of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Zając
- Department of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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7
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Li L, Zhang H, Wang X, Wang Z, Cui L, Xu Y, Guan K. Upregulated antimicrobial immune response mediated by neutrophils in the development from allergic rhinitis to asthma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1026121. [PMID: 36569909 PMCID: PMC9771683 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1026121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma are closely related, and AR is regarded as an important risk factor for the onset of asthma. However, the pathogenesis of the development of asthma from AR is still undefined. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms underlying the development of asthma from AR by comparing the transcriptome features of patients with AR with and without asthma. Methods Patients with AR with or without asthma caused by weed pollen who presented to the Allergy Clinic of Peking Union Medical College Hospital were recruited for this study. Peripheral blood samples of all the patients were collected during the weed pollen season (September) when the patients had allergic symptoms and outside the pollen season (November) when the patients had no symptoms. Transcriptomic analysis was conducted, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and enriched immune pathways between the patients with AR with asthma (AR-asthma group) and those without asthma (AR group) were identified. In addition, the expression levels of some pivotal differentially expressed RNAs were quantified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results During the weed pollen season, the immune-related Gene Ontology (GO) terms with P value < 0.05, enriched by the upregulated genes in the AR-asthma group compared to the AR group included antifungal humoral response, neutrophil-mediated killing of bacterium, antibacterial humoral response, antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptides, and regulation of the T cell receptor signaling pathway. The immune-related GO terms with P values <0.05 enriched by downregulated genes were positive regulation of natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, microglial cell activation, natural killer cell activation, and leukocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. The GO term of antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptides was upregulated both during and outside the pollen season, and the upregulated expression of three DEGs (LTF, PF4, and ELANE) included in this term was verified through quantitative PCR. Conclusions The activation of the antimicrobial immune response mediated by neutrophils and the depression of cytotoxicity mediated by natural killer cells may play roles in the progression from AR to asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Li
- Department of Allergy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Diagnosis and Treatment on Allergic Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiujie Wang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zixi Wang
- Department of Allergy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Diagnosis and Treatment on Allergic Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Le Cui
- Department of Allergy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Diagnosis and Treatment on Allergic Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yingyang Xu
- Department of Allergy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Diagnosis and Treatment on Allergic Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Guan
- Department of Allergy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Diagnosis and Treatment on Allergic Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Kai Guan,
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Lin CC, Chuang KC, Chen SW, Chao YH, Yen CC, Yang SH, Chen W, Chang KH, Chang YK, Chen CM. Lactoferrin Ameliorates Ovalbumin-Induced Asthma in Mice through Reducing Dendritic-Cell-Derived Th2 Cell Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214185. [PMID: 36430662 PMCID: PMC9696322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease with symptoms such as expiratory airflow narrowing and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Millions of people suffer from asthma and are at risk of life-threatening conditions. Lactoferrin (LF) is a glycoprotein with multiple physiological functions, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antitumoral activities. LF has been shown to function in immunoregulatory activities in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) in mice. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the roles of LF in AHR and the functions of dendritic cells (DCs) and Th2-related responses in asthma. Twenty 8-week-old male BALB/c mice were divided into normal control (NC), ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized, and OVA-sensitized with low dose of LF (100 mg/kg) or high dose of LF (300 mg/kg) treatment groups. The mice were challenged by intranasal instillation with 5% OVA on the 21st to 27th day after the start of the sensitization period. The AHR, cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and pulmonary histology of each mouse were measured. Serum OVA-specific IgE and IgG1 and OVA-specific splenocyte responses were further detected. The results showed that LF exhibited protective effects in ameliorating AHR, as well as lung inflammation and damage, in reducing the expression of Th2 cytokines and the secretion of allergen-specific antibodies, in influencing the functions of DCs, and in decreasing the level of Th2 immune responses in a BALB/c mouse model of OVA-induced allergic asthma. Importantly, we demonstrated that LF has practical application in reducing DC-induced Th2 cell responses in asthma. In conclusion, LF exhibits anti-inflammation and immunoregulation activities in OVA-induced allergic asthma. These results suggest that LF may act as a supplement to prevent asthma-induced lung injury and provide an additional agent for reducing asthma severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chien Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Cheng Chuang
- Department of Life Sciences, Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tungs’ Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung 435, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hsuan Chao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Yen
- Department of Life Sciences, Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Hsun Yang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Wei Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hsi Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Tungs’ Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung 435, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kang Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Tungs’ Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung 435, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Mu Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, The Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-22856309; Fax: +886-4-22874740
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9
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Hosoki K, Chakraborty A, Hazra TK, Sur S. Protocols to Measure Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage in Asthma. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2506:315-332. [PMID: 35771481 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2364-0_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is associated with oxidative stress and oxidative damage of biomolecules, including DNA. Here, we describe the protocols to quantify reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress markers in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation. We also provide detailed methods to measure DNA damage by long-run real-time PCR for DNA-damage quantification (LORD-Q) assay and gene-specific DNA damage analyses by long amplicon (LA)-qPCR. Additionally, we describe methods to quantify oxidized DNA base lesions in lung genomic DNA by mass spectrometry, and to measure enzymatic activity of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1). Using these methods, the levels of oxidative stress and DNA damage in allergic inflammation and asthma can be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koa Hosoki
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Allergy and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anirban Chakraborty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Tapas K Hazra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Sanjiv Sur
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Allergy and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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10
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Presti S, Manti S, Parisi GF, Papale M, Barbagallo IA, Li Volti G, Leonardi S. Lactoferrin: Cytokine Modulation and Application in Clinical Practice. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10235482. [PMID: 34884183 PMCID: PMC8658270 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10235482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple properties of lactoferrin have been reported in the literature so far. Decades of in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the important antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and immunomodulating properties. It suggests the use of lactoferrin as an effective and safe option for the treatment of several common disorders. Herein, we show the applications of lactoferrin in clinical practice, highlighting its evidence-based capacities for the treatment of heterogeneous disorders, such as allergic, gastrointestinal, and respiratory diseases, and hematologic, oncologic, gynecologic, dermatologic, and dental disorders. Moreover, the widespread use of lactoferrin in neonatology is summarized here. As a result of its antiviral properties, lactoferrin has also been proposed as a valid option for the treatment for COVID-19 patients. Here, the uses of lactoferrin in clinical practice as a new, safe, and evidence-based treatment for many types of disorders are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Presti
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy; (S.P.); (S.M.); (G.F.P.); (M.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Sara Manti
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy; (S.P.); (S.M.); (G.F.P.); (M.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Giuseppe Fabio Parisi
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy; (S.P.); (S.M.); (G.F.P.); (M.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Maria Papale
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy; (S.P.); (S.M.); (G.F.P.); (M.P.); (S.L.)
| | | | - Giovanni Li Volti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-095-4781157
| | - Salvatore Leonardi
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy; (S.P.); (S.M.); (G.F.P.); (M.P.); (S.L.)
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11
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Lu Y, Zhou Y, Lin Y, Li W, Tian S, Hao X, Guo H. Preventive effects of donkey milk powder on the ovalbumin-induced asthmatic mice. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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12
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Bukowska-Ośko I, Popiel M, Kowalczyk P. The Immunological Role of the Placenta in SARS-CoV-2 Infection-Viral Transmission, Immune Regulation, and Lactoferrin Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5799. [PMID: 34071527 PMCID: PMC8198160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A pandemic of acute respiratory infections, due to a new type of coronavirus, can cause Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has created the need for a better understanding of the clinical, epidemiological, and pathological features of COVID-19, especially in high-risk groups, such as pregnant women. Viral infections in pregnant women may have a much more severe course, and result in an increase in the rate of complications, including spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, and premature birth-which may cause long-term consequences in the offspring. In this review, we focus on the mother-fetal-placenta interface and its role in the potential transmission of SARS-CoV-2, including expression of viral receptors and proteases, placental pathology, and the presence of the virus in neonatal tissues and fluids. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the anti-viral activity of lactoferrin during viral infection in pregnant women, analyzes its role in the pathogenicity of pandemic virus particles, and describes the potential evidence for placental blocking/limiting of the transmission of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Bukowska-Ośko
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marta Popiel
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland;
| | - Paweł Kowalczyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland;
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13
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Morales-Primo AU, Becker I, Zamora-Chimal J. Neutrophil extracellular trap-associated molecules: a review on their immunophysiological and inflammatory roles. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 41:253-274. [PMID: 34036897 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1921174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a defense mechanism against pathogens. They are composed of DNA and various proteins and have the ability to hinder microbial spreading and survival. However, NETs are not only related to infections but also participate in sterile inflammatory events. In addition to DNA, NETs contain histones, serine proteases, cytoskeletal proteins and antimicrobial peptides, all of which have immunomodulatory properties that can augment or decrease the inflammatory response. Extracellular localization of these molecules alerts the immune system of cellular damage, which is triggered by recognition of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) through specific pattern recognition receptors. However, not all of these molecules are DAMPs and may have other immunophysiological properties in the extracellular space. The release of NETs can lead to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (due to TLR2/4/9 and inflammasome activation), the destruction of the extracellular matrix, activation of serine proteases and of matrix metallopeptidases (MMPs), modulation of cellular proliferation, induction of cellular migration and adhesion, promotion of thrombogenesis and angiogenesis and disruption of epithelial and endothelial permeability. Understanding the dynamics of NET-associated molecules, either individually or synergically, will help to unravel their role in inflammatory events and open novel perspectives for potential therapeutic targets. We here review molecules contained within NETS and their immunophysiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham U Morales-Primo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jaime Zamora-Chimal
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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14
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Habib HM, Ibrahim S, Zaim A, Ibrahim WH. The role of iron in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and possible treatment with lactoferrin and other iron chelators. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 136:111228. [PMID: 33454595 PMCID: PMC7836924 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron overload is increasingly implicated as a contributor to the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Indeed, several of the manifestations of COVID-19, such as inflammation, hypercoagulation, hyperferritinemia, and immune dysfunction are also reminiscent of iron overload. Although iron is essential for all living cells, free unbound iron, resulting from iron dysregulation and overload, is very reactive and potentially toxic due to its role in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS react with and damage cellular lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins, with consequent activation of either acute or chronic inflammatory processes implicated in multiple clinical conditions. Moreover, iron-catalyzed lipid damage exerts a direct causative effect on the newly discovered nonapoptotic cell death known as ferroptosis. Unlike apoptosis, ferroptosis is immunogenic and not only leads to amplified cell death but also promotes a series of reactions associated with inflammation. Iron chelators are generally safe and are proven to protect patients in clinical conditions characterized by iron overload. There is also an abundance of evidence that iron chelators possess antiviral activities. Furthermore, the naturally occurring iron chelator lactoferrin (Lf) exerts immunomodulatory as well as anti-inflammatory effects and can bind to several receptors used by coronaviruses thereby blocking their entry into host cells. Iron chelators may consequently be of high therapeutic value during the present COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosam M Habib
- Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Laboratory (FFNL), Dairy Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Sahar Ibrahim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, USA
| | - Aamnah Zaim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, USA
| | - Wissam H Ibrahim
- Office of Institutional Effectiveness, United Arab Emirates University, P. O. Box 15551, Al Ain, UAE.
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15
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Sienkiewicz M, Jaśkiewicz A, Tarasiuk A, Fichna J. Lactoferrin: an overview of its main functions, immunomodulatory and antimicrobial role, and clinical significance. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:6016-6033. [PMID: 33685299 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1895063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF), a glycoprotein found in mucosal secretions, is characterized by a wide range of functions, including immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities. Moreover, several investigations confirmed that LF displays high effectiveness against multiple bacteria and viruses and may be regarded as a potential inhibitor of enveloped viruses, such as presently prevailing SARS-CoV-2. In our review, we discuss available studies about LF functions and bioavailability of different LF forms in in vitro and in vivo models. Moreover, we characterize the potential benefits and side effects of LF use; we also briefly summarize the latest clinical trials examining LF application. Finally, we point potential role of LF in inflammatory bowel disease and indicate its use as a marker for disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Sienkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Jaśkiewicz
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Tarasiuk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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16
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Acevedo N, Alashkar Alhamwe B, Caraballo L, Ding M, Ferrante A, Garn H, Garssen J, Hii CS, Irvine J, Llinás-Caballero K, López JF, Miethe S, Perveen K, Pogge von Strandmann E, Sokolowska M, Potaczek DP, van Esch BCAM. Perinatal and Early-Life Nutrition, Epigenetics, and Allergy. Nutrients 2021; 13:724. [PMID: 33668787 PMCID: PMC7996340 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown a dramatic increase in the incidence and the prevalence of allergic diseases over the last several decades. Environmental triggers including risk factors (e.g., pollution), the loss of rural living conditions (e.g., farming conditions), and nutritional status (e.g., maternal, breastfeeding) are considered major contributors to this increase. The influences of these environmental factors are thought to be mediated by epigenetic mechanisms which are heritable, reversible, and biologically relevant biochemical modifications of the chromatin carrying the genetic information without changing the nucleotide sequence of the genome. An important feature characterizing epigenetically-mediated processes is the existence of a time frame where the induced effects are the strongest and therefore most crucial. This period between conception, pregnancy, and the first years of life (e.g., first 1000 days) is considered the optimal time for environmental factors, such as nutrition, to exert their beneficial epigenetic effects. In the current review, we discussed the impact of the exposure to bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungal components, microbiome metabolites, and specific nutritional components (e.g., polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), vitamins, plant- and animal-derived microRNAs, breast milk) on the epigenetic patterns related to allergic manifestations. We gave insight into the epigenetic signature of bioactive milk components and the effects of specific nutrition on neonatal T cell development. Several lines of evidence suggest that atypical metabolic reprogramming induced by extrinsic factors such as allergens, viruses, pollutants, diet, or microbiome might drive cellular metabolic dysfunctions and defective immune responses in allergic disease. Therefore, we described the current knowledge on the relationship between immunometabolism and allergy mediated by epigenetic mechanisms. The knowledge as presented will give insight into epigenetic changes and the potential of maternal and post-natal nutrition on the development of allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Acevedo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130014, Colombia; (N.A.); (L.C.); (K.L.-C.); (J.F.L.)
| | - Bilal Alashkar Alhamwe
- Institute of Tumor Immunology, Clinic for Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (B.A.A.); (E.P.v.S.)
- College of Pharmacy, International University for Science and Technology (IUST), Daraa 15, Syria
| | - Luis Caraballo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130014, Colombia; (N.A.); (L.C.); (K.L.-C.); (J.F.L.)
| | - Mei Ding
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, 7265 Davos, Switzerland; (M.D.); (M.S.)
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, 7265 Davos, Switzerland
- Department of Allergology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Antonio Ferrante
- Department of Immunopathology, SA Pathology at the Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia; (A.F.); (C.S.H.); (J.I.); (K.P.)
- Adelaide School of Medicine and the Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Holger Garn
- Translational Inflammation Research Division & Core Facility for Single Cell Multiomics, Medical Faculty, Philipps University Marburg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and the Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (H.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Charles S. Hii
- Department of Immunopathology, SA Pathology at the Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia; (A.F.); (C.S.H.); (J.I.); (K.P.)
- Adelaide School of Medicine and the Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - James Irvine
- Department of Immunopathology, SA Pathology at the Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia; (A.F.); (C.S.H.); (J.I.); (K.P.)
- Adelaide School of Medicine and the Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Kevin Llinás-Caballero
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130014, Colombia; (N.A.); (L.C.); (K.L.-C.); (J.F.L.)
| | - Juan Felipe López
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130014, Colombia; (N.A.); (L.C.); (K.L.-C.); (J.F.L.)
| | - Sarah Miethe
- Translational Inflammation Research Division & Core Facility for Single Cell Multiomics, Medical Faculty, Philipps University Marburg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and the Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (H.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Khalida Perveen
- Department of Immunopathology, SA Pathology at the Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia; (A.F.); (C.S.H.); (J.I.); (K.P.)
- Adelaide School of Medicine and the Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Elke Pogge von Strandmann
- Institute of Tumor Immunology, Clinic for Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (B.A.A.); (E.P.v.S.)
| | - Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, 7265 Davos, Switzerland; (M.D.); (M.S.)
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, 7265 Davos, Switzerland
| | - Daniel P. Potaczek
- Translational Inflammation Research Division & Core Facility for Single Cell Multiomics, Medical Faculty, Philipps University Marburg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and the Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (H.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Betty C. A. M. van Esch
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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17
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Playford RJ, Weiser MJ. Bovine Colostrum: Its Constituents and Uses. Nutrients 2021; 13:265. [PMID: 33477653 PMCID: PMC7831509 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colostrum is the milk produced during the first few days after birth and contains high levels of immunoglobulins, antimicrobial peptides, and growth factors. Colostrum is important for supporting the growth, development, and immunologic defence of neonates. Colostrum is naturally packaged in a combination that helps prevent its destruction and maintain bioactivity until it reaches more distal gut regions and enables synergistic responses between protective and reparative agents present within it. Bovine colostrum been used for hundreds of years as a traditional or complementary therapy for a wide variety of ailments and in veterinary practice. Partly due to concerns about the side effects of standard Western medicines, there is interest in the use of natural-based products of which colostrum is a prime example. Numerous preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated therapeutic benefits of bovine colostrum for a wide range of indications, including maintenance of wellbeing, treatment of medical conditions and for animal husbandry. Articles within this Special Issue of Nutrients cover the effects and use bovine colostrum and in this introductory article, we describe the main constituents, quality control and an overview of the use of bovine colostrum in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond John Playford
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AD, UK
- Department of R&D, PanTheryx Inc., Boulder, CO 80301, USA;
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18
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Naidu SAG, Clemens RA, Pressman P, Zaigham M, Davies KJA, Naidu AS. COVID-19 during Pregnancy and Postpartum. J Diet Suppl 2020; 19:78-114. [PMID: 33164606 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1834047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic intensified the global health crisis, the containment of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancies, and the inherent risk of vertical transmission of virus from mother-to-fetus (or neonate) poses a major concern. Most COVID-19-Pregnancy patients showed mild to moderate COVID-19 pneumonia with no pregnancy loss and no congenital transmission of the virus; however, an increase in hypoxia-induced preterm deliveries was apparent. Also, the breastmilk of several mothers with COVID-19 tested negative for the virus. Taken together, the natural barrier function during pregnancy and postpartum seems to deter the SARS-CoV-2 transmission from mother-to-child. This clinical observation warrants to explore the maternal-fetal interface and identify the innate defense factors for prevention and control of COVID-19-Pregnancy. Lactoferrin (LF) is a potent antiviral iron-binding protein present in the maternal-fetal interface. In concert with immune co-factors, maternal-LF modulates chemokine release and lymphocyte migration and amplify host defense during pregnancy. LF levels during pregnancy may resolve hypertension via down-regulation of ACE2; consequently, may limit the membrane receptor access to SARS-CoV-2 for cellular entry. Furthermore, an LF-derived peptide (LRPVAA) has been shown to block ACE receptor activity in vitro. LF may also reduce viral docking and entry into host cells and limit the early phase of COVID-19 infection. An in-depth understanding of LF and other soluble mammalian milk-derived innate antiviral factors may provide insights to reduce co-morbidities and vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection and may lead to the development of effective nutraceutical supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger A Clemens
- School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Mehreen Zaigham
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kelvin J A Davies
- Division of Biogerontology, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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19
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Kaur M, Gupta KB, Thakur S, Kaur S, Dhiman M. Parthenium hysterophorus mediated inflammation and hyper-responsiveness via NF-κB pathway in human A549 lung cancer cell line. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:1241-1250. [PMID: 32686900 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Being one of the notorious weed P. hysterophorus has invaded almost every part India and is the lead cause of skin allergies and severe dermatitis among farmers and rural population. It is an invasive obnoxious weed capable of surviving extreme environmental conditions and various parts of this plant are reported to cause severe contact allergies in humans due to the presence of high concentrations of toxic sesquiterpene lactones viz. parthenin. It can stimulate numerous cellular and immune responses that may translate into Oxidative stress, allergies, and inflammation. The effect of P. hysterophorus flower extract was evaluated on cell viability, oxidative stress and inflammation in A549 lung cancer cell line by spectrophotometric and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction methods. Schrodinger software based docking was performed for possible interactions studies. The A549 cells treated with P. hysterophorus flower extract favors increase in cell viability, reactive oxygen species generation. The mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1β was significantly increased whereas no change in IL-18 expression was observed. Significant increase in protein expression of NF-κB was observed, suggesting the role of NF-κB signalling in allergic responses. The docking studies demonstrated the potential interaction between Parthenin and NF-κB/IL-1β/IL-18 suggesting their activation leading to inflammation. The current study emphasize that P. hysterophorus mediates oxidative stress, and inflammatory process via alterations in expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IFN-γ through NF-κB activation which was also confirmed in docking studies. Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in pathogenesis of allergic/chronic inflammation and severe dermatitis need to be further investigated to identify specific binding partners responsible for severe inflammation which can provide some leads in developing effective targets against severe dermatitis and skin allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Kunj Bihari Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Shweta Thakur
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Sukhchain Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Monisha Dhiman
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
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20
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Superti F. Lactoferrin from Bovine Milk: A Protective Companion for Life. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092562. [PMID: 32847014 PMCID: PMC7551115 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf), an iron-binding multifunctional glycoprotein belonging to the transferrin family, is present in most biological secretions and reaches particularly high concentrations in colostrum and breast milk. A key function of lactoferrin is non-immune defence and it is considered to be a mediator linking innate and adaptive immune responses. Lf from bovine milk (bLf), the main Lf used in human medicine because of its easy availability, has been designated by the United States Food and Drug Administration as a food additive that is generally recognized as safe (GRAS). Among the numerous protective activities exercised by this nutraceutical protein, the most important ones demonstrated after its oral administration are: Antianemic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antioxidant and anticancer activities. All these activities underline the significance in host defence of bLf, which represents an ideal nutraceutical product both for its economic production and for its tolerance after ingestion. The purpose of this review is to summarize the most important beneficial activities demonstrated following the oral administration of bLf, trying to identify potential perspectives on its prophylactic and therapeutic applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Superti
- National Centre for Innovative Technologies in Public Health, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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21
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Singh P, Sharma A, Jha R, Arora S, Ahmad R, Rahmani AH, Almatroodi SA, Dohare R, Syed MA. Transcriptomic analysis delineates potential signature genes and miRNAs associated with the pathogenesis of asthma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13354. [PMID: 32770056 PMCID: PMC7414199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70368-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a multifarious disease affecting several million people around the world. It has a heterogeneous risk architecture inclusive of both genetic and environmental factors. This heterogeneity can be utilised to identify differentially expressed biomarkers of the disease, which may ultimately aid in the development of more localized and molecularly targeted therapies. In this respect, our study complies with meta-analysis of microarray datasets containing mRNA expression profiles of both asthmatic and control patients, to identify the critical Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. We found a total of 30 DEGs out of which 13 were involved in the pathway and functional enrichment analysis. Moreover, 5 DEGs were identified as the hub genes by network centrality-based analysis. Most hub genes were involved in protease/antiprotease pathways. Also, 26 miRNAs and 20 TFs having an association with these hub genes were found to be intricated in a 3-node miRNA Feed-Forward Loop. Out of these, miR-34b and miR-449c were identified as the key miRNAs regulating the expression of SERPINB2 gene and SMAD4 transcription factor. Thus, our study is suggestive of certain miRNAs and unexplored pathways which may pave a way to unravel critical therapeutic targets in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithvi Singh
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Archana Sharma
- Translational Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Rishabh Jha
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Shweta Arora
- Translational Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Rafiq Ahmad
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Arshad Husain Rahmani
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Almatroodi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ravins Dohare
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.
| | - Mansoor Ali Syed
- Translational Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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22
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Nie X, Wei J, Hao Y, Tao J, Li Y, Liu M, Xu B, Li B. Consistent Biomarkers and Related Pathogenesis Underlying Asthma Revealed by Systems Biology Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20164037. [PMID: 31430856 PMCID: PMC6720652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20164037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a common chronic airway disease worldwide. Due to its clinical and genetic heterogeneity, the cellular and molecular processes in asthma are highly complex and relatively unknown. To discover novel biomarkers and the molecular mechanisms underlying asthma, several studies have been conducted by focusing on gene expression patterns in epithelium through microarray analysis. However, few robust specific biomarkers were identified and some inconsistent results were observed. Therefore, it is imperative to conduct a robust analysis to solve these problems. Herein, an integrated gene expression analysis of ten independent, publicly available microarray data of bronchial epithelial cells from 348 asthmatic patients and 208 healthy controls was performed. As a result, 78 up- and 75 down-regulated genes were identified in bronchial epithelium of asthmatics. Comprehensive functional enrichment and pathway analysis revealed that response to chemical stimulus, extracellular region, pathways in cancer, and arachidonic acid metabolism were the four most significantly enriched terms. In the protein-protein interaction network, three main communities associated with cytoskeleton, response to lipid, and regulation of response to stimulus were established, and the most highly ranked 6 hub genes (up-regulated CD44, KRT6A, CEACAM5, SERPINB2, and down-regulated LTF and MUC5B) were identified and should be considered as new biomarkers. Pathway cross-talk analysis highlights that signaling pathways mediated by IL-4/13 and transcription factor HIF-1α and FOXA1 play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of asthma. Interestingly, three chemicals, polyphenol catechin, antibiotic lomefloxacin, and natural alkaloid boldine, were predicted and may be potential drugs for asthma treatment. Taken together, our findings shed new light on the common molecular pathogenesis mechanisms of asthma and provide theoretical support for further clinical therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiner Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jinyi Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Youjin Hao
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jingxin Tao
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yinghong Li
- School of Biological Information, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Mingwei Liu
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400046, China
| | - Boying Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Bo Li
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China.
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Histological Chorioamnionitis Induces Differential Gene Expression in Human Cord Blood Mononuclear Leukocytes from Term Neonates. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5862. [PMID: 30971730 PMCID: PMC6458165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Histological chorioamnionitis (HCA) is an infection of fetal membranes and complicates 5.2% to 28.5% of all live births. HCA is associated with increased mortality and morbidity in both premature and term neonates. Exposure to HCA may have long-term consequences, including an increased risk for allergic disorders and asthma later in childhood, the mechanism(s) of which are still not yet well understood. The objective of this study was to determine the mRNA transcriptome of cord blood mononuclear leukocytes from term neonates to identify key genes and pathways involved in HCA. We found 366 differentially expressed probe IDs with exposure to HCA (198 upregulated, 168 downregulated). These transcriptomes included novel genes and pathways associated with exposure to HCA. The differential gene expression included key genes regulating inflammatory, immune, respiratory and neurological pathways, which may contribute to disorders in those pathways in neonates exposed to HCA. Our data may lead to understanding of the role of key genes and pathways identified on the long-term sequelae related to exposure to HCA, as well as to identifying potential markers and therapies to prevent HCA-associated complications.
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24
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Raw Cow's Milk and Its Protective Effect on Allergies and Asthma. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020469. [PMID: 30813365 PMCID: PMC6413174 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Living on a farm and having contact with rural exposures have been proposed as one of the most promising ways to be protected against allergy and asthma development. There is a significant body of epidemiological evidence that consumption of raw milk in childhood and adulthood in farm but also nonfarm populations can be one of the most effective protective factors. The observation is even more intriguing when considering the fact that milk is one of the most common food allergens in childhood. The exact mechanisms underlying this association are still not well understood, but the role of raw milk ingredients such as proteins, fat and fatty acids, and bacterial components has been recently studied and its influence on the immune function has been documented. In this review, we present the current understanding of the protective effect of raw milk on allergies and asthma.
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25
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Mohamed WA, Salama RM, Schaalan MF. A pilot study on the effect of lactoferrin on Alzheimer's disease pathological sequelae: Impact of the p-Akt/PTEN pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:714-723. [PMID: 30611996 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in which the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB or Akt) pathway is deregulated in response to phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) overexpression. Lactoferrin (LF), a multifunctional iron-binding glycoprotein, is involved in AD pathology; however, direct evidence of its impact upon AD remains unclear. To elucidate LF's role in AD, the possible protective mechanism post-LF administration for 3 months was investigated in AD patients by observing changes in the p-Akt/PTEN pathway. AD patients showed decreased serum acetylcholine (ACh), serotonin (5-HT), antioxidant and anti-inflammatory markers, and decreased expression of Akt in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), as well as PI3K, and p-Akt levels in PBL lysate; all these parameters were significantly improved after daily LF administration for 3 months. Similarly, elevated serum amyloid β (Aβ) 42, cholesterol, oxidative stress markers, IL-6, heat shock protein (HSP) 90, caspase-3, and p-tau, as well as increased expression of tau, MAPK1 and PTEN in AD patients, were significantly reduced upon LF intake. Improvement in the aforementioned AD surrogate markers post-LF treatment was reflected in enhanced cognitive function assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale 11-item (ADAS-COG 11) questionnaires as clinical endpoints. These results provide a basis for a possible protective mechanism of LF in AD through its ability to alleviate the AD pathological cascade and cognitive decline via modulation of the p-Akt/PTEN pathway, which affects the key players of inflammation and oxidative stress that are involved in AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rania M Salama
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Translational and Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University (MIU), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mona F Schaalan
- Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy Department, Translational and Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University (MIU), Cairo, Egypt.
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26
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Abbring S, Hols G, Garssen J, van Esch BCAM. Raw cow's milk consumption and allergic diseases - The potential role of bioactive whey proteins. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 843:55-65. [PMID: 30439365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of allergic diseases has increased significantly in Western countries in the last decades. This increase is often explained by the loss of rural living conditions and associated changes in diet and lifestyle. In line with this 'hygiene hypothesis', several epidemiological studies have shown that growing up on a farm lowers the risk of developing allergic diseases. The consumption of raw, unprocessed, cow's milk seems to be one of the factors contributing to this protective effect. Recent evidence indeed shows an inverse relation between raw cow's milk consumption and the development of asthma and allergies. However, the consumption of raw milk is not recommended due to the possible contamination with pathogens. Cow's milk used for commercial purposes is therefore processed, but this milk processing is shown to abolish the allergy-protective effects of raw milk. This emphasizes the importance of understanding the components and mechanisms underlying the allergy-protective capacity of raw cow's milk. Only then, ways to produce a safe and protective milk can be developed. Since mainly heat treatment is shown to abolish the allergy-protective effects of raw cow's milk, the heat-sensitive whey protein fraction of raw milk is an often-mentioned source of the protective components. In this review, several of these whey proteins, their potential contribution to the allergy-protective effects of raw cow's milk and the consequences of heat treatment will be discussed. A better understanding of these bioactive whey proteins might eventually contribute to the development of new nutritional approaches for allergy management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Abbring
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gert Hols
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Betty C A M van Esch
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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27
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Velliyagounder K, Bahdila D, Pawar S, Fine DH. Role of lactoferrin and lactoferrin‐derived peptides in oral and maxillofacial diseases. Oral Dis 2018; 25:652-669. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Velliyagounder
- Department of Oral BiologyRutgers School of Dental Medicine Newark New Jersey
| | - D Bahdila
- Department of Oral BiologyRutgers School of Dental Medicine Newark New Jersey
| | - S Pawar
- Department of Oral BiologyRutgers School of Dental Medicine Newark New Jersey
| | - DH Fine
- Department of Oral BiologyRutgers School of Dental Medicine Newark New Jersey
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28
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Hao Y, Yang N, Teng D, Wang X, Mao R, Wang J. A review of the design and modification of lactoferricins and their derivatives. Biometals 2018; 31:331-341. [PMID: 29455278 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferricin (Lfcin), a multifunction short peptide with a length of 25 residues, is derived from the whey protein lactoferrin by acidic pepsin hydrolysis. It has potent nutritional enhancement, antimicrobial, anticancer, antiviral, antiparasitic, and anti-inflammatory activities. This review describes the research advantages of the above biological functions, with attention to the molecular design and modification of Lfcin. In this examination of design and modification studies, research on the identification of Lfcin active derivatives and crucial amino acid residues is also reviewed. Many strategies for Lfcin optimization have been studied in recent decades, but we mainly introduce chemical modification, cyclization, chimera and polymerization of this peptide. Modifications such as incorporation of D-amino acids, acetylation and/or amidation could effectively improve the activity and stability of these compounds. Due to their wide array of bio-functions and applications, Lfcins have great potential to be developed as biological agents with multiple functions involved with nutritional enhancement, as well as disease preventive and therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Hao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.,R & D Center, Beijing Shengtai Clouds Bio-Technology, Inc., Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.,Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Yang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.,Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Teng
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.,Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.,Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoyu Mao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.,Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China. .,Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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29
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The Ontogeny of a Neutrophil: Mechanisms of Granulopoiesis and Homeostasis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2018; 82:82/1/e00057-17. [PMID: 29436479 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00057-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Comprising the majority of leukocytes in humans, neutrophils are the first immune cells to respond to inflammatory or infectious etiologies and are crucial participants in the proper functioning of both innate and adaptive immune responses. From their initial appearance in the liver, thymus, and spleen at around the eighth week of human gestation to their generation in large numbers in the bone marrow at the end of term gestation, the differentiation of the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell into a mature, segmented neutrophil is a highly controlled process where the transcriptional regulators C/EBP-α and C/EBP-ε play a vital role. Recent advances in neutrophil biology have clarified the life cycle of these cells and revealed striking differences between neonatal and adult neutrophils based on fetal maturation and environmental factors. Here we detail neutrophil ontogeny, granulopoiesis, and neutrophil homeostasis and highlight important differences between neonatal and adult neutrophil populations.
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30
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Kruzel ML, Zimecki M, Actor JK. Lactoferrin in a Context of Inflammation-Induced Pathology. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1438. [PMID: 29163511 PMCID: PMC5681489 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Much progress has been achieved to elucidate the function of lactoferrin (LTF), an iron-binding glycoprotein, in the milieu of immune functionality. This review represents a unique examination of LTF toward its importance in physiologic homeostasis as related to development of disease-associated pathology. The immunomodulatory nature of this protein derives from its unique ability to "sense" the immune activation status of an organism and act accordingly. Underlying mechanisms are proposed whereby LTF controls disease states, thereby pinpointing regions of entry for LTF in maintenance of various physiological pathways to limit the magnitude of tissue damage. LTF is examined as a first line mediator in immune defense and response to pathogenic and non-pathogenic injury, as well as a molecule critical for control of oxidative cell function. Mechanisms of interaction of LTF with its receptors are examined, with a focus on protective effects via regulation of enzyme activities and reactive oxygen species production, immune deviation, and prevention of cell apoptosis. Indeed, LTF serves as a critical control point in physiologic homeostasis, functioning as a sensor of immunological performance related to pathology. Specific mediation of tissue pathophysiology is described for maintenance of intestinal integrity during endotoxemia, elicited airway inflammation due to allergens, and pulmonary damage during tuberculosis. Finally, the role of LTF to alter differentiation of adaptive immune function is examined, with specific recognition of its utility as a vaccine adjuvant to control subsequent lymphocytic reactivity. Overall, it is clear that while the ability of LTF to both sequester iron and to direct reactive oxygen intermediates is a major factor in lessening damage due to excessive inflammatory responses, further effects are apparent through direct control over development of higher order immune functions that regulate pathology due to insult and injury. This culminates in attenuation of pathological damage during inflammatory injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian L. Kruzel
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas, Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michal Zimecki
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jeffrey K. Actor
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas, Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
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31
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Ali MK, Kim RY, Karim R, Mayall JR, Martin KL, Shahandeh A, Abbasian F, Starkey MR, Loustaud-Ratti V, Johnstone D, Milward EA, Hansbro PM, Horvat JC. Role of iron in the pathogenesis of respiratory disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 88:181-195. [PMID: 28495571 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Iron is essential for many biological processes, however, too much or too little iron can result in a wide variety of pathological consequences, depending on the organ system, tissue or cell type affected. In order to reduce pathogenesis, iron levels are tightly controlled in throughout the body by regulatory systems that control iron absorption, systemic transport and cellular uptake and storage. Altered iron levels and/or dysregulated homeostasis have been associated with several lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and asthma. However, the mechanisms that underpin these associations and whether iron plays a key role in the pathogenesis of lung disease are yet to be fully elucidated. Furthermore, in order to survive and replicate, pathogenic micro-organisms have evolved strategies to source host iron, including freeing iron from cells and proteins that store and transport iron. To counter these microbial strategies, mammals have evolved immune-mediated defence mechanisms that reduce iron availability to pathogens. This interplay between iron, infection and immunity has important ramifications for the pathogenesis and management of human respiratory infections and diseases. An increased understanding of the role that iron plays in the pathogenesis of lung disease and respiratory infections may help inform novel therapeutic strategies. Here we review the clinical and experimental evidence that highlights the potential importance of iron in respiratory diseases and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Khadem Ali
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Richard Y Kim
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Rafia Karim
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jemma R Mayall
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Kristy L Martin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ali Shahandeh
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Firouz Abbasian
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science, the University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Malcolm R Starkey
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | | | - Daniel Johnstone
- Bosch Institute and Discipline of Physiology, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Milward
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jay C Horvat
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia.
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32
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Fernandes KE, Carter DA. The Antifungal Activity of Lactoferrin and Its Derived Peptides: Mechanisms of Action and Synergy with Drugs against Fungal Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2. [PMID: 28149293 PMCID: PMC5241296 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin is a multifunctional iron-binding glycoprotein belonging to the transferrin family. It is found abundantly in milk and is present as a major protein in human exocrine secretions where it plays a role in the innate immune response. Various antifungal functions of lactoferrin have been reported including a wide spectrum of activity across yeasts and molds and synergy with other antifungal drugs in combination therapy, and various modes of action have been proposed. Bioactive peptides derived from lactoferrin can also exhibit strong antifungal activity, with some surpassing the potency of the whole protein. This paper reviews current knowledge of the spectrum of activity, proposed mechanisms of action, and capacity for synergy of lactoferrin and its peptides, including the three most studied derivatives: lactoferricin, lactoferrampin, and Lf(1-11), as well as some lactoferrin-derived variants and modified peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya E Fernandes
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dee A Carter
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
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33
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Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf) is the major whey protein in milk, with multiple beneficial health effects including direct antimicrobial activities, anti-inflammatory effects, and iron homeostasis. Oral Lf supplementation in human preterm infants has been shown to reduce the incidence of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis. In preclinical models of antenatal stress and perinatal brain injury, bovine Lf protected the developing brain from neuronal loss, improved connectivity, increased neurotrophic factors, and decreased inflammation. It also supported brain development and cognition. Further, Lf can prevent preterm delivery by reducing proinflammatory factors and inhibiting premature cervix maturation. We review here the latest research on Lf in the field of neonatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa J Ochoa
- a Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,b Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stéphane V Sizonenko
- c Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Child and Adolescent, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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34
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Neutrophil recruitment by allergens contribute to allergic sensitization and allergic inflammation. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 16:45-50. [PMID: 26694038 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss the presence and role of neutrophils in asthma and allergic diseases, and outline the importance of pollen and cat dander-induced innate neutrophil recruitment in induction of allergic sensitization and allergic inflammation. RECENT FINDINGS Uncontrolled asthma is associated with elevated numbers of neutrophils, and levels of neutrophil-attracting chemokine IL-8 and IL-17 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. These parameters negatively correlate with lung function. Pollen allergens and cat dander recruit neutrophils to the airways in a toll-like receptor 4, myeloid differentiation protein-2, and chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor (CXCR) 2-dependent manner. Repeated recruitment of activated neutrophils by these allergens facilitates allergic sensitization and airway inflammation. Inhibition of neutrophil recruitment with CXCR2 inhibitor, disruption of toll-like receptor 4, or small interfering RNA against myeloid differentiation protein-2 also inhibits allergic inflammation. The molecular mechanisms by which innately recruited neutrophils contribute to shifting the airway inflammatory response induced by allergens from neutrophilic to an eosinophilic-allergic is an area of active research. SUMMARY Recent studies have revealed that neutrophil recruitment is important in the development of allergic sensitization and inflammation. Inhibition of neutrophils recruitment may be a strategy to control allergic inflammation.
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35
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Lactoferrin: A Modulator for Immunity against Tuberculosis Related Granulomatous Pathology. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:409596. [PMID: 26788020 PMCID: PMC4691619 DOI: 10.1155/2015/409596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There is great need for a therapeutic that would limit tuberculosis related pathology and thus curtail spread of disease between individuals by establishing a "firebreak" to slow transmission. A promising avenue to increase current therapeutic efficacy may be through incorporation of adjunct components that slow or stop development of aggressive destructive pulmonary pathology. Lactoferrin, an iron-binding glycoprotein found in mucosal secretions and granules of neutrophils, is just such a potential adjunct therapeutic agent. The focus of this review is to explore the utility of lactoferrin to serve as a therapeutic tool to investigate "disruption" of the mycobacterial granuloma. Proposed concepts for mechanisms underlying lactoferrin efficacy to control immunopathology are supported by data generated based on in vivo models using nonpathogenic trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (TDM, cord factor).
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36
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Fernández-Delgado L, Vega-Rioja A, Ventura I, Chamorro C, Aroca R, Prados M, Bobadilla P, Rodríguez D, Palacios R, Monteseirín J. Allergens Induce the Release of Lactoferrin by Neutrophils from Asthmatic Patients. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141278. [PMID: 26488881 PMCID: PMC4619071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the evidence that Lactoferrin (Lf) is involved in allergic asthma processes, it is unknown whether neutrophils can be one of the main cellular sources of this key inflammatory mediator directly in response of an IgE mediated stimulus. The present study was undertaken to analyze this question. Methods Neutrophils from healthy subjects (n = 34) and neutrophils from allergic asthmatic patients (n = 102) were challenged in vitro with specific allergens to which the patients were sensitized, PAF, or agonist mAbs against IgE-receptors, and the levels of Lf were measured in the culture supernatant. The levels of serum IgE together with the severity of symptoms were also analyzed. Results Lf was released into the culture supernatant of neutrophils from allergic asthmatic patients in response to allergens and PAF. This response was highly allergen-specific, and did not happen in neutrophils from healthy donors. Allergen effect was mimicked by Abs against FcεRI and galectin-3 but not by FcεRII. The levels of released Lf correlated well with the levels of serum specific IgE and severity of asthma symptoms. These observations represent a novel view of neutrophils as an important source of Lf in allergic asthma. Importantly, the levels of released Lf by neutrophils could therefore be used to evaluate disease severity in allergic asthmatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Fernández-Delgado
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Alergia Intercentros, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Vega-Rioja
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Alergia Intercentros, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Ventura
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Alergia Intercentros, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cristina Chamorro
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Alergia Intercentros, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rocío Aroca
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Alergia Intercentros, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Prados
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Alergia Intercentros, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Javier Monteseirín
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Alergia Intercentros, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of the present review was to discuss the effects of pollen components on innate immune responses. RECENT FINDINGS Pollens contain numerous factors that can stimulate an innate immune response. These include intrinsic factors in pollens such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases, proteases, aqueous pollen proteins, lipids, and antigens. Each component stimulates innate immune response in a different manner. Pollen nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases induce reactive oxygen species generation and recruit neutrophils that stimulate subsequent allergic inflammation. Pollen proteases damage epithelial barrier function and increase antigen uptake. Aqueous pollen extract proteins and pollen lipids modulate dendritic cell function and induce Th2 polarization. Clinical studies have shown that modulation of innate immune response to pollens with toll-like receptor 9- and toll-like receptor 4-stimulating conjugates is well tolerated and induces clear immunological effects, but is not very effective in suppressing primary clinical endpoints of allergic inflammation. SUMMARY Additional research on innate immune pathways induced by pollen components is required to develop novel strategies that will mitigate the development of allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koa Hosoki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Sanjiv Sur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Ferreira SMS, Gonçalves LS, Torres SR, Nogueira SA, Meiller TF. Lactoferrin levels in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva of HIV-infected patients with chronic periodontitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 6:16-24. [PMID: 25331852 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study compared lactoferrin (LF) levels in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva between HIV-infected and noninfected patients with chronic periodontitis. METHODS For each subject, LF levels were analyzed in one shallow site (SS; PD ≤3 mm), one deep site (DS; PD >5 mm) and in resting whole saliva. Two groups, 28 HIV-infected and 10 noninfected, were selected. RESULTS Although the salivary LF levels were higher in HIV-infected than in noninfected individuals, especially in AIDS patients, this was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Subgingival LF levels for SS and DS were lower among HIV-infected individuals, although AIDS patients showed the lowest levels. Age, smoking, gender, T CD4 lymphocytes levels and viral load did not influence subgingival LF levels, neither for SS nor for DP. Positive fungal culture was observed in 24 HIV-infected patients, but only observed in one in the control group. Overall, LF concentration was significantly higher in DS than SS, both in HIV-infected and noninfected individuals (P < 0.05) and salivary LF levels were always higher than GCF levels. CONCLUSION The data indicate that LF levels in the GCF and saliva are not different between HIV-infected and noninfected patients with chronic periodontitis.
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Bibi H, Vinokur V, Waisman D, Elenberg Y, Landesberg A, Faingersh A, Yadid M, Brod V, Pesin J, Berenshtein E, Eliashar R, Chevion M. Zn/Ga-DFO iron-chelating complex attenuates the inflammatory process in a mouse model of asthma. Redox Biol 2014; 2:814-9. [PMID: 25009783 PMCID: PMC4085351 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Redox-active iron, a catalyst in the production of hydroxyl radicals via the Fenton reaction, is one of the key participants in ROS-induced tissue injury and general inflammation. According to our recent findings, an excess of tissue iron is involved in several airway-related pathologies such as nasal polyposis and asthma. Objective To examine the anti-inflammatory properties of a newly developed specific iron–chelating complex, Zn/Ga−DFO, in a mouse model of asthma. Materials and methods Asthma was induced in BALBc mice by ovalbumin, using aluminum hydroxide as an adjuvant. Mice were divided into four groups: (i) control, (ii) asthmatic and sham-treated, (iii) asthmatic treated with Zn/Ga−DFO [intra-peritoneally (i/p) and intra-nasally (i/n)], and (iv) asthmatic treated with Zn/Ga−DFO, i/n only. Lung histology and cytology were examined. Biochemical analysis of pulmonary levels of ferritin and iron-saturated ferritin was conducted. Results The amount of neutrophils and eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, goblet cell hyperplasia, mucus secretion, and peri-bronchial edema, showed markedly better values in both asthmatic-treated groups compared to the asthmatic non-treated group. The non-treated asthmatic group showed elevated ferritin levels, while in the two treated groups it returned to baseline levels. Interestingly, i/n-treatment demonstrated a more profound effect alone than in a combination with i/p injections. Conclusion In this mouse model of allergic asthma, Zn/Ga−DFO attenuated allergic airway inflammation. The beneficial effects of treatment were in accord with iron overload abatement in asthmatic lungs by Zn/Ga−DFO. The findings in both cellular and tissue levels supported the existence of a significant anti-inflammatory effect of Zn/Ga−DFO. Asthma pathophysiology was shown to be associated with iron overload. A therapeutic effect of the novel iron–chelating complexes was demonstrated. Histological and cytological markers of inflammation were studied. The complexes could be administered intranasally or by intraperitonneal injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haim Bibi
- Pediatric Department, Barzilai Medical Center, Ben Gurion University School of Medicine, Ashkelon, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Vladimir Vinokur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dan Waisman
- Department of Neonatology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yigal Elenberg
- Pediatric Department, Barzilai Medical Center, Ben Gurion University School of Medicine, Ashkelon, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Anna Faingersh
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Moran Yadid
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Vera Brod
- Ischemia-Shock Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Carmel Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jimy Pesin
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eduard Berenshtein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ron Eliashar
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Hebrew University School of Medicine, - Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mordechai Chevion
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Siqueiros-Cendón T, Arévalo-Gallegos S, Iglesias-Figueroa BF, García-Montoya IA, Salazar-Martínez J, Rascón-Cruz Q. Immunomodulatory effects of lactoferrin. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:557-66. [PMID: 24786230 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf) is an iron-binding glycoprotein of the transferrin family, which is expressed in most biological fluids with particularly high levels in mammalian milk. Its multiple activities lie in its capacity to bind iron and to interact with the molecular and cellular components of hosts and pathogens. Lf can bind and sequester lipopolysaccharides, thus preventing pro-inflammatory pathway activation, sepsis and tissue damages. Lf is also considered a cell-secreted mediator that bridges the innate and adaptive immune responses. In the recent years much has been learned about the mechanisms by which Lf exerts its activities. This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding the mechanisms underlying the multifunctional roles of Lf, and provides a future perspective on its potential prophylactic and therapeutic applications.
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Hwang SA, Kruzel ML, Actor JK. Immunomodulatory effects of recombinant lactoferrin during MRSA infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 20:157-63. [PMID: 24613206 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection remains a serious hazard to global health. The use of immune modulatory therapy to combat infection is gaining an interest as a novel treatment alternative. Lactoferrin (LF), an iron binding protein with immune modulating properties, has the potential to modify the course of systemic MRSA infection. Specifically, LF is capable of limiting deleterious inflammatory responses while promoting the development of antigen specific T-cell activity. The efficacy of a novel recombinant mouse LF (rmLF) to protect against MRSA infection was examined in a mouse peritonitis model. BALB/c mice were infected with a lethal dose of MRSA and treated at 2h post-infection with rmLF. Effects of rmLF on MRSA-infected primary monocytes and granulocytes were analyzed for inflammatory mediators. The rmLF treated mice demonstrated a modest increase in survival of more than 24h, albeit with reduced bacteremia. Serum cytokines, IL-17 and IL-6, were significantly reduced post-challenge post-rmLF treatment. The rmLF led to a minor decrease in IL-1b, and a slight increase in TNF-a production. Preliminary investigation towards human clinical relevance was accomplished using human blood derived monocytes and granulocytes infected with MRSA and treated with homologous recombinant human LF (rhLF). Treatment with (rhLF) led to increased production of IFN-g and IL-2. The human cell studies also showed a concurrent decrease in TNF-a, IL-6, IL-1b, IL-12p40, and IL-10. These results indicate that the rmLF and rhLF have a high degree of overlap to modify inflammatory responses, although differences in activities were observed between the two heterologous recombinant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-An Hwang
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Marian L Kruzel
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jeffrey K Actor
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, United States.
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Lingappan K, Arunachalam A, Pammi M. Lactoferrin and the newborn: current perspectives. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 11:695-707. [PMID: 23879609 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2013.811927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) are associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Inflammation secondary to sepsis and NEC increases morbidity, especially those related to the lung, brain and eye. Therapeutic strategies that target inflammation and decrease the emergence of antibiotic resistance are urgently needed. Lactoferrin (Lf) is a multifunctional protein that modulates inflammation, cell growth and differentiation and has broad antimicrobial activity. Studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of Lf in the prevention of neonatal sepsis and NEC are currently in progress, and one completed study shows significant promise. In this article, the functions of this multifunctional molecule and current clinical evidence for its use in the newborn are reviewed. Lf prophylaxis and therapy may have a significant impact in improving clinical outcomes of vulnerable preterm neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krithika Lingappan
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital & Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Wang SB, Deng YQ, Ren J, Xiao BK, Chen Z, Tao ZZ. Lactoferrin administration into the nostril alleviates murine allergic rhinitis and its mechanisms. Scand J Immunol 2014; 78:507-15. [PMID: 24111738 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) can downregulate allergic airway inflammation in asthma. However, the in vivo effect of exogenous LF on allergic rhinitis (AR), a disease attributed to airway inflammation, has yet to be determined. We investigated the effect of intranasal administration recombinant human (rh) LF and its underlying mechanisms on AR in BALB/c mice. Multiple parameters of allergic responses were evaluated to determine the effect of rhLF. We found that the number of eosinophils and goblet cells, as well as mRNA and protein expression of type 2 helper T (Th2), Th17 and regulatory T (Treg) cells in the nasal cavity, was significantly upregulated in AR mice compared with the controls, Conversely, administration of rhLF prior to or after intranasal ovalbumin challenge markedly downregulated these same parameters. Th1-specific mRNA and protein expression in the nasal cavity of the controls was not different from that in AR mice, but expression significantly increased with rhLF treatment. The mRNA and protein expression of endogenous LF in the nasal cavity was significantly downregulated in AR mice compared with the controls. However, after rhLF treatment, endogenous LF mRNA and protein expression was significantly upregulated. Exogenous rhLF inhibited allergic inflammation in AR mice, most likely by promoting the endogenous LF expression and skewing T cells to a Th1, but not a Th2 and Th17 phenotype in the nasal mucosa. Our findings suggest that rhLF treatment may be a novel therapeutic approach for prevention and treatment AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
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Rousseau E, Michel PP, Hirsch EC. The iron-binding protein lactoferrin protects vulnerable dopamine neurons from degeneration by preserving mitochondrial calcium homeostasis. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 84:888-98. [PMID: 24077968 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.087965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on postmortem human brain tissue have shown that the iron-binding glycoprotein lactoferrin is upregulated in dopamine (DA) neurons resistant to degeneration in Parkinson disease (PD). To study how this could possibly relate to disease progression, we used midbrain cultures and experimental settings that model the progressive loss of DA neurons in this disorder. Human lactoferrin of either recombinant or natural origin provided robust protection to vulnerable DA neurons in a culture paradigm in which these neurons die spontaneously and selectively as they mature. The efficacy of lactoferrin was comparable to that of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, a prototypical neurotrophic factor for DA neurons. Neuroprotection by lactoferrin was attributable to its binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the cell surface of DA neurons and subsequently to partial inactivation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a major effector kinase of integrins. We established that FAK inactivation served to unmask a prosurvival phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT-dependent signaling pathway that stimulates calcium shuttling from endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria. DA neurons exposed to the mitochondrial toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium were also partially protected by lactoferrin, further supporting the view that mitochondria may represent a downstream target for lactoferrin protective actions. Finally, we found that the iron binding capability of lactoferrin intervened in DA cell rescue only when neurodegeneration was consecutive to iron-catalyzed oxidative stress. Overall, our data suggest that the accumulation of lactoferrin in PD brains might be evidence of an attempt by the brain to minimize the consequences of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwann Rousseau
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S975, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U975, Paris, France; and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7225, Paris, France
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45
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Kruzel ML, Actor JK, Zimecki M, Wise J, Płoszaj P, Mirza S, Kruzel M, Hwang SA, Ba X, Boldogh I. Novel recombinant human lactoferrin: differential activation of oxidative stress related gene expression. J Biotechnol 2013; 168:666-75. [PMID: 24070904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin, an iron-binding protein found in high concentrations in mammalian exocrine secretions, is an important component of the host defense system. It is also a major protein of the secondary granules of neutrophils from which is released upon activation. Due to its potential clinical utility, recombinant human lactoferrin (rhLF) has been produced in various eukaryotic expression systems; however, none of these are fully compatible with humans. Most of the biopharmaceuticals approved by the FDA for use in humans are produced in mammalian expression systems. The Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) have become the system of choice for proteins that require post-translational modifications, such as glycoproteins. The aim of this study was to scale-up expression and purification of rhLF in a CHO expression system, verify its glycan primary structure, and assess its biological properties in cell culture models. A stable CHO cell line producing >200mg/L of rhLF was developed and established. rhLF was purified by a single-step cation-exchange chromatography procedure. The highly homogenous rhLF has a molecular weight of approximately 80 kDa. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric analysis revealed N-linked, partially sialylated glycans at two glycosylation sites, typical for human milk LF. This novel rhLF showed a protective effect against oxidative stress in a similar manner to its natural counterpart. In addition, rhLF revealed a modulatory effect on cellular redox via upregulation of key antioxidant enzymes. These data imply that the CHO-derived rhLF is fully compatible with the native molecule, thus it has promise for human therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian L Kruzel
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas-Houston, United States.
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Wojdak-Maksymiec K, Szyda J, Strabel T. Parity-dependent association between TNF-α and LTF gene polymorphisms and clinical mastitis in dairy cattle. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:114. [PMID: 23758855 PMCID: PMC3682883 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One major problem in dairy cattle husbandry is the prevalence of udder infections. In today's breeding programmes, top priority is being given to making animal evaluation more cost-effective and reliable and less time-consuming. We proposed tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), lactoferrin (LTF) and macrophage-expressed lysozyme (mLYZ) genes as potential DNA markers in the improvement of immunity to mastitis.This study included 588 Polish Holstein-Friesian cows kept on one farm located in the north-western region of Poland. All clinical cases of mastitis in the herd under study were recorded by a qualified veterinarian employed by the farm. The following indicators were applied to determine udder immunity to mastitis in the cows under study: morbidity rate (MR), duration of mastitis (DM) and extent of mastitis (EM). TNF-α, mLYZ and LTF genotypes were identified by real-time PCR method, using SimpleProbe technology. Due to the very low frequency of mLYZ allele T, the gene was excluded from further analysis.A statistical analysis of associations between TNF-α and LTF genes and immunity to mastitis were performed using three models: 1) a parity-averaged model including only additive effects of the genes; 2) a parity-averaged model including both additive and epistatic effects of the genes; and 3) a parity-specific model including only additive effects of the genes. RESULTS With the first and second models it was revealed that the genes effects on the applied indicators of immunity to mastitis were non-significant whereas with the third one the effects were found to be statistically significant. Particularly noteworthy was the finding that the effects of TNF-α and LTF varied depending on age (parity). The alleles which were linked to high immunity to mastitis in lower parities appeared to be less favourable in higher parities. CONCLUSIONS These interactions might be related to inflamm-ageing, that is an increased susceptibility to infection due to immune system deregulation that progresses with age. Such pattern of interactions makes it impossible to use the genes in question in marker-assisted selection aimed at reducing heritable susceptibility to mastitis. This is because the immune mechanisms behind resistance to infections proved to be too complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Wojdak-Maksymiec
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Husbandry, Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, ul, Doktora Judyma 6, Szczecin, Poland.
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Doursout MF, Horton H, Hoang L, Liang Y, Hwang SA, Boyd S, Actor JK, Kruzel ML. Lactoferrin moderates LPS-induced hypotensive response and gut injury in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 15:227-31. [PMID: 23267765 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypotension is a physiologic state of low blood pressure, the causes of which range from dehydration to underlying serious medical disorders. The aim of this study was to assess the utility of lactoferrin (LF), a natural immunomodulator, to restrain LPS-induced hypotension in rats. LF has previously demonstrated a role in mediation of immune responses, including control of inflammatory cytokine production during acute inflammation. Rats were administered with LF by gavage at 1h or 18 h prior to LPS injections. Heart rate (HR) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were continuously recorded post LPS administration for 6 h. Simultaneously to hemodynamic measurements, serum was examined for TNF-α, IL-6, and TGF-β production. At termination, the proximal duodenum was subjected to histopathological analysis. LF administered at 1h prior to LPS protected rats from the LPS-induced hypotension. The protective effect on MAP was also apparent when LF was administered as a pretreatment 18 h prior to LPS challenge, although the effect was lessened. For all groups, LF pretreatment led to a minor, but insignificant, improvement in HR post LPS administration. In addition, when rats were given LF 1 h before LPS, they showed a significant decrease in serum TNF-α and IL-6 production. LF did not affect the production level of serum TGF-β. Of high importance, LF was able to confer histo-pathological protection of intestinal tissue post LPS administration, for both the 1h and 18 h LF pretreatment groups. These studies indicate a potential for clinical utility of LF to control hypotension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Francoise Doursout
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030-1503, USA
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Zimecki M, Artym J, Kocięba M, Kaleta-Kuratewicz K, Kruzel ML. Lactoferrin restrains allergen-induced pleurisy in mice. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:1247-55. [PMID: 22810368 PMCID: PMC3472062 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-012-0522-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the utility of lactoferrin (LF), a natural immunomodulator, to restrain allergen-induced pleurisy in mice. Material and subjects BALB/c female mice, 8- to 10-week old, weighing 24 g on average, were used. Treatment Mice were immunized intraperitoneally with 50 μg of ovalbumin (OVA) and the pleurisy was elicited 14 days later by intrapleural injection of 12.5 μg of OVA. LF was given 24 and 3 h before elicitation of the allergic reaction. Methods The cytokine levels in the pleural exudates were measured by immunoassays. The blood and pleural exudates smears were stained with Giemsa and May-Grünwald reagents and reviewed histologically. Lung sections were stained with eosin and hematoxylin for histological evaluation. Results Lactoferrin significantly decreased manifestation of pleurisy induced by OVA in a sensitized mouse model. In particular, the percentages of eosinophils in blood and pleural exudates were strongly diminished. The histological analysis of lungs revealed that LF diminished the development of pathological lesions, such as pulmonary edema, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and hemosiderosis, which were found in the lungs after injection of the eliciting dose of OVA. LF also decreased the level of IL-5 secreted into the pleural fluid. Conclusions This is a first demonstration that LF significantly decreases antigen-specific pleurisy in a sensitized mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Zimecki
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wrocław, Poland
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Curran CS, Bertics PJ. Lactoferrin regulates an axis involving CD11b and CD49d integrins and the chemokines MIP-1α and MCP-1 in GM-CSF-treated human primary eosinophils. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2012; 32:450-61. [PMID: 22731992 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2011.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are multifunctional immune cells that contribute to innate and adaptive immune/repair responses. Lactoferrin (LF) is an iron-binding protein indicated to alter cell adhesion and immune function by receptor-mediated interactions or by participating in redox mechanisms. The eosinophil adhesion molecules, αMβ2 and α4β1, are differentially expressed following exposure to the cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and various redox agents. We hypothesized that LF can alter the function and production of proteins involved in adhesion/migration. Utilizing eosinophil peroxidase activity or fluorescent labeling adhesion assays, LF reduced GM-CSF-induced eosinophil adhesion in the presence of fibronectin or vascular adhesion molecule-1 compared with GM-CSF treatment alone. Flow cytometric analysis of eosinophil αM (CD11b) and α4 (CD49d) integrins revealed that cotreatments (24 h) with LF plus GM-CSF induced a significant increase in CD11b compared with control and GM-CSF treatments but a significant decrease in CD49d compared with control and GM-CSF treatments. These changes in CD11b and CD49d levels were significantly correlated with the increased production of chemokines (macrophage inflammatory Protein-1α, monocyte chemotactic protein-1) and an identified increase in S100A9 production. Thus, LF release at sites of inflammation may alter eosinophil recruitment/activation and possibly the progression of diseases such as cancer and asthma where significant eosinophil influx has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen S Curran
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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Thom RE, Elmore MJ, Williams A, Andrews SC, Drobniewski F, Marsh PD, Tree JA. The expression of ferritin, lactoferrin, transferrin receptor and solute carrier family 11A1 in the host response to BCG-vaccination and Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge. Vaccine 2012; 30:3159-68. [PMID: 22426328 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential cofactor for both mycobacterial growth during infection and for a successful protective immune response by the host. The immune response partly depends on the regulation of iron by the host, including the tight control of expression of the iron-storage protein, ferritin. BCG vaccination can protect against disease following Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, but the mechanisms of protection remain unclear. To further explore these mechanisms, splenocytes from BCG-vaccinated guinea pigs were stimulated ex vivo with purified protein derivative from M. tuberculosis and a significant down-regulation of ferritin light- and heavy-chain was measured by reverse-transcription quantitative-PCR (P≤0.05 and ≤0.01, respectively). The mechanisms of this down-regulation were shown to involve TNFα and nitric oxide. A more in depth analysis of the mRNA expression profiles, including genes involved in iron metabolism, was performed using a guinea pig specific immunological microarray following ex vivo infection with M. tuberculosis of splenocytes from BCG-vaccinated and naïve guinea pigs. M. tuberculosis infection induced a pro-inflammatory response in splenocytes from both groups, resulting in down-regulation of ferritin (P≤0.05). In addition, lactoferrin (P≤0.002), transferrin receptor (P≤0.05) and solute carrier family 11A1 (P≤0.05), were only significantly down-regulated after infection of the splenocytes from BCG-vaccinated animals. The results show that expression of iron-metabolism genes is tightly regulated as part of the host response to M. tuberculosis infection and that BCG-vaccination enhances the ability of the host to mount an iron-restriction response which may in turn help to combat invasion by mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Thom
- Microbiological Services, HPA Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK.
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